Ethics Across the Curriculum—Pedagogical Perspectives Elaine E. Englehardt • Michael S. Pritchard Editors

Ethics Across the Curriculum—Pedagogical Perspectives

123 Editors Elaine E. Englehardt Michael S. Pritchard Utah Valley University Western Michigan University (Emeritus) Provo, UT Kalamazoo, MI USA USA

ISBN 978-3-319-78938-5 ISBN 978-3-319-78939-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78939-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937694

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Introduction ...... 1 Elaine E. Englehardt and Michael S. Pritchard

Part I The Changing Landscape in Teaching Ethics The Evolution of Ethics Education 1980–2015 ...... 11 Deni Elliott and Karlana June Moral Theory in Ethics Across the Curriculum? ...... 39 Michael Davis Identifying Learning Objectives and Assessing Ethics Across the Curriculum Programs ...... 55 David T. Ozar Increasing the Moral Sensitivity of Professionals ...... 73 Deborah S. Mower Aiming Professional Ethics Courses Toward Identity Development ...... 89 Glen Miller The Role of Teaching Ethics in Teaching Ethics Across the Curriculum ...... 107 Alan Tomhave and Mark Vopat

Part II Teaching Challenges Teaching Practical Ethics ...... 117 Elaine E. Englehardt and Michael S. Pritchard Ethics Theory and Ethics Practice ...... 131 Christopher Meyers

v vi Contents

Developing Habits of Moral Reflection: Dewey, Moral Inquiry, and Practical Ethics ...... 147 Alan A. Preti The Occupational Imperative: Engaging the Professions in Teaching Ethics ...... 165 Lisa H. Newton Internecine Strife ...... 179 Wade L. Robison Philosophy’s Role in Ethics Across the Curriculum: Failures, Successes, and Suggestions for the Future ...... 191 Phyllis (Peggy) Vandenberg

Part III Topics Across the Curriculum Research Ethics Education Changing the Culture of Science and Engineering: Past is Prologue ...... 209 Brian Schrag Ethics Across Early Childhood Education ...... 245 Michael D. Burroughs Promoting Reasonableness: Science Teachers as Moral Educators ...... 261 Michael S. Pritchard Sustainability Ethics Across the Curriculum ...... 273 Randall Curren Ethics Bowl: An Approach to Implementing Ethics Across the Curriculum...... 289 Robert F. Ladenson Linking Academic Integrity and Ethics Across the Curriculum: Groundwork for Sustainability in Practical and Professional Ethics ...... 303 Daniel E. Wueste

Part IV Institutional Programs Ethics Across the Curriculum at Utah Valley University ...... 329 Elaine E. Englehardt Designing an EAC Program for the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University: Early Initiatives and Lessons from the Literature ...... 343 Karin D. Ellison, Challie Facemire and Joseph R. Herkert Contents vii

The Impact of Ethics Across the Curriculum at Union College, 2006–2017...... 363 Robert Baker The Ethics Across Campus Program at the Colorado School of Mines ...... 373 Sandy Woodson and Qin Zhu Ethics Across the Curriculum at Dartmouth College ...... 393 Aine Donovan Ethics Across the Curriculum at UPRM: A Roadmap for STEM Integration ...... 401 William J. Frey and José A. Cruz-Cruz Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Elaine E. Englehardt is a Distinguished Professor of Ethics and Professor of Philosophy at Utah Valley University (UVU). She received her Ph.D. from the University of Utah. She has written and directed seven multi-year, national grants in the area of Ethics and Ethics Across the Curriculum. One grant founded Ethics Across the Curriculum at UVU and another funded the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum and the journal Teaching Ethics. She is a SEAC Board Member and with Michael Pritchard was co-author of the journal Teaching Ethics. She has authored ten textbooks. She has written numerous peer-reviewed articles and ten chapters. She has served in various administrative positions.

