The Great Indian Philosopher : Dr. Radhakrishnan Dillip Kumar Behura ...1

Orissa Review

Western terms and showing education was at Primary that it was imbued with reason Board High School at Tirutani. and logic he was able to give In 1896 he moved to the Indians a new sense of esteem, Hermansburg Evangelical who were overcome by Lutheran Mission School at inferiority complex by imprerial Tirupati. forces. But he also made clear Dr. Radhakrishnan to them that their long and rich was awarded scholarships tradition had been arrested and throughout his academic life. He required further evolution and joined the Voorhee¶s College in he exhorted Indians to cast off Vellore but switched over to the much that was corrupt and Madras Christian College at abhorrent. the age of 17. He graduated Pandit Jawaharlal with a Master¶s Degree in Nehru, who was one of his Philosophy from the Madras The Great Christian College in 1906, closest friends throughout, said being one of its most about Dr. Radhakrishnan: µhe Indian distinguished alumni. has served his country in many Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis capacities. But above all, he is Philosopher : for the M.A degree on µEthics a great teacher from whom all of the Vedanta and its Dr. Radhakrishnan of us have learnt much and will Metaphisical Presuppositions continue to learn. It is India¶s ¶. He was affraid that his M.A peculiarity in itself showing the thesis, would offend his Dillip Kumar Behura kind of men we honour and Philosophy Professor , Dr. A.G respect. ¶ Hogg. Instead , Dr. Hogg One of India¶s most influential Dr. Radhakrishnan commended Radhakrishnan on scholars of comparative religion was born into a middle class doing an excellent job. and philosophy, Dr. S. Telugu Brahmin family at Radhakrishnan¶s M.A thesis Radhakrishnan is considerd Tirutani in Tamil Nadu state. A was published when he was through his efforts to have built town in Madras Presidency, only 20. a bridge between the East and British India, 64 km to the Radhakrishnan studied the West by showing that the northwest of Madras (now philosophy by chance rather philosophical systems of each Chennai). His early years were than by choice. Being financially tradition are comprehensible spent in Tirutani and Tirupati. constrained student at that time, within the terms of the other.To His father was a subordinate when a cousin, after graduating him, philosophy was a way of revenue official in the service of from the same college, passed understanding life and his study a local Zamindar ( landlord).He on his textbooks in philosophy of Indian philosophy served as didn¶t want his son to learn to Radhakrishnan, it a cultural therapy. By English, instead wanted him to automatically decided his interpreting Indian thought in become a priest. His primary academic course. Later on he

September - 2010 1 Orissa Review developed deep interest in his written many articles for personal life, prefering instead subject and wrote many journals of repute like The his academic title of µDoctor¶. acclaimed works on Quest, Journal of Philosophy He was Vice - philosophy, both Eastern and and the International Journal of Chancellor of Andhra Western. Dr. Radhakrishnan Ethics. He also completed his University from 1931 to 1936. stated that western first book, "the Philosophy of In 1936 Radhakrishnan was philosophers, despite all claims Rabindranath Tagore." He named Splading Professor of to objectivity, were influenced believed Tagore¶s philosophy Eastern Religions and Ethics at by theological influences of their to be the µgenuine manifestation the University of Oxford, and own culture. He wrote books of the Indian spirit.¶ was selected a fellow of All of Indian philosophy according Dr. Radhakrishnan¶s second Souls College. In 1939 Pt. to Western academic book, "the Reign of Religion in Madan Mohan Malavya standards, and made all efforts Contemporary Philosophy" invited him to succeed him as for the west to give serious was published in 1920. the Vice Chanceellor of Banaras consideration to Indian In 1921 he was Hindu University (BHU). He philosophy. In his book µIdealist appointed as a Professor in continued as its Vice View of Life ¶, he made a Philosophy to occupy the King Chancellor till January, 1948. powerful case for importance George V Chair of Mental and of intuitive thinking as opposed When India became Moral Science at the University independent in 1947 , Dr. to purely intellectual forms of of Calcutta. Radhakrishnan thought . He is well known for Radhakrishnan represented represented the University of India at UNESCO and was his commentaries on the Calcutta at the Congress of the Prasthana Trayi namely, the later Ambassador of India to Universities of the British the Soviet Union, from 1949 to Bhagavadgita, the Upanishads Empire in June 1926 and the and the Brahma Sutra. 1952. He was also elected to International Congress of the Constituent Assembly of Radhakrishnan was Philosophy at Havard India. married to Sivakamu, a distant University in september 1926. Along with Ghana- cousin, in 1904 at the age of In 1929 Dr. shyam Das Birla and some 16. As per tradition the Radhakrishnan was invited to other Social workers in the marriage was arranged by the take the post vacated by pre-independence era, Dr. family. The couple had five Principal J. Estlin Carpenter in Radhakrishnan formed the daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Manchester College, Oxford . Krishnarpan Charity Trust. Dr. Gopal .He went on to a notable This gave him the opportunity Radhakrishnan moved beyond career as a historian. Sivakamu to lecture to the students of the being a more academic and died in 1956. They were University of Oxford on sought to engage his married for over 51 years. Comparative Religion. For his philosophical and religious In 1918 Radhakrishnan services to education he was studies in the political and social was selected as Professor of knighted by the British developments of the Philosophy by the University of Goverment in 1931, but he contemporary context. He Mysore. By that time he had never used the SR title in his believed that in India, the

2 September - 2010 Orissa Review philosopher¶s duty was to keep In the last decade of glory of Indian democracy that in touch with the past while British rule, his was the most educationist aloof from politics stretching out to the future. This sophisticated and exalted but having an International commitment to society, the analysis of Gandhi¶s work and acclaim as a profound scholar crusading urgent tone in his thought and in free India he was placed in the position of the scholarly writings, the modern provided the ideological President. And it was an note in his interpretations of armour for Nehru¶s foreign advantage for a young country even classical texts and his policy. His commitment to high like India to have him to intellectual resistance to the principles and unfilling dignity interpret its domestic and deforming pressures of and moral authority to all the foreign policies abroad to colonialism gave Dr. offices which he held. If in India expound its outlook and Radhakrishnan a distinct public Dr. Radhakrishnan was highly aspirations emphatically and in image. He was a coin minted respected figure, abroad he the right way which was much differently from the usual run of became one of the best- liked needed in a world of politicians and academicians. public figures of his time. He uncertainity and disbelief Far from being a stern earned very early international among nations. and severe intellectual remote recognition as a philosopher. In His appointment as from the world, Dr. 1952, the Library of Living President was hailed by Radhakrishnan was a very Philosophers, an institute of Bertrand Russel who said, " It humane person. Exceedingly world- wide repute, brought is an honour to philosophy that popular among his students out a massive volume on the Dr. Radhakrishnan should be right from his early days as a philosophy of Sarvepalli President of India and I, as a Professor at Presidency Radhakrishnan, devoted wholly philosopher, take special College, Madras he was an to a critical appreciation of his pleasure in this. Plato aspired evocative teacher. He was philosophical doctrines. for philosophers to become offered the professorship in After independence, kings and it is a tribute to India Calcutta University when he this philosophical luminary, who that she should make a was less than 30 years old. personified the essence of India Philosopher President." His mastery on his yet had a universal vision, History reserved for subject and his clarity of thought became an ideal ambassador to Radhakrishnan¶s term of office and expression made him a the Soviet Union, for the as President much suspense much sought after teacher. But nascent nation poised to and surprise. Within months of what made him even more establish itself in the his ascendancy in 1962 there popular was his warm international arena. was the Chinese invasion. The heartedness and his ability to In 1952, Dr. nation¶s morale was dealt a draw out people. This aspect Radhakrishnan was chosen to blow but Radhakrishnan¶s of his personality continued to be the Vice President of the voice, firm and resolute came win him countless admirers Republic of India and in 1962, on the air to reassure a shaken throughtout his long and he was made the Head of the nation: "Owing to the difficult illustrious public life. State for five years. It was the terrain and numerical

September - 2010 3 Orissa Review superiority of the Chinese, we Nation on May 12, 1967, he tribute to Dr. Radhakrishnan¶s suffered military reverses. these said that despite occasional close association with the have opened our eyes to the forebodings to the contrary, the cause of teachers. Whatever realities of the situation. We are Indian Constitution had worked position he held, as President now aware of our inadequacies successfully so far. But or even as Ambassador, Dr. and are alive to the needs of the democracy, he warned, was Radhakrishnan essentially present and the demands of the also more than a system of the remained a teacher all his life. future. The country has Goverment. "It was a way of The teaching profession was his developed a new purpose, a life and a regime of civilised first love and those who studied new will." conduct of human affairs. We under him still remember with In 1965, Pakistan should be the architects of gratitude his great qualities as a violated our Western frontiers. peaceful changes and the teacher. Dr. Radhakrishnan in his advocates of radical reform," References he said. broadcast to the nation on 1. Sarvepalli Gopal : September 25, 1965 said, Dr. Radhakrishnan ³Radhakrishnan: a Biography´ "Pakistan assumed that India was selected as the fast Vice- (1989) was too weak or too afraid or President of India in 1952. He 2. Murty, K. Satchidananda; too proud to fight. India though was elected as the second Ashok Vohra (1990). naturally disinclined to take to President of India (1962- Radhakrishnan : His Life and Ideas. arms felt the necessity to defend 1967). When he became 3. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, herself when attacked. President, some of his students Charles Moore (eds), A Source Book in Indian Philosophy, Pakistan also assumed that and friends requested him to communal disturbances would Princeton: Princeton University allow them to celebrate his press 1989 occur in the country and in the birthday, 5th September. He resulting chaos she could have replied, "Instead of celebrating her way. Her miscalculations my birthday, it would be my must have come to her as a proud privilege if 5th rude shock." September is observed as Dr.Radhakrishnan had Teachers Day." His birthday has Dillip Kumar Behura lives at F-type great faith in Indian democracy. since been celebrated as the 9/1, Unit -Ix flat, Bhoi Nagar, In his farewell broadcast to the Teachers Day in India.It was a Bhubaneswer-22.

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serve his country and at the of the early guardians of its same time progress a world conscience, championing outlook. always the primacy of precept and principle in the search for Sarvepalli Similarly, the pursuit of peace.´ philosophy meant to Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan not only a Radhakrishnan had the supreme intellectual effort in great gift of being able to as Statesman search of synthesis but also an reconcile and synthesise attempt to restore order and seemingly different, if not values to individual and contrary view points and values. collective human activity. He His genius as a synthesizer Dr. Dinabandhu Dehury believed in the creation of a new found expression in numerous outlook and a new way of life ways. which will establish the fundamental unity of man¶s life He fused the concept, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan had on Earth. inspired by religion, of a humane an integral view of the individual and equitable social order with society and the world During his long and the modern concept of community. This integral view distinguished association with socialism. Gandhiji, employing was like a thread that ran UNESCO, Radhakrishnan traditional cultural idiom, spoke always emphasized the basic through and held together his of the ideal state as Rama philosophy of education, of unity of all religions, the Rajya and called for the service religion and social regeneration, common factors between the of Daridranarayana or God in and of the One World of the philosophies of the East and the the form of the poor and the human family. He perceived the West, and the need to build up deprived. He envisaged ³an building of this One World as ³a world brain, a world mind India in which the poorest shall the challenge to statesmanship or a world culture´. The major be no high class and low class in the era after the Second project on mutual appreciation of people, an India in which all World War and the advent of of Eastern and Western cultural communities shall live in perfect nuclear weaponry. values which UNESCO initiated in 1956, owed a great harmony. There can be no room One of the renowned deal to his inspiration. in such an India for the course teachers of our century, whose of untouchability. Women will fiery lectures and writings left a In the memorial enjoy the same rights as men. lasting impression on audiences meeting held in Paris in 1975 This is the Indian of my around the world, rich tributes were paid to dreams´. Radhakrishnan regarded Radhakrishnan. The Chairman education as an instrument to of the Executive Board, Hector The India envisioned help man to understand and Wynter of Jamaica, referred to by Gandhiji, in a sense, what control himself, to relate himself Radhakrishnan as ³One of the could be described, in rightly to nature and society, to inspirers of UNESCO and one nonreligious terms, as a secular,

September - 2010 5 Orissa Review democratic and socialist A signal contribution of with the material conditions of republic. No wonder that Radhakrishnan as Statesman life ± food, clothing and shelter- Radhakrishnan said : ³The was to enrich with philosophical before we can develop ± we Socialist implications of underpinning, and to spread believe in control, planning and freedom were understood by widely with his persuasive regulation. So far as the art of Gandhi, we should work for eloquence, the Gandhi-Nehru living is concerned ± Literature, social and national integration, vision of an equitable social- Philosophy, Religion, Meditation emancipation of women, and economic order at home and of and Worship ± we believe in absolute social equality, cooperative international living. absolute freedom.´ complete abolition of Radhakrishnan did not Radhakrishnan¶s great untouchebility and caste see a conflict between, and was success in his role as statesman discrimination, and removal of able to reconcile, secularism is attributable to this gift of a economic disparities.´ and a genuinely religious synthesizing insight. Those who Radhakrishnan¶s own belief in inclination. He was Chairman of knew of Radhakrishnan only as the possibility and necessity of the first University Education a Philosopher were some what a peaceful but fundamental Commission, whose report surprised when he was invited change is summed up in his pointed out that, under the by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1949 memorable affirmation: ³We Constitution. ³There is no state to serve as India¶s Ambassador should be the advocates of religion. All the different forms in Moscow in history and peaceful change and advocates are given equal place, provided current affairs, of which he was of radical reforms.´ they do not lead to corrupt an astute analyst. practices. Each one is at liberty Influenced profoundly On the eve of by Mahatma Gandhi, to approach the unseen as it suits his capacity and Radhakrishnan¶s departure for Jawaharlal Nehru used the the Soviet Union, Jawaharlal language of the modern age inclination. If this is the basis of our secular state, to be secular Nehru spoke about the while applying Gandhiji¶s importance of the assignment at message of non-violence both is not to be religiously illiterate. It is to be deeply spiritual and a reception organized by the at home and abroad. Thus Delhi Andhra Association on Nehru sought to build a socialist not narrowly religious´. The Commission accordingly August 24, 1949. He said: ³We pattern of society in our country recommended that the consider our relations with the by the democratic process and profoundly humanist insights of Soviet Union very important, planned development. He also all the major religions of the not only because the Soviet formulated an independent, World should be taught at Union is a very great country in non-aligned foreign policy of every stage of education. extent, power, prestige and promoting international peace capacity, and in so many other on the basis of national Similarly, Radha- ways is playing a great part in independence and the krishnan saw no conflict the world today, but also cooperative co-existence of between economic planning because the Soviet Union is our countries with different and individual liberty. He said: neighbours cannot afford to be ideologies and social systems. ³We have to provide ourselves indifferent to each other. We

6 September - 2010 Orissa Review have many important and The eminent position of and as President, he undertook delicate missions´. Nehru Radhakrishnan as an elder numerous visits abroad at the described Radhakrishnan as statesman was recognized instance of Jawaharlal Nehru, ³the symbol of India´ and said: when, within weeks of his Where ever he went, ³It is a matter of satisfaction to return from the assignment in Radhakrishnan was heard with me that at this very difficult post Moscow, he was elected in attention and resects because we have a man of ability, who 1952, unopposed as Vice- of his intellectual and moral has a capacity to understood President of the Republic. In stature and his human approach and make others understand this capacity he presided over to persons and problems. He also.´ the Rajya Sabha as its endeavoured to consolidate Chairman with great distinction. and strengthen India¶s external The Soviet Union was relations and to bring the United at that time inclined to be When Radhakrishnan States of America and the dogmatic and to regard India was elected as President of the Soviet Union to a better as having become only Republic, Jawaharlal Nehru understanding of each other. nominally independent. To the said on the floor of the Rajya correction of this misperception Sabha on May 11, 1962: During these visits, as Radhakrishnan¶s patient and ³Today is the last day when we well as in his talks with the persuasive presentation of shall have the honour of your leaders of other countries when India¶s recent history and presiding over this House. they came to India, Henceforth you will preside Radhakrishnan would express current position contributed not over an even more important his views with friendliness and a little, along with the Indian organization, that is, nation candour. He did not hesitate to Government¶s independent and itself. We are a little sad that interpret India¶s Socialist peace oriented policies in you are leaving us, because you aspirations to American relation to the Korean hostilities have made this a rather unique audiences, or to commend and other issues. place and converted it into a intellectual and creative Radhakrishnan¶s family, sometimes apparently freedom to the leaders of the tenure as Ambassador in quarreling but really a family, Soviet Union. Moscow saw not only the under your guidance. On the other hand, you will exercise Addressing the United clearing of the mists of States senate on November 17, misunderstanding but the laying your charm to convert this huge nation also into a large family 1954, Radhakrishnan said: of the foundation of ³We realize that political cooperation between the two what we call national integration´. freedom is not an end itself. It countries in the economic and is a means to social equality and political spheres. The progress More than any other economic justice.´ He reminded of this cooperation over two President or Vice-President, his listeners of what Thomas decades was to culminate in the Radhakrishnan took a keen Jefferson had said in the last Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, interest in the country¶s foreign letter he ever wrote: ³The mass Friendship and Cooperation policy. Both during the ten of mankind was not born with that was signed in 1971. years of his Vice-Presidency saddles on their backs, nor a

September - 2010 7 Orissa Review favoured few booted and intellectual, artistic and spiritual Vice-President for ten years spurred, ready to ride them values. Freedom of thought is and as President for five years. legitimately by the grace of the nerve centre, so to say, of As a Statesman, he had God.´ every kind of higher life, developed understanding of all intellectual and artistic. And as the practical problems of nation Radhakrishnan went on I look around I find a greater building, and contributed to say: ³We, in our country, are intellectual freedom, greater significantly to the consolidation now engaged in the enterprise intellectual cooperation, greater of our political and of affecting a social and cultural unification taking place Parliamentary traditions.´ economic revolution. The word in the Soviet Union and in other µrevolution¶ need not scare us. countries also. We must make Radhakrishnan¶s It does not mean barricades the World safe for diversity, for longest and closest association and bloodshed. It means only peace, for cultural cooperation, in public life was with speedy and drastic changes´. for international understanding´. Jawaharlal Nehru. In any Similarly while country the relationship Sarvepalli between a head of the responding to the speeches of Radhakrishnan constantly government, the relationship the Soviet leaders Marshal stressed that the peaceful co- between the two calls for Bulganin and Nikita existence commended by India mutual understanding and Khrushchev at an informal was ³not a policy of passive and respect, candour and trust. meeting with members of the negative co-existence but one These prevailed in the highest Indian Parliament on of active and fruitful degree during the years that November 31, 1955 cooperation among the people Radhalrishnan said: ³Now that of the world´. Again he said, Radhakrishnan was President the Soviet Union has ³when we talk about co- and Jawaharlal Nehru was consolidated its base and existence it does not mean that Prime Minister. provided its people with the the aggrieved and the aggressor vital things of life without which There was a void in should live together. We will do Radhakrishnan¶s life, as in that they cannot live, we hope they our utmost to help the of the country, with the death will give them opportunities to oppressed to redeem of Jawaharlal Nehru in May develop the grace of the mind themselves from oppression.´ and the virtues of the spirit 1964. In a broadcast to the without which life is not worth As President of the nation on May 26, 1965, living´. Indian Republic, Radhakrishnan Radhakrishnan described acted as friend and Counselor Nehru as ³an earnest of the age Again, on a visit to the to three Prime Ministers to come, the age of the world Soviet Union in September Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur men with world compassion. 1964, Radhakrishnan said in Shastri and Indira Gandhi. The best way to honour his the course of a speech on When Radhakrishnan passed memory is to get on with the Moscow Television: ³The away in April 1975, Indira work which he left unfinished, Soviet Union in recent times is Gandhi said of him: ³it was our his work for peace, justice and placing great emphasis on good fortune to have him as freedom at home and abroad´.

