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Airpower in 20Th Century Doctrines and Employment National Experiences OMMISSIONE NTERNAZIONALE DI TORIA ILITARE Commissione C I S M Italiana Storia INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF MILITARY HISTORY Militare COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE CIHM MINISTERO DELLA DIFESA Airpower in 20th Century Doctrines and Employment National Experiences RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI STORIA MILITARE • INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MILITARY HISTORY • REVUE INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE • INTERNATIONALE ZEIT- SCHRIFT FÜR MILITÄRGESCHICHTE •89REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR COMMISSIONE INTERNAZIONALE DI STORIA MILITARE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF MILITARY HISTORY COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE Airpower in 20th Century Doctrines and Employment National Experiences RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI STORIA MILITARE INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MILITARY HISTORY REVUE INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE INTERNATIONALE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR MILITÄRGESCHICHTE REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR 89 N° 89 - Roma - 2011 © 2011 ICMH International Commission of Military History CIHM Commission Internationale d’Histoire Militaire All rights reserved. This book is published under the initiative of CISM - Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare Joint forces and general Coordinator: Col. Dr. Matteo Paesano Scientific supervisor:Prof. Dr. Massimo de Leonardis Armed forces Coordinator: Col. Dr. Angelo Piccillo Edited: Stato Maggiore Aeronautica - Ufficio Storico (Lt. Col. Dr. Giancarlo Montinaro - M.llo Gaetano Pasqua, Ph. D. - Dr. Marina Salvetti) Contribution: SMD C.F. Fabio Serra Graphic design, printing and typeset: Litos Roma ICMH International Commission of Military History C/O Netherlands Institute of Military History Alexanderkazerne, geb. 203 PO Box 90701 2509 LS The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 316 58 36 Fax: +31 70 316 58 51 RI V I S TA INTERNAZIONALE DI STORIA M I L I TA R E , N. 89 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MILITARY H ISTORY , N° 89 REVUE INTERNATIONALE D’H ISTOIRE M I L I TA I R E , N° 89 INDI C E / INDEX Presentazioni • Presentations Matteo Paesano p. 7 Vincenzo Camporini p. 11 Introduzione • Introduction Massimo de Leonardis Aviazione e superiorità tecnologica tra nuovi conflitti e diplomazia p. 17 Aviation and Technological Superiority between New Conflicts and Diplomacy p. 25 Georg Hoffmann - Nicole Melanie Goll - Austria Neutraler Luftraum. Die Entwicklung und Zäsuren der Österreichischen Luftstreitkräfte in der Zeit des Kalten Krieges (1955 - 1990) p. 33 Manuel Cambeses Júnior - Brasile As forças armadas brasileiras e a política de defesa nacional p. 55 Petteri Jouko - Finlandia Inconclusive Experiment British Air Power and the Suez Crisis, 1956. The Allied Air Campaign reassessed p. 59 Patrick Facon - Francia L’Armée de l’Air française face aux armistices de juin 1940 p. 79 Reiner Pommerin - Germania Between “Douhetism” and “Close Air Support” The German Air War Doctrine in World War II p. 89 John Peaty - Gran Bretagna The Place of Douhet: A Reassessment p. 105 Triantafyllia Kaisarou - Pantazopoulou - Grecia Royal Hellenic Air Force (RHAF) during World War II. Organization and Operations p. 121 Joseph Abboudi - Israele The military doctrine of the Israeli Air Force p. 143 David Ivry - Israele The Air Arm during the Lebanon War 1982 p. 167 Oded Erez - Israele The IAF and the UAV Era p. 175 Basilio Di Martino - Italia Una storia incompiuta. Potere aereo e dottrina d’impiego in Italia dal 1923 ad oggi p. 181 Rolf de Winter - Paesi Bassi A Century of Military Aviation in the Netherlands, 1911 - 2011 p. 207 Antonio de Jesus Bispo - Portogallo Doctrine, Capacities, Technology and Operational Environment on the Employment of the Air Power; the Case of Guerrilla Warfare p. 229 Jaime de Montoto y de Simón - Spagna La Doctrina Aérea del Ejército del Aire hasta su integración en la OTAN p. 249 Thean Potgieter - Dermot Moore - Sudafrica The South African Air Force: Historical Notes and Involvement in the Korean War p. 271 Lars Ericson Wolke - Svezia Douhet or not Douhet. Swedish Air Power Doctrine in the 1930´s and 1940´s p. 291 Julien Grand - Svizzera La doctrine d’emploi des troupes d’aviation suisses durant le XXème siècle p. 301 F. Rezzan Ünalp - Turchia Turkish Air Campaigns during the Battles of Çanakkale March 1915 - January 1916 p. 319 James S. Corum - U.S.A. U.S. Air Force Doctrine: The Search for Decisive Effect p. 335 7 Presentazioni / Présentations MATTEO PAESANO 1* iusto cento anni fa, nel corso del conflitto che la oppose all’Impero otto- mano e che avrebbe portato alla conquista della Libia, l’Italia sperimen- tava, primo Paese al mondo, l’impiego bellico dell’aeroplano. Non