Michael S. Pritchard is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and former Co-director of the Center for the Study of Ethics in Society at Western Michigan University. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Wisconsin. He received his B.A. from Alma College, Michigan. He teaches courses in Ethical Theory, Practical Ethics, Professional Ethics, 18th Century British Philosophy, and Philosophy for Children. For seven years, he served as co-editor, with Elaine Englehardt of Teaching Ethics, the official journal of the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum. He is a Founding Board Member for SEAC. Among his publications are: On Becoming Responsible (Kansas, 1991); Communication Ethics (Wadsworth, 1994), with James Jaksa; Reasonable Children (Kansas, 1996); Professional Integrity (Kansas, 2007); Ethical Challenges of Academic Administration (Springer, 2010), edited with Elaine Englehardt, Kerry Romesburg, and Brian Scrag; Taking Sides: Business Ethics, 11th edition (McGraw-Hill, 2011), edited with Lisa Newton and Elaine Englehardt; Engineering Ethics (Wadsworth, 5th edition forthcoming in 2013), with C.E. Harris, Elaine Englehardt, and Ray James; and Obstacles to Ethical Decision-Making (Cambridge 2013), with Patricia Werhane, Laura Hartman, Crina Archer, and Elaine Englehardt. He has been awarded several National Science Foundation and National Endowment for the Humanities grants in various areas of ethics including research ethics.

ix x Editors and Contributors

Contributors

Robert Baker earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Minnesota and was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Albany Medical College. He serves on the editorial board of Bioethics, holds the William D. Williams Professorship in Philosophy at Union College where he directs the college’s Ethics Across the Curriculum initiative, and is Founding Director and Professor of Bioethics in the Bioethics Program of Clarkson University and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. A four-time National Endowment for the Humanities awardee and a Hastings Center Fellow, Professor Baker has written, edited, or co-edited numerous books including The American Medical Ethics Revolution (Johns Hopkins University Press) and The Cambridge World History of Medical Ethics (Cambridge University Press). Oxford University Press published his most recent book, Before Bioethics: A History of American Medical Ethics. His current project, A Theory of Moral Revolutions: A Study of Transformations in the Morality of Abortion, Euthanasia, and Our Treatment of Dying and the Dead, will be published by MIT University Press.

Michael D. Burroughs is Director of the Kegley Institute of Ethics and Assistant Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Bakersfield. He is also Vice President of the Philosophy Learning and Teaching Organization. He spe- cializes in ethics education, philosophy of education, community engaged philos- ophy, and social and feminist epistemology. More information on his current projects, research, and teaching can be found on his Web site.

José A. Cruz-Cruz has a B.S. in Computer Engineering, an M.S. in Information Management, and a Ph.D. in Intelligent Business Systems. Presently, he is a Professor of Information Systems in the College of Business Administration at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. For over eighteen years, he has participated in and led workshops for faculty from all disciplines in Ethics Across the Curriculum (EAC). He was the Principal Investigator of “Collaborative Development of Ethics Across the Curriculum Resources and Sharing of Best Practices”, an NSF grant designed to promote the development and sharing of EAC best practices. He was also part of the team that led efforts resulting in ACBSP accreditation for UPRM’s College of Business Administration.

Randall Curren is Professor and Chair of Philosophy at the University of Rochester, New York. He was the Ginny and Robert Loughlin Founders’ Circle Member at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, for 2012–2013, and was named Professor in the Royal Institute of Philosophy, London, and Chair of Moral and Virtue Education in the Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues at the University of Birmingham, England, for 2013–2015. He is the author of Aristotle on the Necessity of Public Education (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), first author of Living Well Now and in the Future: Why Sustainability Matters Editors and Contributors xi

(MIT Press, 2017) and Patriotic Education in a Global Age (University of Chicago Press, 2018), and editor of the Companion to Philosophy of Education (Blackwell, 2003).