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Radhanakrishnan Rdhakrishnan¶s life-work it is values cherished by Gandhiji, himself made a great our duty not only on this Jawaharlal Nehru and contribution towards the occasion of the birth centenary Radhakrishnan. realization of these objectives. but on a sustained basis in the To remind ourselves the coming years to discuss about realization of it and, more him and to follow his ideals. Dinabandhu Dehury is a Ph.D. importantly, to make the This should serve as a stimulus younger generations aware of Scholar, P.G. Department of History, to thinking and dedicated Utkal University, Vani Vihar, the significance of service in consonance with the Bhubaneswar, Orissa. My Gratitude

Swetapadma Mohapatra

Building every body¶s career, Making thousands of doctors E¶ engineers; So simple, so innocent is their life, Advancing with a noble aim, never they retreat. Laying foundation of many luminaries, As if a heaven sent fairy ! They trains the mind of a child, Taking care for our deed. Who are they indeed ?

They, Our respected teachers, Who are Society¶s knowledge Preachers, Acknowledged as new generation makers, Celebrating Teacher¶s Day on 5th September.

Also remembering Dr. Radhakrishnan forever, Teacher our pathfinder, philosopher & guide; Illuminate us from darkness in which we hide. The Guru-Shishya, an old and unique relation, History offers Ramakrishna-Swami Vivekananda as best example. Their efforts to build us are commendable, To make students worthy and able; Thousand times I salute them, to day. Long live in the hearts of students.

Swetapadma Mohapatra, C/o- S.S. Mohapatra lives Near Surya Sikha Club, Apartibindha, Dist. ± Bhadrak, Orissa. She is a student of +3 Class.

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importance to national 3. Business, conference and development but also an meeting important medium of cultural Nabarangapur : exchanges among nations of the 4. Study and health. world. The Treasure Foreign Tourist Tourists are temporary As per the definition of exodus population who of Tribal Department of Tourism, normally travel to Tourism and predetermined destination for Government of India, a foreign whatever purposes; they tourist is a person visiting India Culture consumed tourism products on a Foreign Passport staying while travelling and return home at least 24 hours in India and after a short period the purpose of whose journey independently of whether their can be classified under one of Dasharathi Patra envisaged purpose is achieved. the following purposes : Tourists are normally divided 1. Leisure (Recreation, into two categories namely Domestic and Foreign Tourists. Holiday, Health, Study, Religion and Sports) Tourism is a highly complex Domestic Tourist : phenomenon and several 2. Business, Family, Mission academic, discipline are As per the definition of and Meeting. Department of Tourism, involved in its study "Tourism Types of Tourism is a basic and most desirable Government of India, a person will be considered a domestic human activity deserving the As per the Orissa tourist, who travel within the praise and encouragement of all Tourism Policy 1997, Tourism country to a place other than people and all Governments." in Orissa is divided into 9 types his usual place of residence and It is an industry concerned with for promotion of Tourism in the stays at hotel or any other attracting people to a State. They are as follows : destination, transporting them, commercial establishment run arrange their housing, feeding on commercial basis on paying 1. Archeological and Pilgrimage and entertain them upon arrival room rent for a duration of not Tourism and returning them to their less than 24 hours or one night and not more than 12 months homes. It deals for the most part 2. Convention Tourism at a time for any of the following with consumer tourists, the purposes : 3. Beach and Lake Tourism money they spend and the people and means which 1. Pleasure (Holiday, Leisure, 4. Cultural Tourism - Fairs and provide them with goods and Sports etc.) Festivals,Handicrafts, services (tourism products). Handloom and Tribal Arts. Tourism is not only an 2. Pilgrimage, religion and economic activity of social function 6. Holiday and Leisure Tourism

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7. Wild life Tourism Table - 1

8.Sports and Adventure Sl. Name of Importance Distance from Tourism No. identified centre Nabarangpur in Kms. 9. Reservoir Tourism 1. Kelia Shiva shrine, religious 42 Now steps are being centre taken for Eco-Tourism 2. Nabarangapur District Headquarters 0 Development in the State. 3. Papadahandi Shiva shrine, religious Tourism Centre of Orissa : centre 12

There are 320 4. Podagada Historical site 52 identified Tourist Centers in 5. Umerkote Religious centre. Place Orissa as on 1st May 2010 of local people's 70 declared by Govt. of Orissa. presiding deity Out of which 5 tourist centers Goddess Pendrani are in Nabarangapur district. The names of such tourist Year-wise Tourist Visit to the identified tourist centres of centers along with their Nabarangapur District. importance are given in Table-1 : 2005 2006 Name of the Domestic Foreign Total Domestic Foreign Total Orissa in the Eastern Tourist Centre Coast of India attracts Papadahandi 116000 - 116000 123630 - 123630 thousands of Domestic and Nabarangapur 31563 14 31577 32518 7 32525 Foreign Tourists every day to Umarkote 139000 - 139000 140287 - 140287 visit the various places of tourist Kelia 95000 - 95000 96645 96645 - interest. As per the Statistical Podagada - - - 3650 - 3650 Bulletin of Deptt. of Tourism,

Government of Orissa 2007 2008 63,58,445 domestic and Name of the Domestic Foreign Total Domestic Foreign Total 43,966 foreign tourists totals to Tourist Centre 64,02,411 have visted during Papadahandi 91102 - 91102 92924 - 92924 the year 2008. It will be better Nabarangapur 45375 2 45377 47200 - 47200 to reproduce the tourist arrival Umarkote 102697 - 102697 101250 - 101250 of Nabarangapur district Kelia 89262 - 89262 91050 - 91050 beginning from 2005 to various Podagada - - - 3650 - 3650 places to witness the Tribal Source : Statistical Bulletin-2008 Produced by Department of Tourism and Culture Tourism and Culture. (Tourism) Government of Orissa.

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It is found that the south by Godavari and spring and moderate scorching tourists who are coming to Vishakhapatnam of Andhra summer. The geographical Orissa firstly prefer to visit the Pradesh and Ganjam undivided location still keeps this territory sea beach and Jagannath (Gajapati district of Orissa) in isolated from the coastal area. temple, Puri; Sun temple and the east by Srikakulam district One enters the elevating ghat sea beach of Konark, temple of Andhra Pradesh. roads spirally ascending the town Bhubaneswar with Other Attraction of lofty hill and ascending the steps Lingaraj temple, Rajarani Nabarangpur District valleys passing through as many temple, Mukteswar temple, sophisticated 36 railways Khandagiri and Udayagiri Koraput region has tunnels from Rayagada to Caves, Nandankanan Botanical picturesque natural scenery Koraput enroute. The name of garden and Zoological park with rolling mountains, such unidentified tourist centers etc. If they are arriving during meadows, roaring rivers, rapid need to be identified by the the festivals time they will waterfall, lakes, water reservoir District Administration in near definitely prefer to see the Car about 3000 ft plateau valleys future. They are at Table-2. festival of Puri, Bali Yatra of and primitive and colourful inhabitant tribals like Paraja, Tourist Traffic during Cuttack, Buddha festival at Mondei since 2002 : Lalitagiri and Konark Dance Kandha, Gond, Bhatra, festival etc. The next alternative Dhurua, Amatya, Halva, As per survey tour to spend their leisure, by Banjara and Bhunjia. The conducted by District Tourist experiencing Tribal Art, Culture tribals here enjoy varieties of Office, Koraput in total Tourist is at Nabarangapur of Koraput living in different seasons with traffic to see Mondei festival at tourist circuit to enjoy the flora its misty marring of the Nabarangapur district and fauna and mostly the Tribal monsoon month, golden headquarters since 2002 is Tourism and Culture. autumn winter, the thrilling given at Table-3. Koraput region mainly Table - 2 refer to undivided Koraput Name of the Importance Distance from district. The erstwhile Koraput unidentified centre Nabarangapur district was divided into four dist. Hqrs.in Kms districts viz. Koraput, Khatiguda, Indravati Dam reservoir, Hydroelectricity 45 Nabarangapur, Malkangiri and power project Rayagada in 1992. The Gosain Darah Waterfall 82 undivided Koraput district was Chandandhara Shaiva shrine & waterfall 100 one of the largest district Bhaskel Reservoir Reservoir for irrigation and picnic (second in rank) in the country spot in Umerkote block 85 with an area of about 27,020 Gorvari hill Shaiva shrine and picturesque sqkms. Koraput region (i.e. waterfall near Maidalpur 25 undivided Koraput district) is Manda dangari Shiva shrine with cave near 11 bounded in the north by Maidalpur Kalahandi district of Orissa and Jagannathpur Origin place of Goddess Maa 23 Raipur of Chhatishgarh and in Bhandargharani

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Ghumardarha Waterfall in Tentulikhunti block 50 there are no such Travel and Ghumureswara Shaiva shrine with waterfall in Excursion Agency approved by Jharigaon block 40 the Department of Tourism in Jhadeswar temple Shaiva shrine in Narasinghaguda Nabarangapur district. hill side. 15 Sustainable Tourism Development in Table-3 Nabarangapur District Year Foreign Domestic Total As Nabarangapur has 2002 - 35410 35410 got rich potential in tribal culture, 2003 06 50000 50006 historical site, wooden handicraft, lacquer work, 2004 - 80010 80010 colorful festival Mondei and 2005 - 78010 78010 Dhadra Mondei; Eco-Tourism 2006 - 56650 56650 as well as agriculture tourism and water reservoir Indravati 2007 02 69400 69402 have got future prospectus for 2008 - 70050 70050 sustainable tourism. Even though, it has got Tourism Project the district, Department of its own attraction to draw large Administrative Tourism in collaboration with the District Administration numbers of tourists. The main approval for "Development of trained 21 candidates as draw back is road and Chapka Ashram Raighar- trained guide to facilitate the transport facilities as well as Pendrani" under the 12th visiting tourists in the district. infrastructure development. Financial Commission grant has Incentive to the private already started by the Tourism Approved Hostels Department of Tourism and the entrepreneur are very much To provide better essential. work will be executed by accommodation to the visiting Orissa Tourism Development tourists in the district following Corporation (OTDC) Ltd hotels are approved by the soon. Moreover, the District Department of Tourism in Administration of Nabarangapur Nabarangapur district. has taken steps for 1. Hotel Narasingha, development of Hirlidangar, Nabarangapur Saheed Minar, and Chandandhara and Podagada 2. Hotel Sarathi, for promotion of tourism in the Umerkote district. Travel and Excursion Dasarathi Patra is a Statistical Local Tourist Guide Agency Investigator, Statistics and Research Cell, Department of Looking to the tourist In order to provide Tourism, Orissa, Paryatan Bhawan, potentiality and tourist flow to better facility to the tourists Bhubaneswar - 14.

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economic, cultural, political and colds; ultimately they die due legal factors act together to to one or another of these Combating make certain sections of infections. Because of the society more vulnerable. varied nature of these diseases, called AIDS associated, AIDS HIV/AIDS : Today, India is home to related or AIDS indicator the largest AIDS epidemic in the diseases, AIDS has been A Challenge world with 5.7 million people identified as a syndrome rather living with the disease. Of these than a single clinical entity. Ahead merely 48% are women, and These mean that AIDS patients this number is rising fast. While show several signs and the prevailing notion is that the Dr. Krushna Chandra Jena symptoms which occur together majority of HIV positive Dr. Jyotsna Rani Kuanr at the same time3. women are commercial sex workers, statistics show that The virus of AIDS they comprise only around one called Human Immuno I. INTRODUCTION percent of the total. Given Deficiency Virus (HIV). HIV/ AIDS is a serious prevailing gender norms in AIDS is an infectious disease challenge and is as much a Indian society, the reality that, but is not easily transmitted social and political this point is to grim : the majority through the environment, e.g, phenomenon as it concerns a of women infected are married from air, water, food etc. Thus challenge to biological and women whose husbands or it is not a communicable medical sciences. AIDS is a primary sexual partners are disease like common cold, silent killer disease caused by engaging in high risk sexual influenza or polio-viruses and Human Immuno Deficiency behaviour outside marriage and other infectious agents. The Virus (HIV). It is no longer are in effect bringing home the virus enters the body in three 2 restricted to specific regions in virus . major modes. The most important mode is having the world or individuals with AIDS (Acquired sexual intercourse with an high risk behaviour, rather it Immune Deficiency Syndrome) infected person. The virus can can infect and affect any body, - is a condition in which the in- be transmitted from men to children to old aged, rich or built defence systems of the men, men to women and to a poor, male or female and any body break down completely. slightly lower extent from where i.e. rural- urban, remote, The phenomenon is gradual, women to men. developed, developing, but ultimately leads to total underdeveloped countries or depletion of a very important The second mode is 1 states . cell component of the immune through the transfusion of HIV HIV/ AIDS is not mechanism. Those affected are infected blood or blood merely a medical problem; the thus unable to combat products or through infected manner in which the virus is commonly known diseases like blood in needles, syringes and impacting upon society reveals pneumonias, diarrhoeas, other such instruments. The the intricate way in which social, tuberculosis and even common third way is the transmission

14 September - 2010 Orissa Review from an infected mother to her disputed that even the AIDS 10.06.1995. After coming new born. patients have certain back to Nagaland, the fundamental rights and legal appellant proposed marriage to Although HIV has rights which they can not be one Ms µ\¶ which was accepted been detected in several body deprived of merely because in August 1995. It was to be fluids, it is infectious mainly from they have AIDS. It is in this held on 12.12.1995 but was blood, semen and vaginal background that the Supreme called off on the ground that the secretions. For instance, very Court of India has given a land blood of the appellant collected few virus particles have been mark Judgement resolving at the Madras Hospital was detected (even by sensitive certain complex legal issues5. found to be HIV positive. techniques) in saliva, tears and Thereafter, the appellant again breast milk. Since an infant can In µ[¶ vs Hospital µ]¶6 went to the respondent¶s consume about 800 ml to one a Division Bench of the hospital at Madras, where after litre of breast milk per day, there Supreme Court consisting of conducting several tests, it was are chances that it might get Justice S. Saghir Ahmad and confirmed that he was HIV infected through this route. Justice B.N. Kripal dealt with positive. Since the marriage had However, various advantages the various aspects relating to been settled but subsequently of breast milk which make an rights of AIDS patient. In the called off, several people ideal baby food should be instant case, the appellant Mr including members of the weighed against this small µ[¶ was a doctor by profession appellant¶s family and other chance of transmission. In any working in the health service of members of his community event, saliva and tears are not the state of Nagaland as became aware of his HIV consumed in such a large Assistant Surgeon. As a part of positive status. This resulted in quantities and thus are not his duty, he was advised to severe criticism of the appellant considered likely to spread the accompany a patient diagnosed 4 and he was ostracized by his virus of AIDS . as ³aortic aneurysm´ to µ]¶ community as a result of which Hospital at Madras. For II. LEGAL RESPONSE he left Nagaland and lived at treatment of the above disease, TO HIV/AIDS Madras. the said patient was posted for Acquired Immune surgery on 31.05.1995, which The appellant first Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) however was cancelled due to approached the National is a dreadful disease without shortage of blood. On Consumer Disputes Redressal any cure and it can only be 01.06.1995, i.e, next day the Commission for damages prevented. Therefore a person appellant Mr µ[¶ and the driver against the respondents, on the who is found to be HIV of the patient were asked to ground that the information positive, now a days is isolated donate blood for the patient regarding his HIV positive by the society and sometimes and their blood samples were status which was required to be even by his own family taken and the result showed kept secret under the medical members and blood relatives that the appellant¶s blood group ethics was disclosed illegally under the misconception that was A positive. On the next day and therefore they were liable AIDS is easily communicable. the patient was operated upon At the same time, it can not be to pay damages. However the successfully and discharged on Commission dismissed the

September - 2010 15 Orissa Review complaint as also the whatever has come to the Many other countries application for interim relief knowledge of the doctor would also have recognized this right summarily on the ground that not be divulged and it is this to privacy as an important right the appellant may seek his right which was violated by the of individual. In the instant case remedy in the Civil Court. respondents. However, the the court has also extensively Aggrieved by the order of the court after going through the discussed the nature of the right National Commission, the entire gamut of facts and law to privacy in general and that appellant preferred a Civil referred to the guidelines on of AIDS patients in particular. appeal to the Supreme Court HIV infection and AIDS issued Article 8 of the European which was decided in the by the General Medical Convention on Human Rights instant case7. Council of Great Britain, which emphatically declared that ³As The Supreme Court inter alia, provide that a doctor one of Basic Human Rights, the has extensively dealt with the may consider it a duty to ensure right of privacy is not treated above issues and also other that any sexual partner is as absolute and is subject to informed regardless of the such action as may be lawfully related issues, with the help of 8 many International Covenants, patients own wishes . taken for the prevention of statutory provision and decided (2) Right to Privacy of AIDS crime or disorder or protection cases. patient ² of health or morals or protection of rights and (1) Duty of doctors to The much talked about freedom of others´9. maintain confidentiality in epidemic HIV/AIDS poses a AIDS cases ² serious threat to humanity all The court in the instant case, thus concluded that Regarding the over the world. The threat is not just because of its invincible having regard to the fact that the contention that right to privacy nature but also because of its appellant was found to be HIV is a fundamental right and that wide ranging impact on the positive, its disclosure would persons in the medical not be violative of either the rule profession have an obligation to social and economic life of the people. It is the latter which of confidentiality or the maintain confidentiality, the makes the legal issues appellant¶s right of privacy as court referred to the associated with this epidemic Ms µ<¶ with whom the (i) Hippocratic oath appellant was likely to be administered to doctors more complicated. One such complicated issue relates to the married was saved in time by (ii) Covenant to maintain right of privacy of the HIV/ such disclosure, or else, she too secrecy and confidentiality in AIDS victim. would have been infected with the International Code of the dreadful disease if the Medical Ethics and (iii) relevant The right to privacy is marriage had taken place and law in India. Based on the implicit in the right to life and consummated10. provisions of Medical Council liberty guaranteed to the citizens Act 1956, it was argued before of this country by Article 21. (3) Right of AIDS patient to the Supreme Court that the Also in the American marry ² doctors duty to maintain Constitution, the right of privacy Here it is pertinent to secrecy has a correlative right finds expression in the First, discuss the most relevant issue vested in the patient that Fourth and Fifth Amendments. regarding the right to marriage

16 September - 2010 Orissa Review of AIDS patients. With regard threatening the existing social rehabilitative regime to the age and biological needs framework since the detection sought to be established a person may have a right to of the virus first in U.S.A. in by a progressive welfare marry but this right is not 1981 and in India in 1986. The legislation; without a duty. Since mental world picture of HIV/AIDS is and physical health is of prime very dismal. The most (iii) The legal strategy should importance in marriage, any disappointing side of this picture also be in conformity with person suffering from a veneral is that India is No.1 in HIV/ the human rights disease which is communicable AIDS. The UN AIDS report jurisprudence developed in nature, may not claim a right 2006 released on Nov¶24, by the International to marry as an absolute right. 2006 presents the grim picture Declaration of Human of India¶s AIDS problem. It is Rights and AIDS Summit In the instant case, the of Paris. learned judges held that so long for the first time that UN AIDS as the person suffering from has said that India has the (iv) The primary objective of AIDS disease and is not cured highest number of people living the laws relating to AIDS of that communicable disease with HIV/AIDS ± 5.7 million should be to attempt to or other veneral disease or but only 7% patients are getting protect individual, impotency, the right to marry treatment for the dreadly communities and nations can not be enforced through a disease. India has to be ready from the life threatening court of law and shall be treated to meet this serious threat. The infections of HIV leading as a suspended right11. strategy to check the menace to AIDS. of this virus is the imminent need The foregoing analysis of the day in any serious (v) No effective legal and discussion make it clear that endeavour to save the strategy can ignore the the Supreme Court has humanity12. basic need of the delivered an important protection of persons The ideal legal strategy judgement capable of far living with AIDS and to fight the dreadly virus should reaching consequences those around them from confirm to the following norms. affecting the right of AIDS unjust and inhuman patients in India. This is a (i) The laws and the legal discrimination. The welcome step particularly strategy with regard to human right jurisprudence because it dispels many AIDS should be based demands that we must misconceptions about the right on an uptodate protect the unfortunate of unfortunate AIDS victims. knowledge of the species infected with disease, its causes, its (4) Legal strategy for AIDS. incidence and its fighting the dreadly virus ² consequences on social (vi) It must be noted that all The pandemic of life; strategies aiming at Acquired Immuno Deficiency isolation of HIV patients Syndrome (AIDS) is perceived (ii) The penal and punitive are foredoomed to as a serious threat to humanity. regime should give way to failure. We need anti- The spread of AIDS is a preventive and discrimination laws to

