ARCHIGOS a Data Set on Leaders 1875–2015 Version
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ARCHIGOS A Data Set on Leaders 1875{2015 Version 4:1∗ c H. E. Goemans Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Giacomo Chiozza February 29, 2016 ∗We sincerely thank several users and commenters who have spotted errors or mistakes. In particular we would like to thank Jeffrey Arnold, Kirk Bowman, Jinhee Choung, Ursula E. Daxecker, Tanisha Fazal, Belen Gonzalez, Kimuli Kasara, Michaela Mattes, Brett Ashley Leeds, Nicolay Marinov, Won-Ho Park, Sara Polo, Stuart A. Reid, Martin Steinwand, Ronald Suny, Shu Yu and Mike Ward. Contents 1 Codebook 1 2 CASE DESCRIPTIONS 6 2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ...................6 2.2 CANADA ..................................8 2.3 BAHAMAS ................................. 11 2.4 CUBA .................................... 12 2.5 HAITI .................................... 16 2.6 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ....................... 41 2.7 JAMAICA .................................. 83 2.8 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ......................... 85 2.9 BARBADOS ................................ 86 2.10 MEXICO ................................... 88 2.11 BELIZE ................................... 92 2.12 PROVINCIAS UNIDAS DEL CENTRE DE AMERICA ..... 93 2.13 GUATEMALA ............................... 94 2.14 HONDURAS ................................ 112 2.15 EL SALVADOR .............................. 136 2.16 NICARAGUA ............................... 160 2.17 COSTA RICA ............................... 190 2.18 PANAMA .................................. 212 2.19 COLOMBIA ................................. 222 2.20 VENEZUELA ................................ 229 2.21 GUYANA .................................. 238 2.22 SURINAM ................................. 239 2.23 ECUADOR ................................. 240 2.24 PERU ..................................... 256 2.25 BRAZIL ................................... 270 2.26 BOLIVIA .................................. 275 2.27 PARAGUAY ................................ 296 2.28 CHILE .................................... 308 2.29 ARGENTINA ............................... 319 2.30 URUGUAY ................................. 329 2.31 UNITED KINGDOM ........................... 341 2.32 IRELAND .................................. 343 2.33 NETHERLANDS ............................. 346 2.34 BELGIUM .................................. 348 2.35 LUXEMBOURG .............................. 353 2.36 FRANCE .................................. 354 2.37 SWITZERLAND .............................. 360 2.38 SPAIN .................................... 366 2.39 PORTUGAL ................................ 372 2.40 BAVARIA .................................. 376 2.41 GERMANY ................................. 377 2.42 GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC .................. 379 ii 2.43 GERMANY (DDR) ............................ 380 2.44 BADEN ................................... 381 2.45 WURTTEMBERG¨ ............................. 382 2.46 HESSE-DARMSTADT .......................... 383 2.47 POLAND .................................. 384 2.48 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY .......................... 389 2.49 AUSTRIA .................................. 390 2.50 HUNGARY ................................. 394 2.51 CZECHOSLOVAKIA ........................... 398 2.52 THE CZECH REPUBLIC ........................ 400 2.53 SLOVAKIA ................................. 403 2.54 ITALY .................................... 405 2.55 MALTA ................................... 412 2.56 ALBANIA .................................. 413 2.57 SERBIA ................................... 417 2.58 MONTENEGRO .............................. 420 2.59 MACEDONIA ............................... 421 2.60 CROATIA .................................. 423 2.61 YUGOSLAVIA ............................... 424 2.62 BOSNIA ................................... 426 2.63 KOSOVO .................................. 429 2.64 SLOVENIA ................................. 430 2.65 GREECE ................................... 432 2.66 CYPRUS ................................... 445 2.67 BULGARIA ................................. 447 2.68 MOLDOVA ................................. 452 2.69 RUMANIA ................................. 454 2.70 RUSSIA ................................... 458 2.71 ESTONIA .................................. 462 2.72 LATVIA ................................... 465 2.73 LITHUANIA ................................ 473 2.74 UKRAINE .................................. 477 2.75 BELARUS .................................. 480 2.76 ARMENIA ................................. 481 2.77 GEORGIA .................................. 482 2.78 AZERBAIJAN ............................... 486 2.79 FINLAND .................................. 488 2.80 SWEDEN .................................. 490 2.81 NORWAY .................................. 