Michael Davis is Senior Fellow at the Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions and Professor of Philosophy, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616. Among his recent publications are: Thinking Like an Engineer (Oxford, 1998); Ethics and the University (Routledge, 1999); Conflict of Interest in the Professions (Oxford, 2001); Profession, Code, and Ethics (Ashgate, 2002); Actual Social Contract and Political Obligation (Mellen, 2002); Engineering Ethics (Ashgate, 2005); Code Writing: How Software Engineering Became a Profession (Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, 2009); and Ethics and the Legal Profession, 2nd edition (Prometheus, 2009). Since 1990, he has received four grants from the National Science Foundation to help integrate ethics into technical cour- ses. Email: [email protected]

Aine Donovan is a Professor of Business Ethics at Dartmouth’s Tuck School of Business and the Director Emerita of the Dartmouth’s Ethics Institute. Her research focus is on all areas of applied ethics, but especially the emerging issues in the intersection of business and medicine. Prior to her appointment at Dartmouth, she was a Professor of Ethics at the United States Naval Academy where she was tasked with creating a new center for military ethics and a required ethics course for all midshipmen. Her current research project at the Tuck School of Business is a collaborative venture that explores notions of the common good and economic development in Mississippi.

Deni Elliott holds the Eleanor Poynter Jamison Chair in Media Ethics and Press Policy at the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg. She is Coordinating PI on the National Ethics Project, which is funded in part by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Spencer Foundation.

Karin D. Ellison’s research, teaching, and program development activities span the areas of research ethics, ethics education development, and the history of American science and technology. As Director of the Life Science Ethics Program with the School of Life Sciences, she coordinates opportunities for students, faculty, and staff to learn about and reflect on the ethical dimensions of advances in the life sciences and life science research. Working with colleagues at the National Academy of Engineering and ASU on an NSF-sponsored project, she is leading enhancement of life and environmental science ethics education materials for the Online Ethics Center. She also fosters graduate education at ASU through her positions as interim program chair of the Masters in Applied Ethics and the Professions and as Associate Director of the Center for Biology and Society. xii Editors and Contributors

Challie Facemire has a Master of Science Degree in Bioethics, Policy and Law from Arizona State University. She works at the University of Phoenix in the School of Advanced Studies in Tempe, AZ.

William J. Frey is a Professor in the College of Business Administration at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. His teaching and research interests include business and engineering ethics, moral psychology, computer ethics, and research ethics. He is currently Co-principal Investigator with CRWS, “Cultivating Responsible Wellbeing in STEM” (NSF 1449489), an NSF grant devoted to inte- grating social, ethical, and global issues into UPRM’s Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics curriculum.

Joseph R. Herkert is Associate Professor Emeritus of Science, Technology and Society and a Visiting Scholar in the Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University. He was formerly Lincoln Associate Professor of Ethics and Technology in the Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University (retired May 2015). He has been teaching engineering ethics and science, technology and society courses for thirty years. He is editor of Social, Ethical and Policy Implications of Engineering: Selected Readings (Wiley/IEEE Press, 2000) and co-editor of The Growing Gap between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight: The Pacing Problem (Springer, 2011), and has published numerous articles on engineering ethics and societal implications of technology in engineering, law, social science, and applied ethics journals. He previously served as editor of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine and an associate editor of Engineering Studies. He has been a leader in many professional organizations including the Society on Social Implications of Technology (SSIT) of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the National Institute for Engineering Ethics, and the Engineering Ethics and Liberal Education/ Engineering and Society (LEES) Divisions of the American Society for Engineering Education. In 2005, He received the Sterling Olmsted Award, the highest honor bestowed by LEES, for “making significant contributions in the teaching and administering of liberal education in engineering education.”

Karlana June holds an M.A. in Journalism and Media Studies and B.A. in Mass Communications from the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg and is Project Manager and Research Associate for the National Ethics Project, which is funded in part by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the Spencer Foundation.

