JCC: War Of The Bucket, 1325: Background Guide Table of Contents

Letter from the Chair Letter from the Crisis Director Committee Logistics Introduction to the Committee Introduction to Topic One History of the Problem Past Actions Taken Current Events Questions to Consider Resources to Use Bibliography

Staff of the Committee

Chair Colter Schorer Vice Chair Michelle Surets Crisis Director Alex Durand Assistant Crisis Director Chloe Chibeau

Under Secretary General Jane Gallagher

Taylor Cowser, Secretary General Neha Iyer, Director General

Letter from the Chair

Hello Delegates!

Welcome to BosMUN XIX!

My name is Colter Schroer and I have the pleasure of serving as your Chair while the city of Modena works to uphold the true valor of the Holy Roman Empire. While this conflict may not come to a resolution easily, I am excited to see how delegates will be able to navigate through crisis, and work together to defeat the antagonistic Bolognese.

A bit of background about myself: I am a sophomore at Boston University pursuing a dual BA/MA program, seeking a bachelors in Environmental Analysis and Policy, and a Masters in Energy and Environment. I’m originally from Boulder, Colorado. As a typical Coloradan, you can often find me outside. I typically snowboard or nordic ski in the winter, and run, hike, or mountain bike in the summer.

When I’m not working to overthrow the legitimacy of papal rule, I am passionate about many other things, such as podcasting, HBO’s Westworld, attending as many concerts as I can afford, and of course, Model United Nations.

This is my second time as a staff member for BosMUN, and my third conference with BU’s International Affairs Association. Most recently, I had the honor of serving as a Co-Crisis Director of BarMUN’s Committee of 40, where we worked to stage a coup against a recently elected Chilean dictator.

I look forward to getting to know all of you in committee throughout the weekend! If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to reach out to me. My email is [email protected]. Good luck to everyone.

Long live the empire,

Colter Schroer

Committee Logistics In-Room Debate

This committee convenes as an advisory panel to Modenean ruler Passerino dei , assisting with decisions on how to proceed as we move closer to war with our neighbors. The committee will start in the beginning of 1325. The committee room is structured as a perpetually moderated caucus. Discussion, debate, and specific topics will all be determined by the body. Procedural matters will require a simple majority to pass.

The pacing of debate will need to react to recent updates and allow for proper debate about the next steps of the Modenean people. The chair expects delegates to adapt and react the structure and topics of debate to better fit the needs of the military.

Proper parliamentary procedure is expected from delegates.

Documents, Directives, Crisis Notes, Etc.

This committee will take action against the Bolognians primarily through directives, a written order for Passerino dei Bonacolsi to act on a specific desire of the committee. These directives are typically 1-2 pages, and they detail precise action that is expected to be taken. The content of these documents can vary to the needs of the committee, but the chair looks favorably upon directives which either advance the Modenian position against the Bolognese, or garner domestic and international support for our cause. A directive will require a two thirds majority to pass.

This committee will also use Crisis notes, or individual action notes, as a method for delegates to advance debate and individual desires. For many delegates, crisis is integral to their ability to shape outcomes to their character’s desires. The staffing team looks favorably upon notes which use individual connections and powers to reasonably achieve end goals for a delegate. With this in mind, delegates should be mindful about who they address their notes to, and the content of their notes. The crisis room would also like delegates to be aware of the hectic nature of addressing delegate’s notes, and would advise against frivolous or inconsequential notes. Requests will be granted solely at the discretion of the crisis team.

Committee Logistics

BosMUN XIX is using a dual notepad crisis system for this years conference. Each delegate will be granted two notepads to communicate with the crisis room throughout debate. This will allow one note per delegate to be sent to the crisis room at any particular time, and leave one notebook for delegates to send a message to crisis when the previous notepad is returned. Only one note per delegate will be allowed in the crisis room at any given time.

As delegates are expected to respond to updates and act in fairness to each other, pre-prepared documents of any kind will not be accepted by the staffing team.

Crisis Updates

Frequently, the crisis director will find it favorable to update the delegation on events taking place throughout the war. The content of these updates may include, but will not be limited to, actions of the opposing committee, actions of delegates through crisis notes, updates resulting from the committee’s approval of resolutions, and more. The staffing team hopes that delegates will respond and react to updates in appropriate ways.