September - 2010 17 Orissa Review

protect human rights. implementation of any medical practitioner who treats What is infact needed is effective legal strategy. or becomes cognizant of the to discover ways and existence of any dangerous means to minimize the (xi) The proposals for the disease to give information of risk of HIV infection and provisions of tax relief to the same to the Executive legal strategy that would relatives who support Health Officer14. Section 2 of help achieve this members of the family of the Epidemic Diseases Act also objective. HIV/AIDS infected confers powers on an officer persons, should be of the State Govt., in case of (vii) An early approach to considered favourably to threat of an outbreak of a mandatory testing of supply the necessary dangerous epidemic disease, immigrants should give incentive for the fight when ordinary provisions of way to a more rational against the dreadly law are insufficient to tackle the and cost effective disease. disease. No doubt these response that (xii) UNDP should co- enabling legal provisions should concentrates on be made on a much wider scale education and prevention. ordinate the efforts for establishing appropriate to meet adequately the (viii) The need for anti- legal reponse to HIV and challenge of the HIV/AIDS 15 discrimination legislation AIDS and for securing a virus . and the protection of fair and equitable ethical confidentiality and framework within which (5) Law as an impediment : privacy of those who are the fundamental rights of the case of Injecting Drug infected or at risk should everyone affected by the Users (IDUs) be stressed in the context epidemic can be secured. of the proposed It is necessary to explore Efforts directed legislation in the role of the law in our towards spreading HIV/AIDS underdeveloped fight against HIV/AIDS awareness and initiatives countries. both positive and undertaken for HIV prevention negative, direct and in prisons are met with a (ix) The proposal for indirect by considering the framework of repressive laws education of judges, several legal and ethical that actually fuel the growth of administrators and other issues and their HIV in prisons. For instance, decision makers should manifestation all over the in 1994 Kiran Bedi cited be considered seriously world. Section 377 of the Indian Penal to meet the challenges of Code, 1860 which criminalizes the pandemic squarely. (xiii) There is only one law sodomy, when she refused which provides for the permission for the distribution (x) A well equipped notification of AIDS in of condoms in Tihar Jail. communication system India13. and a centralized Similarly, in the case of information service may In addition, local injecting drug users or IDUs, be a pre-requisite of Municipal Laws require every the provision of HIV prevention

18 September - 2010 Orissa Review services is hampered by the major nation-wide debate. The understanding seems to be to Narcotic Drugs and HIV intervention programmes kill like demand and therefore Psychotropic Substances Act for sex workers which has been stop the supply. The obvious 1985 (NDPS) IDUs are stabilized after a long struggle impact of this move is considered to be a population is on the verge of collapse with apprehended to adversely vulnerable to HIV as sharing the new amendments being impact sex workers livelihoods injection is considered one of brought into the Immoral drive them underground and the most efficient methods of Traffic Prevention Act 1956. severely hamper the HIV HIV transmission. In India this Immoral Traffic Prevention Act intervention, which has taken vulnerability is exacerbated by 1956 (ITPA) is the principal Act years to stabilize and make a the harsh legal regime under which deals with sex work in difference in the lives of sex NDPS that criminalizes and India. The present framework workers. In an effort to placate marginalizes IDUS. is far from perfect and sex the sex workers the MOWCD Criminalization results in, workers continue to be has also suggested removing the among other things, IDUs being harassed at the hands of the provision which criminalizes unable to access healthcare and police. However, to add to the soliciting in public places by sex other services including those already existing woes of sex workers but the effects of this that could protect them from workers, the Ministry of positive move can well be HIV. Drug users make up a Women and Child negated by bringing in other significant portion of under trial Development has proposed detrimental provisions. The sex prisoners and are repeatedly certain amendments to the Act, workers federation and HIV which can only have detrimental imprisoned for petty offences instruction programme which effect to the problem at hand. like consumption resulting in a work for their rights have While the objective of bringing vicious cycle of drugs, prisons opposed these amendment17. in an amendment to already and vulnerability which acts like existing laws is to improve the a spider¶s web entangling them III. THE AIDS AND THE law and make it more in syne and making it very difficult for HUMAN RIGHTS LAW with existing conditions. In this them to get out16. case however, it seems to be Today there is an increasing recognition both (6) Sex work, HIV and ITPA moving in the opposite direction. In the amendments nationally and internationally to The year 2007 has proposed by MOWCD, all sex the human rights component of thrown numerous challenges to workers as regarded as AIDS epidemic (UN Centre of rights based work in preventing trafficked victims and there is Human Rights 1991; World and controlling HIV/AIDS no space for those who choose Health Assembly, 1988). The spread in India. The stigma and to work in this profession rationale for this is simple. It is discrimination of women and voluntarily. The provision that this social response to HIV/ children at health care settings, has proved to be the most AIDS patients that presented in homes and schools controversial in the existing special risks to human rights in continued. Denial of sex debate over the amendments is the form of isolation, breach of education in schools by some the one, which seeks to confidentiality, mandatory states in the country raised a criminalize clients. The testing and discrimination18.

September - 2010 19 Orissa Review

More specifically, the most of dignity without discrimination IV. PREVENTION OF relevant human rights principles and to alleviate the personal and AIDS ±AN INDIAN for protecting the dignity of social impact of HIV infection. PERSPECTIVE people infected and affected by Conversely, violations of The situation of HIV/ the HIV/AIDS as well as human rights are primary forces AIDS is alarming in India. preventing the spread of in the spread of HIV/AIDS. Nearly 5.7 million people are infection include non- Implementing a Human Right infected with HIV in India. discrimination, the right to approach is an essential step in Everyday approximately 1500 health, the right to equality dealing with the catastrophic people become infected with between men and women; the threat to human development. HIV and of them young people rights of children, the right to below 25 years account for privacy; the right to education The Government with over 50% infections. Men and information; the right to the coordination of NGOs account for 77% of AIDS cases work, the right to marry and find should conduct a comprehensive programme to and woman 23% (a ratio of 3:1) a family, the right to social 28% of the rural people and security, assistance and welfare, change the behaviour and increase the awareness of the 11% of the urban people have the right to liberty and the right never heard of AIDS. 19 people with HIV. A to freedom of movement . Ironically, 90% of the infected comprehensive strategy to people themselves are not In the context of the prevent and control HIV/AIDS aware of their HIV status and HIV/AIDS, governments have should combine a population may therefore be transmitting the obligation to respect, based approach of education the virus to partners protect and fulfill human rights. and awareness enhancement unknowingly. This is because A framework of accountability with strategies to early detection exists through the series of they usually look and feel fine and effective protection of for many years after HIV international instruments persons at high risk. established over the last 60 infection occurs. As compared years. Indeed, there have been There should be to the rest of the world AIDS wider recognition of HIV/ effective laws to address the is spreading rapidly in India. It AIDS related interpretations of violation of human rights of HIV has reached almost every state human rights frameworks in last infected people. HIV epidemic and union territory of India and devastated the lives of millions. few years. is a health disaster which can not be addressed with the The majority of AIDS virus infections have occurred in the Respecting Human Rights ± mobilization of financial Crucial in dealing with HIV/ younger people i.e. below 25 resources alone. Therefore, the AIDS years when they are sexually protection and promotion of more active. Latest estimates of human rights are essential in Respect for human National AIDS Control preventing the spread of HIV rights helps to reduce Organisation (NACO) shows vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, to and mitigating the social and that 87% of the cases are ensure that those living with or economic impact of the occurring in sexually active and 20 affected by HIV/AIDS live a life pandemic . economically productive age

20 September - 2010 Orissa Review group of 15-49 years of the (1) Information and and policy makers more total AIDS cases21. Education-Key to sensitive and realistic about its Prevention social and cultural roots. AIDS Since the birth of AIDS prevention programmes can in India in mid-eighties (1986), For successful HIV/ use a variety of media including the Indian Government has AIDS prevention strategies, the folk dance, drama, theatre, been very tough in its stand to information, education and street play and even sports control the spreading of the communication media have the epidemic with the cooperation events to generate attention of greatest role to play. from international institutions, the audience. Increasingly, Exchanging information with agencies and friendly countries. reproductive health groups are other persons and organizations The World Health Organisation working with the mass media is essential in building of a body (WHO) and U.S. Centres for and entertainment industries to of knowledge about HIV/ Disease Control with financial develop accurate and healthy assistance from World Bank AIDS. Although different presentation of sexual topics helped the Indian in designing strategies and approaches may and to raise media literacy a programme to combat the be used to sustained and among youths. Advanced epidemic. This effort has unified response to HIV/AIDS technologies have given health initiated modest gains in prevention, but sharing and educators a new tool to share establishing a nodal AIDS exchange of information and exchange information via infrastructure, such as National contributes a high amount internet, CD and Email. AIDS Control Organisation towards building alliances in the Awareness generation on HIV/ (NACO) and its local chapters global sphere. It is clear that AIDS among the people in 32 States / Union Territories. information and communication through the media though not In a phased manner the are the first lines of defence in the full answer to prevention but National AIDS Control Project the fight against HIV/AIDS. To should be clear that it is only (NACP) started by NACO to combat preventable infections, halfway to the answer because develop a national public health people need information about mass media entertainment is so programme in HIV/AIDS prevention. The challenge for popular that it can reach many prevention and control was the media is to get this message young people with positive implemented. The World Bank to the public in precise and lucid health information23. and Indian Government have language through most increased their efforts accessible medium with a (2) AIDS cure and vaccine substantially and in 1999 India carefully targeted message. began the second phase of the Governments, health activists At present, there is no NACP, tripling the budget. In and the medical professionals cure for HIV virus. Medical this phase the project will be have a lot of faith in the power Science till date could not find aimed at keeping HIV of media in spreading a cure for HIV and there is no prevalence rate below, 1%. awareness about the preventive cure for AIDS. Only some anti- Besides, the project will target aspects of HIV/AIDS and in retro viral drugs are available to attain HIV/AIDS awareness recent past huge coverage on which may help people living level of not less than 90% this disease over various forms with HIV/AIDS in prolonging among the youth22. of media has made the public life, but it is not a cure. These

September - 2010 21 Orissa Review drugs are also very expensive happening at the beginning. It on to show that issues of and beyond the reach of most was in February last year that treatment and care and people. Moreover the drugs the Phase ± I clinical trial of medicines are the same across can cause, serve adverse the country¶s first AIDS vaccine the globe and they are reactions and the chance for candidate got initiated when the challenges faced by all. Faced development of resistance is first volunteer was injected at with such a strong reaction, high when used alone. Most the National AIDS Research Abbott was forced to commit experts believe that an effective Institute (NARI), Pune. to expand HIV/AIDS and widely available preventive treatment, and offered the vaccine for HIV may be our (3) Kaletra : A Global governments of more than 40 best long term hope to control Response low and low middle income the global pandemic24. countries including Thailand (as As part of the demand defined by World Bank Chinese scientists say for better access to affordable criteria) and NGOs a new price chemical components found in treatment for People Living of $1,000 per patient per year. cockroaches have a ³similar with HIV/AIDS (PLHAS), last The fact that this event came effectiveness´ in the treatment year saw a rally by the positive about close to the heels of the of AIDS as the widely used networks. PLHAS, NGOs Novartis case victory in Madras American Drug AZT. Chinese across India to show their High Court only made the scientists at the Yunnan Medical solidarity with the Thai message stronger26. College have extracted a group Government for issuing of chemical elements from compulsory license on some (4) Rethinking urged on a cockroaches including the essential life saving drugs like vaccine for AIDS special allergic material Kaletra. A grant of patent was alfatoxin and are testing the made to a multinational AIDS experts at a effectiveness of the compounds pharmaceutical giant ³Abbott´ Scientific Meeting held at in combating AIDS. Li Shunan, that resulted in the price of the Washington told that, they must Dean of Pharmacology drug named Kaletra enhanced go back to the drawing board Department of the College has to an unaffordable USD 2200 before they can develop an verified in lab trials that a per patient per year in Thailand effective vaccine against HIV. chemical compound consisting against the generic price of And Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, top of an amino acid and a same drug by Cipla as USD federal official responsible for polysaccharide is effective in 1560 per patient per year. The AIDS research agreed that killing the AIDS virus. However Thai Government reacted to the more fundamental knowledge is it warned that clinical trials have crisis by issuing compulsory needed about HIV and the way yet to reach a final conclusion25. license to life saving drugs. In the body and experimental Many important events retaliation, µAbbott¶ the vaccines respond to it before of the AIDS vaccine trials company manufacturing the the goal of a licensed HIV jointly undertaken by the drug Kaletra took seven vaccine can be reached. Dr. Government of India and the essential drugs off from the Thai Fauci, the Director of the International AIDS Vaccine market. The global response to National Institute of Allergy and Initiative (IAVI) seem to be the call given by Thailand went Infections Diseases, pledged to

22 September - 2010 Orissa Review re-evaluate the use of all $1.5 In many industrialized countries to young persons in the light of billion his agency spends on government and non- the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The AIDS research to come up with governmental organizations ban on sex education has necessary funds. They do not together have risen to this rekindled the controversy have a full understanding of why challenge with considerable surrounding the issue28. the vaccine failed or why it was success. Through an (7) Red Ribbon Express possibly harmful in two large appropriate combination of Train trials in the United States and media campaigns, health South Africa. Dr. Fauci¶s education on AIDS for those It is a commendable institute helped pay for the trials attending school, the provision step that has been taken jointly of the vaccine, which was made of safer sex and other by the UNICEF and the by Merck. Such failures have prevention services and the National AIDS Control Organisation with the led a number of scientists to establishment of supportive cooperation of Rajib Gandhi challenge the direction of federal policies should be given. HIV research. Experts at the Foundation Trust and Nehru meeting also said that Dr. (6) The bogey of sex Yuva Kendras and Railway Fauci¶s agency needed to education authorities in introducing a ³Red support efforts to further The issue of sex education Ribbon Express´ train which develop animal models of being taught in schools has aims at creating awareness human HIV. They also urged been subject to much debate in about HIV/AIDS and it¶s greater cooperation between India. Last year, due to the prevention. This red ribbon AIDS scientists who work on growing protests from state express train has started it¶s journey from New Delhi on 1st such animal models and those legislatures, the Maharashtra December 2007 and it is who are trying to develop an Government banned the HIV vaccine for humans expected to move around 9000 introduction of sex education in (Courtsey : New York Times kms in the country and make schools within the state. It also News Service)27. halt at 180 railway stations to banned the use of text books cover 43,200 villages. This (5) Comprehensive published by CBSE related to train is generating the attention Preventive Strategies sex education. Several other of the rural youths, self help While addressing the states such as Karnataka, women groups, students of the problem of HIV/AIDS among Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, schools and colleges, members the economically productive Rajasthan and Orissa followed of the Panchayat Samitees, and sexually active sections of suit and sex education was NGOs and the general public population, specific emphasis banned from being taught as about such dreadful disease should be given not only to high part of the school curriculum. and it¶s prevention by organizing risk groups like commercial sex These announcements came at drama, theatre, folk dance and workers and injecting drug a time when the central short play etc. users, but also to specific government was trying to groups in general population implement its Adolescent (8) Scheme of Travel like students, youth, migrant Education Programme (AEP) allowance for AIDS patients workers in urban and rural to impart information about Orissa has become the areas, women and children. reproductive and sexual health first State in the country to give

September - 2010 23 Orissa Review traveling allowances to the health information. Physician- laws therefore must encompass AIDS patients for their travells patient confidentiality deserves the raison, de¶tre of religious to Anti-Retroviral Treatment enhanced protection in the beliefs, morality and science. (ART) centres. Although this context of HIV/AIDS. Subject In conclusion, it should scheme has become officially to some narrow exceptions, be emphasized that the effective from April 1, 2008 it no public interest may justify epidemic of HIV is evolving in is yet to be practically disclosure of the disease, an explosive-exponential way. implemented properly. But the especially in view of the fact that This means that two HIV State Government has already the information might bring infected persons become four made financial allocations for about serious consequences to and then 16,256,65536 and so the payment of travel the patient, including social on. No wonder, those in the allowances to the AIDS ostracism and the inability to know are crying out that high patients coming ART centres. continue normal everyday life. priority be given to control of It may be noted that Orissa Generally speaking, every HIV /AIDS before it reaches was also the first State in the piece of information obtained irreversible situation. country to consider AIDS by a physician in the course of patients as physically handicaps medical treatment should References and to announce monthly remain confidential under law allowances for them. The on medical profession or 1. Beena Shah & Sushil, ³HIV/ professional ethics. All AIDS Prevention : A Challenge Railway Ministry has also to Humanity´, University News, announced 50 per cent professionals must observe the Vol. 43 No. 28, July 11-17, concessions in train travel to same confidentiality rules30. 2005. HIV positive persons from this There is an area of 2. Smita Jain, ³Bringing the virus year. At present only one ART human conduct where law and Home´ The Hindu, November 27, 2005. centre is running effectively in morals overlap. There is the State of Orissa in the however, another area in which 3. Khorshed M. Pavri, ³Challenge of AIDS´, National MKCG Medical College what is immoral is not 29 Book Trust of India, 1992. campus, Berhampur . necessarily illegal. Traffic in 4. Id. At p. 9. V. CONCLUSION women is illegal but prostitution goes on and has invaded 5. G.B. Reddy, ³Rights of AIDS Due to association of different classes of our society patients in India: Comments on Mr. X V. Hospital Z´, Journal stigma, isolation and social in different forms. A permissive prejudice associated with HIV/ of the Indian Law Institute, New society need not necessarily be Delhi Vol. 41, April-June 1999. AIDS, individuals infected with a promiscuous society. We 6. (1998) 8, SCC. 296. such deadly diseases are must set our own moral obviously more concerned with standards even if they have not 7. Id. maintaining confidentiality of been provided by the law. 8. Id. at page 304. their health status and Religions have long been telling 9. Id. at page 306. accordingly need better us what is immoral. Indeed the 10. Id. protection from unauthorized religious exhortations are not disclosures of their intimate without scientific basis. The 11. Id. at page 308.

24 September - 2010 Orissa Review

12. Dr. D.N. Jauhar, ³Need for an Women¶s Link, Vol.6. No. 1, 28. Supra n 17 at p.21. AIDS Law´, Legal News views January-March 2000. 29. The Hindu April 8, 2008. Vol.10 No. 2 February 1996. 19. Dr. S.N. Pattnaik & 30. Kameswar Prasad, ³HIV/AIDS 13. Section 51 of Goa Public Mahasweta Pattnaik, ³AIDS and Right to Privacy : A Study Health Act. and Human Rights´ in Indian Legal Perspective´, Employment News, 29 Nov-5 Indian Bar Review, Vol. XXXII 14. Section 421, Bombay Dec, 2003. Municipal Corporation Act. (3&4) 2005, p. 512. 20. Pradyumna Bora, ³Human 15. Dr. Vijay Chitnis, ³Legal Rights and HIV/AIDS´, Legal Response to the Pandemic´, News Views, September 2007. Legal News Views, Vol. 10 No. 2 February 1996. 21. Supra n, 1 at p.4. 16. Mohit Singh, ³A Non Existent 22. J.S. Giri Rao and S.N. Pattnaik, Existence : HIV, Injecting Drug ³AIDS CATASTROPHE ± use and Indian Prisons´, Information is key to Lawyers collective, Sept 2007, prevention´ Employment Dr. Krushna Chandra Jena is the Vol. 22, No. 8. News, 30 Nov- 6Dec, 2002. Principal, Lajpat Rai. Law College, 17. HIV/AIDS 2007 : Making A 23. Id. (University College of Law), Sambalpur University, Sambalpur-1 difference, ³compiled by 24. Supra n 1, at p. 5. LCHAU team´, Lawyers Dr. (Mrs.) Jyotsna Rani Kuanr is a 25. Times of India, 10th February collective Vol. 22, No. 10, Senior Lecturer; Deptt of 2001. Dec¶2007, p. 21 & 22. Education; S.V.M. Autonomous 18. Neeti Malhotra & A Gandhi, 26. Supra n 17 at p. 22. College (Utkal University), ³Human Rights and AIDS´, 27. The Hindu 28th March 2008. Jagatsinghpur ± 754 103 (Orissa).

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik at the meeting on Environment Pollution of Puri Sea Beach at Secretariat on 24.8.2010.

