2 3 4 6 11 New Biennial Future Norwegian- Vault Platform, New Member Event Archivists Learn American Project Directions October 24 at NAHA Suffragists Update

THE NEWSLETTER OF THE NORWEGIAN-AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION | FALL 2020 VOLUME 177

2019 ANNUAL REPORT NORWEGIAN- INSIDE AMERICAN SUFFRAGISTS HELP WIN THE VOTE NEW PLATFORM, BIENNIAL MEMBER EVENT ARCHIVES NEW DIRECTIONS GOES ONLINE REMAIN The NAHA biennial member event will be held virtually this year, CLOSED DUE Saturday, October 24, at 10:30 a.m. Central Daylight Time. Erika Jackson, t was good to have so many NAHA members and friends at our virtual program associate professor of history at Colorado Mesa University, will be the TO COVID-19 “New Directions in Migration Research” on May 14. We were fortunate to have featured speaker, on “Becoming White: The Case of Scandinavians in The St. Olaf College campus I emigration scholar Terje Mikael Hasle Joranger, director of the Norwegian Emigrant .” Following the presentation, NAHA will conduct its member will remain closed to the Museum, as guest speaker. Joranger has done extensive work on the business meeting. public this fall, including the migration of to America, some of it as a NAHA research Rølvaag Memorial Library, associate. He is a co-editor of Nordic Whiteness and Migration to the USA: which is home to NAHA. While on the A Historical Exploration of Identity (Routledge, 2020). Erika Jackson we are not able to schedule cover I would like to call out two aspects of the event that reflect several of appointments for researchers the association’s new strategic goals. RACE WAS to physically view archive Elsa Ueland The online platform enabled us to extend our reach, connecting makes her pitch SOCIALLY materials, we will work with with our members and others throughout North America and as a our members and patrons organizer for the beyond. Today, individuals with Norwegian-American backgrounds CONSTRUCTED to provide access to digital Congressional are scattered across the United States and Canada, many without strong OVER OUR materials whenever possible. Union for connections to historic immigrant communities like those in New York, Inquiries can be sent to naha- Woman , NATION'S the Midwest, and the Pacific Northwest. Moreover, NAHA strives to make [email protected]. later known as our collections and publications available to a wide audience of scholars HISTORY.” the National We are grateful to all who have and historians. Virtual events like this program, along with improving Woman's Party, — ERIKA JACKSON donated archival material since circa 1915 in the online catalog of our archives, digitizing selected parts of our collections, and placing the Covid-19 disruptions began . Norwegian-American Studies in the JSTOR digital library, will help maintain NAHA as the in mid-March. While the NAHA national center envisioned by our founders in 1925. staff has been working from Joranger’s lecture highlighted some of the emerging research topics that will home, materials are still being continue to enrich and deepen our understanding of the Norwegian-American delivered to the NAHA archives experience. Migration studies focusing on such topics as gender, childhood, whiteness, and securely stored there. We transnationalism, and encounters with indigenous peoples can provide new perspectives and will acknowledge donations context on Norwegian Americans and their relationships with others. New questions and Jackson teaches courses on immigration, race and resume our practice of innovative approaches to research are fundamental to NAHA’s longstanding commitment to and ethnicity, and other aspects of modern U.S. highlighting new collections sound scholarship and a solid interpretation of Norwegian America. history. She is the author of Scandinavians in in the “New to the Archives” Special thanks go to NAHA Executive Director Amy Boxrud, who nimbly transformed Chicago: The Origins of White Privilege in Modern department of Currents as soon an “in-person” event to an online format in response to the pandemic, and to NAHA board America (University of Illinois Press, 2019), which as we are able to work on site member Daron Olson, who moderated the program from his post at Indiana University East. explores whiteness and ethnicity in the late 19th from our offices again. A video of the event is available on YouTube at youtu.be/wxVKqECQsLk. and early 20th centuries. While working remotely, We hope you can join us when we gather virtually for our NAHA biennial member event The biennial member meeting is an opportunity for members to our staff still has been able to on October 24. hear updates from NAHA leadership about the organization, its tackle several archival projects financial health, and its progress toward goals in the strategic plan. that are included in our The association also will elect new board members and recognize strategic plan, such as updating those who are completing their board service. archival policies and moving Dennis Gimmestad, President Watch for more information and registration instructions to be information into a new content

Cover image: Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman’s Party, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Manuscript Division, Library Party, Woman’s of the National the Records from Photographs of Protest: image: Women Cover posted on the NAHA website (naha.stolaf.edu) by October 1. management system.

