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The Female Factor: the Impact of German Women on American Policy During the Occupation of Germany, 1945-1949

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The Female Factor: the Impact of German Women on American Policy During the Occupation of Germany, 1945-1949 THE FEMALE FACTOR: THE IMPACT OF GERMAN WOMEN ON AMERICAN POLICY DURING THE OCCUPATION OF GERMANY, 1945-1949 by Tiffiny Ford B.S. (Clarion University of Pennsylvania) 1996 THESIS Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements For the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HUMANITIES in the GRADUATE SCHOOL of HOOD COLLEGE MAY 2020 Accepted: ___________________ _____________________ Dr. Didier Course, Ph.D. Dr. Corey Campion, Ph.D. Committee Member Program Director ___________________ Dr. Scott Pincikowski, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________ April M. Boulton, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School ___________________ Dr. Corey Campion, Ph.D. Capstone Advisor COPYRIGHT WAIVER I do authorize Hood College to lend this Thesis (Capstone), or reproductions of it, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individual for the purpose of scholarly research. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………...i Copyright Waiver………………………………………………………………………………..ii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................1 Background ....................................................................................................................................2 Scope................................................................................................................................................8 Organization ...................................................................................................................................9 Sources ..........................................................................................................................................12 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................14 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................29 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................................46 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................................57 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................68 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................82 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................89 Endnotes………………………………………………………………………………………....9 DEDICATED TO PAUL ABSTRACT The Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS) administered the area of Germany and the sector of Berlin controlled by the U.S. from 1945-1949. The military government, under the direction of General Lucius Clay, was tasked with the “denazification” and “democratization” of the German people. Occupation troops were expected to carry out the American military policies without establishing relationships with those they were occupying. As a result, each soldier was given a copy of A Pocket Guide to Germany, which stressed the policy of non-fraternization with the German people. However, the non-fraternization policy, along with other economic and cultural policies, proved difficult for the soldiers to follow. Instead of the highly masculinized and militarized German society American occupation troops expected to encounter, they were instead met with a physically and emotionally destroyed German population comprised of mainly of women and children. Thus, American military propaganda did not accurately depict nor prepare the soldiers for the realities of post war Germany. Therefore, my thesis will focus on the impact of German women on American Policy during the Allied Occupation of Germany from 1945-1949. I will address the changes to cultural, political, and economic policies implemented by OMGUS that were indicative of an overwhelmingly female population in Germany. I will analyze the change in American policies from punitive to rehabilitative, as German women were initially viewed by Americans as the “enemy” but were eventually viewed as viable consumers who represented the future of democracy and the acceptance of American values in West Germany. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Corey Campion for his guidance and support, throughout this entire writing process. Because of his efforts and high expectations, I am a better writer, researcher and teacher for my own students. Research reported in this document was originally published in a master’s degree Thesis sponsored by the Department of Humanities and submitted to The Graduate School of Hood College in Frederick, Maryland. ii iii INTRODUCTION When the U.S. military took control of Berlin, Germany in July of 1945, American GIs expected a highly militarized and masculine German society, filled with Nazi supporters. Instead, American soldiers confronted a traumatized and predominantly female German civilian population who emerged from the rubble shell-shocked and starving. Initially, U.S. occupation policies focused on the demilitarization and denazification of the Germans. However, due to the housing and food crisis faced by the female dominated postwar German society, American policy softened to include the rehabilitation of the German people within the American Zone. How did the gender imbalance impact the goals and policies of the American Occupation? How could the German political and economic system rebuild with a feminized population? The focus of this paper will address how U.S. policies towards Germany changed from punitive to rehabilitative due, in part, to the economic, political, and cultural contributions of German women from 1945-1949. As a result, the violent acts committed against German women by American GIs during the early occupation period lessened as more long-term relationships emerged. Subsequently, the continued contact between American GIs and German women eventually led to contact with German children and men, especially as German women and American GIs married. Thus, German women and children were the gateway for the acceptance of American politics and culture as they were the initial faces of defeat that American GIs encountered. Therefore, German women’s acceptance of U.S. policies of denazification, democratization and education, contributed to the acceptance of the American Occupation of Germany 1945-1949. 1 BACKGROUND World War II began on September 1st, 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland, prompting Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany. By September of 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance, known as the Axis Powers, in hopes of deterring the United States from entering the war. Initially, The United States stayed neutral due to economic ties to Germany and the American isolationist foreign policies stemming from WWI and The Great Depression.1 However, after the direct attack on U.S. soil by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941, the Unites States joined the Allied Powers (G.B. and France) and began sending troops to Europe to battle Hitler and the Nazis. After years of fierce battles against the Wehrmacht (The Unified Armed Forces of Nazi Germany), the Allies (including the addition of the Soviet Union in 1943), successfully defeated the Germans who surrendered on May 7th, 1945. The following day, the Allied Powers accepted the terms of Germany’s unconditional surrender and declared May 8th Victory in Europe Day. As May 8th, 1945 marked the end of fighting in Europe, it signaled the official beginning of the Allied Occupation of Germany. The idea of partitioning Germany into militarized zones had been broached by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin, at the Tehran Conference in Iran in December of 1943. In February of 1945, “The Big Three” (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin) met again in Yalta. During the Yalta Conference, Stalin agreed to free elections (he would not uphold this agreement) and France was given a zone of occupation in postwar Germany. The final meeting of the Big Three was held in Potsdam (a suburb of Berlin) in the summer of 1945. Joseph Stalin returned and was joined by new U.S. President Harry Truman and newly elected 2 British Prime Minister Clement Atlee (who replaced Churchill during the Conference after his party’s defeat in the election). The main goal was to determine the governance of occupied Germany. Each country set laws for its own zone while decisions regarding Germany as a whole were determined by the Allied Control Council, consisting of the commanders-in-chief of the U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.2 However, areas of contention, such as Poland’s borders and free elections in the Soviet Zone, set the stage for the Cold War. Thus, Germany became geopolitically significant as the great divide between communism and democracy. As plans and preparations were underway for the occupation, so too were Roosevelt’s plan to win the American public’s support for WWII. In 1942, President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order to create The Office of War Information. (OWI). The director of the OWI, Elmer Davis, was instructed to “formulate and carry out, through the use of press, radio, motion
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