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In 636 C.E. Arab fleet ruler of Orissa). This was for first appeared in Indian water the first time Orissa (extensively and made some settlement a Hindu dominated province) across the Indian coast. came under an invader¶s A Fascinating According to Rawldanso and influence. From that period Francis Day that Arab Muslim onwards Orissa was directly or Study of first settled on the Malbar indirectly occupied by the Coast about the end of 7th Muslim Rulers who ruled it Syncretic century C.E. In the last quarter through their appointed of the 8th century C.E. Arab Subedar and administrator. The Culture in again attacked Broach and rule of Muslim over Orissa other harbour of the Kathiawar influences it in various ways. Orissa coast. Then trade began to Therefore, the Muslim effect flourish and settlement directly fell on the life and Dr. Mohammed Yamin continued to multiply. They culture of the common men viz., acquired property and society, religion, economy and independently followed their literature. religion. After the demise of Prophet Mohammed (570 to Society : 632 C.E.) within a century the Introduction : Arab subjugated extensive Islam came to India territory. It was in 711-13 a after it had played out its The new Islamic young Arab military general progressive role. Its leadership Culture was introduced in India Mohammed.-bin-Qasim had been wrested on the by the Arabs in North India. conquered Sindh and Multan. learned and cultured Arabs. As The expansion of Muslim Politically that conquest was regards the spread of Islam in culture was attempted by insignificant, yet it had far- India no great people with a means of peace and aggression. reaching effects on Muslim long history and old civilization Peaceful means was followed culture though Islam bears can ever succumb easily to a by the Arab traders and Muslim some impressionable lesson foreign invasion unless the Saints (Dervishes). Aggression from the Indian soil. invaders command the means was adopted by Arab, sympathy and acquiescence. Afghan, Turk and Mughal The whole process of Islam brought a new pattern of invaders. Apparently rise and conquest and consolidation life. The common mass was expansion of Islam constitute a was completed by Sultanate attracted by the social system most fascinating episode in the ruler and in the 16th century of Islam. It gives every true history of mankind. A proper C.E. India was extensively believer equal spiritual status. understanding of the historical gone to the control of Mughal. There were many positive role of Islam and the At that time Orissa was results of the interaction contribution it has made to occupied by Sulaiman Karani between Hindu-Muslim. But human culture has required in 1568 C.E by defeating their results were neither supreme importance. Mukunda Dev (the last Hindu acceptable to orthodox Hindus

26 September - 2010 Orissa Review nor orthodox Muslims. In spite Scent etc. were introduced by began in 16h century C.E. of opposition, assimilation did the Muslims. Samputas food during Hussain Shahi dynasty take place. Purdah or veil like Biriani, Palau, Chapati, (1494-1538). In Orissa system, seclusion of women Jalebi, Halwa and other meat Satyapir worship became folk was introduced preparation are of Muslim popular in 18th century C.E. elaborately. In case, they influence. Many places in Islam gave Orissa the message moved outside they used Orissa were renamed by of universal brotherhood, palanquins covered with Muslim in their own which are equality in society, outrightly curtains. We have reference of still in use by present people in rejected caste system and the queen of Raja Rudra Pratap Orissa viz Rasulgarh, Rasulpur, untouchability. These principles of Puri who used to visit Sri Ahmad Nagar, Mohamme- consciously or unconsciously Chaitanya in covered dpura, etc. had a great impression upon the palanquins. Muslims adopted philosophical Hindu mind and local habits of eating and Religion : found place in Jagannath cult. drinking. A number of social taboos and restriction In the pre-Muslim The pre-Islamic regarding caste among the period Hinduism in its various practice in Orissa of the Babas, Hindus helped Islam to creeds and forms was Gurus, Sanyasis, and Bairagis attracting lower section of manifested in the construction helped sympathetic period for society. Missionary zeal of of many temples. All religious the acceptance of Muslim Islam also helped spread the thinking and spiritual attainment equivalents of the Satyapirs. new religion. It was not liked gathered a form of synthesis The shrines of Bhujakhiapir at by the orthodox Hindus in under the institution of Lord Balasore, Qadam-i-Rasool at Orissa. Due to the impact of Jagannath. The concept of Cuttack, Noor Bibi Mazaar at Islam, chastity of women Patitapaban, it is believed, Sambalpur, Abdul Sakoor valued, the custom of Jauhar developed as a result of Muslim shrine at Tarbha are the centres and Sati were restricted. influence. Muslim migration to of spiritual solace for the Orissa continued after its people of Orissa. These saints In custom, manner, conquest and they exploited were very popular amongst the dress, etiquette, food and the liberal social set up of Orissa masses. The members of the ceremony Islam left permanent and managed to set up their order were called Fakir, mark in the society of Orissa. own religious places, like mendicant or dervishes. Some Popular dresses like Mosque, Madrassa, Maqtab, of the ceremonies and rituals Archakan, Salwar, Jama, Tomb and Shrines. first at which came with Islam were Paijama, Rumal, Shawl, Cuttack and later on other regarded as auspicious and Takia, etc, are of Muslim origin. places of Orissa. which were gladly accepted by Fruits like, Kishmis, Pesta, the Oriyas. One example is Badam, Angur, Annar, etc Satyapir cult became Tajia or Muharram procession. were brought to Orissa by the popular in Orissa due to the Some of these were sponsored Muslims. Ornaments like influence of Muslim. Common by local elite. The concept of Bajuband and Kamarband, worship of the common folk of Nirakar is not new to Orissa but the use of Paper, Pen, and the two communities- Satyapir it had its echo in the writing of

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Pancha Sakha (five associates) Literature : the miracle of Satyapir. Pala is after the spread of Islam in divided into two types viz. Orissa. These languages are A number of Islamic highly meaningful, symbolic and literatures took shape in Orissa. I. Baithaki Pala and esoteric. They established their The original works of Arabic, II. Thia Pala. Pitha or centre aloof from the Parsi, Turkish and even Urdu were translated into Oriya political power like the Sufi Tamasa and Jatra : Saints. In this backdrop it is no Language. Khwaja Mainuddin- wonder that Sufism found easy Chisti (Sufi Saint) of Ajmer In the second quarter adherence in Orissa. The primarily encouraged the of the 18th Century poet Panch Sakhas predicted the spread of Parsi language in Bansiballav Goswami wrote the end of Kaliyuga and coming of India. During Muslim rule in Tamasa. He synthesized Kalki Avatara and Satyayuga Orissa Parsi language was Islamic tenet with Oriya like the Sufi belief that the spoken and official records literature. The tradition of Jatra Millennium or Dooms day was maintained in Parsi. Poems of was very much prevalent in approaching for the restoration poet Abhimanyu Samant Orissa. Historians believed of original faith of Islam. Singhar, Baldev Rath, Upendra that, Jatra is the sound impact Bhanja mark the influence of of Islamic literature over Economy : Parsi, Arabic and Urdu Orissa. Poet Salabeg and Uzir languages. Islam had direct Bag wrote hundreds of Bhajana Agriculture played a impact on Fakir Mohan. He on Jagannath and dominant role in Orissan was named Fakir because his Radhakrishna Cult in Oriya economy. The fertile soil and grandmother symbolically sold literature. Parsian poet Saikh moderate rainfall of Orissa him to a Muslim Fakir or Sahdi¶s (1194-1282) Pand encouraged production. So, Dervishes. In his childhood Nama was translated into Oriya agriculture was in a flourishing Fakir Mohan used to collect by Abdul Majid Saheb of condition. Simultaneously alms as a Fakir boy and from Balasore in Prabodha Bakya or different rivers served to irrigate the begged he used to prepare Hitapodesh Mala edited and and fertilise Orissa. Muslims Sirni and distributed to the poor published in 1869. impact also witnessed in the in the name of Satyapir. Madhusudan Roy has written food grains like : Rice, a series of books on Muslim Vegetables, Fruits, Oil Seeds, Pala : Prophet and Saints. Qawali Spices, Cash Crops, and Ghazal are examples of the th Sericulture, Dairy industries 18 Century marks the impact of Islam in Oriya and other Non-Agricultural growth of Satyapir sect. It was literature and language. products. Muslim component in manifestation of Hindu-Muslim Countless words of Parsian, peasant population grew in unity. This century also Arabic, Urdu and Turkish number. The living pattern of witnessed the rise of Pala. Kabi entered into Oriya Vocabulary both Hindus and Muslims Karna was the founder of Pala and were assimilated in the cultivators were identical in literature. It had a series of 16 spoken language of the Orissan rural society. books one of which depicted common mass. Oriya poets

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used the work in their Kavya B.C. Roy, Orissa under the R.D. Banerji, History of Orissa, R. or poems. Orissan society Mughals. Punthi Pustak, Culcutta, Chatterjee, Culcutta, 1930. 1981. reflected a sense of hospitality to the strangers which deserves C.L. Fabri, History of the Art of merits. Culturally, Islam had its Orissa, Orient Longman, Bombay, 1974. unique and remarkable contribution. It brought some H. K. Mahatab, History of Orissa, Lucknow, 1949. new idea and some new problems, but left a legacy, that J. Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb, M.C. Sarkar, Calcutta, 1924 is successfully utilized by the succeeding generation for ever. M. Yamin, Impact of Islam on Orissan Culture, Readworthy, New Delhi, 2009. Bibliography : Dr. Mohammed Yamin is the Head, M. A. Haque, Muslim Deptt. of History, C.J.D. College, B. Acharya, Oriya Sahityara Administration in Orissa 1568- Borda, Kalahandi- 766036, e-mail Itihasa, (Oriya), Cuttack, 1969. 151, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1980. ± [email protected]

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik reviewing various schemes of Tourism Department at Secretariat on 25.8.2010.

September - 2010 29 Orissa Review

Gangadhar and Balasore, Sambalpur Hiteisini Contemporary Poets (30 May, 1889) from Deogarh. Gangadhar The first Oriya printing The publication of these papers typeset was cast in 1836 by the during the last part of the 19th Meher : A Christian missionaries which century indicated the desire and made a great revolutions in the determination of the people Comparative Oriya literature. Instead of palm of Orissa to uphold the right of leaf inscription. The books freedom of expression and the Figure to were being printed and the freedom of the press with a periodicals and journals were view to ultimately fighting for Sanskrit published. The first Oriya the freedom of the country from Magazine of µBodha Dayini¶ the British rule. But another Literature was published from Balasore in great help these periodical 1861. The main object of this performed was that they magazine was to promote Oriya encouraged the modern literature and to draw attention literature and acted as a media Prof. Raj Kumar Nayak to the lapses in government to provide a wide readers policy. The first Oriya paper, range for the writers. The µThe Utkal Deepika,¶ made its educated intellectuals came in appearance in 1866 under the contact with the English Gangadhar Meher (August editorship of late Gouri Sankar Literature and got influenced. 9, 1862 - April 4, 1924) was Ray with the help of late Radhanath Ray (1849-1908) is born on the day of Sravana Bichitrananda. The Utkal the prime figure, who tried to Purnima at Barpali, Bargarh Deepika carried on a vigorous write his poems with the District (undivided Sambalpur campaign for bringing all the influence of Western Literature. District) in a Bhulia weaver Oriya-speaking areas under He wrote Kavyas like family. Though he was one administration, Chandrabhaga, Nandike- educated up to 5th Class, he development of Oriya language shwari, Usha, Mahajatra, has given a new meaning and and literature and protection of Darbar and Chilika. glory to Oriya Language and Oriya interests. In 1869 late Fakir Mohan Senapati Literature. Dr. Mayadhar Bhagavati Charan Das started (1843-1918), the prime figure Mansingh has high esteem for µUtkal Subhakari¶ to propagate of modern Oriya Fiction Prose Gangadhar Meher and in his Brahmo faith. In the last three is the product of that History of Oriya Literature he and half decades of the 19th generation. He was considered has opined ³All told, century a number of the Vyasakabi or founder poet Gangadhar Meher is one of the newspapers were published in of Oriya language. Fakirmohan rarest personalities and poets in Oriya. Prominent among them was born and brought up in the the whole range of Oriya were µUtkal Deepika¶¶Utkal coastal town of Balasore. He Literature´. He is popularly Patra¶, Utkal Hiteisini from grew up to be an administrator known as µSwabhabakabi¶ for Cuttack, Utkal Darpan and in ex-feudatory states. Enraged his excellent poetic character. Sambada Vahika¶ from by the attempts of the Bengalis

30 September - 2010 Orissa Review to marginalize even replace the October Revolution of Russia Singh¶, µPurana Kabi Fakir Oriya language by Bengali, he or much before the emerging of Mohan¶, µSwargiya Kasinath took to creative writing rather Marxist ideas in India. Panda¶, µEha ki Pruthibira late. Though he had translated Gangadhar Meher (1862- Sabda¶, µSikshita, Asikshita o from Sanskrit, wrote poetry, 1924), Madhusudan Rao, Sikshabhimanini¶ etc. and attempted many forms of Chintamani Mahanty, Nanda The popularity of the literature, he is now known Kishore Bal and Gaurisankar literary creation of Gangadhar primarily as the father of Ray are some of eminent Meher are due to narration of modern Oriya prose fiction. If writers and poets of this time. the beauty of the nature just like either Fakirmohan or his Literatures of Poet Kabibara Radhanath Ray. It is progeny had preserved his Gangadhar unique. Gangadhar is widely short story, ³Lachmania´ which known as poet of nature, can he had written in the late 1860s, He has written his be compared with poet Shelly, and which was published in the poetry in such a manner that it Byron and Keats. Gangadhar journal Bodhadayini, edited by attracts and gladdens the hearts was the messenger of Upendra himself in Balasore, of all literature-loving people. Bhanja¶s style and ideals. His Fakirmohan would leave His poetic creations include popularity is not accidental. certainly been credited with µTapasvini¶ , µPranaya Ballari¶, There are many reasons behind having pioneered the genre in µKichaka Badha¶, µIndumati¶ , this. Just like Kabi Samrat India. But as ill-luck would have µUtkala Lakshmi¶, µAyodhya Upendra Bhanja, his poetries it, except for a bare mention in Drushya¶, µKabita Kallola¶, are replete with high ornamental his autobiography, the story µBharati Bhabana¶, µArghya words, unique composition cannot be traced, and thus his Thali¶, µKabita Mala¶, style, using in befitting cases ³Rebati´ (1898) is widely µKrushaka Sangita¶, µKumara simile and metaphor and recognized as the first Oriya Janmotsav¶, µBhakti Upahar¶, appropriate words. His short story. ³Rebati´ is the story µPadmini¶ etc. ³Tapasvini poetries are sonorous of rhythm of a young innocent girl whose Kavya´ is his masterpiece and of words and languages. He is desire for education is placed it has been translated into rated as a great poet in Indian in the context of a conservative English, Hindi and Sanskrit. Literature. Died on April 4, society in a backward Orissa Gangadhar is widely 1924. His poetries can be village, which is hit by the killer known as a Poet of nature divided into lyrics, devotional, epidemic cholera. His other (Prakruti Kabi). He is regarded patriotic, reformative, ethical, stories are ³Patent Medicine´, as a great illustrious poet and agricultural, elegy, and narration ³Dak Munshi´, and ³Adharma maker of Indian Literature for of nature. Bitta´.Other than short stories, his value-based writings on In 1949, Sambalpur Fakir Mohan Senapati is also Indian culture. His poetry can College in Sambalpur, which known for his novel Chha be classified into lyrics, had (opened in 1944) was Maana Atha Guntha. It is the devotional, patriotic, renamed Gangadhar Meher first Indian novel to deal with reformative, ethical, agricultural, College in his honour. Since the exploitations of landless elegy and narration of nature. 1999, the college has been peasants by the feudal lords. It His prose works include µAtma called Gangadhar Meher was written much before the Jeevani¶, µShri Nruparaj College (Autonomous). In

September - 2010 31 Orissa Review

1992, Sambalpur University appropriate honour and status Musical melody, grace instituted the Gangadhar Meher even after separation from her of diction, serenity, rhythmic National Award for Poetry husband. Tapasvinî mainly eloquence, lucidity with which is conferred annually . treats of the plight of Sîtâ¶s later emotional touch and sweetness Poet Gangadhar Meher is life, yet the entire story of of meaning are the remarkable influenced by Bhavabhuti Râmâyana has been recounted features of this epic poem. contextually. So in this Various figures of speech such In the verses of perspective, this Kâvya may be as alliteration, simile, metaphor, Kâlidâsa, µTapas¶ (penance) is regarded as a µMiniature imagery and the like also find clearly meant for Sîtâ in the Râmâyana¶ in Oriya literature. proper and praiseworthy places later part of her life. Just as Râmâyana is named in this literary work. There Gangâdhara happens to take after King Râma with depiction occurs no verbosity or stiffness the word µTapasvi¶ from of his life-deeds, so in a greater of speech. Predominance of Kâlidâsa and has used it as sense Tapasvinî Kâvya may be meaning and sentiments is µTapasvinî¶ in feminine gender construed as a µSîtâyana¶, as it greatly appreciable. Words of for Sîtâ. Moreover, the poet in prominently features the Gangâdhara are pleasantly the Preface of Tapasvinî kâvya sublime character of Sîtâ in the intelligible and imbued with mentions : ³The main purpose entire story. emotions. So this Kâvya has of this book is to elucidate how become unhesitatingly Sîtâ strengthened and Poetic Style : attractive and appealing... heightened more and more, her Tapasvinî, as the In Classical Sanskrit devotion-to-husband (pati- masterpiece of Gangâdhara bhakti) by deeming exile as her Literature, Bhavabhûti is the Meher, enjoys an outstanding first poet and dramatist who own misfortune and how she as position in the arena of language a µTapasvinî¶ elapsed time by advocated and elucidated the and literature. The desideratum Sentiment of Pathos (Karuna rendering her forest-dwelling of the poet in composing this into penitential austerity Rasa) in a separate style and kâvya was mainly to fill in the presented it as the original beneficial to her husband.´(9) gap of a character of devoted The poet further expresses his source of all sentiments.(14)... chaste wife flourished with Poet Gangâdhara is influenced hope that the wise readers Indian culture, in the domain of would once unveil the by Bhavabhûti. In Tapasvinî, Oriya literature and to establish the excellence of Pathos begins memory¶s curtain portrayed the language of Orissa with its with the brilliant impeccable and from the outset. Though other epical excellence. Befitting the sacred character of Sîtâ of their emotions are accessories in the modern taste, the poet has own hearts and would render middle, sentiment of Pathos is utilized different nine melodious uplift of the hearts of women. prominent. The poet has metres (Chaturdasâkshara, avoided to end the kâvya in a Gangâdhara is very Râmakeri, Bangalâúri, Chokhi, tragic description and made the distinct and doubtless in his Rasakulyâ, Kalahamsa- ending comically happy, writing. Sîtâ is the heroine of this Kedâra, Kedâra-Kâmodî, depicting Sîtâ¶s union with King epic poem that analyses the Nata-Vânî and Kalyâna- Râma even in a dream state. social condition of a married Paditâla), collaborating the old Apropos filial affections of Sîtâ woman and contends to give metres with the modern ones. for her twin sons (Canto-X),

32 September - 2010 Orissa Review also that of Anukampâ and stands in the outer courtyard of ahead to establish one¶s own River Tamasâ (Canto-IV) and the hermitage and in cuckoo¶s goodness and virtues valuable as well as of Godâvarî (Canto- voice speaks to grace her with to others. VIII), Vâtsalya Rasa is Sîtâ¶s benign sight. The retinues References : contextually blended in this of Dame Dawn perform their Kâvya. duties to wake up Sîtâ... 1. http://sambalpur.nic.in/ eminent%20 personalities. Kâlidâsa¶s words are Philosophy of Life : htm# GANGADHAR MEHER Eminent Personalities of mostly indicative or suggestive The ideology of Sambalpur District of sentiments, while like Bhavabhûti along with the 2. µMAKERS OF MODERN Bhavabhûti¶s, appropriate naturality of Vâlmîki and ORISSA¶- an article published words of Gangâdhara are Kâlidâsa are intertwined in the in the magazine µOrissa mostly expressive and directly Reference Annual¶ by Govt. poem of Gangâdhara. The of Odisha appealing to the hearts of the quintessence of poet¶s 3. http://www.gmcollege.org/ readers. In comparison to other philosophy of life has been link_file/lnk3.htm About sentiments, Pathos directly contextually reflected in Gangadhar Meher College touches the core of heart and Tapasvinî. Forbearance, theistic (Autonomous) Gangâdhara has successfully trend, noble endeavours for the 4. TAPASVINI (Complete Hindi portrayed the sentiment that Version of Oriya Kavya of attainment of goal and high Gangadhar Meher) leaves an ever-lasting aspiration are signified in his Translated by : Dr. impression in the mind... work. He believes in both deed Harekrishna Meher Gangâdhara vividly and and destiny, but never adheres Published by : Sambalpur exhaustively delineates the University, Jyoti Vihar, to pessimism. For instance, life Samalpur, Orissa, 2000. beautiful facets of Nature. With of fortitude, benevolence and 5. TAPASVINI OF his poetic insight, he sees polite activities is indicated in GANGADHARA MEHER human feelings, conscious life Canto-IV... (Complete English Version of and internal beauty in her. Oriya Tapasvini Kavya) Gangâdhara¶s Translated by : Dr. Nature imbibes her comely, Harekrishna Meher. gracious, fierce, tranquil and humanistic approach of reaching the destination through Published by : R. N. auspicious forms in various Bhattacharya, A-217, Road contexts. incessant practice is traced No. 4, HB Town, Sodepur, here. Simplicity, modesty, Kolkata-700110, 2009. Gangâdhara is a prolific purity, harmlessness and noble 6. µKalahandi Renaissance¶ painter of Nature. Depiction of services are the gem-like (Research Journal), Dame Ushâ (Dawn) in Canto- features of his work and life. Vol.-1, 2005, pp. 39-52. Courtesy : Government IV is most popular all over Whatever may be the obstacle, Autonomous College, Orissa. Here Nature honours the poet¶s optimistic insight Bhawanipatna, Orissa, India . Sîtâ as an esteemed Queen and pervades the realm of life. offers all the royal formalities of ³Simple living and high thinking´ worship. Dawn, the blooming Prof.(Dr.) Raj Kumar Nayak is the is his view-point both literary Principal, Ramanujan College of lotus-eyed lady, cherishing and empirical.In spite of Education, Member Visiting Expert hearty desire to behold Sîtâ and negative attitude of some fault- N.C.T.E. (N.R.C) Inspection Team, bringing presentations of dew- finders in social life, one should Jaipur, Aff.M.D. University pearls in her hands of leafage, patiently and courageously go Rohtak, Haryana.