Robert F. Ladenson is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He is the creator of ethics bowl and from 1997 to 2009 was the principal organizer and developer of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl (APPE-IEB). Editors and Contributors xiii

Christopher Meyers is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy and Director Emeritus of the Kegley Institute of Ethics at CSU, Bakersfield. He is also Adjunct Ethics Faculty at Kern Medical Center, Hospital Ethicist for Adventist Healthcare Bakersfield, and Associate Editor for Journal of Media Ethics. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy and Academic Certificate in Bioethics from the University of Tennessee and is the author of three books and some four dozen scholarly articles. His hobbies include wandering the Eastern Sierra mountains, woodworking, and standing on the bank of a trout stream, frustratingly watching trout laugh at him as his fly drifts over their head.

Glen Miller is an Instructional Assistant Professor at Texas A&M University. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of North Texas. His current research triangulates the history of philosophy, especially ethics and political phi- losophy, and two emerging areas of ethical concern, the environment and technol- ogy. He regularly teaches a large course on engineering ethics and investigates issues in applied, practical, and professional ethics, including bioethics and cyberethics. He is the author of several encyclopedia articles, journal articles, and chapters.

Deborah S. Mower is the Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Hume Bryant Chair of Ethics and an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Mississippi. She specializes in moral psychology, moral education, and applied ethics. She received her Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She is an Active Member of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics and the current President of the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum, which promotes scholarship on ethics and moral philosophy as it intersects with moral psychology, citizenship education, and general education as well as the teaching of ethics in all academic disciplines. In 2012, she co-edited Civility in Politics and Education (Routledge) with Wade L. Robison. In 2015, she co-edited Developing Moral Sensitivity (Routledge) with Phyllis Vandenberg and Wade L. Robison. In 2016, she co-directed (with Phyllis Vandenberg) a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute on “Moral Psychology and Education: Putting the Humanities to Work” (http://www.moralpsychology.co). Twenty-five scholars and seventeen internally recognized faculty studied the moral psychology behind effective moral education, examining how specific areas of the humanities (art, music, the literature, and film) enhance the development of moral reasoning, skills, and action.

Lisa H. Newton is a Professor Emeritus at Fairfield University. She joined the faculty in 1969 and taught courses in ethics, applied ethics, environmental studies, healthcare ethics, and several other areas. She was the Director of the Applied Ethics Center at Fairfield University. She was also the Director of the Program in Environmental Studies at Fairfield University. She received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from Columbia University in New York City. She served for many terms on the Executive Committee of the Association for Professional and Practical Ethics. She is the author of twenty books and hundreds of articles. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University. xiv Editors and Contributors

David T. Ozar is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy, Loyola University Chicago, having taught there from 1972 to 2015 and also taught at various times in Loyola’s schools of medicine, nursing, business, law, education, social work, and dentistry. He was Director of Loyola’s Center for Ethics, 1993– 2006. He earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy at Yale University in 1974. In addition, he has served for more than 30 years as Associate Member of the Professional Staff, Member of the Institutional Ethics Committee, and Consulting Ethicist for NorthShore University HealthSystem in Evanston, Illinois. He has served on committees and consulted for numerous professional organizations in health care and many other professions. He was the Founding President of the American Society for Dental Ethics in 1987 and a Founding Member of the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum. He is a frequent lecturer to university, professional, and community groups on healthcare ethics, professional ethics, ethics education, and contemporary social issues. In addition to two books, he has published more than 160 articles on these topics in books and professional journals.

Alan A. Preti is the Director of the Institute for Ethical Leadership and Social Responsibility and Associate Professor of Philosophy at Rosemont College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His research interests include theoretical and applied ethics, moral psychology, and moral development. He also has interests in Asian philosophical traditions. He has published the International Journal of Ethics and Philosophy East and West, and has contributed chapters to Handbook of Virtue Ethics in Business and Management (Springer) and Developing Moral Sensitivity (Routledge). As an Executive Committee Member of the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum, he has also served on the Board of Directors of the Greater Philadelphia Philosophy Consortium since 2008.

Wade L. Robison is the Ezra A. Hale Professor of Applied Ethics at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He has published extensively in philosophy of law, David Hume, and practical and professional ethics. His book Decisions in Doubt: The Environment and Public Policy (University Press of New England, 1994) won the Nelson A. Rockefeller Prize in Social Science and Public Policy. His latest book is Ethics Within Engineering: An Introduction.