2 Currents, Fall 2020 naha.stolaf.edu 3 NORWAY’S 20TH CENTURY INTERNS PREP AHA has been fortunate to have three interns working with us this summer, CENSUS helping with a variety of projects drawn from the association’s strategic plan and RECORDS FOR CAREERS N mission. All three women are preparing for archival or library science careers. IN ARCHIVES Their experience with NAHA has been altered by the virus pandemic and BY DALE HOVLAND requirements to work remotely, but “the field of archives is increasingly digital,” intern Julia Walter notes. “So even though I am unable to work with the physical collections he United States is holding its right now, I am still gaining valuable experience with metadata and cataloging, in decennial census this year, though addition to learning about archival standards and expectations.” T it’s been disrupted by public health concerns. Enumerators have been ALYSSA JULIA ERIN knocking on doors in August to reach MOORE, ’21 WALTER, ’21 MAGOON, ’21 people who have not already responded to ARCHIVAL CATALOGING PUBLIC census requests online or by mail. PRESERVATION AND USER HISTORY Norway also has conducted a census INTERN EXPERIENCE INTERN in every decade since the 1890s, but (UX) INTERN many records from the 1900s are not yet accessible. In Norway, 100 years must pass before individual census records are made public. Records from Norway’s MAJORS: History and English, MAJORS: Classics and religion, with MAJORS: History and women's 1920 census will become available on with a concentration on women's a concentration on linguistic studies and gender studies December 1, 2020. In the United States, The 1900 census gave only yes/no (ja/nei) answers to "Agricultural and gender studies census records are publicly available after questions" about a farm’s holdings, not quantitative answers as had been My duties mainly consist of doing My focus has been administrative and 72 years. Individual records from the 1950 collected earlier. At the Løken farm, there was grain and/or potatoes (korn/ As a NAHA summer intern, I am quality reviews on database entries archival tasks that will increase digital U.S. census will be available in 2022. potet) and cattle (kreatur), but no poultry (fjærkre) or beehives (bikubar). There helping to develop a preservation that have been moved from the old outreach and connection at NAHA. In the Summer 2020 issue of Currents, was a kitchen garden (kjøkkenhagen), but no orchard (frukthagen). plan for the physical and digital NAHA content management system, I am making a promotional video we highlighted the kinds of information collections at NAHA. My job Leif, to the new one, Omeka. I also about the association’s services that can be found in Norway’s 19th entails reading about archival make new entries for records that and creating digital teaching tools, century census records, going back to standards, researching notable have not been moved already. I ensure like timelines and interactive maps. 1801. Here, we do the same for the 20th also included, but with less detail than showed 2,392,782 people living preservation plans, and looking for that the metadata (which is basically These will be available on the NAHA century records that are publicly available in earlier censuses (see above). in Norway. Today, the country has ways to implement these methods information about information) is website soon. so far. They can be accessed digitally for A technology footnote: Punch cards 5.3 million people. and preserve NAHA’s collections correct for each entry, including its I am interested in a career in no cost at digitalarkivet.no/en/content/ and machines for tabulation were used in An interesting feature of the 1910 census for scholars. dates, creator, description, and more. archives. I have experience working censuses. Paid subscribers to ancestry.com this census. The system was an innovation is that additional data were collected I look forward to continuing In addition, I am completing in the St. Olaf archives, but I wanted can also access the records there. developed by Herman Hollerith for use in about Norwegians who had moved back my education through graduate research about archival standards to intern with a nonprofit historical the 1890 U.S. census. Unfortunately, most to Norway from the Americas. Their school, likely in the field of either concerning privacy and how to organization to learn about the 1900 of those valuable 1890 U.S. records were records show: year of emigration, year archival science or general best implement these standards at unique challenges and opportunities The 1900 census was begun on irreparably damaged by fire and water of return to Norway, place of residence history. This internship has been NAHA. I am also creating a research presented to nonprofits. I have December 3. For each household, on January 10, 1921, in the Commerce in Norway before emigration, last place instrumental in helping me toward guide about the Haugean movement appreciated how this internship the same types of information were Department Building in Washington, DC. of residence abroad, occupation abroad, my goals. In exposing me to rich in America, a Lutheran movement exposes me to both the archival and recorded as in prior censuses, including and sometimes additional notes. This digital collections and training started by a Norwegian pastor. administrative sides of NAHA. each person’s full name, position in 1910 information can be found in a search of me in archival standards, NAHA I feel very lucky to be working with I hope to get a master’s degree the family, whether married, and Census taking began December 1 and the 1910 census in the Digital Archives by has been and continues to be a NAHA’s archives because I plan to in library and information science. title or occupation. Birth years were was completed a couple of weeks clicking “Show more fields” at the bottom valuable resource to me. become an archivist one day. As a I would like to help collect and recorded for everyone and full birth later. It was the first census in which of the search screen then typing the classics major, I am very interested preserve historical items and stories dates were recorded for children up to full birth dates were recorded for name of a state (“Wisconsin”) or country in the past and I hope to do my part for future generations of students two years of age. For people living on everyone. According to the National (“Canada”) in the field titled in preserving it. and researchers. farms, information about the farm was Archives of Norway, the 1910 census “Last residence in America.”