September - 2010 33 Orissa Review

being worshipped by the century ( in the meanwhile full aborigines at several parts of eight centuries pass by) it was Orissa till as late as 7th century. deeply imprinted in the Savari As the literary historians believe conscious and sub-conscious around the latter part of 7th of the masses that Sri Narayana : century Savari Narayana or Jagannath and Savari Neela Madhava was popularly Narayana are one and the Sarala called Purushottama or same. Hence, this theme Mahabharata Jagannath. continues to recur very often in Further, as Sarala Sarala Mahabharata. As he and Sri mentions in his Mahabharata, writes, Neela Madhava took Savari Narayana was being the form of Savari Narayana Jagannath worshipped at the Dhauli Hill and was worshipped by the near Bhubaneswar. Later on Savaras during the Satya Galamadhava, the king of Yuga. Further, Neela Dr. Satyabrata Das Kanchi-Puram, shifted this Madhava was wedlocked with Dr. U.N. Sahoo Savari Narayana fromDhauli a Savari girl called Shriya. to the Neela Giri (Purushottam Savari Narayana partook the food of the Savaras too. Savari Narayana, as figures in Puri). As the myth goes, any Sarala Mahabharata, has mortal who had a darshan of As the myth goes intimate relationship with Neela Savari Narayana got instant (which Sarala Dasa revives) a Madhava and Sri Jagannath. liberation from the cycle of Savara called Ajara got the Savari Narayana or Neela birth and death. So Yama Raj darshan of Sri Neela Madhava was being originally approached lord Shiva and got Madhava under a tree called worshipped by the Savaras his proposal approved by the Agra. He was endowed with that subsequently became Lord latter to shift Savari Narayana the mace, the lotus, the conch Jagannath. As a noted scholar from the Savarapalli to the and the disc (Sudarshan) and Pandit Nilakantha Dash Yamanika Teertha (Puri). But whose body was as soft and as says, Savari Narayana was a as the mortals continued to blue as blue-lotus and whose wooden pillar with a head on avail liberation at the darshan eyes were as red as red-lily. the top. And he further argues of the Lord at Puri too Yama When Ajara (the Savara) with substantial evidence that Raj once again shifted Savari enquired Neela Madhava Savari Narayana is the other Narayana back to the about his identity he revealed name of Neela Madhava. Yet Savarapalli out of disgust and Himself and asked Ajara to another group of researchers frustration. worship Him with a potful of gives ample evidence that This account ofSarala water. He further cautioned Savari Narayana was being Dasa is based on the ancient Ajara (the Savara) to keep worshipped on the Mahendra scripts and texts. We have this tight-lipped and not to Hill by the savaras. As a already discussed this issue in divulge it under any matter of fact this Daru Devata the context ofNeela Madhava circumstances to any of his kith or Savari Narayana was in the previous section. By 15th or kin. Neela Madhava gave

34 September - 2010 Orissa Review an ultimate warning to the Brahman Purana king Indradyumna was apprised of Savara (Ajara) that if he Indradyumna belongs to the this development. But when violated His command his Satya Yuga. Both the Narada king Indradyumna arrived at family would be completely Purana and the Skandha Neelachala Kshetra Madhava wiped out. Therefore, the lord Purana endorse this fact. He vanished mysteriously. Neela Madhava took the form belonged to the Solar dynasty Interestingly, no Oriya of a stone image and was and happened to be the fifth poet before Sarala Dasa worshipped as Savari incarnation of Lord Brahma mentions this episode of Narayana by the Savaras and ruled over Avanti. On the Indradyumna. According to under the Agra tree. This other hand, as per the Vishnu Sarala, Indradyumna was the account is vividly portrayed by Purana king Indradyumna son of Galamadhava, the Sarala Dasa in the Malati was of Manu¶s lineage and Soma King, who ruled over the Savari episode of the epic. As belonged to the Solar dynasty Sakalya Islands. And we see, Sarala Dasa, while of the Satya Yuga. This is Indradyumna himself ruled elaborating this episode, has corroborated by yet another over Kanchi. More drawn extensively from significant scripture Neeladri importantly, Sarala places king Skandha Purana. Mahodaya.As both these Indradyumna in Kaliyuga not INDRADYUMNA: scriptures maintain,king in Satya Yuga as other ancient Indradyumna ruled over the Sanskrit scriptures do. As There is no mention of ancient kingdom of Malav, Sarala Dasa elaborates, King king Indradyumna nor of who was blessed by Lord Indradyumna built the Jagannath Kshetra Puri in the Visnu Himself as He revealed Jagannath temple in Kali Vedas. However, in the before Indradyumna (in the Yuga. And he mentions that the Sanskrit Mahabharata of guise of a Sanyasi) and gave half-burnt corpse of Sri Krsna Vyasadev there figures the holy him the message that was being worshipped there. pond of Indradyumna. As we Madhava(Neela Madhava) hear from Vyasa¶s account in had descended on the Sree Jagannath as a the Mahabharata king Neelachala kshetra as Personality and Character: Indradyumna and the holy Purushottama. As the The character of Sree pond Indradyumna both are sequence of events follow ± Jagannath is portrayed in much older and more ancient King Indradyumna sent Sanskrit scriptures like than Rishi Markandeya. In fact Vidyapati to track down Skandha Purana, Brahma king Indradyumna is the Madhava in Neelachala Purana, Brihad Naradiya original founder of Sri Kshetra. Then Vidyapati had Purana, Neeladri Mahodaya Jagannath. This is the a chance meeting with Savara and Kapila Samhita though, unanimous opinion of all King Viswavasu. He was Sarala Dasa is the earliest and scholars and literary historians blessed to have the darshan of the pioneer in portraying Sree without a shred of Madhava there. Prior to that Jagannath in Oriya literature. equivocation. But opinions vary Vidyapati had got the darshan He deviates from the Sanskrit with regard to king of Madhava in dream and scriptures in several ways and, Indradyumna, his kingdom received His blessings to go often, very strikingly. For and tenure. According to ahead on his mission. King example, the concept that the

September - 2010 35 Orissa Review half-burnt or unburnt Narada revealed the fact to must go to the sea where he remnants of Sri Krsna¶s Vidyapati that the hair of the shall find an island full of corpse is being worshipped as Lord (Whom King greenery. He must go alone Sree Jagannath is entirely and Indradyumna had seen in with an axe through the foamy exclusively Sarala¶s dream) had taken the form of a waves of the sea into the island imagination. Let us now tree. Narada instructed where he shall find a tree. He examine the similarities, Vidyapati to get that tree, make must fell that tree and make the parallels and differences of the image of the Lord and to idols out of that wood. The Sarala from the Sanskrit worship. Accordingly, with a lot king did exactly as he was scriptures in the portrayal of of excitement and jubilation instructed. Thus in Brahma Sree Jagannath. king Indradyumna brought that Purana there is no mention of According to tree and put that on a holy Neelagiri, Neela Madhava, Skandha Purana Viswavasu, platform. Then he thought Vidyapati, Viswavasu etc. as the Savara King, worshipped about making the image from they figure in Skandha Neela Madhava. King that wood. Purana. Similarly in Padma Indradyumna got this As the Vishnu Purana Purana there figure information from a yogi (who relates, the king of Malava, Purushottama and Neelagiri, was on pilgrimage) and was Indradyumna (of Satya but both Sree Jagannath and instructed by the latter to look Yuga) came to Purushottama King Indradyumna don¶t. In for Neela Madhava (who is Kshetra to worship the Lord Neeladri Mahodaya there is none other than Lord Vishnu) with the conch, the disc, the the mention of King in the Purushottama Kshetra. mace and the lotus (lord Vishnu Indradyumna. Here we find an Soon king Indradyumna obviously). But at Yama Raj¶s account very much like that of despatched a holy Brahmin in entreaty, the idol of lord Vishnu Skandha Purana how search of Neela Madhava. was covered up with sand. Narada appeared to king Vidyapati could somehow Hence it was not visible. When Indradyumna, indicated him locate Purushottama Kshetra king Indradyumna couldn¶t about the lord Madhava and was extended hospitality by see any idol he thought of existing in the form ofdaru, then a Savara called Viswavasu. building a temple over there. the king (Indradyumna) By his help Vidyapati could His idea was that if a temple organizing an Aswamedha reach the Neelagiri (the abode was built lord Vishnu might Yajna and bringing the daru of Neela Madhava), but was manifest Himself. The king was from the sea-coast and putting shocked to find Neela particularly worried about the them on the holy platform Madhava vanishing from his nature of the idol he would specially constructed for the abode. But soon Narada was make to adorn the newly built purpose. Besides, both gracious enough to appear temple. He fasted for full five Vidyapati and Savara king before Vidyapati and assure days and nights with all rituals Viswavasu do figure in it. him that the Lord would soon and single-minded devotion. At But interestingly, the manifest Himself in His the end of the fifth night Lord account of Arjuna consigning Quadruple form (Chaturdha Vishnu appeared in his dream the unburnt or half-burnt Murtti) as Daru and reveal and instructed King remnants of the corpse of Himself to Vidyapati. Further, Indradyumna that at sunrise he Sree Krsna to the sea, Jara

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Savara being instructed by Brahmin boy acted smart. He Lord would incarnate Himself Sree Krsna to worship that and went on dropping corn seeds as Buddha and He would Jara seeing Lord Vishnu with all the way and thus could finally appear in Neelagiri. Further, he that in his dream, his shifting of trace back the route to the would change his form in the the idol to the Dhauli Hills and Lord¶s place of worship. Rohini Pond and take up His laying that under the Agra tree Galamadhava, the king, was new form as Buddha. And his ± the entire dramatic sequence duly intimated. But when the unburnt corpse would serve of events that we get in Oriya king arrived at the place as Daru. This account was Mahabharata is the product following the track marked by given to the king by Jara of Sarala¶s rich and powerful the freshly sprouted corn he Savara. Both king imagination. No other Sanskrit found no idol nor any trace of Indradyumna and Jara scripture corroborates that. the Lord. Out of anger and Savara came to Neelagiri together. When they Besides, as Sarala frustration he massacred all the approached the Rohini Pond mentions, king Galamadhava Savaras. Later on, as the Lord they could see a giant eighteen of Kanchi, a devout desired to stay among the foot tall Daru. Jara could worshipper of Lord Vishnu, savaras on the Dhauli Hill and explain and convince the king used to see the Lord reflected so instructed the king, that the same was the unburnt on the water in his Palm Galamadhava shifted the Idol remnants of Lord Krsna¶s (Chalu) every morning after his of Lord Vishnu to Neelagiri corpse. With all his royal effort bath. But he could no longer see and started worshipping Him the king couldn¶t simply lift the that after the demise of Lord there. Daru out of the pond. The king Krsna. When message Moreover, as Sarala was disheartened and went to reached the king about Arjuna narrates, Jara Savara was a deep sleep while meditating consigning the unburnt camping near Konark on the the Lord. Lord Krsna remnants of Sree Krsna¶s East Coast in search of the appeared to the king in dream corpse into the sea, he unburnt remnants of Sree and said that onlyJara Savara promptly sent people to locate Krsna¶s corpse. and the Brahmin Vasudeva the corpse. To the south a Indradyumna, the son of both could lift the Daru. Next Brahmin was despatched Madhu Kesari, the king of morning the king did as he was whose name was Vasudeva. Virata, had heard about the instructed. And the Daru was He somehow reached the Lord residing in Neelagiri. He out in no time. Then the king hamlet where Jara Savara was came over there and built a entrusted Jara the job of staying. Then he got closer to temple with the help of a making the idols. the only son of Jara and with Brahmin called Vishwavasu. his help Vasudeva could know But as he had no idea where Making the Idols: the location where the Lord the unburnt remnants of Lord Many a Sanskrit was being worshipped. Jara Krsna¶s corpse lay he was Scripture features the making of vividly narrates how Jara perturbed and impatient. At this the Idols for the temple built by blind-folded the Brahmin boy point the king met Jara Savara king Indradyumna. According Vasudeva and took him to the and enquired about that. Jara to Skandha Purana, after secret hide-out where he Savara could know in his Indradyumna got that tree from worshipped the Lord. The meditation that in Kali Yuga the the Island Lord Vishnu

September - 2010 37 Orissa Review appeared to him in his dream constructed a great temple and that the sound of making the and revealed Himself. And shifted the deities over there. As idol doesn¶t go outside.´ After Indradyumna was instructed to regards the making of the idols getting this message from make the Idols out of that Brahma Purana and Narada Heaven the king commissioned wood. Further, the Lord Purana both are unanimous. an old carpenter for the job. Himself came in the form of an Only on the point of building the After fifteen days there old carpenter and took the main temple both vary a little. appeared all the four deities responsibility of carving out the Narada Purana doesn¶t (Balabhadra, Subhadra and idols. As this old carpenter (the subscribe to the view (as the Sudarshan with Sree Lord Himself in disguise) case of the former) that king Jagannath of course) on the advised, he was put in a closed Indradyumna sought the help holy platform, the Ratna Vedi. chamber alone for fifteen long of the Kings of Kalinga, Utkal Lord Jagannath looked as days. And inside, the Lord and Koshala while constructing blue as the clouds against the carved out His own image on the main temple. Since azure sky. A huge hood of a the wood that king Indradyumna Purushottama Kshetra lies giant cobra adorned the crown was instructed to bring from the under the jurisdiction of both of Sri Balabhadra, Goddess Island. At the end of 15 days, the states it is quite likely that Subhadra radiated with her the king got the door opened king Indradyumna may have complexion of deep crimson, and was amazed to see the done that. and Sree Sudarsan dazzled on the crest of a pillar. deities neatly carved out exactly Yet another important as he had seen in his dream: Sanskrit text Neeladri All the ancient Sanskrit Sree Jagannath, Sree Mahodaya gives an altogether texts and scriptures Balaram,Goddess Subhadra different account of this episode acknowledge king and Sudarshan ± the four of making the idols. As it says, Indradyumna¶s unwavering deities adorning the sanctum king Indradyumna had one- commitment to the task of sanctorum of the temple. to-one dialogue with Narada making the Idols. While both According to Brahma on the making of idols, but the the Brahma Purana and the Purana, Viswakarma (the latter couldn¶t properly grasp Narada Purana mention about divine architect), as per the the matter nor could guide the the making of only three idols; direction of Lord Vishnu king satisfactorily. At this Neeladri Mahodaya speaks carved out the images of moment, however, there was a of four idols. And the Skandha Balabhadra, Subhadra and revelation from the blue Purana speaks of four idols Jagannath (from the tree king (Sunyavani): ³Oh king, (Chaturdha Murati) in a Indradyumna had got from the perform this act in strict Square, while the Brahma Island) and embellished them privacy. Keep the divine tree on Purana mentions three idols in with beautiful clothes and rare the holy platform and lock it a triangle and the Neeladri gems and ornaments. With from outside for fifteen days. Mahodaya speaks of the great jubilation and fan-fare Keep on playing bands and deities sans hands and legs. king Indradyumna got the music outside and maintain the As Sarala Dasa images onto the holy platform revelry. Place a carpenter narrates, after the descent of and performed the inauguration inside. The Lord Himself shall the Lord in the holy Rohini ceremony. Later on he make His own idol. See to it Pond in the form of Daru, He

38 September - 2010 Orissa Review was taken out by the Brahmin these in any Sanskrit text or was specially built for Sree Vasu and the Savara Jara to scripture. Thus we have reasons Markandeswara (Shiva) at the plain. And the divine to believe that all these are the Lord Vishnu¶s instruction and architect Viswakarma himself off shoots of Sarala¶s incisive a lake to its north (after the and Jara both joined together mind and dazzling originality. name of sage Markandeya) to carve out the idols. As per However, on the point of the was also created as one of the the instruction of Viswakrama idols Sarala subscribes only to holy shrines. the making of three deities, all the doors of the temple were As we know from the never four as we find in some shut till the end of the work. pages of history, the 12th Sanskrit texts. Here Sarala When no noise was heard from century king Vaidyanath had corroborates the idea put inside, after fifteen days the king built a common temple (for forward in Neeladri sensed something wrong and both Vishnu and Shiva) called Mahodaya that the three asked his men to open the door. Shobhaneswar. Though this is deities remain incomplete, Lo! There stood the half-built basically a Shiva temple we without legs and hands, while images of the three deities on find scores of Vasudeva Idols both Skandha Purana and the holy platform in the in its premises. Again, Brahma Purana give the sanctum- sanctorum of the Bhubaneswar being the account of the deities as temple. Since then the three Ekamra Kshetra, basically a magnificent and incomparable deities are being worshipped in Shaiva Shrine, we locate here in their look and luster. Sree Mandir. As Sarala further the famous 13th century explains, Sree Jagannath is The worship of Vishnu and Vasudeva temple (Ananta Lord Vishnu, Sree Balabhadra Shiva (Hari Hara): Vasudeva) in which Sree is Rudra or Shiva and Goddes Balarama, Sree Krsna and Subhadra is Brahma. According to Brahma Purana Vishnu and Shiva are Goddess Subhadra are being In this context Sarala one and inseparable. worshipped. According to the has introduced a couple of Purushottama Kshetra, as it historian Sterling the three innovations from his rich were, is treated exclusively as deities stand for Vishnu, Shiva imagination. Savari Narayana a shrine of Lord Vishnu. At the and Durga respectively. This is being worshipped prior to Sree time of deluge, pralaya or the a clear indicator that long Neela Madhava by the apocalypse the most ancient before Sarala Dasa there was Savaras; the surfacing of the sage Markandeya prayed to a concerted effort to bring unburnt remnant of Krsna¶s Lord Vishnu (in His supine about a fusion or integration corpse as Daru in the Rohini posture) to make the Sree between the Shaivites and the Pond; the Lord assuming His Kshetra a unique shrine with Vaisnavites. As we have incarnation as Buddha and the integration of both Shiva already discussed, Sarala being worshipped in Neelagiri and Vishnu. Lord Vishnu Dasa visualized Sree are a few such examples from appreciated and granted such Balabhadra, Goddes among the many that Sarala¶s a prayer of sage Markandeya Subhadra and Sree Jagannath brilliant vision added to Sree and since then Purushottama as Shiva, Brahma and Vishnu Jagannath culture and to the Kshetra has exhibited a respectively. When Vishnu myths and legends of Hinduism. unique fusion of Hari-Hara decided to make Neelagiri His We never find the source of all or Vishnu and Shiva. A temple abode during Kali Yuga both