Awards Criteria

The staffing team for this committee looks favorably upon delegates who take unique and creative approaches to achieve the end goal of the Modenan people, and maintain the power of the Holy Roman Empire. Awards will be given to delegates who take individual ideas and available resources to create impact upon the committee and the outcome of the war. Meaningful contributions to discussion, creative actions through crisis, and respectful demeanour are some of the criteria which the staffing committee will take into account when deciding awards.

Introduction to the Committee

For years, conflict between neighboring cities and Modena has been escalating, and this committee is expected to navigate the future of interactions between the two territories. The honorable Modenean people have continued to regard with great respect, the rule of the the Emperor. We must act now to end papal rule in all of Italy. The people of Modena have placed their support in The Holy Roman Empire, which has given us protection for our agricultural lifestyle. Modena’s ruler, Passerino dei Bonacolsi has unwavering support in the current Emperor, Louis IV. dei Bonacolsi wants to retain and assert power for the imperial cause. As a result, Modena has been waging violent attacks against neighboring territories in the hopes of asserting power for the Holy Roman Empire. However, the people of neighboring Bologna are supportive of the Pope. As wealthy merchants, the Bolognian people have strong financial incentive to dislike high taxes waged upon them by the Holy Roman Empire. This committee is taking place in 1325, before many of the most notable escalating historical events took place. At the current moment, conflict between the Pope supporting Guelphs and Empirical Ghibillines is widespread throughout . War has not yet been declared by the Bolognese, however violence and tension are already high. The chair would also like to offer a clarifying point about the causes of this war. Many of the inflection points of Modena and Bologna’s conflict have been previously attributed to the theft of a Bolognese bucket by Modenean forces. However, this is mostly untrue. For the purposes of committee, the escalating tensions between the Guelphs and Ghibellines will be the focus of discussion and debate. This committee will use all available means to remind the Bolognese that true power resides in the Emperor.

History of the Problem: The Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire

This committee has assembled in a time of insecurity. The people of Modena are no longer safe from the antagonistic attacks of the Bolognian people. This conflict has been going on for too long. So in this year of 1325, we need to decide what actions to take against Bologna.

The conflict between us and our neighbors has been centuries in the making. The story begins in 800 AD, where the papal states and the Kingdom of the Franks resided with little conflict. At this time in history, the Catholic Pope had weak powers, and was highly corruptible. The pope was typically exploited by secular leaders to gain territory in their respective nations.

One of these secular leaders was Charlemagne, King of the Franks. He wanted more power, and he used the papacy as an endorsement in 774. The pope’s endorsement gave him validation and authority, with the backing of the church, to rule over more vast areas of land. As a result, he was crowned Emperor of the West. While his rule was immensely unstable, the pope’s endorsement created a new dynamic between the Holy Roman Kingdom of the Franks, 814 Empire and the pope.

At this time, the only pope could crown emperors, however the Emperor's exploited the pope to consolidate their own power. So the conflict lies in a newly created power dynamic. Was the pope’s statement of emperors more important than the emperor’s exploitation and endorsement of the pope?

History of the Problem: The Investiture Controversy

As time passed, Kingdom of the Franks slowly evolved into the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire existed mostly as a divided federation of counties and states, typically ununified and ruled by a variety of different nobles across the land. This created a problem for Charlemagne, as he was not able to enforce his power over the rebellious nobility. To solve this problem, Charlemagne used his religious credibility to appoint Bishops and Abbots across the Empire. By doing this, he increased his own authority and gained loyal supporters across his land. This also led to the practice of simony; those who could afford a position would pay to be in the church.

The Holy Roman Empire continued with this structure for years, and the title of emperor was handed down through generations. After emperor Henry III died, his son Henry IV took over. However, Henry IV was only a meer 6 years old. Rebellious supporters of the Gregorian Reform saw this as an opportunity, and church cardinals began electing a pope, as they disliked simony and wanted to place the power of investiture in control of the church. Their only opposition to this action was a child.

