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The Text Mining of Ethics and Information Technology 3 44 Andrej Gogora Dana Hanesova - Andrea Nelson - Ken Badley THE TEXT MINING OF ETHICS EDUCATORS IN SEARCH OF THE FINE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LINE BETWEEN USE AND MISUSE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES 10 Branko Klun MODERN TECHNOLOGY’S EFFORT 49 TO MASTER TIME AS A CHALLENGE Annamaria Konyova FOR ETHICS POSITION OF NATURAL SCIENCES IN THE EDUCATION OF REFORMED HIGHER SCHOOLS IN THE HUNGARIAN 14 KINGDOM IN EARLY MODERN AGE Jarmila Jurova DO THE VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES MATCH (ON EXAMPLE OF REFORMED THE REAL ONES? (COMMUNITARIAN COLLEGIUM IN SAROSPATAK) PERSPECTIVE) 54 19 Daniel Slivka - Janusz Mierzwa Peter Kondrla - Primoz Repar INTENTIONAL ABUSE OF SOCIAL ONTOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES NETWORKS WITH THE GOAL OF OF THE ETHICS OF TECHNOLOGY PROMOTING IDEAS OF ANTI-SEMITISM, RACISM, AND XENOPHOBIA 25 Roman Kralik - Susanne Jakobsen Tinley 59 KIERKEGAARD’S ETHICS Janez Vodicar AS AN ANSWER TO HUMAN ALIENATION ETHICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE IN TECHNOCRATIC SOCIETY THROUGH PAUL RICOEUR’S HERMENEUTICS 30 Dasa Novacikova 64 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Dalimir Hajko AND REFLECTION OF THEIR ETHICS AND SCIENCE: PERCEPTION IN INTERNET MEDIA CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES 35 69 Ciprian Turcan Hubert Jurjewicz HANS JONAS’ ETHICS OF TECHNOLOGY: A NEUROETHOLICAL STUDY OF HUMAN RISKS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF MEDITATION IN RELIGIONS 39 Martina Pavlikova 75 READING AUDEN AS A RESOURCE FOR Alena Haskova – Silvia Mandulakova EXISTENTIAL REFLECTION Dirk Van Merode PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS IN A SOCIETY WITH TECHNOCRATIC OF TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND HEDONISTIC TENDENCIES IN SLOVAKIA 81 112 Helena Grecmanova - Miroslav Dopita - Eva Urbanovska Emil Betak - Franc Cvelbar ETHICAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION DISCOVERIES AND OTHER INFORMATION IN THE ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT IN PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY OF THE LAST DECADE, WHICH HAVE 86 A POTENTIAL TO INFLUENCE OUR VIEW Marek Debnar ON THE UNIVERSE THE SEMANTIC FIELDS OF SELECTED ETHICAL TERMS IN THE WRITTEN 117 AND WEB SUBCORPUS OF THE SLOVAK Stefan Luby - Martina Lubyova - Ladislav E. Roth NATIONAL CORPUS SCIENCE IN THE TRAP OF FRAUD AND CORRUPTION 91 Martin Hetenyi 121 THE PLACE OF CYRILLO-METHODIAN Pavel Hanes - Bram de Muynck HERITAGE IN THE CHRISTIANIZATION DEIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY OF KIEVAN RUS AND THE DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON 98 Jaroslav Coranic 126 A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE GREEK Dalibor Gonda - Petr Emanovsky CATHOLIC CHURCH IN SLOVAKIA THE CONTRIBUTION OF TEACHING FOLLOWING THE FALL LOGIC TO ETHICAL DECISION MAKING OF THE COMMUNIST REGIME HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL EXCURSUS 131 Pavel Kopecek - Milan Pinte - Michal Sasiadek IN THE YEARS 1989 - 2002 Muhammad Latif USING TWO STACKERS ON ONE RAIL IN A PRODUCTION SYSTEM 106 Hans Peter Beck - Ivan Melo - Thomas Naumann SOME ETHICAL QUESTIONS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS Andrej Gogora* THE TEXT MINING OF ETHICS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The aim of contribution is to provide computational analysis of the journal Ethics and Information Technology by means of application of digital text mining and statistical tools on the journal‘s data extracted from 17 volumes. The procedure consists of data set building, appli- cation of various digital tools and interpretation of outputs. The analysis is conducted in order to acquire the basic topic structure of articles, to identify most frequently used terms, collocations and their occurrences with respect to the year of publishing, and to expose basic statistical author‘s data. The purpose of contribution is to present statistical overview of the journal between the years 1999 and 2016, thus to illustrate, by means of computational method, its main trends and bibliometrics data. Keywords: Text mining, digital humanities, bibliometrics, ethics, information technology. Abbreviations: EIT - Ethics and information technology; DH – digital humanities; IT/ICT – information and communications technology 1. Introduction computationally retrieved from EIT corpus? What kind of digital tools can be applied to analyze EIT in order to obtain relevant Ethical aspects of new technologies have been in focus statistical outputs? There are three main aims: of scholars for a relatively long time – Norbert Wiener, a) to gather and prepare digital resources and to compile EIT professor of mathematics and engineering, during the 1940s corpus; created “cybernetics”, a branch of applied science in which b) to extract various statistical data sets from corpus and to he foreshadowed most of topical issues such as computer and interpret