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Und Standardsprache in Österreich DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Das österreichische Deutsch in der Gastronomie. Speisenamen als Identitätsvermittler unter Österreichern“ Verfasserin Kalina Mikuła angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, im November 2009 Studienkennzahl It. Studienblatt: A332 Studienrichtung It. Studienblatt: Deutsche Philologie Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Patocka Danksagung Ich möchte mich bei allen bedanken, die mir während der Entstehungszeit der Arbeit auf verschiedene Weise ihre Hilfe und Unterstützung gewährt haben. Mein Dank gilt zuallererst meiner Familie, die mich während meines gesamten Studiums unterstützt hat. Bedanken möchte ich mich bei meinem Betreuer, Herrn Prof. Franz Patocka für viele hilfreiche Gespräche im Hinblick auf die vorliegende Arbeit, für die fachwissenschaftliche Unterstützung und für die geduldige Betreuung. Ich danke auch allen meinen Freunden - aber ganz besonders Magdalena Baran, Monika Dlugokecki und Resul Yalcin - für ihre Ermutigungen, ihre Hilfe und ihren Rat während meines Studiums in Wien. Schließlich danke ich allen befragten Probanden, die sich Zeit genommen haben, an meiner langen Umfrage teilzunehmen, und all jenen Personen, die sich für ein Interview zur Verfügung gestellt und mir damit meine Arbeit ermöglicht haben. All jenen, von denen ich ein ermutigendes Wort gehört habe, sage ich ein herzliches „Dankeschön“. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ............................................................................................................. 5 1. Einleitung ..................................................................................................... 6 Aufbau ................................................................................................................ 7 2. Deutsch als plurizentrische Sprache .......................................................... 9 2.1. Die Entstehung des Begriffes „Plurizentrizität“ ...................................................... 10 2.2. Deutsch in der Welt ..................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Die Zentren der deutschen Sprache .......................................................................... 13 2.4. Asymmetrien zwischen den Zentren ......................................................................... 16 2.5. Variante vs. Varietät, nationale Varianten, Variablen ............................................. 19 2.5.1. Standardvarietäten vs. Nonstandardvarietäten .................................................... 21 2.5.2. Typologie der Arten/Untergruppen von Varianten ........................................ 22 2.6. Ebenen der Plurizentrik ............................................................................................. 24 3. Das österreichische Deutsch ..................................................................... 26 3.1. Die Anfänge des österreichischen Deutsch ............................................................... 27 3.2. Uneinheitlichkeitsargument vs. Überschneidungsargument .................................. 28 3.3. Drei Standpunkte des plurizentrischen Ansatzes des österreichischen Deutsch ... 29 3.4. Merkmale der deutschen Schrift- und Standardsprache in Österreich ................ 30 3.4.1. Lexik .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.4.2. Aussprache ................................................................................................................ 36 3.4.3. Grammatikalische Unterschiede ............................................................................ 37 4. Zur Fachsprache der Gastronomie in Österreich .................................. 39 4.1. Begriff der Fachsprache ............................................................................................. 39 4.2. Austriazismen in der Gastronomie ............................................................................ 39 4.2.1. Speisekarten ............................................................................................................. 39 4.2.2. Speisebezeichnungen ............................................................................................... 40 4.2.3. Glossare und Kochrezepte in Kochbüchern .......................................................... 42 4.2.3.1. Kochbücher ........................................................................................................... 42 4.2.3.2. Kochrezepte ........................................................................................................... 42 4.2.4. Merkmale der Fachsprache der Speisezubereitung ............................................. 44 4.3. Die österreichische Küche .......................................................................................... 47 4.3.1. Die alte Wiener Küche als Vielvölkerküche .......................................................... 48 4.3.2. Herkunft des Wortschatzes und Spendersprachen .............................................. 50 4.3.3. Der bairisch-österreichische Küchenwortschatz.................................................. 52 4.3.4. Klassische Gerichte der Wiener Küche .................................................................. 54 4.3.5. Traditionelle Lebensmittel in Österreich und Regionalität ................................. 55 5. Die kulinarische Sprache als Identitätselement ...................................... 58 5.1. Sprache und Identität in Österreich ........................................................................ 58 5.1.1. Austriazismen im Protokoll Nr. 10 ......................................................................... 60 5.1.2 Nationalspeisenamen und Identität ......................................................................... 63 5.2. Gegenseitige Spracheinflüsse – Deutschland vs. Österreich ................................... 64 6. Empirische Untersuchung ........................................................................ 67 6.1. Umfrage ....................................................................................................................... 67 6.1.1. Ergebnis der Umfrage ............................................................................................. 72 6.1.2. Fazit der Umfrage .................................................................................................... 83 6.2. Interviews mit Chefs, Leitern oder Mitarbeitern von Gastrobetrieben in Wien .. 85 6.2.1. Ergebnis der Interviews .......................................................................................... 86 6.2.2. Fazit ........................................................................................................................... 93 6.3. Vergleich der Speisekarten Wien vs. Berlin .............................................................. 94 6.3.1. Ergebnis des Vergleiches ......................................................................................... 95 6.3.2. Fazit des Vergleiches ................................................................................................ 98 7. Zusammenfassung ..................................................................................... 99 8. Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................ 102 Onlinequellenverzeichnis: ................................................................................. 108 Abbildungsverzeichnis: ..................................................................................... 108 Interviews: ....................................................................................................... 109 9. Anhang ...................................................................................................... 110 Kurzzusammenfassung (Abstract) ..................................................................... 110 Interviews ........................................................................................................ 111 Glossare ........................................................................................................... 122 Speisekarten .................................................................................................... 127 Lebenslauf ....................................................................................................... 160 Vorwort Mein besonderes Interesse an der deutschen Sprache hat noch während des Studiums in Polen angefangen. Ich habe damals viele deutschsprachige Städte besichtigt, um die Kultur und die Mentalität der in deutschsprachigen Ländern wohnenden Menschen kennen zu lernen und vor allem um den Kontakt mit der deutschen Sprache nicht zu verlieren. Ich studierte in Gorzów Wlkp. und in Frankfurt an der Oder. Ich war in Berlin, Potsdam, München, Dresden, Werdenwald, Vaduz, Bregenz, Feldkirch, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Linz, Graz, St. Pölten, Mödling, Tulln an der Donau und natürlich in Wien. Ziemlich schnell habe ich bemerkt, dass ich nicht überall verstanden werde und nicht alles verstehe. Anfangs dachte ich mir noch, es ist aufgrund meiner mangelnden Deutschkenntnisse. Erst später habe ich etwas von dem Begriff der Plurizentrizität gehört. Als ich vor drei Jahren mit ein paar Freunden ein Restaurant in Wien besuchte, schien mein Deutsch (zumindest in dem Fachgebiet) immer noch nicht ausreichend gut zu sein. Während wir uns alle mit der Speisekarte vertraut machten, versuchte ich meinen polnischen Freunden die Speisenamen zu übersetzen und zu erklären, woraus
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