Brian Schrag was, for twenty years, the Founding Executive Director of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. For eleven years, he served as project director of a collaborative effort of the association for a project, “Graduate Research Ethics Education” (GREE) funded by the National Science Foundation. He has published articles on research ethics, research ethics education, academic ethics, museum ethics, business ethics, civility and community, and allocation of medical resources. Editors and Contributors xv

Alan Tomhave is Chair and Associate Professor of Philosophy at Youngstown State University. He is the co-editor of the journal Teaching Ethics. He received his PhD from the University of Missouri in social and political philosophy and Ethics.

Phyllis (Peggy) Vandenberg is a Professor of Philosophy at Grand Valley State University and received her Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Utah. She serves on the Executive Board for the Society for Ethics across the Curriculum and is a Regular Presenter at the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. She co-edited and contributed to the Routledge, 2015, volume, Developing Moral Sensitivity (with Deborah S. Mower and Wade L. Robison). She co-directed (with Deborah S. Mower) the 14th International Conference of the Society for Ethics across the Curriculum (SEAC) in 2012 and (with Erik Wingrove-Haugland) the 19th International SEAC Conference, 2017, both at Grand Valley State University. In 2015, she co-directed with Deborah Mower a four-week National Endowment for the Humanities Summer institute, Moral Psychology: Putting the Humanities to Work. She is a contributor and reviewer for the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and also has reviewed for Teaching Ethics and the NEH. Her presentations and publications are primarily on the ethical theories of the 18th century Scots: Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid. Her latest pieces are “Relationships and the Spectator Perspectives in Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith” in Cultura: International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology, “Reid and Hume in Agreement on Moral Foundations” in Journal of Scottish Thought (University of Aberdeen Press 2011), and “A Humean Look at Feminist’s Ethics” Special European Legacy Edition on Hume (Routledge, June 2013).

Mark Vopat is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Dr. James Dale Ethics Center at Youngstown State University. He and his colleague Alan Tomhave are co-editors of the journal Teaching Ethics. His research interests include social and political philosophy, ethics, and applied ethics with particular emphasis on chil- dren’s rights. He has written and presented papers in a variety of areas of applied ethics including: business ethics, professional ethics, the ethics of boycotting, moral sensitivity and the intersection of libertarianism and Christianity. In 2015, he published a book Children’s Right and Moral Parenting with Lexington Press.

Sandy Woodson is a Teaching Professor in the Division of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at the Colorado School of Mines, where she has taught Ethics and Environmental Philosophy since 1999. She is the Director of the Ethics Across Campus Program, the Undergraduate Adviser for the HASS division, and she coaches the Mines Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl team.

Daniel E. Wueste is Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University. He was Founding Director of the Rutland Institute for Ethics; he stepped down as director after fifteen years, in the summer, 2016, and returned to teaching and research. His research and writing focus on issues in three areas: practical and professional ethics, legal philosophy, and social and political philosophy. He has a special interest in xvi Editors and Contributors what ethicists can learn from legal philosophers and vice versa. His work has appeared in various journals including Cornell Law Review, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, the Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Teaching Ethics, Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, and Research in Ethical Issues in Organizations. In addition to teaching in the Department of Philosophy and Religion, he teaches in two of Clemson’s Ph.D. Programs: Healthcare Genetics and Policy Studies. He is Member/Researcher at the Institute of Human Values in Health Care, Medical University of South Carolina, and a Member of the Executive Board and Treasurer of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. He has been a Member of the Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum since its inception and is a Member of its Executive Committee and proudly served two terms as its president.

Qin Zhu is a Research Assistant Professor in the Ethics Across Campus Program and the Division of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at the Colorado School of Mines. He holds a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University, USA, and a Ph.D. in Philosophy of Science and Technology from Dalian University of Technology, China. His research focuses on ethical decision-making in engineering, ethics education assessment, and ethics of technology.