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Brahma and Shiva wished to the Padma Purana and desirable to give away new be with Him and Vishnu too Neeladri Mahodaya vividly clothes to the Brahmins, put on agreed to it. Sarala adds yet portray the glories of Ratha new clothes and enjoy delicious another episode that explains Yatra, Gundicha Yatra or the ghee based food. Brahma¶s change of form into Car Festival. Sarala Dasa, in Sarala Dasa gives an Subhadra under a spell of his epic, draws an elaborate elaborate account of Sri Curse. However, Brahma, picture of Gundicha Yatra. Krsna¶s Pushyavishekha that Vishnu, Maheswara: the Sudeshna, in the course of fell on the day of Dhanuman trinity gets wonderfully narrating her previous birth, Purnami. At the command of projected in the epics of mentions Indradyumna and Sree Jagannath Akrura had Sarala Dasa, the Gundicha. Sarala clearly brought Arjun and Subhadra Mahabharata. mentions that Sri Krsna had to Dwarikapuri. That promised Bibhishana to give occasion is commemorated by The Car Festival (Ratha His darshan as Buddha on the poet Sarala Dasa as Rama Yatra): Chariot (Ratha Yatra). Avatara Abhisheka or Sree The Car Festival of Sarala, in determining the day Jagannath¶s Pushyavisheka. and timing of Ratha Yatra, Lord Sree Jagannath is now References : famous all over the world. follows Skandha Purana. 1. Brahma Purana Presently, more than twenty Ratha Yatra is 2. Kathopa-nishada American and European otherwise known as Gundicha 3. Neeladri Mahodaya countries celebrate the Car Yatra after the name of the 4. Kapila Samhita Festival with great devotion and Queen of King Indrayumna. 5. Narada Purana fervor. In the Hindu pantheon Sree Jagannath leaves Sree chariot takes a significant Mandir and goes to the temple 6. Padma Purana position. It often refers to Body of Sree Gundicha where He 7. Sreemad Bhagavata or Corpse. Many a major spends seven days. Hence 8. Satapatha Brahmana Sanskrit scripture refers to the Ratha Yatra is otherwise and 9. Skandha Purana seven vivacious horses driving very rightly called Gundicha 10. Dr. Benimadhav Padhi: Daru Devata the Sun¶s Chariot. This is Yatra. 11. Pandit Nilakantha Dash. Hints corroborated in the Vishnu Pushyavisheka : As Skandha on the significance and history canto of Skandha Purana, Purana puts it, Sree of Jagannath, Part II. Brahma Purana and Narada Jagannath takes a holy bath 12. Pandit Surya Narayan Dash : Purana. Further, all the above when there is the conjunction Sree Jagannath Mandir O three scriptures are unanimous of Pushya Nakshatra with Jagannath Tatwa. in their assertion that seeing lord Pushya Purnima. On this Jagannath on the Chariot brings occasion, besides all types of Dr. Satyabrata Das is the Head of incredible blessings to a mortal delicacies the kings take holy Department, Ekamra College, that can lift one to the zenith of bath and observe certain rites. Bhubaneswar. a spiritual journey, the According to Gadadhara Dr. U.N.Sahoo is the Head of Baikuntha, the very abode of Paddhati, on the occasion of Department of Oriya S.C.S. Lord Vishnu Narayana. Both Pushya Nakshatra it is Autonomous College, Puri

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constructed 5 check dams and 1500 m field channel for storing Integrated water and irrigation. They also constructed gravity flow water Farming supply for drinking water as well as vegetable cultivation System for from the surplus water. Land Cowpea field of Majish Gomango development like loose boulder Sustainable structure (LBS) and gully Orissa Tribal control measures were also Livelihood : Empowerment and Livelihoods made in this village. About Programme (OTELP) has Rs.25 lakhs has been spent by A Success selected this village for holistic the villagers from OTELP funds development with the support for land and water management. of FNGO CCD. Earlier in this Story of a village farmers were growing paddy and some minor millets Tribal under rain-fed conditions. No irrigation facility was available Farmer for cultivation. Women folks have to go 3 km for fetching Deepak Mohanty potable water. During rainy S.C. Patnaik season this becomes difficult P. Jeevan Das Tapioca field of Majish Gomango and dangerous. N.K. Parida M. Nedunchezhiyan Realizing the needs, OTELP also introduced crop OTELP has planned diversion programme for systematically to improve the increasing productivity and livelihood of the tribal people. income. Improved and high Talajang village in Tarangada The first step initiated was yielding varieties of runner bean, G.P. of Gumma Block in constructing check dam in ragi, paddy, pigeonpea, kharif Gajapati district is 16 km away Devagiri Nala. They have tomato, yam, tapioca and from Parlakhamundi. In this maize were introduced in this village 36 families are residing village. Farmers started and all are Lanjia Saura tribe irrigation in the kharif crops (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal during dry spell. Rabi crops Group). Though this village is were also taken in limited area nearer to the town Parlekha- of about 10 acres (Sun flower, mundi, they are not having basic groundnut, horse gram and amenities. People are suffering vegetable). chronically from food security Tissue culture banana and Yam Shi Majish Gomango, and malnutrition problems. intercropping a poor tribal farmer usually

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given prize by Honorable Chief Minister of Orissa. The successful farming system model and his traditional model were discussed below. The integrated farming system model consists of field Majish Gomango in his Ragi crops (Rice, groundnut, maize, Banaraja chicks reared by his wife and daughter-in-law field pigeonpea and ragi), horticultural crops (Yam, banana, tapioca traditional method in 2008-09 grows paddy and miner millets and vegetables), vermi- as depicted in the Table 1 and in his land of 2.5 acres. Most composting and poultry 2. The benefit cost ratio of of the time crop failure occurs (Banaraja breed). Integrating integrated farming system due to terminal moisture stress model is 2. 70 whereas in all these components he and he was getting very low traditional system it was 2.08 enhanced the productivity as yield. He was struggling to get only. Further sustainability was one square meal every day. found in the integrated farming After development of system model. To enable this farming module, Majish irrigation facilities and training cultivated paddy in SRI on integrated crop management method, ragi in line sowing, practices through OTELP, he groundnut and pigeon pea started growing more number through ICRISAT of crops in his available land interventions, yam and tapioca along with some poultry. He Vermicompost pit through the guidance of regional has developed his own centre of CTCRI, Bhubaneswar integrated farming system which well as the profitability as and tissue culture banana as fetches him high income and compared to the conventional demonstration, vermicompost food security. He is one of the farming system By adopting unit from Govt. Agriculture progressive farmers in his this farming system module, Department and reared village. He has been awarded Majish Gomango earned 7 Banaraj chicks by taking loan as a best farmer from the times higher net monetary from Rural financial services district administration and also return (NMR) as compared to under OTELP. Table 1. Integrated farming system followed by Majish Gomango Components Area Expenditure Return NMR B-C (acre) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) ratio Crop components Paddy(SRI)-fallow 1.2 4600 14,400 9800 3.13 Ragi-horse gram 0.5 1400 3200 1800 2.28 Ragi+Arhar 0.3 740 2100 1360 2.83 Maize-horse gram 0.2 1050 1800 750 1.71

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Groundnut 0.1 570 1540 970 2.70 Horticulture Tissue culture Banana 0.10 2230 5600 3370 1.67 Yam 0.1 1540 3400 1860 2.20 Tapioca 0.2 1860 4070 2210 2.18 Runner beans-Brinjal 0.2 3200 10,700 7500 3.34 Poultry Banaraja 30nos 1800 7300 5500 4.05 Vermicompost Compost 1no 3000 5200 2200 1.33 Total 21990 59310 37320 2.70

Table 2. Conventional cropping system followed by Majish Gomango Components Area Expenditure Return NMR B-C (acre) (Rs) (Rs) (Rs) ratio Crop components Rice-fallow 1 2600 4300 1700 1.65 Ragi+Jowar+ minor millets+ Arhar+Suan+ cowpea 1.5 1200 3300 2100 2.75 Runner bean 0.4 1200 2800 1600 2.33 Total 5000 10400 5400 2.08

Deepak Mohanty, Programme Director is working at Orissa Tribal Empowerment and Livelihoods Programme, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

S.C. Patnaik, Programme Officer is working at Livelihoods and NRM, Bhubaneswar.

P. Jeevan Das, WDT (Agriculture) N.K. Parida, Agriculture Officer and M. Nedunchezhiyan, Senior Scientist (Agronomy) are working at Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

September - 2010 43 Orissa Review

is fast becoming a prime enhancing the productivity and component of present day production of cross as well as Enhancement strategies for integrated rural self pollinated crops through development and off farm efficient pollination in an of Crop employment. inconspicuous and silent manner. Pollination is a simple Production process involving transfer of Some facts about bee Through Bee pollen from anthers to the pollination: stigma of the same or different * More than 50% of the Pollination flower. In several cross existing species of plants pollinated crops, external bio propagated by seeds are agents are required to dependent upon insects for accomplish this process. Cross adequate pollination. . pollination of entomophilous Dr. L.N. Mohapatra * Only 15% of the 100 or so Dr. B.K. Sontakke crops by honeybees is considered as one of the crops that fed the world are Mr. N. Ranasingh pollinated by domestic effective and cheapest method honey bees while 80% are for triggering the crop yield both pollinated by wild bees and qualitatively and quantitatively. other wild life. It has been reported that there Intensification and diversifi- are more than 25000 described * Value of additional yield cation are the present pressing species of bees in the world and obtained due to bee needs for the sustenance of account for 65% pollination of pollination alone is 15-20 Indian agriculture and are likely various flowering crops. times more than the value to be vigorously followed in Primarily two honey bee of all the hive products put future in order to support the species viz., Apis cerana together. burgeoning population. Bees indica and Apis mellifera have * The total value of pollination are the important components been successfully domesticated services rendered by all of agro-ecosystem as they and practices for their insects globally comes in provide free ecosystem management for pollination of excess of 100 billion US services in the form of crops have been standardized dollars annually (2003 pollination which not only for many crops. Being the valuation). enhance the productivity of pollination service provider * In India 50 million hectares agricultural crops but also help bees contribute handsomely in in conservation of biological of land is under bee diversity through propagation dependent. of wild flora besides, providing * It has been estimated that honey and other hive products. bees are gainfully tapping Apiculture (Beekeeping) as non only about 1/4th of the land based income and available floral resources of employment generating activity the country.

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‡ body parts are specially Ø Enhances resistance to modified to pick up many diseases and other adverse pollen grains, climatic conditions, ‡ flower fidelity and Ø Increases the oil content in constancy, oil seed crop. ‡ potential for long hours, Increase in yield due to bee ‡ maintainability of high pollination: It has been populations as and when established through research needed, that , installation of 3-5 bee colonies of Apis cerana indica ‡ adaptability to different / acre of crop increased the climates and niches, seed yield in sunflower by ‡ through micromanipulation 79%,mustard by 55%,niger by of flowers, 33%, sesamum by 15%, * Of the 90% of flowers Qualitative and quantitative safflower by 64%, cotton by which are cross pollinated, changes in crop plants due 18%, litchi by 20%, coconut by 85% depend upon insects to bee pollination : As a result 40%, and gourd crops by 20%. for pollination. of cross pollination by bees, Management of bee hives * Being a mega diversity somatic, reproductive and for pollination: Honey bee country there are about adaptive heterosis or hybrid colonies used for pollination 1000 species of bee forage effect occur in plant progeny. require a certain minimum plants offering rich food to Such hybrid effect brings the management besides protecting all the four important following qualitative and them from diseases and natural species of honey bees. quantitative changes in plants: enemies. Ø Stimulate germination of * The estimated losses in a) Strength of colony: pollen on stigma, India due to complete Large and stronger colonies (6- absence of bee pollination Ø Increase viability of seeds, 7 brood frame) are four to five has been measured to be embryos and plants, times better pollinators than somewhere between Ø More nutritive and aromatic smaller and weaker ones as it Rs.10,000 to Rs.55,000 fruits, has greater foraging bee per hectare in some crops. population at all the times . Ø Stimulate faster growth of There should be enough adult Advantages of bee plants, pollination: bees to fully cover 8 frames and Ø Increases number and sizes a young prolific queen. A hive Honey bees are the most of seeds and yield of crops, used for pollination should efficient pollinators of several Ø Increases nectar contain enough honey and agricultural, horticultural, production in the nectaries, pollen stores. silvicultural, fodder and wild plants because of their following Ø Increases fruit set and b) Number of colonies characteristics: reduces fruit drop, required: The number of

September - 2010 45 Orissa Review colonies required for pollination e) Attracting bee of different cultivated crops pollinators to a crop in depends upon the several bloom: Bees should be fed factors like: density of plant sugar syrup flavoured by the stand, number of flowers per flowers required to bee inflorescence, duration of pollinated in order to attract flowering, strength of bee large number of bees for colonies and number of flowers effective pollination. per unit area. In general three Protecting the bees from colonies of Apis ceran indica pesticide poisoning: Irrational and two colonies of Apis and indiscriminate application of Ø Colonies may be mellifera are required per non specific broad spectrum temporarily shifted if heavy hectare. pesticides give devastating set spraying schedule is fixed, c) Time and placement back to the non target useful Ø If shifting of colonies is not of colonies : For better fauna mainly pollinators and possible, feed the colonies with pollination, bee colonies should biocontrol agents. Various ways 200ml of sugar syrup and close be placed in the field or to reduce bee poisoning are: the entrance gate by using wire orchard at night times when 10 screen for the day of spraying. Ø Persuade the farmers not to 20 per cent of the crop is in to use pesticides or use Bee pollination in the bloom. selective pesticides that are less context of agricultural d) Distribution of harmful to bees at development in Odisha: The colonies in the field: recommended concentrations, salubrious climate and diverse Honeybees as a rule visit bee flora of Odisha make the primarily those sources of Ø Avoid the use of dust state paradise for apiculture. formulation as they are harmful nectar which are within 0.3 to Major bee flora are: 0.5kms radius from the apiary. to bees than spray formulation, Agricultural crops : Niger, The pollination activity Ø Prior information about Sunflower, Mustard, Arhar, diminishes significantly at a spraying would help in reducing Sesame. distance more than 0.5kms. The poisoning of bees, number of honey bees on the Horticultural crops : Litchi, crop decreases with increased Ø Avoid spraying of Coconut, Guava, Ber, distance of the crop from the pesticides during flowering of Drumstick, Citrus, Coriander. the crop and peak foraging time colonies and there is Agro-forestry : Eucalyptus, corresponding decrease in fruit of the bees would help in reduction in the mortality of Cashew, Bael, Silk cotton, set, production and Sesbania sp. Acacia, Cassia foraging bees, productivity. For effective sp. Siris (Albizia lebbeck), pollination Apis cerana indica Ø Spraying may be done in Arjun(Terminalia arjuna). hive should be placed singly the evening hours when bees Forestry : Teak, Tamarind, instead of groups. do not forage, Mahua, Amla, Sal, Gravillea

46 September - 2010 Orissa Review pteridifolia, Karanj, Palas, Further, the crops Conclusion: Sisoo (Dalbergia sissoo). needing pollination services of Applied pollination, Potential districts for the bees are spread over an pollinator management, and exclusively forest honey : area of about 486 thousand managed pollination are the Malkangiri, Nawarangpur, hectares. At the minimum common efforts recently being Nayagarh, Gajapati requirement of 3 beehives / practiced for maximization of hectare there is a need of 14.5 Potential districts for forest production in cross pollinated honey and apiary honey: lakh colonies which is 25.3 crops and to bring the pollinator Kandhamal, Mayurbhanj, times higher than the existing to the target crop. In view of Sundergarh, Sambalpur, figures (i.e. 57,491) to exploit great role of bees in pollination Ganjam, Kalahandi, Angul, the flora simultaneously of various crops, they need to Keonjhar, Rayagada, Koraput. contributing to conservation of be conserved, augmented and floristic diversity of the state. supplemented with domesti- The state has an area Thus, creating awareness cated honey bees. of about 115 thousand hectares under fruit crops like mango, supported by technical know guava, citrus, litchi, ber, and how for expansion of bee coconut. Similarly, agricultural keeping will not only add to the crops like arhar, sesamum, production of honey and other hive products of the state but Dr. L.N. Mohapatra, Dr. B.K. sunflower, mustard, and niger Sontakke and Mr. N. Ransingh are are grown over an area of also immensely to the working in the O.U.A.T., about 526 thousand hectares. productivity of the crops. Bhubaneswar.

His Excellency the Governor of Orissa Shri Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare at the Regional Meet on review of National Policy for Older Persons at SIRD, Bhubaneswar on 27.8.2010. Smt. Pramila Mallick, Minister for Women & Child Development is also present.

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Similarly, each goddess is illumination and the fragrance of perceived in terms of specific mouth-watering delicacies. roles and appearances. Thus, Junagarh is situated on the bank Khandabasa we have Lankeswari of of the river Hati. It is about 25 Junagarh, perceived as an kilometers from Bhawanipatna Jatra of omnipotent power capable of on the Bhawanipatna-Jeypore destroying enemies. road. The literary meaning of Junagarh Traditionally, Junagarh is old fort or old Lankeswari has been capital. In the past, Junagarh worshipped by the rulers of this was the capital of Kalahandi. Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat area to defeat the forces of It was the seat of the Naga enemies. She is worshipped rulers up to about 1850. There both by the caste Hindus as is, however, no trace of this old fort or palace. One finds only The onset of autumn means the remnants (Senapati and homecoming of the mother Kuanr, 1980: 448-449). goddess. She brings with her Previously, the modern the aura of festivity and Junagarh was known as sensation of celebration. It is the Kalahandinagar, which is time when people begin the evident from the ³Junagarh preparation of Dasahara jatra Dadhivaman Temple all over the country. The Inscription´ of 1718 (Senapati worship of mother goddess in and Kuanr, 1980: 41). India is believed to be pre- Aryan in nature and origin as Even earlier, it was well. Its beginning is often known as Junabali or traced back to the Rig-Vedic Jenabalipatna. The word times. For some scholars, it can Junabali is derived from two be traced back to pre-Vedic words namely µJena¶ which period or Indus valley indicates human being and civilization too. µBali¶ which means sacrifice. Thus, it was so called for the As found elsewhere, reason that, human sacrifices an important feature of the local were occasionally offered to religious tradition of Kalahandi well as the tribal people, Lankeswari Devi of Junagarh is also worship of goddesses in moreover the common people (Senapati and Kuanr, 1980: various forms. Each form of this area. Apart from the 53). celebrates a specific aspect of grandeur and splendor feminine energy and power. associated with her festival, The worship of female Each goddess of Kalahandi is preparations ahead of it are energy i.e. Sakti in its various associated with her own enough to envelop Junagarh in deified forms is a pan-Indian mythology and history. a combination of decoration, religious practice. The idea and

48 September - 2010 Orissa Review concept of Sakti is normally Tretaya Juga, Lankeswari century AD. This shows that supposed to be a part of the was the protector of Lanka, the the religious faiths of Kali and tradition of Tantra. kingdom of Ravana. She was Visnu worships were getting Khandabasa Jatra at the Pitha known as Lankini and Lanka synchronization in West Odisha of Lankeswari Devi in Devi. It is pertinent to mention during Tantra period. Junagarh in the month of here that, Lankeswari is Lankeswari is the Aswina reminds us by and large worshipped in Sonepur as well. tutelary deity of a number of this aspect of Sakti worship. Of She was the presiding deity of dynasties namely course there is no denying that, Sonepur during the reign of Chindakanaga, Ganga and Sakti worship has been Chindakanagas. Notably, a Naga. One finds innumerable assimilated into the Vedic and whirlpool of Mahanadi is also legends associated with then into the Saiva, Vaishnaba called Lankeswari darha. and even Buddhist religious Lankeswari Devi. It is said The image of rituals. that, the Banka Paikas Lankeswari deity is carved in (soldiers), a warrior caste had Of course, in course of black chlorite stone measuring brought Lankeswari from the its development Saktism has 32" by 16". The iconographic south by the order of the king. been flourished as a separate description of the idol given by It was a tradition generally stream of religious worship. the noted historian Jitamitra observed in some cases that, Khandabasa Jatra at Prasad Singh Deo (1987:316) the winning king used to bring Lankeswari Pitha of Junagarh is quite interesting. It is a four the deity from the land of the is an important festival of armed idol sitting on defeated king as a mark of Kalahandi district in the month Padmasana. At the first sight, it victory. It was regarded as an of Aswina (September- appears to be a Kali image for October). Junagarh is situated honour for the conquering king the reason that Lankeswari has to carry the deity/deities from on the bank of the river Hati. her tongue spread out. But her Kalahandi was a princely state the conquered territory to install iconic feature is of Kali in his capital and kingdom. during the British rule. After synchronous with Visnu. She independence, it merged with holds Sankha (conch) and As per the tradition, st the state of Odisha on 1 Chakra (disc) in her upper left the Banka Paikas defeated the January, 1948. However, and right hands respectively, enemy and brought Junagarh was the capital of which indicates her Vaisnavite Lankeswari Devi to the capital Kalahandi till 1850. Raja Fate representation. Her lower right city at Jenabalipatna i.e. Narayan Deo shifted his capital hand is in Varada Mudra and Junagarh by beating of to Bhandesir Patna i.e. the lower left hand is in Abhaya Ghumura. We find a similar present Bhawanipatna in the Mudra. She is worshipped with legend in case of Bastaren year 1850. Vana-Durga Vija Mantra. Devi, who is worshipped in Lankeswari is the However it is believed that, the different parts of Bolangir presiding deity of Junagarh, image is different from anySakti district or the erstwhile Patna which is the old capital of idol across the country. kingdom. She was brought Kalahandi. As per the tradition, According to Singh Deo, this from Bastar by Patna king after she is a Pouranic deity. In can be assigned to eighth his victory over Bastar.