Today, this conflict is deemed the “Investiture Controversy.” Henry IV eventually grew up and became understandably upset with the church’s decisions. The power that was rightfully his was taken away from him in his youth. Against the church’s wishes, Henry IV continued to appoint bishops. Sadly, the pope was successful in increasing his authority. The emperor’s land was further divided. Eventually, Henry IV was excommunicated from the church.

The Investiture Controversy is the foundation for the conflict between Modena and Bologna today.

History of the Problem: A Divided Italy

Over the next few hundred years the Holy Roman Empire continued to assert its rightful power over the region, however unity was tested immensely with instances of internal fighting. The needed the ability to assert control over the whole territory. Unfortunately, the Italian states proved most difficult for a few geographically centric reasons. Northern Italy was in a unique position in the empire: sandwiched between the Holy Roman Empire and the ruling papal Holy Roman Empire, 1181 states.

This meant that influence from the treacherous papacy was able to find its way to the minds of the Italian people. Northern Italy was also isolated from the rest of the Empire due to the Alps. Transportation and communication were nearly impossible. This made the Italian states practically independent and able to assert their allegiance with whichever side they preferred.

This problem was only exacerbated in 1176. Emperor Frederick Barberosa brought military intervention down to Northern Italy in the hopes of asserting his god-given control over the area. However the pope’s army combined with powerful anti-imperial sentiment proved too difficult for the emperor to regain the lost territory. Sadly, the honorable emperor was defeated and went back North.

At the present point in our retelling of this history, we have reached Italy as it is recognizable to this committee today. Northern Italy has been divided into two dissenting factions.

History of the Problem: The War of the Guelphs and the Ghibellines

The honorable Ghibellines continued to wage their support in the Holy Roman empire. The immensely value the protection that the Empire gives, to pursue a typically agricultural lifestyle. Where the papal states threaten livelihoods of the working, our emperor protects the agricultural way of life.

However, the traitorous Guelphs have sold out to the papal cause. Typically merchants, these territories have a hatred for the taxes that they needed to pay to support the empire. Some territories do still exist as an undecided combination of the two, independent yet rife with internal strife.

The conflict between the two sides is the foundation for the current War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, the War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines has been continuing to break apart Northern Italy.

The two pivotal cities that have concern to this committee are neighboring Modena and Bologna. While only a mere 23 miles apart, they are divided by political cause. Modena is Ghibelline, while Bologna is Guelph.

At this point in time, Modena is ruled by Passerino dei Bonacolsi. He is immensely dedicated to the cause of the Holy Roman Empire, and its leader Louis IV. Bonacolsi is also leader of neighboring . He has waged war against many non-empirical states.

In true papal fashion, our leader has been embarrassed by the pope. He was recently excommunicated from the church.

Past Actions Taken

The war of the Guelphs and Ghibellines has been going on for many years now, and a few key moments in the past few years need to define our actions moving forward. We need to avenge the destruction caused to our people by the infantile Guelph actions.

While many events have taken place throughout the Northern Italian states, one of the most consequential events between our neighbors and ourselves was the Battle of Fossalta. In May of 1249, the Guelph army attacked the Ghibelline forces outside of the city of Modena. We were able to foster help from Imperial Germans and Lombard Ghibellines, and an army of 15,000 men came to help the fight. Facing an army of 8,800 we were going into battle with the upper hand, fierce and ready to defend the emperor’s honor.

However after a stand still, the Bolognese attacked and we were eventually unable to continue holding off their attacks. Not only did we lose King Enzio of to the Guelphs, we also lost thousands of soldiers and much honor. King Enzio has been paraded in chains around Bologna, and he eventually died in 1272, still a prisoner of the Guelphs.

Luckily, the Bolognese were unable to obtain any land.

Past Actions Taken

The humiliating defeat at Fossalta was made worse quickly after, as a group of Bolognese citizens catapulted a donkey over the Modenan walls. This action was meant to provoke our citizens, and create disarray over Modena’s leadership. Our people have yet to regain full trust in our military efforts.

