ARCHIGOS A Data Set on Leaders 1875{2015 Version 4:1∗ c H. E. Goemans Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Giacomo Chiozza February 29, 2016 ∗We sincerely thank several users and commenters who have spotted errors or mistakes. In particular we would like to thank Jeffrey Arnold, Kirk Bowman, Jinhee Choung, Ursula E. Daxecker, Tanisha Fazal, Belen Gonzalez, Kimuli Kasara, Michaela Mattes, Brett Ashley Leeds, Nicolay Marinov, Won-Ho Park, Sara Polo, Stuart A. Reid, Martin Steinwand, Ronald Suny, Shu Yu and Mike Ward. Contents 1 Codebook 1 2 CASE DESCRIPTIONS 6 2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ...................6 2.2 CANADA ..................................8 2.3 BAHAMAS ................................. 11 2.4 CUBA .................................... 12 2.5 HAITI .................................... 16 2.6 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ....................... 41 2.7 JAMAICA .................................. 83 2.8 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ......................... 85 2.9 BARBADOS ................................ 86 2.10 MEXICO ................................... 88 2.11 BELIZE ................................... 92 2.12 PROVINCIAS UNIDAS DEL CENTRE DE AMERICA ..... 93 2.13 GUATEMALA ............................... 94 2.14 HONDURAS ................................ 112 2.15 EL SALVADOR .............................. 136 2.16 NICARAGUA ............................... 160 2.17 COSTA RICA ............................... 190 2.18 PANAMA .................................. 212 2.19 COLOMBIA ................................. 222 2.20 VENEZUELA ................................ 229 2.21 GUYANA .................................. 238 2.22 SURINAM ................................. 239 2.23 ECUADOR ................................. 240 2.24 PERU ..................................... 256 2.25 BRAZIL ................................... 270 2.26 BOLIVIA .................................. 275 2.27 PARAGUAY ................................ 296 2.28 CHILE .................................... 308 2.29 ARGENTINA ............................... 319 2.30 URUGUAY ................................. 329 2.31 UNITED KINGDOM ........................... 341 2.32 IRELAND .................................. 343 2.33 NETHERLANDS ............................. 346 2.34 BELGIUM .................................. 348 2.35 LUXEMBOURG .............................. 353 2.36 FRANCE .................................. 354 2.37 SWITZERLAND .............................. 360 2.38 SPAIN .................................... 366 2.39 PORTUGAL ................................ 372 2.40 BAVARIA .................................. 376 2.41 GERMANY ................................. 377 2.42 GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC .................. 379 ii 2.43 GERMANY (DDR) ............................ 380 2.44 BADEN ................................... 381 2.45 WURTTEMBERG¨ ............................. 382 2.46 HESSE-DARMSTADT .......................... 383 2.47 POLAND .................................. 384 2.48 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY .......................... 389 2.49 AUSTRIA .................................. 390 2.50 HUNGARY ................................. 394 2.51 CZECHOSLOVAKIA ........................... 398 2.52 THE CZECH REPUBLIC ........................ 400 2.53 SLOVAKIA ................................. 403 2.54 ITALY .................................... 405 2.55 MALTA ................................... 412 2.56 ALBANIA .................................. 413 2.57 SERBIA ................................... 417 2.58 MONTENEGRO .............................. 420 2.59 MACEDONIA ............................... 421 2.60 CROATIA .................................. 423 2.61 YUGOSLAVIA ............................... 424 2.62 BOSNIA ................................... 426 2.63 KOSOVO .................................. 429 2.64 SLOVENIA ................................. 430 2.65 GREECE ................................... 432 2.66 CYPRUS ................................... 445 2.67 BULGARIA ................................. 447 2.68 MOLDOVA ................................. 452 2.69 RUMANIA ................................. 454 2.70 RUSSIA ................................... 458 2.71 ESTONIA .................................. 462 2.72 LATVIA ................................... 465 2.73 LITHUANIA ................................ 473 2.74 UKRAINE .................................. 477 2.75 BELARUS .................................. 480 2.76 ARMENIA ................................. 481 2.77 GEORGIA .................................. 482 2.78 AZERBAIJAN ............................... 486 2.79 FINLAND .................................. 488 2.80 SWEDEN .................................. 490 2.81 NORWAY .................................. 494 2.82 DENMARK ................................. 