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It is said that, human king. The defeat of Sonepur The most important sacrifice was once prevalent in was imminent. So, the king event of Lankeswari Pitha is this pitha. It is also said that, approached Rampur Zamindar Khandabasa Jatra on the the vanquished kings were under his kingdom for his help night of Mula-Astami in the brought and were sacrificed and cooperation. Rampur month of Aswina. After the before Lankeswari Devi. It is Zamindar surrendered before Gupta niti (secret ritual), the believed that, as Lankeswari the goddess Chandlipat who two ceremonial swords of the Devi was very much furious, the assured him the victory of deity are placed by the Raja of original idol was buried near Sonepur. Next day Kalahandi over two heaps of Dey-Muhan in the confluence There are numerous arua chaul (sun-dried rice) on of Bhatra Jor and Hati River. folktales in the name of both sides of the altar. As per Thereafter, a new idol of Lankeswari Devi. She is not the tradition, Kalahandi Raja Lankeswari Devi was only furious as a war goddess performs this niti every year. The installed. However, brutal and but also very much lively. People Raja belongs to the Naga cruel form of blood sacrifice, believe that, often she comes dynasty. In other words, he which was once common in this out from her temple in the form becomes the chief Purodha of Sakti Pitha, is of the history of a young beautiful girl and the Khandabasa niti. On this now. play with the young girls of the occasion, Dakbunglow of area. She participates in folk It is also believed that, Junagarh becomes an integral songs and dance with them. As Lankeswari Devi is treated as part of this festival, when the per an oral narrative, one day war goddess, who not only Raja of Kalahandi comes to when the priest arrived at the confers victory and success in Junagarh and stays here for the temple he found a Chudiwala purpose. the battle field but also (glass bangle seller) sitting participate in the war against the outside. He told the priest that, As per the convention, enemy as per the prevailing a young girl from inside the Raja of Kalahandi is greeted tradition. This reminds us the temple purchased chudi and with traditional µGhumura Kanchi Abhijan of told him to get the payments baja¶. He was accommodated Purushottam Dev who was from her father. He went into in the Dakbunglow of helped by Lord Jagannath in the temple and found the deity Junagarh, which becomes the the battle field. This also wearing new chudis. The priest temporary residence of the reminds us the episode of could understand the mischief Raja of Kalahandi. The priest Kalapahada, who was of the Lankeswari Devi and of the Lankeswari temple successfully driven out by paid the price to the takes out two swords namely Samaleswari Devi and Chudiwala. It is said that, the µPata-Khanda¶ and Pataneswari Devi from priest expressed her annoyance µSanguari¶ (another sword) Sambalpur (Pasayat, 2003). It for the mischief of the deity and from the temple ofLankeswari also reminds us a similar soon the chudis fell down from and takes them to the residence episode of battle between the idol. This story reminds us (Dakbunglow) of the king. Sonepur and Boudh. It is said Pataneswari Devi of Sambalpur These two swords are washed that, there was a battle between who was also playing similar in the courtyard of the the Boudh king and Sonepur mischief (Pasayat, 2003). Dakbunglow. This niti or ritual

50 September - 2010 Orissa Review of washing the swords is Tantra seems to have and it reveals the facts of known as Marjana. been very popular in the society and life in a given time Lankeswari Pitha right from and place. The ritual of animal After the Marjana niti, the pre-medieval days. sacrifice during Dussehra is not the Raja enters into the Common people believe that, confined to Lankeswari Pitha Lankeswari temple for the secret rituals are performed of Junagarh or to any specific Khandabasa Puja. Lagna in the line of Tanta system. After pocket of Kalahandi or (time) and Muhurta (moment) the Khandabasa Puja, if the Odisha. It is not a fiction. Of are calculated by the priest. At sword stands straight then the course, it is rampant in select that auspicious Lagna and area is considered to be free Pithas or religious shrines. For Muhurta, first the king places from natural calamities. But instance, it is uncontrolled in sixteen Kalasa (earthen tilting of any sword to any side Bhawanipatna during Chhatar pitcher) and then places the two signifies bad omen and it is Jatra and wild in Sulia Jatra of swords over rice on the right believed to be a warning or Bolangir, where thousands of and left side of Lankeswari forecast for any adversity and animals are sacrificed on this Devi. Then two Dipas known disaster for the area. However, occasion. They perform it as µAkhanda¶ and µMahajoga¶ Khandabasa festival is the simply to please and satisfy the are lit. After lighting the Dipas, beginning of the Saradiya celestial and supernatural flowers are offered and Arati Mahotsav in Junagarh and power they believe so strongly. is performed. thereafter preparation for the It is being practiced After the Arati, the Mahotsav starts. because it has strong support ritual of animal sacrifice is After the Khandabasa from the people in general. performed. The priest of the niti, the king visits the temple of There is no denying that, ritual Lankeswari temple dedicates Budharaja. The Puja of of animal sacrifices pulls in these two animals ± ³Pata Budharaja deity is held from enormous crowd. The reason Gadra¶ and µMaha-Pashu¶ Mula-Astami to Maha- is that, common people (buffalo) to the goddess. It may Astami. The sword of strongly believe in this ritual. be noted that, the meaning of Budharaja is placed by the They consider goddess desires Pashu is animal and Maha- king himself. The Khandabasa them to do so. During my Pashu refers to buffalo. festival continues for 15 days. research work a very old Subsequently, the µBok¶ Ritual practice of animal woman said, ³During sacrifices these animals in the sacrifice is prevalent in the µKhandabasa Jatra¶ animals name of the goddess. The man Budharaja temple too. The are sacrificed precisely to who performs the ritual sacrifice priest of the Budharaja temple appease Lankeswari Devi to of animals is called Bok. An old dedicates one µMaha-Pashu¶ get wishes fulfilled´. This is why, man says, ³The animal sacrifice to the deity and sacrifices it. perhaps, District Administration and even human sacrifice were Truth is that animal and even Government has not taken resort to for fulfilling sacrifice is prevalent. Whatever been able to do much to stop one¶s desires´. After the puja, the truth, one should be able to this practice. the general public is allowed to accept it. Truth does not After the ³Khapar- offer Arati and the puja is over. operate in a way to please one Chupa´ niti, the priest visits the

September - 2010 51 Orissa Review four Bhairabas and Mahamaya Khandabasa Jatra has made References : situated in four directions of this festival a unique one in the Agrawal, Manik Chand (2009), Junagarh in a very colourful religious life of the people of ³Maa Lankeswarinka procession and performs puja Junagarh. Khandabasa´ (in Odia), there and then returns to the Paschimanchala (Odia weekly), Due to outbreak of Vol.10, No. 32, Dated. 10-09-2009 to Budharaja temple. Thus, the epidemic at Junagarh, the 16-09-2009. Khandabasa festival is over in capital of the kingdom was Pasayat, C. (2003), Glimpses of the mid-night of Maha-Astami shifted to Bhawanipatna in the Tribal and Folk Culture, New tithi. year 1850. Manikeswari Devi Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. Budharaja, though is was the presiding deity of Pasayat, C. (2006), ³Maa identified with Hindu deity Siva, Bhawanipatna. Consequently, Lankeswari Pithare Khandabasa is basically a tribal deity. Manikeswari Devi became the Jatra´ (in Odia) in Kala Jharan, Souvenir-2006, Kalahandi: District Bhairaba is also identified with presiding deity of the Kalahandi Council of Culture, pp. 34-36. Siva. But, Bhairaba worship Raj family. It is really an Pasayat, C. (2007), Tribal Non- has some elements of Tantra. interesting development in the tribal Divide: Myth and Reality, In view of this, Khandabasa history of Kalahandi royal Bhubaneswar. Jatra highlights the tribal non- dynasty that, Lankeswari Devi Senapati, N. and D. C. Kuanr tribal interaction in Kalahandi in has been replaced though she (Eds.), (1980), Kalahandi District general and Junagarh in was the earliest tutelary deity of Gazetteer, Department of Revenue, particular. Co-existence of the Kalahandi Raj family. Government of Odisha. both tribal and non-tribal Nevertheless, she continues Singh Deo, J. P. (1987), Cultural elements, co-existence of even today to be a deity of the Profile of South Kosala (From Early Period till the Rise of the Saivism and Saktism with masses. She is admired and Nagas and the Chauhans in 14th Tantra are evident in revered. She is adorned and Century A. D.), Gian Publishing Khandabasa Jatra of honoured as well. Also, she is House, Delhi, p. 316. Junagarh, which is still a tribal feared by one and all in dominated area of Odisha. Kalahandi society. Even Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat resides at Survival of Saivism, erroneously, people hesitate to 152, Vijay Vihar, Nuagaon Road, continuation of Saktism and vow (Kiria) in the name of Sishupalgarh Post Office, persistence of Tantra in Lankeswari Devi. Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751002.

52 September - 2010 Orissa Review

societies because education is because it changes the nature related to socio-economic of the national state and the development. Bhatnagar found relations between states and Globalization that education is for creating other levels of governance of Education : awareness, changing attitude, (Robertson, et. Al., 2007). changing occupation, and many Globalization changes As An others. the terms under which states In Independent India, and their economic actors Empowering the government is also engage in the global economy committed to the idea that an and thus the possible paths of Tool for Tribal important avenue to speedy development. These changes development in education. For invariably imply different Women diversifying the tribal people to demands in terms of skills and different occupations, it is knowledge and different imperative that they are possibilities for producing them. Archana Pattajoshi educationally equipped to face However, how we understand the challenges. Apart from the these changes, and their fact that education promotes implications for the role of ³By sowing seed, you will social mobility and widens the education in development, will harvest once. By planting a people¶s ability to plan their depend crucially on how we tree, you will harvest amelioration in a dynamic understand the process of tenfold. By educating the dworl, it also saves them from globalization. people, you will harvest one the sinister exploitative Recent literature on hundred fold.´ strategies of money-lenders globalization stresses the who take advantage of the -Kaun-tsu complex, uneven and often illiterate and gullible tribes by contradictory nature of the The mechanism of development forgoing and tempering with the processes involved (Hay and within a society owes its promissory notes. Marsh, 2000). This is evident effectiveness to the levels of GLOBALIZATION and in many of the analyses, people¶s knowledge and DEVELOPMENT : whether they relate to awareness of various factors of economic, political or cultural development both inside and Globalization, as an processes. outside the social structure. In economic, political and cultural this regard education plays a phenomenon, has fundamental Thomas Friedman, the major role in the process of implications for the process of New York Times Columnist and development and for the spread development and the role of Author of the anecdotal makes of knowledge and awareness education in that process. This perceptive study of among the people. Margaret is not only because it changes globalization. The Lexus and the Mead also has emphasized the the nature of world markets and Olive Tree (2000), captures need of education for the what it takes to be competitive many of the contradictions people in under-developed in these markets, but also explored in the more scientific

September - 2010 53 Orissa Review literature, µGlobalization¶ he part of the less developed industrial towns. And in a writes : µis everything and its countries. Optimist will point to number of cases, they returned opposite. It can be incredibly East Asia and China as to these towns to join the ranks empowering and incredibly demonstrating what can be of unskilled industrial workers. gained from globalization by coercive. It democratizes SPIRIT OF UPWARD less developed countries and opportunity and democratizes MOBILITY : panic. It makes the whales pessimists will remind us that bigger and the minnows most of the countries in Latin Association of the tribal stronger. It leaves you behind America and Africa have so far people with industrial towns faster and faster and catches gained little from globalization and cities inculcated in them the you up faster and faster. While and may even have suffered spirit of upward mobility. A it is homogenizing cultures, it is relative decline as a mobility of this kind, however, also enabling people to hire their consequence. Some will take was not unknown in their individuality further and wider. the more balanced view and respective societies. But in It makes us want to chase the agree with Nobel Laureate towns and cities it was based Lexus Material Consumption Economist Joseph Stigliz that on principles qualitatively more intensives than ever, and globalization is inherently different from those laid down cling to our Olive Trees (i.e., neither good nor bad. It has the in traditional social security and identity) more power to do enormous good... organizations. Moreover, tightly than ever. It enables us But in much of the world it has mobility had economic for each into the World as never not brought comparable implications. Being an excellent before and it enables the World benefits for many, it seems camel-healer or holding the to reach into each of us as never closer to an unmitigated status of an arbitrator in before.¶ (P.406) disaster¶ (2002 : 20). Other traditional council did not viewpoints also fundamentally maximize the ³life chances¶ of How we understand affect how the process of a person. Mobility, here, was development in a globalizing development in a global era is exclusively rooted in states World will, of course, depend understood. terms. Tribal hamlet is not critically on how we understand feasible. The nearest regular the process of globalization. At EDUCATION AS AN EMPOWERING TOOL : school is far away for the the most basic level, whether children to attend it and return one perceives globalization to In Central India, the home the same day. That is why tribal people have been be broadly µa good thing¶ for the Ashram schools are exposed to industrialization for all nations or, on the contrary, residential units providing free the last four decades. Rich in a phenomenon which further boarding to the pupils specially mineral resources, these areas enriches elites in the developed to the girls. world at the expenses of the became the hub for installing poorest states, will massive industrial projects. In These schools are fundamentally affect how we most cases the tribal people supposed to provide craft- assess the possibilities for were forced to migrate from based education, thus linking µpositive¶ forms of engagement their traditional habitats to learning with productive in the global economy on the facilitate the emergence of activities. After finishing the

54 September - 2010 Orissa Review schools, the students Universal Elementary she is already handicapped in resufficiently prepared to take Education (DEE). Many Indian society, as all women up any of the craft-based investigative studies have been are, in matter of education, and vocations. Diversification is carried out into the causes of of economic independence. expected to result in this way. such a poor state of affairs in Again she comes from a tribal But the evaluative the development of education society, which is already a studies of these schools present of the tribal children. disadvantaged section, she is doubly handicapped. a different picture. The Under Article 46 of the curriculum in Ashram schools is constitution, the government is In order to get a clear titled more towards literacy- committed to promote with perspective let us look at the based education. Thus, there special care the educational as literacy figures. At the All India occurs deviation from the well as economic interest of the Level the literacy percentage specific character. These weaker sections of the people among women, according to schools are supposed to take in general and of the scheduled 1991 census, is 39.42 while and they start resembling the tribes and scheduled castes in among the tribal women it is regular schools. For any particular. Considering this only 14.5%. development process in any Directive Principle, a number of society education is considered According to the fifth Schemes and programmes an important indicator. Literacy All India Educational survey have been initiated or percentage is the simplest and (1986) the Gross Enrolment implemented, such as schemes easily measurable component. Ratio (GER) of girls among the The literacy percentage in India of incentives, financial STs is 67.96 at Primary Level according to 1991 census is assistance, establishment of (Class I-V) as against 11.05 of 52.11; 63.86 for males and Ashram schools, establishment the boy (ST) and 77.55 of the 39.92 for females. The latest of hostels for boys and girls. girls of all communities and estimate of literacy according to However, my intention here is 104.88 of boys (all sample survey in 1998 is 64.07 not to go into the details of these communities). (NSSO). According to 1981 schemes except to refer Literacy among tribal census, literacy rate of wherever it is necessary. women has been lagging behind scheduled tribes was 24.52 for The tribal traditions all other sections - urban males, males and 8.04 for females; have been singularly devoid of urban females, rural males, rural making a total literacy literacy skill, though the same females, SC males (urban / percentage (%) of 16.28 for is not true in case of education. rural), SC females (urban / the scheduled tribe population. The result is that in the modern rural) and tribal males. The girls It may be seen that the state of age when literacy has been education in tribal areas is affairs is too far unsatisfactory. recognized as an important tool another major empowerment The education of the of empowerment, the tribal need. As is evident from our children of tribal communities society has been greatly above discussion the status of has been engaging attention of disadvantaged and the tribal girls in household is rather all planners as it is proving to women is enormously dismal. The reasons for tribal be a hard core area in achieving handicapped. Being a woman, girls non-enrolment and/or

September - 2010 55 Orissa Review drop-out from the school are Therefore, remedial is immense potential of many; her preoccupation in action with regard to a complete innovative approaches because economic pursuits, whether overhauling of household in tribal and tribal girl¶s education visible or invisible, non- tribal areas is needed. The is still is relatively a green area relevance of the learning transaction methods including and can be improved only experiences in the present day timing etc. have also to be through globalization of school to the needs of the tribal geared to the needs of tribal education. girls, modern education acting girls and native approaches as deculturising agent/or may have to be preferred, alienating force in tribal emphasizing, learning by doing Archana Pattajoshi is a PHD societies. rather than by teaching. There Scholar in Ravenshaw Univesity.

Hon'ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik inaugurating Indoor Stadium and Art Gallery at Digapahandi on 9.8.2010. Shri Surya Narayan Patro, Minister for Revenue and Disaster Management and Shri Siddhanta Mohapatra, M.P. are also present on this occasion.

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A Greener Bhubani A Success Story of Convergance the MGNREGS and OFSDP Way

Gurbir Singh

Not so long ago, Bhubani, a regular tribal village some 30 kilometers away from the district headquarters of Paralakhemundi in the Gajapati district, had same old stories for a pen-happy NGO researcher who found enough materials for his write-up on unemployment and deforestation. The villagers practiced shifting cultivation in the nearby Bhubani Reserve forests till the MGNREGS and OFSDP schemes stepped in to intervene with their primeval life style for better. The implementation of Forest Rights Act, 2006 was followed with the launching of O.F.S.D.P programme helped change the scenario for good, with icing on the environmental cake by the much required, much helping MGNREGS. The villagers, upon seeing reasons in form of awareness that came flowing in, opted in the Gram Sabha to ensure a Community Right over a patch of forest land covering 100 Ha.area, where previously they did Shifting Cultivation. They were enrolled under MGNREGS and given job cards. Simultaneously an amount of Rs.2,29,365/- was sanctioned under the said scheme to construct a 0.5 km long and 1.0 meter high stone wall for soil and moisture conservation measures. It was also to minimize the biotic interference, increase soil moisture regime and ameliorate the environment hurt. While the villagers get employment under MGNREGS, they also render a very active role in making successful the plantation and ANR programme taken up at the said forest under OFSDP by Forest Department. Now luxuriant vegetations have come up on the area and the extent of soil erosion there has been checked to a considerable extent, ensuring alongside an admirable improvement in soil and moisture regime. So far 816 and 5242 man days have been generated through MGNREGS and O.F.S.D.P Schemes respectively which helped in two ways. They ensured a sure wage employment and helped in the conversion of a degraded land into a good vegetal cover for a happier and greener Bhabani.

DIPRO, Gajapati, Parlakhemundi, Dist.- Gajapati.