the outputs; security, digital privacy, ethics of programmer, information c) to examine methodological possibilities of applied digital networks, virtual communities. Later on in the 1970s Walter tools. Maner coined a new field of applied ethics “computer ethics” which is concerned with ethical problems created and aggravated The purpose is to offer the overview of computer and by computers. After that James Moor [1] offered more profound information ethics (represented by EIT journal) through the use definition of computer ethics reflecting the fundamental nature of quantitative computational methods. We are going to work and social impact of computer technology. In the 1990s Donald with digital tools that fall under the approaches elaborated in Gotterbarn redefined computer ethics as a professional ethics statistics, computational linguistics, natural language processing, that deals with codes of conduct for computing professionals; and bibliometrics and digital humanities (DH). finally, Floridi [2] based his “information ethics” on metaphysical assumption that world is made of informational objects (humans, animals, artifacts, electronic objects, data...) regarded as potential 2. Data set ethical agents. This is a brief overview of the field of computer and Considering the topic we decided to choose the EIT journal information ethics. The peculiarity of the article is that it doesn’t as a representative sample for it is included in most prestige provide an armchair inquiry about particular issue of this domain, peer-reviewed journals published in English and focused on the but it analyzes the representative sample of journal Ethics and dialogue between ethics and ICT. In addition, it is the oldest information technology (EIT) by means of computational methods. journal exclusively dealing with the given topic and abstracted We are asking these questions: what kind of information can be in scientific indexes with high impact factor (2014: 1.021; 2015: * Andrej Gogora Department of General and Applied Ethics, Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia E-mail: [email protected] VOLUME 19 COMMUNICATIONS 1/2017 ● 3 0.739). There are also other journals concerning with ethical 3.1. Corpus terms consideration of ICT such as Information, Communication and Society; International Review of Information Ethics; Journal of In the first step, we chose a standalone version of Voyant Information, Communication and Ethics in Society; Journal of Tools [7] a web-based text analysis environment, to retrieve the Information Ethics; The Ethicomp Journal. However, processing ordered list of most frequent words from tokenized EIT corpus. of those resources would require the amount of time-consuming The first 10 terms in raw (total count) frequency are: information work. We claim that for the purpose of this article EIT journal (14.916), privacy (8.474), moral (8.425), data (6.927), ethical represents a well-balanced and sufficient data resource. (6.313), human (6.297), social (6.112), technology (5.712), ethics Firstly, we downloaded set of files (.html, .pdf) from EIT (5.237), computer (4.650). It perfectly matches with basic themes website [3]. In total, we collected 502 abstracts and open access covering EIT journal as were declared in the first editorial [8, articles from volume 1, issue 1 to volume 18, issue 2 (period p. 3]. By the same tool and manual filtering we obtained a list 1999-2016) with bibliographic data (.bib, .ris). Then, we organized of most frequent authors and ethical trends. Statistically, the files according to the year of publication, number of volume/ result shows that besides contemporary scholars specialized in issue, and each file renamed after specific DOI number. Then ethics and new technology: Floridi (1.194), Nissenbaum (309), we automatically converted all files (.html, .pdf) into text format Lessig (215), Allen (162), Friedman (139), van den Hoven (132), (.txt) and manually corrected scattered footnotes, page numbers, Coeckelber (128), Tavani (120) there is ongoing dialogue between paragraphs and special characters. Considering the original articles traditional theories and authors such as Kant (1.029), Aristotle layout we identified a set of key elements – journal, year, volume, (660), utilitarianism (500), consequentialism (304), Heidegger number, pages, DOI, title, author, affiliation, author’s address, (249), deontology ethics (236) or Kierkegaard (171). In addition e-mail, abstract, keywords, text, section, subsection, paragraph, to elementary statistics, this function is often the basis for another footnotes, references and acknowledgment. Each element text mining analysis, for example, the tracking of changes of term contains particular information that can be computationally frequency according to various criteria. utilized. For our purpose we processed just year, DOI, title, Moreover, considering the data representation we notify that author/s, affiliation, address, abstract, keywords and open access Voyant as well as other end-user tools include powerful functions articles text
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