494 2.82 DENMARK ................................. 497 2.83 ICELAND .................................. 501 2.84 CAPE VERDE ISLANDS ........................ 504 2.85 GUINEA-BISSAU ............................. 505 2.86 EQUATORIAL GUINEA ........................ 513 2.87 GAMBIA .................................. 515 2.88 MALI ..................................... 516 iii 2.89 SENEGAL .................................. 518 2.90 BENIN .................................... 519 2.91 MAURITANIA ............................... 525 2.92 NIGER .................................... 532 2.93 COTE^ D'IVOIRE ............................. 535 2.94 GUINEA ................................... 538 2.95 BURKINA FASO ............................. 545 2.96 LIBERIA ................................... 549 2.97 SIERRA LEONE .............................. 557 2.98 GHANA ................................... 559 2.99 TOGO .................................... 561 2.100CAMEROON ................................ 564 2.101NIGERIA .................................. 565 2.102GABON ................................... 572 2.103CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC .................. 575 2.104CHAD .................................... 578 2.105CONGO ................................... 582 2.106DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO/ZAIRE ........ 585 2.107UGANDA .................................. 586 2.108KENYA ................................... 589 2.109TANZANIA/TANGANYIKA ...................... 590 2.110ZANZIBAR ................................. 591 2.111BURUNDI .................................. 592 2.112RWANDA .................................. 597 2.113SOMALIA .................................. 599 2.114DJIBOUTI ................................. 600 2.115ETHIOPIA ................................. 601 2.116ERITREA .................................. 605 2.117ANGOLA .................................. 606 2.118MOZAMBIQUE .............................. 607 2.119ZAMBIA ................................... 608 2.120ZIMBABWE ................................ 611 2.121MALAWI .................................. 612 2.122SOUTH AFRICA ............................. 614 2.123TRANSVAAL ................................ 618 2.124ORANGE FREE STATE ......................... 620 2.125NAMIBIA .................................. 621 2.126LESOTHO .................................. 622 2.127BOTSWANA ................................ 625 2.128SWAZILAND ................................ 626 2.129MADAGASCAR .............................. 629 2.130COMOROS ................................. 635 2.131MAURITIUS ................................ 647 2.132MOROCCO ................................. 650 2.133ALGERIA .................................. 651 2.134TUNESIA .................................. 653 iv 2.135LIBYA .................................... 656 2.136THE SUDAN ................................ 659 2.137South Sudan ................................. 665 2.138IRAN ..................................... 666 2.139TURKEY .................................. 670 2.140IRAQ ..................................... 674 2.141EGYPT ................................... 677 2.142SYRIA .................................... 680 2.143LEBANON ................................. 684 2.144JORDAN .................................. 689 2.145ISRAEL ................................... 690 2.146SAUDI ARABIA .............................. 695 2.147YEMEN (ARAB REPUBLIC OF YEMEN) ............. 696 2.148YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC(SOUTH YEMEN) ....... 698 2.149KUWAIT .................................. 700 2.150BAHRAIN .................................. 702 2.151QUATAR .................................. 703 2.152UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ...................... 704 2.153OMAN .................................... 705 2.154AFGHANISTAN .............................. 706 2.155TURKMENISTAN ............................ 718 2.156TAJIKISTAN ................................ 723 2.157KYRGYZ REPUBLIC .......................... 726 2.158UZBEKISTAN ............................... 730 2.159KAZAKHSTAN .............................. 731 2.160CHINA .................................... 732 2.161TIBET .................................... 735 2.162MONGOLIA ................................ 737 2.163TAIWAN ................................... 741 2.164KOREA ................................... 744 2.165NORTH KOREA .............................. 745 2.166SOUTH KOREA .............................. 748 2.167JAPAN .................................... 754 2.168INDIA .................................... 765 2.169BHUTAN .................................. 766 2.170PAKISTAN ................................. 769 2.171BANGLADESH .............................. 781 2.172MYANMAR (BURMA) ......................... 789 2.173SRI LANKA (CEYLON) ......................... 794 2.174MALDIVES ................................. 797 2.175NEPAL .................................... 801