4 Currents, Fall 2020 naha.stolaf.edu 5 ugenia Farmer had just The women’s suffrage campaign come home from the in the United States was nearly 60 convention of the Min- years old in 1907 and its progress OLE ROE, A nesota Woman Suffrage had been halting. It had started at Association, she wrote in a letter to the Women’s Rights Convention in ‘SUFFRAGENT’ the Duluth, Minnesota, Labor World Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. The women’s suffrage movement can’t newspaper in November 1907. By 1869, two groups dedicated to be reduced to a battle of the sexes. Many Farmer, in her 70s and an active attaining national voting rights for men supported women’s right to vote. Minnesota campaigner and publicist for the women had emerged, but decades Frederick Douglass and other mid-19th women traveled suffrage movement, declared herself later, no national change in law had century abolitionists were early allies. By to Washington, too weary at the moment to give a resulted. Many states had given 1910, a Men’s League for Woman Suffrage DC, in 1917 to full report of the event, but she ea- women limited rights to vote, but had formed in New York, and around the participate in gerly passed along this nugget about only in local elections or on certain country hundreds of thousands of men had demonstrations organized by the a newly formed suffrage group: issues. A few western states had voted "yes" for state measures that would Congressional “There is another state organization given women voting rights equal extend voting rights to women. Union for in the state, called the Scandinavian to men’s, but 11 years had passed “To secure these rights, women activists Woman [Woman] Suffrage Association. The since more states were added to that had to win allies among men in influential Suffrage, a members of this association are very list. At a time when momentum had positions,” said Debra Steidel Wall, deputy group whose much in earnest and intend to visit stalled, why would suffragists in the archivist of the United States, at a National radical-for- the-times with, and lecture to, every Norwegian Upper Midwest pin hopes on the Archives program on women’s suffrage last tactics included and every Scandinavian woman in the Scandinavian Americans? November. “It was men who sat in the state picketing at the state. When our members and these legislatures that would ratify or reject the White House. women come together for the next Noteworthy Numbers 19th Amendment.” The support of so-called legislative campaign, there will be Part of the answer, of course, is the suffragents was needed. something doing. number of Scandinavian immigrants In Iowa, Ole Roe, the state fire marshal, “As the women in the old coun- living in the Midwest and in other tried to win over more men with his “Appeal tries are gaining their freedom, it pockets around the country. By to the Norwegian Voters," published May 9, WHEN SUFFRAGISTS has its influence upon those in this 1910 in Minnesota, for example, 1916, in the Howard County Times. country, and the desire is great to be just over a quarter of the population upon an equality with the male vot- was foreign born and of those, 22 LOOKED TO NORWAY ers to have the power to make better percent were Swedish and 19 percent laws for women.” were Norwegian. In North Dakota in IN WOMEN’S FIGHT TO WIN THE VOTE IN THE U.S., ETHNIC IDENTITY 1910, 28 percent AND NORWAY’S EXAMPLE WERE TOOLS OF PERSUASION of the state's population were BY DENISE LOGELAND Scandinavian immigrants