In addition, since our defeat at Fossalta, we have been continuously attacked and embarrassed by Bolognese forces. In 1296, the Bolognese begun raids against Modenan border towns and farms. We have lost vast sections of land and towns due to Bolognese raids in the years since then.

Elsewhere, the War of the Guelphs and Ghibellines has been escalating as well. In some cases, our cause is flourishing. For instance, in , Guelphs have been exiled twice in 1248 and 1260.

However things have recently been looking down for Ghibilline citizens. Notably, the support for the Holy Roman Emperor has been decreasing in many areas. After Southern Italy was lost in 1266, and the Hohenstaufen dynasty went extinct in 1268, the papal power increased immensely. Across Italy, Guelphs have been exiling Ghibelline citizens and taking their land. Strict enforcement of these policies have left many citizens to either sever their ties with the Empire, or move to Holy Roman Empire dominated lands.

Current Events

Currently, the situation is escalating quickly. Bologna continues to send military units to attack our citizens. We have estimated that their forces have destroyed 15% of our crop land by burning our fields. They have also waged physical attacks on our citizens. Socially, fear is spreading throughout the city. Our way of life is being threatened by the Papal cause. Our citizen’s support in the Holy Roman Empire lies directly on the condition that we protect the agricultural way of life. If our citizens feel unsettled, they may lose their support for our side.

However, politically we have almost unanimous support for our local leaders. Our troops are willing to die for our cause and to protect their families. People are looking to our strong leadership in these times of great strife and aggression.

We do have to understand that the merchant classes of Bologna are more economically comfortable than we are. They have more money and more power than us. They are also closer to the pope than we are to the Holy Roman Emperor. With less barriers to communication, they have an advantage in garnering support from the powerful armies of the pope.

Also, for some reason, the Bolognians have not updated their water systems. They have a bucket which they are using to get water out of their traditional well. While we have upgraded to an artesian well, they seem to be stuck with immensely outdated technology.

Current Events

The chair implores this committee to help create a solution to the papal plague on our nation. While our numbers are low, our vigour and support is high. The Modenese people have spoken. It is time to act, and it is time to act now.

Currently, Modena has 5,000 infantry units. As these units have been fighting battles for the Holy Roman Empire in neighboring territories, they are immensely well equipped and experienced. We also have 2,000 cavalry units, fearless and ready to take on the Antagonistic Bolognese.

However we must prepare for battle through clever tactic and wit. Recent spy missions have estimated that our opponents have 30,000 infantry units. While they are nearly untrained and less equipped, their numbers are frightening. Brute force alone will not win this battle for us. In addition, the Bolognese have 2,000 cavalry units, who they are training to hold steady against our cavalry.

Unfortunately, Bologna also holds two forts near the border at Monteveglio (pictured below) and Zappolino. If this committee is to succeed, our war plans must take into account the tactical advantage given to the Bolognese by their command of these forts.

Questions to Consider

As we move into the future of relationships between our two cities, we have to consider what we are fighting for. Are we willing to risk the lives of our people for honor alone? Below are some guiding questions for delegates to consider as they prepare for their roles in the battles that are yet to come.

1. Should Northern Italy have a papal rule or be part of the Holy Roman Empire?

2. Will the HRE hold up to outside threats while undergoing internal conflict.

3. How does a country decide who should rule?

4. How will Modena and Bologna recover from each other’s invasions?

5. Drawing on history, what are the best security practices each city should endure? Do you recommend reforms to these practices?

6. What lengths will the Modenese go to, to ensure that proper rule is taken up throughout Northern Italy.

7. If we win the war, how will we enforce our power?

8. How do we win a war when we are outmanned? Dossiers

Pierre Roger de Beaufort, Cardinal Pierre Roger de Beaufort was born Limousin, France as the son of a Lord. As a young child, his father forced him to join the Benedictine order, a line of monks and nuns. Being in the Benedictine order, Pierre did not care much for hierarchy and organization. In today’s terms he would be labeled as a liberalist, and in 1325 he would be considered a person of high nobility. He continued liberal arts as he studied law and theology in the French capital of Paris. Although people in his class were expected to receive high education, this was very notable among his peers. He outwardly wrote papers against Pope John XXII and other papal figures. As a licensed professor and writer, he carries wisdom and influence in this committee.