erano Gtrascorsi neanche otto anni dal volo di Kitty Hawk, che già l’invenzione dei fratelli Wright entrava nella guerra moderna, apprestandosi a rivoluzionarla, come del resto confermarono, di lì a pochi anni, le vicende della prima guerra mondiale. Spetta inoltre a un italiano, il Generale Giulio Douhet, aver per primo intuito e solidamente teorizzato, già agli inizi del XX secolo, il ruolo strategico, e determinante, che l’arma aerea avrebbe avuto nei conflitti futuri. In virtù di questa sorta di doppio primato italiano, è apparso quasi naturale alla Commissione Internazionale di Storia Militare (CIHM) affidare alla Commissione Italiana di Storia Militare (CISM) la realizzazione di un numero monografico della propria Rivista da dedicare al potere aereo nel ’900. La pronta e convinta adesio- ne delle singole Commissioni nazionali, cui va il mio più vivo ringraziamento per la collaborazione accordata, oltre ad essere testimonianza di quanto proficua sia la collaborazione in ambito internazionale nello studio ed analisi della storia militare, ha permesso di riunire studiosi altamente qualificati che con i loro saggi hanno de- lineato una vasta panoramica su esperienze e concezioni del potere aereo così come si sono andati declinando, nell’ambito delle singole realtà nazionali, per un lungo tratto del secolo appena trascorso. Ed è con viva soddisfazione che voglio, inoltre, sottolineare come più di uno di loro abbia riconosciuto, già nel titolo, la centralità rivestita da Giulio Douhet nel pensiero militare moderno. In tale prospettiva la CISM ha avuto la possibilità e l’onore di coordinare la re- alizzazione della pubblicazione, in collaborazione con l’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Aeronautica, che con il suo personale ha curato encomiabilmente l’opera, e con il Prof. Massimo de Leonardis, in qualità di supervisore, realizzando così un testo di analisi completa e ad ampio respiro, che traccia una descrizione glo- bale di un fenomeno storico-militare di rilevante importanza: l’impiego operativo del potere aereo. Ormai consegnato alla storia il quadro strategico caratterizzato dalla rigida con- *1 Col. E.I., Presidente CISM. 8 AIRPOWER IN 20T H CENTURY DO C TRINES AND EMPLOYMENT - NATIONAL EXPERIEN C ES trapposizione Est-Ovest, il potere aereo ha infatti conosciuto, per adattarsi ai nuovi ambienti operativi (Golfo, ex Jugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, ecc.), nuove e più arti- colate formulazioni, allargando i propri orizzonti, tanto da doversi parlare oggi, più correttamente, di “potere aerospaziale”. Sono sicuro che questo numero della Rivista internazionale di storia militare non dia solo la possibilità di conoscere pagine si- gnificative della storia del XX secolo, ma costituisca anche un utile strumento per meglio comprendere gli sviluppi degli attuali scenari strategici. Il volume, impreziosito dalla presentazione del Gen. Vincenzo Camporini, Capo di Stato Maggiore della Difesa nel periodo in cui fu dato mandato alla CISM di sviluppare questo progetto, valorizzato scientificamente dall’introduzione del Prof. Massimo de Leonardis, Vice Presidente della ICHM e Segretario Generale della CISM, arricchito graficamente da una sovra copertina che ritrae il dipinto di A. G. Ambrosi “Guerra nel cielo” del 1942 custodito presso il Museo dell’Aeronautica Gianni Caproni di Trento, rappresenta un valido esempio di efficace collaborazione internazionale in ambito interforze ed interuniversitario nel realizzare un’opera su un tema di grande interesse come il potere aereo. 9 MATTEO PAESANO 1* irplanes were first used in an actual war just one hundred years ago, dur- ing the conflict that opposed Italy to the Ottoman Empire ending with the conquest of Libya. ANot even eight years after the historic first flight at Kitty Hawk, the invention of the Wright Brothers was introduced into modern warfare, bringing about a dramatic change, as confirmed by the subsequent events of World War I. In addiction to this, the Italian General Giulio Douhet was the first to understand and theorize, at the beginning of the XX Century, the strategic and fundamental role of Air force would play in the coming wars. Given this kind of double Italian primacy it was quite obvious for the International Commission of Military History (ICMH) to task the Italian Commission of Military History (CISM) with publishing a monographic issue of its Review completely de- voted to air power in the XX century. The prompt and eager support expressed by individual National Commissions, that I would like to thank most warmly for their cooperation, besides being a clear evidence of the fruitful international cooperation in the study and analysis of military history, gave us the opportunity to bring together quite a number of high ranking scholars. In their essays they have illustrated various experiences and concepts on the matter of air power, as they took place and devel- oped in individual countries during the last century. To this regard, it is a
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