A NORDIC-AMERICAN SUFFRAGE TIMELINE

1838 Ken- 1848 The able right to 1869 Two the Ameri- 1885 Kvin- suffrage is Leaders of tucky grants Seneca Falls the elective organizations can Woman nestemmeretts introduced the Political some taxpay- Convention franchise.” form with dif- Suffrage Forening (the in Norway’s tional Ameri- 1897 A bill 1901 Nor- Equality Club ing women the on women’s ferent strate- Association Women’s Suf- . It is can Woman for women's way’s Storting of Minneapolis vote, but only rights in New 1869 gic visions for (AWSA). frage Associa- finally consid- Suffrage voting rights passes a reso- circa 1915 on school is- York names Wyoming gaining na- tion) is formed ered in 1890 Association. is introduced lution allow- included sues. Many U.S. the injuries Territory is the tionwide vot- in Christiania and voted in North ing women of Ethel Hurd states and ter- done by man first province ing rights for (), Norway. down. 1893 Colo- Carolina. As certain income (center back), ritories grant to woman, in the world to women in the rado Territory commentary, levels to vote, credited with similar limited including that grant women U.S.: The Na- 1886 The first 1890 NWSA grants equal legislators but only in launching the voting rights “He has never full voting tional Woman proposal of a and AWSA suffrage to refer the bill to municipal Scandinavian during the 19th permitted her rights without Suffrage constitutional merge and women. Idaho the Commit- elections. Woman century. to exercise later rescinding Association amendment work togeth- and Utah fol- tee on Insane Suffrage Association. her inalien- those rights. (NWSA), and for women’s er as the Na- Society Minnesota Hist. 1910–1936, Club banner, Equality Political Paul St. (below) of Congress; Library Manus. Div., Party, Woman’s of the National the Records from Photographs of Protest: Women Images: (above) Society Image: Minnesota Historical low in 1896. Asylums.