Cesar ,

Cesar Doria was a notable Condottiero. A Condottiero is a captain for mercenaries at this time. As Kings and other leaders of regions started to mistrust their own people to fight they hired mercenaries, wandering pay-to-fight soldiers. Mercenaries were group together and were known to not know each other and not train together. Thus, to command them, Cesar Doria was a strong leader able to herd cats. He himself was a lone mercenary in his early career and moved up (or around) the ranks accordingly. He is known to win the battles he leads, but it comes at a high price.

Azzone Visconti, Potential Lord of

Azzone Visconti is the son of Galeazzo I Visconti, Lord of Milan. He was born in raised in Ferrera, Italy, a city in northern Italy. The Viscontis family ruled a lot of land throughout this region and were considered almost semi-autonomous from outside rule. He recently came back from the historical Zappolino war where we commanded troops to victory over the Bolognese and the Guelphs. However, in recent years him and his father have been the center of many conspiracy controversies over deaths of family members and townsmen. Although Azzone is successful on the battlefield, that may not make up for his sketchy character. Dossiers

Beatrice of Naples, Azzone’s wife Beatrice d’Angio was an Italian powerhouse. Married to Azzone Visconti and a member of the hierarchy in Hungary, she had power on both sides. However, with this power she felt immense responsibility to each side. While adhering to her father’s demands of taking a hierarchical position back home in Hungary, she was loyal to her husband and the family she married into. Beatrice took over power in the souther city of Naples. Although far away from the conflict, she made decisions key to the Visconti rule. Amid controversies and threats coming to her husband, she defended him nonetheless.

Francesco, Azzone’s brother Francesco Visconti was always in the shadows. As the second son of Galeazzo I Visconti, he was always neglected and subsequently written out of history. Francesco was abandoned by his family at a young age and lived with another family in who took him in. Throughout his childhood and young adult years, he watched as his older brother paraded the streets and fought in battles when Francesco tended to his family’s farm. As the adopted son of a farmer, he knew a lot about agriculture and knew what was best for the city of Ferrara when it comes to sustainability of food and water - something imperative for a strong city.

Guillaume Nursia, Enforcer of Benedictine rule in Modena The enforce of Benedictine rule followed the Rule of Saint Benedict. Nurisa lived in Modena and was a leading spiritual figure in the community. The Rule of Saint Benedict promotes the individual as someone who has their own autonomy but in a group of organized people. The Benedictine rule was supported all throughout Modena and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. As such, community members turned to Nurisa for answers for tough times and before engaging in battle. Dossiers

Cangrande I della Scala , son of Verde da Salizzole and Alberto I della Scala, was the main leader of a Ghibelline army in northern Italy. Members of the army hailed from Modena, , Florence and Ferrara. The della Scala family was a prominent family in Northern Italy and had ties to the Holy Roman Empire as well as local leaders. Starting as a soldier, he fought hard and worked his way up through military and family ranks to become a leader of a oppressed yet warrior force. His name Cangranade comes from the nickname which translates to “great dog”. He was seen as a strong forceful leader, such as a big dog. Cangrande I della Scala married a daughter of a leader in the Holy Roman Empire which helped him with his influence and power.

Azzo Manzi da Reggio, the Dean of the Cathedral of Aquileia Azzo Manzi da Reggio was the leader of the main Cathedral of Aquileia and thus a main leader in the town. Aquileia was a town founded by Romans in 180 BC. The town was known for building roads and transportation systems between northern Italian towns and cities. Marchants, architects and religious leaders all lived in this fruitful town. Azzo oversaw the improvement of roadways from Aquileia to Gueilliphine towns such as Modena. Aquileia overtime became a hub for trading and evolution in Agriculture. It also had a strategic military position by having strong garrisons and communication lines.