497 2.83 ICELAND .................................. 501 2.84 CAPE VERDE ISLANDS ........................ 504 2.85 GUINEA-BISSAU ............................. 505 2.86 EQUATORIAL GUINEA ........................ 513 2.87 GAMBIA .................................. 515 2.88 MALI ..................................... 516 iii 2.89 SENEGAL .................................. 518 2.90 BENIN .................................... 519 2.91 MAURITANIA ............................... 525 2.92 NIGER .................................... 532 2.93 COTE^ D'IVOIRE ............................. 535 2.94 GUINEA ................................... 538 2.95 BURKINA FASO ............................. 545 2.96 LIBERIA ................................... 549 2.97 SIERRA LEONE .............................. 557 2.98 GHANA ................................... 559 2.99 TOGO .................................... 561 2.100CAMEROON ................................ 564 2.101NIGERIA .................................. 565 2.102GABON ................................... 572 2.103CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC .................. 575 2.104CHAD .................................... 578 2.105CONGO ................................... 582 2.106DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO/ZAIRE ........ 585 2.107UGANDA .................................. 586 2.108KENYA ................................... 589 2.109TANZANIA/TANGANYIKA ...................... 590 2.110ZANZIBAR ................................. 591 2.111BURUNDI .................................. 592 2.112RWANDA .................................. 597 2.113SOMALIA .................................. 599 2.114DJIBOUTI ................................. 600 2.115ETHIOPIA ................................. 601 2.116ERITREA .................................. 605 2.117ANGOLA .................................. 606 2.118MOZAMBIQUE .............................. 607 2.119ZAMBIA ................................... 608 2.120ZIMBABWE ................................ 611 2.121MALAWI .................................. 612 2.122SOUTH AFRICA ............................. 614 2.123TRANSVAAL ................................ 618 2.124ORANGE FREE STATE ......................... 620 2.125NAMIBIA .................................. 621 2.126LESOTHO .................................. 622 2.127BOTSWANA ................................ 625 2.128SWAZILAND ................................ 626 2.129MADAGASCAR .............................. 629 2.130COMOROS ................................. 635 2.131MAURITIUS ................................ 647 2.132MOROCCO ................................. 650 2.133ALGERIA .................................. 651 2.134TUNESIA .................................. 653 iv 2.135LIBYA .................................... 656 2.136THE SUDAN ................................ 659 2.137South Sudan ................................. 665 2.138IRAN ..................................... 666 2.139TURKEY .................................. 670 2.140IRAQ ..................................... 674 2.141EGYPT ................................... 677 2.142SYRIA .................................... 680 2.143LEBANON ................................. 684 2.144JORDAN .................................. 689 2.145ISRAEL ................................... 690 2.146SAUDI ARABIA .............................. 695 2.147YEMEN (ARAB REPUBLIC OF YEMEN) ............. 696 2.148YEMEN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC(SOUTH YEMEN) ....... 698 2.149KUWAIT .................................. 700 2.150BAHRAIN .................................. 702 2.151QUATAR .................................. 703 2.152UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ...................... 704 2.153OMAN .................................... 705 2.154AFGHANISTAN .............................. 706 2.155TURKMENISTAN ............................ 718 2.156TAJIKISTAN ................................ 723 2.157KYRGYZ REPUBLIC .......................... 726 2.158UZBEKISTAN ............................... 730 2.159KAZAKHSTAN .............................. 731 2.160CHINA .................................... 732 2.161TIBET .................................... 735 2.162MONGOLIA ................................ 737 2.163TAIWAN ................................... 741 2.164KOREA ................................... 744 2.165NORTH KOREA .............................. 745 2.166SOUTH KOREA .............................. 748 2.167JAPAN .................................... 754 2.168INDIA .................................... 765 2.169BHUTAN .................................. 766 2.170PAKISTAN ................................. 769 2.171BANGLADESH .............................. 781 2.172MYANMAR (BURMA) ......................... 789 2.173SRI LANKA (CEYLON) ......................... 794 2.174MALDIVES ................................. 797 2.175NEPAL .................................... 801