6 Currents, Fall 2020 naha.stolaf.edu 7 and their American-born children. Krog. One letter came from a group of Where Scandinavians were the women in rural Lac qui Parle, Swift, people at hand, it made sense to seek and Yellow Medicine counties in THE UELANDS: their support. western Minnesota. To their “sisters No doubt some Scandinavian back home” they wrote, “We admire ON TWO SIDES OF A DIVIDE immigrants already were supportive your tenacious work and hold in of women’s suffrage. Those who had high esteem the Norwegian men, who ivisions formed more than once in the women’s suffrage left Norway in the mid-1880s or lat- are courageous enough to show the movement as activists disagreed about priorities and er—or who kept in touch world what they will entrust to their D strategy. That is the reason why two big national suffrage with family and friends women. We are proud of our people organizations formed in 1869. Founders of the National Association back home—might and our fatherland.” of Woman Suffrage favored working immediately for an amendment have been familiar to the U.S. Constitution, while those who formed the American with Kvindestem- The Movement's Woman Suffrage Association believed it would THREE MADISONS, THREE merettsforening, the Collaborative Culture be more practical to change laws state by Women’s Suffrage Early suffragists of the mid-19th state and then pursue an amendment. By 1890, WINDOWS INTO THE MOVEMENT Association, which century—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, tensions eased and the two groups merged formed in Christiania Gina Krog Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony— to become the National American Woman Madison, South Dakota, 1898 (Oslo) in 1885 under the came to prominence through their Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Ulrikka Feldtman Bruun speaks on women’s leadership of Gina Krog. work for the abolition of slavery. In But in the 1910s, a new question split the suffrage at the town’s Norwegian church. Bruun Krog was a powerhouse of the late 19th and early 20th cen- movement: How confrontational should their toured as a speaker for the Women’s Christian Norway’s and turies, many activists for women’s efforts be? At least one Norwegian-American Temperance Union. WCTU women often worked encouraged mutual support among voting rights also were active in the family found itself on both sides of the issue. for the suffrage cause as well. feminists and suffragists globally. temperance movement. Alignment Elsa Ueland, the daughter of Norwegian She toured and spoke in North with other causes and communi- immigrant and Minneapolis attorney Andreas Clara Ueland Madison, Wisconsin, 1914 America in 1909. But even before ties was an organic element of the Ueland and his wife, Clara, joined the The Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association that, it’s clear that some Norwegian women’s suffrage movement and an Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, hosts a “suffrage school,” where participants immigrant women were paying intentional way to expand it. Suf- founded by Alice Paul. (It was soon renamed can learn to be movement organizers, attention to developments in their frage groups built ties to labor groups the National Woman’s Party.) Paul's group had fundraisers, and public speakers. home country. and many ethnic communities. splintered from NAWSA in 1913, frustrated by slow When women in Norway gained One example is the South Dakota progress and NAWSA’s reliance on persuading Madison, Minnesota, 1916 a constitutional—but still lim- Equal Suffrage Association. The SDE- male voters. Paul believed in being more brash. Women in this largely Scandinavian farming community stage a ited—right to vote in June 1907, SA made outreach efforts in Scan- She organized a vigil of pickets outside the White suffrage march down the main street during the Lac qui Parle County letters of congratulations streamed dinavian-, German-, and Russian- House, something that had never been done Fair. Many wear men's jackets and hats over their suffrage whites. in to Nylænde, a journal edited by American communities in the 1890s, before in the country’s history. The Minneapolis- based Scandinavian Woman Suffrage Association Elsa Ueland (SWSA) took part in the picket line in 1917, and at SUFFRAGE TIMELINE least one member of the SWSA joined the National Woman’s Party for the longer haul. Bertha Berglin Moller, a Minneapolis teacher who was 1905 equal voting women to 1909 Anna fornia follows born in Sweden, was jailed many times for her picketing and activism. Not able rights. Finland vote in nation- Rogstad is the suit in 1911; Or- While Elsa Ueland openly favored Paul's provacative approach, to vote on sustains those al elections. first woman egon, Kansas, her mother Clara Ueland was more cautious. A pillar of the suffrage the ques- rights when it in Norway and Arizona in movement in Minnesota, Clara served as president of the Minnesota tion of dis- becomes 1908 Den- elected to the 1912; Montana chapter of NAWSA from 1914 to 1920. She was known for a conservative solving the independent mark lets Storting, as and Nevada but effective leadership style, according to her biographer and suffrage union with in 1917. women vote an alternate in 1914. Equal Sweden, in municipal representative. suffrage is a historian Barbara Stuhler. women in 1907 Nor- elections. The In 1911, she is western-state Still, the mother-daughter relationship didn't sour over their Norway way’s income- Faroe Islands, called to serve. trend. differences. In fact, Clara had been an early supporter of Alice Paul’s show their po- limited suf- Greenland, and efforts. She grew less vocal about it, however, as public opinion of Paul litical power by 1906 Fin- frage for Iceland are Wash- Income 1910 1910 and her tactics turned negative. A current Library of Congress exhibit, sending nearly land, a duchy women is part of Den- ington is the limits for wom- 300,000 peti- belonging amended to mark at the fifth U.S. state en are dropped Shall Not Be Denied: Women Fight for the Vote, describes the Uelands tion signatures to Russia, the constitu- time. to grant equal in Norway's as bridge figures who “sought cooperation among the groups.” to the Storting. grants women tion, enabling Norwegian and Norwegian-American women in a 1913 voting rights to municipal elec-

suffrage parade chide New York to change its laws. Congress Lib. of Div., Papers, Manus. Family Breckinridge Flyer, School Assn., Suffrage Suffrage Woman’s WI (center) Soc.; both MN Hist. 1910–1936, Equality Club banner, Political Paul St. Madison, MN, 1916; (below) march, Suffrage Images: (above) Soc. Ueland, c. 1918; Elsa 1908, both MN Hist. Clara (this page) BY-NC-ND; CC Folkemuseum, York, 1913, Norsk New march, Suffrage of Congress; public domain, Lib. c. 1880, L. Forbech, Gina Krog, page) Images: (facing women. Cali- tions.