Castruccio Castracani degli Antelminelli degli Antelminelli was a ranking member of the Ghibelline population. He was a member of the Antelminelli family who were historically oppressed by the Guelphs. As a young soldier, he worked under prominent nobleman and chiefs in the Ghibelline army. However, as he moved up the ranks quickly, he was seen as a threat to powerful Ghibelline commanders and was frequently imprisoned. He was a leading member in many battles and was seen as a lead decision maker in times of war. Antelminelli gave his life to the Ghibelline cause. Dossiers

Charles II of Naples Azzo VIII d’Este, Marquis of Ferrara, married his young daughter, Beatrice, off to him. This trade was seen as controversial and it was to secure d’Este family linage throughout Italy and Spain. Having ruling territories from Jerusalem to Albania and to Sicily, Charles was an international ruler and fighter. Charles was a huge libertarian. While ruling over Sicily, he got rid of most taxes and decentralized the royal system.

Charles, Duke of Calabria Grandson of King Charles and son of King Robert of Naples and Yolanda of Aragon, Charles heired to the throne at a young age due to a death in the family. With many family members ruling over southern and central Italy, he has many connections in high places.

Aldobrandino II d'Este, marquess of Ferrara Aldobrandino II d'Este was an influential banker and a member of the d’Este reing. Son to Obizzo II d’Este and Jacopina Fieschi, Aldobrandino grew up in royal cloths and royalty. As a banker in the city of Ferrara, he was in charge of all accounts, taxes, and trade in the city and managed trade with other cities. He used his influence to exert power and demand high taxes from his people. In this way, the d’Este family was quietly wealthy with small regional influence. Dossiers

Matteo Villani, the Florentine Chronicler

Matteo Villani was an Italian historian who focused on health conditions in medieval Italy. Most of his work focused on a variety of health conditions. However, when his brother, , died of the plague, he began to focus a lot of his research and writings on the Black Plague. His writings were influential in northern Italy and were read years past his own death. His work was also continued by his family members and co-authors. In 1324 Villani engaged in a secret agreement with his colleagues at the Buonaccorsi society, a controversial merchant company throughout Europe. He agreed to be a permanent member of the society and expand it more throughout each city in Italy and to create a stronger influence.

Lombardo Doria

Lombardo Doria, son of the famous Oberto Doria. Oberto was a famous politician and businessman from Italy and all over the Mediterranean. Oberto was famous for a revolution in over the Guelphs. He was also known for his famous agreement will the Guelphs to have co-dictatorship rule over Genoa, a strategic port town for the Ghibellines and the Guelphs. Lombardo took over his father’s business in trading and politics. He also took over the co-rule in Genoa on behalf of the Ghibellines.

Giovanni Sercambi of L Giovanni Sercambi was a higher class historian and ruler over his town of Lucca. The town of Luca was known for libraries and famous historians, and mostly all the members of the town were Ghibellines. He wrote an extensive novel about the history of his town. Chapters in his book include parts about the plague, culture, and noble history. Being a historian, he interviewed a lot of people in committee and knew a lot of information about them. Dossiers

Stefano Visconti

Stefano Visconti, son of Matteo Visconti, was the leader of Milan for the first part of the 1300s. Milan was a known town for prominent Ghibellines to live with their extended families. Although the leadership in Milan starts to change families, they are always staunch supporters of the Ghibelline cause. Stefano was known to be close to his uncles and father’s friends, higher nobility, which made his brothers very jealous.

Cino da Pistoia, Italian jurist and poet. Cino da Pistoia is a jurist a poet in the city of Modena. He comes from a line of poets, painters, singers and other artists. His family is known by the leaders in Modena as free-willed people, who may not follow the norm. Although they are free-spirited, they come off as a threat to the strict way of life in Modena. Cino da Pistoia speaks freely through his art and gathers a group of other poets to meet weekly in his home. Cino is also in frequent contact with similar poets across northern Italy.

Bartolo da Sassoferrato Bartolo da Sassoferrato, son of the Alfani family, was born and raised in northern Italy. He studied and practiced Medieval Roman Law. Medieval Roman Law is the law of the people and of nobility in the parts of northern Italy which are controlled by the Holy Roman Empire. He was a local lawyer and aided kings and noble leadership in decision making processes. Dossiers

Benevento Parma, Architect Benevento Parma was a Modenaean architect. He was a prominent leader and organizer of the building of important infrastructure in Modena and surrounding cities. With evolving waterways and a infasturectre revolution, he was influential in changing the way people in Modena and northern Italy saw the relationship between everyday life and infrastructure. He traveled throughout northern Italy working with local leaders to devise creative and inspirational building plans, including churches. With this experience, Parma knew the ins and outs to all of the new buildings in and around Modena.

