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The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia Central and Eastern Europe

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The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia Central and Eastern Europe The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia Central and Eastern Europe Regional Perspectives in Global Context Series Editors Constantin Iordachi Central European University, Budapest Maciej Janowski Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Balázs Trencsényi Central European University, Budapest VOLUME 4 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cee The Racial Idea in the Independent State of Croatia Origins and Theory By Nevenko Bartulin LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Cover illustration: A stećak or medieval gravestone from Bosnia (near Sarajevo) with a carving of a swastika. Originally published in the Croatian mountaineering journal Hrvatski planinar, nos. 8–12, 1942. It is meant to represent Bosnia (which was considered the ‘purest’ Croatian region) and the idea of lineage (i.e. a gravestone), while the swastika represents the ‘Aryan race’ (Ustasha ideologists sought the racial origins of the Croats in Iran) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bartulin, Nevenko. The racial idea in the Independent State of Croatia : origins and theory / by Nevenko Bartulin. pages cm. — (Central and Eastern Europe regional perspectives in global context, ISSN 1877–8550 ; volume 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26283-6 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-26282-9 (e-book) 1. Croatia—Politics and government—1918–1945. 2. Croatia—Race relations—History—20th century. 3. Racism—Political aspects—Croatia—History—20th century. 4. Ethnicity—Political aspects—Croatia—History—20th century. 5. Racism—Croatia—Philosophy—History—20th century. 6. Ustasa, hrvatska revolucionarna organizacija—History. 7. Nationalism—Croatia— History—20th century. I. Title. DR1591.B27 2014 949.72’02—dc23 2013038002 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-8550 ISBN 978-90-04-26283-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26282-9 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgments .......................................................................................... ix Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1 Language and Race: Croats, Illyrians, Slavs and Aryans .............. 20 Introduction .......................................................................................... 20 The Indo-Europeans ........................................................................... 20 Pan-Slavism and the Illyrian Movement ..................................... 24 Yugoslavism and the Serbs of Croatia .......................................... 28 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 31 2 Ante Starčević: Historic State Right and Croat Blood .................. 33 Introduction .......................................................................................... 33 The Slavoserbs and the Vlach Question ...................................... 33 Blood and Race (‘Breed’) .................................................................. 36 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 42 3 Race Theory in Habsburg Croatia, 1900–1918 .................................. 44 Introduction .......................................................................................... 44 Germanic Rulers, Slav Subjects and Asiatic Nomads .............. 45 Racial Anthropology: The Dinaric Race ....................................... 50 Balkan Anthropology and Ćiro Truhelka: Fair-Haired Slavs and Dark-Skinned Vlachs ............................................................ 52 The Socio-Historical Theory of Ivo Pilar: Race and Religion 57 Serbian-Yugoslavist Racial Ideas .................................................... 63 Racial Yugoslavism and the Croatian Peasant Party ................ 66 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 69 4 Yugoslavist and Serbian Racial Theories in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ................................................................................................... 71 Introduction .......................................................................................... 71 The Trinomial South Slavic Nation ............................................... 72 The Patriarchal Serbian/Yugoslav Dinaric Type ........................ 74 The South Slavs and German Racial Anthropology ................. 79 Boris Zarnik: Nordic-Dinaric Racial Admixture ........................ 85 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 89 vi contents 5 Interwar Croatian Ethnolinguistic-Racial Theories ....................... 93 Introduction .......................................................................................... 93 Filip Lukas: The Western-Eastern Croats and the Dinaric Race ............................................................................. 94 Milan Šufflay: Croatia as a Frontier of the White West .......... 103 The Iranian and Gothic Theories of Croat Origins ................... 109 Croatian Racial Discourse and the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina .............................................................. 120 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 124 6 The Interwar Ustasha Movement and Ethnolinguistic-Racial Identity ........................................................................................................ 127 Introduction .......................................................................................... 127 The Ustasha Principles ...................................................................... 127 Ustasha Ideology: Croat Ethnic-Racial History .......................... 131 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 140 7 The Ustasha Racial State ........................................................................ 144 Introduction .......................................................................................... 144 The National Community ................................................................. 145 The Race Laws ..................................................................................... 148 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 158 8 The Ideal Racial Type: The Aryan Croat ........................................... 160 Introduction .......................................................................................... 160 The New (Old) Croatian Man ......................................................... 161 A Cultured Warrior Nation .............................................................. 162 The Dinaric Race and the Nordic Racial Strain ......................... 169 The Nordic Slavic-Gothic-Iranian Herrenschicht ....................... 181 The Croats of Catholic and Islamic Faith .................................... 190 National Socialist Race Theory and the Croats ......................... 194 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 201 9 The Racial Counter-Type: The Near Eastern Race ......................... 203 Introduction .......................................................................................... 203 The Serb-Vlachs ................................................................................... 204 Religious Conversion and Racial Restrictions ............................ 211 The Croatian Orthodox Church ...................................................... 215 The Jews ................................................................................................. 218 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 221 contents vii Epilogue ............................................................................................................. 224 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 229 Index ................................................................................................................... 239 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank Dr. Balázs Trencsényi, Associate Professor in the Depart- ment of History, Central European University, Budapest and Dr. Matthew P. Fitzpatrick, Senior Lecturer in International History, Flinders University, Adelaide, for reading and providing
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