8 Currents, Fall 2020 naha.stolaf.edu 9 according to Liz Almlie, a public simply recruit more supporters. The The SWSA received and fulfilled Gudrun Løchen Drewsen, who historian who works for the South suffrage campaign was sometimes requests for help beyond its home moved from Christiania to Brook- Dakota State Historical Society and viewed as elitist, something that base in Minnesota. As Peterson lyn in 1894, also understood the recounts the state’s suffrage history only affluent older women could af- noted, Jenova Martin went on a signal sent by Norwegian identity in her personal blog. By 1910, the ford to pursue. But members of the speaking tour in North Dakota in in the American women's suffrage SDESA employed Anna Ursin as SWSA skewed younger and were 1914 at the request of the North movement, and she helped distill it a field worker. A Norwegian im- more economically diverse. Dakota Votes for Women League. to its powerful essence one day on migrant, Ursin had language and “The group used its unique And as late as 1920, the National the streets of . Before NAHA VAULT culture in common with the audi- [ethnic] position to . . . diversify the Woman’s Party in Washington, DC, Norway granted equal suffrage FUNDS MATCHED ences she tried to reach. movement’s base,” Peterson wrote. asked the SWSA to send speak- to women, it had made stepwise “Miss Ursin is doing excellent SWSA members also were able ers to Swedish communities in progress toward equality. In 1907, Thanks to NAHA members, walls have work among the Scandinavians, “to nurture non-Anglo political and Delaware. Norway gave national voting come down in Rølvaag Memorial Library Scandinavian-American women marched in 1914 in for the construction of a new special col- visiting from house to house financial contacts,” such as state Minneapolis wearing costumes that emphasized their Carrie Chapman Catt, rights to women if they met lections vault that will house the NAHA in country districts, speaking legislators and business leaders of progressive ethnic identity. president of the National a minimum income require- in school and meeting houses, Scandinavian descent. Some SWSA American Woman Suffrage ment. It meant that many archives. Between 2014 and 2016, NAHA anywhere she can get a hearing,” members were the wives of promi- Association, also held Norwegian women enjoyed members gave $160,000 to the Club 2014 reported the SDESA newslet- nent local men, but “married up Norway as a model of access to the polls already campaign to build a climate-controlled ter, The Bulletin. women from working-class was president from 1913 to 1920, when the group what U.S. suffragists could before 1913. archive facility. This spring, after a pe- In Minnesota, the Scandi- backgrounds as well as disbanded. Because ethnic identity was a tool that the achieve. Catt had traveled to Drewsen, who cofounded riod of investment, NAHA transferred Gudrun the funds to St. Olaf College. The NAHA navian Woman Suffrage As- single working women SWSA used to connect with people, they sometimes Norway several times and she Løchen the Norwegian Suffrage sociation (SWSA) likewise also joined. The SWSA’s performed Scandinavian music or plays at fundraising made an appeal to Norwegian Drewsen League of New York in 1913, donation was timed to help the col- “worked to reach men and policy of not charging events, and appeared in traditional Norwegian, Dan- Americans in New York in also organized the Norwegian- lege meet a fundraising goal. A recently women who might not have dues most likely accounted ish, and Swedish folk dress. 1915, as a vote on women’s suffrage American contingent for a suffrage awarded $300,000 matching grant from identified with suffrage orga- Nanny for this socio-economic diver- That was true on May 2, 1914, as SWSA members in that state neared. parade on May 3 that year. The the National En- nizations, but might respond Mattson sity and solidified its reputa- marched in bunader and other folk dress through down- “In Norway, men and women women, in white dresses and hats dowment for the Jaeger to information communicated tion as a club of hard- town Minneapolis in a suffrage parade. By now, however, vote,” Catt said to the newspaper with Norwegian flags pinned to Humanities chal- in their native tongue,” wrote Anna working women.” their ethnic identity signaled something new. Nordisk Tidende. “A Norwegian their chests, moved smartly down lenges St. Olaf Peterson, now NAHA editor and A year earlier, in June 1913, Norway had amended its woman has equal rights with her the street. Those who had par- to raise another associate professor of history at Lu- Norway as a Model constitution to give women voting rights equal to men's, husband in Christiania, but when ticipated in elections in Norway $900,000 for the ther College, in a 2011 article about Jenova Martin, an immigrant making Norway the first independent country in the she becomes an American citizen, carried a banner whose simple vault in the next Scandinavian-American suffragists from Norway, was the SWSA’s world to do so. Increasingly, Norwegian and Scandina- she has no political rights at all slogan seemed to offer a challenge: three years. for Minnesota History magazine. first president, from 1907 to 1913. vian ethnic identity were more than just a way to connect in New York. I appeal to you to Who can argue that women voters The new facility will provide state- As Peterson noted, the SWSA did Nanny Mattson Jaeger, born in with the immigrant community. Norway’s equal suffrage help give the vote to the women shouldn’t exist when they already of-the-art storage for diverse materi- more for the suffrage cause than Minnesota to Swedish immigrants, for women could now serve as an inspiration and a goad. of this state.” do? “Voters from Norway,” it said. als: textiles, three-dimensional objects, photographs, and audio-visual and paper materials. There will be a "clean room" for SUFFRAGE TIMELINE conservation work and more cold storage St. Paul Political Equality Club banner, 1910–1936, MN Hist. Soc. MN Hist. 1910–1936, Club banner, Equality Political Paul St. for preserving photographs. "The project is on track for completion 1913 Norway tional elec- suffrage to equal suffrage Constitution, of the 19th is the first sov- tions. women. laws this year. granting equal Amendment. before the college's sesquicentennial in ereign nation voting rights 2024," says Mary Barbosa-Jerez, head to grant wom- 1915 Mas- 1918 On the 1919 Sweden to women November of strategy for library collections and en the same sachusetts is cusp of a U.S. grants vot- nationally. In 2, 1920 For archives at Rølvaag Library. “These really voting rights the first state constitutional ing rights to order to stand, the first time, wonderful NAHA materials are going to as men—equal in the East to amendment women. (Lim- the amend- women in be in an environment where they will be suffrage in all grant women that will come ited suffrage ment must be every U.S. state elections—by equal suffrage. next year, 17 of in the 1700s ratified by at can vote in a more stable,” she adds. “The kinds of pa- amending its 48 states now had been least 36 states. presidential per and ink that were used [in the period constitution 1917 New give women taken away.) August 26, election. For when these items were created] degrades again. York—seen as equal voting August 18, 1920 Secre- people of color, much more quickly than the materials a crucial win rights. Louisi- The Te n - tary of State however, vot- 1919 1920 from previous eras . . . . Once they are all 1915 Den- by suffragist ana, Michigan, U.S. Congress nessee is the Bainbridge ing rights will mark allows leaders—and Oklahoma, passes the final state Colby signs still be denied in the new vault, their life will be extend- women to North Da- and South 19th Amend- to ratify—by and certi- for many years ed, and that's really gratifying.” vote in na- kota give equal Dakota pass ment to the one vote. fies adoption to come. Images: Suffrage procession in Minneapolis, May 2, 1914, MN Hist. Soc.; Nanny Mattson Jaeger, c. 1919, Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party, Manus. Div., Lib. of Congress; House joint resolution 1 proposing 19th Amendment, U.S. National Archives U.S. National 19th Amendment, resolution 1 proposing House joint Congress; of Lib. Manus. Div., Party, Woman's of the National Records the from Photographs Women of Protest: c. 1919, Jaeger, Mattson Soc.; Nanny 2, 1914, MN Hist. in Minneapolis, May procession Images: Suffrage public domain, Nasjonalbiblioteket; 1925, circa Drewsen, Images: Gudrun Løchen