James of Majorca

James was the son of James I of Aragon and Violant. Although he spent much of his professional career in Majorca, Spain, James was a strong supporter of the Guelliphine people. He frequently sent armour and other weapons to cities like Modena and other places with a large Gueilliphine population. James of Majorca was a staunch leader and was extremely influential when it came to upper lords and leaders in Spain.

Giuseppe Agnoli, Secretary to Passerino dei Bonacolsi Giuseppe Agnoli was a son of farmers in Modena. As luck had it, he befriended the right people and landed a position as secretary to the ruler of Modena, Passerino dei Bonacolsi. Being secretary to the most powerful person in the city bring a lot of responsibility, and Giuseppe had a lot to prove coming from a lower class family. However, Giuseppe paid a lot of attention to detail and and has been praised for his skills in paper work in administration… and also secrecy. With many confidential documents and decisions passing his desk, he was sworn to secrecy when obtaining the job. Dossiers

Bertrand du Pouget, Head of Agriculture Bertrand du Pouget had one of the most arguably important and influential positions in all of Modena. Modena was known to be at his time less economically profitable and behind in technology. However, their agriculture business was booming and was a crucial part to the people of Modena’s way of life. Most people were either farmers or sellers of produce. As head of Agriculture, one must consider waterways, irrigation systems, produce, food tax and weather conditions to create a sustainable line of profit for Modena.

Resources:

Note from the Chair: The following resources are immensely important to understanding the conflict that lies ahead. However the chair would like to note that the vast majority of primary resources regarding the War of the Bucket, along with Guelph and Ghibelline relationships, are in Italian. With this in mind, many of the sources that are cited below are secondary sources, and information can seem conflicting. If delegates need assistance with research, please reach out to the chair.

Donati, Silvia. “History, Spirituality and Romance: Monteveglio.” Bologna Uncovered, August 23, 2019. https://bolognauncovered.com/2012/09/01/history-spirituality-and-ro mance-monteveglio/.

Empire vs the Papacy. YouTube. Accessed December 24, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kPlyeExQiTw&feature=youtu.be.

“File:Francia 814.Svg.” File:Francia 814.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Accessed December 24, 2019. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48980912.

“Historical Battles.” Visitcollibolognesi. Accessed December 24, 2019. https://www.visitcollibolognesi.it/copia-di-rivalita-storica.

Lee, Timothy B. “40 Maps That Explain the Roman Empire.” Vox. Vox, August 19, 2014. https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/19/17469176/roman-empire-maps -history-explained.

Lenzi, Vittorio. “La Battaglia Di Zappolino e La Storia Della Secchia Rapita.” Gemini MTB. Accessed December 24, 2019. http://www.geminimtb.it/la-battaglia-zappolino-la-storia-della-secchia- rapita/.

Patowary, Kaushik. “The War of The Bucket.” Amusing Planet. Home, September 11, 2018. https://www.amusingplanet.com/2018/09/the-war-of-bucket.html.

Resources:

Robinson, I. S. “The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century – Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII.” manchesterhive. Manchester University Press, July 3, 2018. https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526112668/9781526112668.x ml.

“The Battle of Fossalta - Cesare Masini - Google Arts & Culture.” Google. Google. Accessed December 24, 2019. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/the-battle-of-fossalta-cesare- masini/tAFtmSBCxCCYyA.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Guelf and Ghibelline.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., April 18, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Guelf-and-Ghibelline.

The War of the Bucket - Oversimplified . YouTube. Accessed December 24, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cln0J87vulU.

Wolf, Gunther. “Struggle with the Papacy.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., December 22, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emp eror/Struggle-with-the-papacy#ref271784.

Ccm. “Traditional Well.” A1 Well Drilling & Pump Service. Accessed December 24, 2019. https://a1welldrilling.com/water-well-terminology-an-intro-to-the-com ponents-of-your-well/brick/

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