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The newsletter of the Norwegian-American Historical Association Volume 177, Fall 2020

Currents Editor Denise Logeland

Design Jill Adler Design

Norwegian-American Historical Association Board of Directors Dennis Gimmestad, President Debbie Miller, Vice President Ronald Johnson, Secretary Scott Knudson, Treasurer Kristin Anderson Marit Barkve Dan Dressen Gracia Grindal Jim Honsvall Dave Holt Kyle Jansson Kim Kittilsby Ann Marie Legreid Daron Olson Paul Rolvaag

Marci Sortor Image: NAHA Ingrid Urberg Bruce Willis Nurses from the Norwegian Lutheran Deaconess Hospital march Nils Olav Østrem in the Norse-American Centennial parade in New York City. 1925 The hospital, located in Brooklyn, was established by Sister Elizabeth Fedde in 1885. It thrived and Fedde was invited by Staff the Norwegian-American community in Minneapolis to extend her work into Amy Boxrud, Executive Director that city, which she did. Deaconesses provided health care for Norwegian- Anna M. Peterson, Editor Americans and the surrounding community. This photograph is part of the Kristina Warner, Archivist Norse-American Centennial Papers that NAHA has digitized in collaboration with the Minnesota Digital Library. View the entire centennial collection and explore other digitized collections at reflections.mndigital.org. Learn more about Sister Elizabeth Fedde in Norwegian-American Studies and Records, Vol. 20 (NAHA, 1959), soon available digitally at jstor.org.