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Achievements of Women & Child Development Department During 2009-10

1.1. Women & Child Development Department was carved out of P.R. Department in the year 1995 with specific objective of implementation of programmes aimed at welfare of women and children in the State and implementation of different welfare schemes meant for persons with disability and infirm and indigent persons. 1.2. The flagship programme of the Department is the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) through which a whole array of services are provided to children up to 6 years of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers. Special focus is given to children and women belonging to poor families with reference to their nutritional needs through Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP). Besides, a number of schemes aimed at providing food security and meeting the special nutritional needs of specific target groups like Mid-Day Meal (MDM) and Emergency Feeding Programme, Kishori Shakti Yojana, Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls are implemented by this Department. 1.3. Economic empowerment of women through formation of Women Self Help Groups and credit linkage with financial institutions is the hallmark of the successful programme ³Mission Shakti´. The entitlement aspects of this population group are taken care of through intervention aimed at reducing Violence against Women. Provision of Short Stay Home supporting the efforts of law enforcement agency through counseling and shelter back up. 1.4. The Department operates programmes aimed at persons with disability. Besides coordinating the implementation of P.W.D. Act 1995, it supports their economic empowerment process through provision of loans from N.H.F.D.C. for self- employment and micro finance for the S.H.G. It also runs schemes for special schools, scholarship/stipend to students with disability and pension to severely disabled persons. 1.5. A host of social security programmes aiming at a safety net for the old, infirm and destitute are run by this Deptt. These include National and State Old Age Pension programmes (NOAP & SOAP), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS). Emergency Feeding Programme and Old Age Homes. This Department also takes up the programme of coordinating the efforts of NGO Voluntary Organisation and Aid Agencies working in the field of social welfare in the State.

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Various Schemes ± A Bird¶s Eye View ² 2.1. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Schemes The ICDS programme was launched in 1975. Now, all 314 blocks as well as 12 Urban areas of Orissa have been covered under ICDS programme by involving 60918 nos of Anganwadi Centres and 10216 Mini AWCs. 2.1.1 The ICDS scheme aims at improving the nutritional and health status of all children below 6 years of age, lay the foundation for their proper physical, psychological and social development, reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity and malnutrition among children, improve the nutritional and health status of pregnant and nursing women and enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper health and nutrition education. Besides the above, the scheme envisages the effective convergence of inter sectoral services in the AWCs. 2.1.2 ICDS, in brief, is a holistic programme for early childhood care and development. It addresses the related needs of the children, adolescent girls and women. The services provided under ICDS through the large network of AWCs throughout the State are, i) Supplementary Nutrition ii) Immunization iii) Health check-up iv) Referral services v) Nutrition and Health Education vi) Pre-School Education In addition to the above, there is coverage of other important supportive services such as safe drinking water, environmental sanitation, women¶s development and education programmes. The Total Budget Estimate during 2009-10 under ICDS (General) Scheme was Rs.33530.12 lakhs. The expenditure during the said year is Rs.22625.57 lakhs. During the current year, the Budget estimate proposed is Rs.45292.60 lakhs. 2.2. Kishori Shakti Yojana This is a component of ICDS Scheme and is implemented to address the need of adolescent girls in the age group of 11 to 18 years. The intervention aims at improving the nutritional and health status of the girls as well as promoting among them awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition and family. The scheme is designed for adolescent girls who are vulnerable and need to be protected from the discrimination of educational opportunities. Given the high prevalence Anemia among adolescent girls in the State, Iron Folic Acid (IFA) and deworming tablets are supplied to the adolescent girls through the Anganwadi Centres. These girls are organized into groups called µBalika Mandals¶ formed at AWC level for imparting simple and practical messages on preventive health, hygiene, nutrition and family life. All the

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314 Blocks and 12 urban Local Bodies are covered under Kishori Shakti Yojana. During 2009-10, 20,20,445 girls have been enrolled. SABALA (Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls), a merger scheme of NPAG and KSY is going to be implemented in the State from the current year after getting details of the scheme from GoI. 2.3. Other Nutritional Programme : 2.3.1 Supplementary Nutrition Program: Supplementary Nutrition Program is a CSP Scheme in which the share of Govt. of India and State Govt. is 50:50. This program is being implemented through AWCs for 300 days in a year. The scheme covers 49,08,801 nos. of beneficiaries for 2009-10 out of which 40,93,115 are Normal, Mild & Moderate category, 35,566 nos. are of Severely Malnourished category and 7,80,120 nos. are of Pregnant & Lactating Mothers category. As per the Gol cost norm, the above 3 categories of beneficiaries are being provided with supplementary food in the ration cost @ Rs.4.00, Rs.6.00 & Rs.5.00 respectively with effect from 01.10.2009. The above numbers of beneficiaries will be covered under the scheme for 2010-11. A sum of Rs. 15003.20 lakh has been provided in the On Account Budget 2010-11. The details of budget provision, expenditure and surrender of funds during the year 2009-10 alongwith physical target and achievement under the scheme is as under: Budget Expenditure Surrendered Target of Achievement provision coverage 42480.70 lakh 32185.78 lakh 10294.92 lakh 4908801 4908801

2.3.2 Emergency Feeding Programme: The Emergency Feeding Programme is being implemented in 8 KBK districts under the Revised Long Term Action Plan (RLTAP). Under the Programme, old, infirm and indigent persons belonging to BPL households are provided food on each day throughout the year. The coverage is 2,00,000 under the programme. Under the scheme, cooked meal is being provided to the beneficiaries through the Anganwadi Centres each day at the ration cost of Rs.5.50 per beneficiary per day. A sum of Rs.880.00 Iakh has been provided in the On Account Budget of 2010-11. The above number of 2,00,000 beneficiaries will be covered during the year. The details of budget provision, expenditure and surrender of funds during the year 2009-10 alongwith physical target and achievement under the scheme is as under:

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Budget Expenditure Surrendered Target of Achievement provision coverage 2728.58 lakh 2464.18 lakh 264.40 lakh 200000 200000

2.3.3 Mid-Day-Meal (MDM) Programme : The coverage under the scheme during the year 2010-11 is 40,00,000 Primary students reading in 47,780 schools & 17,00,000 Upper Primary students studying in 18,993 schools. Government of India have enhanced the ration cost under the programme out of which, the Central Govt. share for primary & upper primary students is Rs.2.02 and Rs.3.02 respectively. The daily ration cost for the primary & upper primary students is Rs. 3.30 and Rs. 4.92. Further, the Central Govt. provide rice @ 100gm & 150gm for primary & upper primary students and also bear the transportation charges from FCI to School point. They have also enhanced the honorarium of the cook-cum- helper @ Rs.1000/- per month which is effective from 01.12.2009. The State Govt¶s. share for payment of honorarium to cooks and helpers comes to 25%. During the current financial year 2010-11, a sum of Rs.12793.61 lakh has been provided in the On Account Budget to cover the above number of beneficiaries. The details of budget provision, expenditure and surrender of funds during the year 2009-10 alongwith physical target and achievement under the scheme is as under: Budget Expenditure Surrendered Target of coverage Achievement provision Pry U. pry Pry U.Pry 45430.46 42356.98 3073.48 4000000 1700000 4000000 1700000 lakh lakh lakh

2.3.4 Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG) This pilot project was lunched in the districts of Koraput and Kalahandi during the year 2002- 03. 6 kg. of rice free of cost is provided to the adolescent girls whose body weight is less than 35 kg. 2.4. Social Security Schemes Social Security Schemes extend assistance to poor households in the case of Old Age and destitution for provision of basic needs. The following Social Security Schemes are in operation in the State. 2.4.1 Madhu Babu Pension Yojana: The State Old Age Pension (SOAP) Scheme was being implemented in the State w.e.f. 01.04.1975.Destitute elderly of 60 years of age and above, lepers with visible sign of deformity and widows irrespective of their age were the beneficiaries. Annual income of all the above categories were Rs.3200/- or less.

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Later on the State Government has introduced ³Madhu Babu Pension Yojana (MBPY)´ by merging two pension schemes ³Old Age Pension Rules, 1989´ and ³Disability Pension Rules,1985´ which came into effect from 1st January 2008. This Yojana is to be administered in accordance with the provisions contained in the Madhu Babu Pension Yojana Rules 2008 for a better and smooth implementation in view of its expanded coverage in the State. All the beneficiaries with family income of Rs.12,000/- or less and disabled person without any income criteria are treated as beneficiaries under Madhu Babu Pension Yojana with effect from 1st January 2008. The number of beneficiaries targeted to be covered under the scheme was 1408400 during 2009-10. The budget provision was made Rs.33801.60 lakh under the scheme. Out of this Rs.12000.00 lakhs was under State Plan and Rs.21801.60 lakhs Under Non-Plan. 2.4.2 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension (INGOAP) Scheme : National Old Age pension (NOAP) scheme is the 1st component of 100% GoI assisted programme namely National Social Assistance Programme being implemented in the State since 15th August 1995. Under this scheme destitute elderly of 65 years of Age and above having no regular means of assistance are being paid with monthly pension at the rate of Rs.200/ - P.M from 1st April 2006. For implementation of the scheme funds are being released by GoI in the form of Addl. Central Assistance (ACA) to be routed through the State Plan budget. This NOAP scheme has been relaunched as Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme by Government of India w.e.f. 19.11.07 where in the criteria for selection beneficiaries has been modified. As per the revised criteria all persons 65 years or above and who are below poverty line as per BPL survey of 2002 will be covered under IGNOAP as against the earlier criteria of destitute persons under NOAP. The total beneficiaries under these scheme is 6,43,400 as on 1.12.2006. During December-2009 Govt. of India has allowed to the State Govt. to use BPL survey 1997 for identification of beneficiaries under IGNOAP. Govt. of India has also approved additional target of 5,49,776 under IGNOAP. The said target has been distributed to the districts. The total no. of beneficiaries under the scheme is 11,93,176. The provision under SCP, TASP & Normal Sub-Heads of IGNOAP Scheme was Rs.25717.00 lakh for implementation of the Scheme in the Year 2009-10 under the State Plan Sector. 2.4.3 Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension (IGNWP) Scheme. Govt. of India has launched the scheme during February-2009.Widows who are between 40- 64 years of age and belonging to household below the poverty line will be eligible to get pension @ Rs.200/- per month. Govt. of India has approved a target of 3,06,923 beneficiaries for coverage under the Scheme. The target has been distributed to the districts. Supplementary provision of Rs.1500.00 lakhs was made for implementation of the scheme during 2009-10.

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2.4.4 Indira Gandhi National Disabled Pension (IGNDP) Scheme. Govt. of India has launched the scheme during February -2009. Persons with severe or multiple disability in the age group of 18-64 years and belonging to a household below the poverty line will be eligible to get pension @ of Rs.200/- per month. 1,25,361 beneficiaries have been distributed to the districts. Supplementary provision of Rs.700.00 lakhs was made for implementation of the scheme during 2009-10. 2.4.5 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) is the second component of the 100 % Govt. of India assisted programme namely National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) being implemented in the State since August, 1995. Under this Scheme, a lump sum financial assistance of Rs.10,000/- is provided to a BPL family on the death of its primary bread winner in the age group of 18-64+ years of age. Such assistance is paid to such surviving member of the household of the deceased who after local enquiry, is determined to be the head of the household. The household includes spouse, minor children, unmarried daughters and dependent parents. In case of an unmarried adult, the term household would include minor brothers/sisters. For implementation of the Scheme, funds are released by the Govt. of India in the form of Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to be routed through the State Plan budget. During 2009-10 Rs.2867.10 lakhs has already been spent toward 28671 beneficiaries. 2.4.6. Programme for care of Elderly Four numbers of projects for the care of destitute elderly in the State are being operated in the State by different Non-Govt. Organizations with financial support of the State Government in W & C.D. Department as under. Social Welfare Institutions run in the State with financial support from the State Government, Women & Child Development Deptt. by different NGOs. District Project Detail Managing N.G.O. Remarks Jagatsinghpur Old Age Home for Association for Social Shelter, Nutrition,Med. 25 destitute elderly Reconstructive Activities care recreation facilities (ASRA), CDA, Cuttack are being given to 25 no. of inmates. Puri Old Age Home for Patita Pabana Seva Shelter, Nutrition,Med. 25 destitute elderly Sangha, Nimapada, Puri care recreation facilities are being given to 25 no. of inmates. Khurda Old Age Home for OSDS, NIMITTA, BRIT Shelter, Nutrition,Med. 25 destitute elderly Colony, Badagada, BBSR care recreation facilities are being given to 25 no. of inmates.

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-do- Day Care Centre for lAS Officer¶s Wives¶ Nutrition, Med.care 75 destitute elderly Association, Unit-8, BBSR recreation facilities are being given to 75 no. of inmates

2.5. PROGRAMMES FOR WOMEN: 2.5.1 Mission Shakti Mission Shakti was lunched in March-2001. Important objective of the Mission is to help capacity building of the existing as well as new groups to be formed to take up income generating and remunerative economic activities by providing them the necessary technical support for upgrading their skills and acquiring new skills through training, market linkages by involving other organizations like NFDC, ORMAS, TDCC etc for securing easy market ability of the products made by W.S.H.Gs credit linkages through some assistance and assistance from other financial institutions. 2.5.2 Seed Money for Self Help Groups. During the year 2008-09 it was decided by the State Government to provide seed money @ Rs. 5000/- per Self Help Group for 100000 groups. For continuance of the said scheme an amount of Rs.3500.00 lakh is the budget provision for the Annual Plan 2010-11. 2.5.3. Support to MVSN for support to Mission Shakti and Mission Kshyamata and for Activities on prevention of violence against women: The scheme was introduced during 2005-06. For the year 2010-11, an amount of Rs.50.00 lakh is the budget provision. 2.5.4 Managerial Subsidy to MVSN The Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam is functioning with 21 sanctioned posts. The funds for meeting the salaries of the staff and contingencies for meeting the miscellaneous expenditure of the Nigam are being provided by the State Govt. in the shape of managerial subsidy. For the year 2010-11, an amount of Rs.51.50 lakhs is the budget provision for the Annual Plan. 2.5.5. Training Programmes of MVSN MVSN undertakes various training programmes for upgrading of the skills and for capacity building for women, as well as for persons with disabilities in order to enable them to take up different sustainable income-generating activities. The expenditure on account of such training is met from the training grant received by the Nigam from the State Govt. The types of training programmes conducted are Entrepreneurship Development Programme, Managerial Development Programme, Training on marketing & Sales promotion, Business Orientation Programme for persons with disabilities and other special training programmes for women. The Entrepreneurship Development Programme and Management Development Programmes are conducted for members of affiliated Societies of the Nigam and the numbers of Women¶s Societies at present are 196. During the year 2010-11, there is a budget provision of Rs.5.00 lakh.

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2.5.6. Hostels for working women: The objective of this scheme is to provide cheap and safe hostel accommodation to working women living out of their homes. The target beneficiaries are working women / widows / divorcees / separated women and women whose husbands live out of the homes. They also include women undergoing training for employment and girl students studying in post school professional courses. Central Government sanctions assistance to Voluntary Organizations/ Local Bodies/Women Development Corporation/Educational Institutions and also State Govt. for construction of hostels for working women, this scheme is in operation since 1985. In the Annual Plan 2010-11 there is a token provision of Rs.0.01 Iakh. 2.5.7 SWADHAR This is a new central sector scheme lunched by Government of India in 2003-04. The targeted beneficiaries are women like destitute, widows, deserted by their families, women prisoners released from jail without any family support, women survivors of natural disasters having no body to fall back, trafficked women and girls rescued or run away from brothels or who are victims of sexual crime and disallowed by their family, women who do not want to go back to their family, women victims of terrorist violence and mentally deranged women. Assistance is made available towards shelter, food, clothing, health care and counseling. There are 51 Swadhar Homes operating in the State. 2.5.8 Rehabilitation of Women in Distress: The scheme is being implemented through six N.G.Os with financial assistance from Govt. The objective of the scheme is to come to rescue of women in distress and provide them training and support for their economic rehabilitation in society. 28 Rehabilitation Centres are operating in the State. 2.5.9 Short Stay Home : This is a central sector scheme providing temporary shelter to women and girls in distress in Short Stay Home which are run by N.G.Os with grant-in-aid from Government of India. 36 Short-Stay Homes are functioning in the State. There is Central Home for Women at Berhampur to rehabilitate women in destitute by way of providing training in different Vocational trades. 2.5.10. Mahila Vikash Samabaya Nigam (MVSN). The Mahila Vikash Samabaya Nigam which is a women¶s Development Corporation under W & CD Department was established as the nodal agency for implementing schemes and programmes for the welfare / development and empowerment of women. The Mahila Vikash Samabaya Nigam in collaboration with ORMAS (P.R. Department Agency) has widened the scope of marketing the products of WSHGs through Pallishree Mella and ³Sisir Saras´. The Nigam provides funds for training of poor and needy women in traditional occupation for upgrading their skills for facilitating sale of their products. It is also functioning as State Channelising Agency for loans provided to the persons with disability under the loan assistance scheme of the NHFDC.

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2.5.11. Providing Cycles to School-going ST/SC Girls. The scheme was introduced during 2008-09 as it was decided to provide cycles to school-going ST & SC girls after Class-VII in scheduled areas and after Class-X in Non-scheduled areas. For the year 2008-09 a total amount of Rs.2841.64 lakh was provided towards purchase of cycles @ Rs.2600/ - per cycle. During the Annual Plan 2010-11, there is a budget provision of Rs.1170.46 lakh. 2.5.12 State Commission for Women. This Commission is a statutory body constituted in June 1993 for protecting and safeguarding the rights of women. 2.5.13 Orissa State Social Welfare Board (OSSWB). This was set up in 1954 with the objective of implementing and monitoring different programmes of the Central Social Welfare Board. A large no. of programmes for women & children such as Education for women, Mahila Mandal, Crèche, Short Stay Home, Family Counseling Center and Working Women Hostel are financed by CSWB. The establishment and administrative expenditure of the State Board is met 50:50 basis by the C.S.W. B and S.S.W.B. 2.5.14 The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 10 of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, the State Government have framed the Dowry Prohibition Rules, 2000. Government have appointed the Sub-Divisional Magistrates as the Dowry Prohibition Officers to hear complaints on dowry- related matters and take appropriate steps in accordance with the provisions of the law. Govt. have also constituted Advisory Board in each Sub-division to assist the Dowry Prohibition Officer (DPO) in discharging the functions under the law in dowry related matters. During the current year, steps have been taken to revamp the Boards to ensure that the Dowry Prohibition Officers¶ functions are carried out properly. 2.5.15 Stree Shakti Puraskar Five National Awards known as ³Stree Shakti Purskar´ have been instituted by the Government of India in the name of five eminent women in Indian History. These are conferred annually to honour and recognize the achievement of individual women who have under most trying and difficult situation fought for the rights of the women and triumphed. 2.5.16 International Women¶s Day: The International Women¶s Day falls on 8th March which is observed in the State as ³Shakti Divas´ to mark the launching of ³Mission Shakti´.

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2.5.17 Mahila and Shishu Desk Government of Orissa has set up µMahila and Sishu Desks¶ in all the 537 Police Stations of the State to attend to the grievances relating to these two vulnerable sections. The officials attached to such desk have been sensitized about functioning of the Desk. For the year 2010-11, an amount of Rs.10.00 lakh is the budget provision. 2.5.18 Implementation of Domestic Violence Act 2005 The Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 came into force w.e.f. 26.10.2006 in the State. The Act is basically meant to provide protection to the wife or a female live-in partner from violence at the hands of the husband or male live-in partner or his relatives. It is a civil law aimed at providing relief to millions of women affected by physical, sexual, verbal, economic and emotional forms of abuse. For implementation of the above Act, the State Government is required to appoint independent Protection Officers U/s. 8 of the Act and provide them with necessary infrastructure to enable them to work effectively. Further a wide publicity of the provisions of the Act throughout the State is required so that the women can avail its benefits and training of the Protection Officers, Counselors, Police and Judiciary officials are required for effective implementation. For the purpose, an amount of Rs.25.00 lakh is proposed for Annual Plan 2010-11. 2.5.19 Functioning of Gender Cell- Main Objectives of Gender Cell are - ‡ To facilitate awareness generation on gender issues and promote gender sensitive programs, policies, laws and schemes. ‡ To create new databases and update the existing gender database. ‡ To set up an information network and to co-operate through it with interested organization at the local, national and international level. ‡ To undertake social research and policy analysis on problems and processes of gender development especially in the State of Orissa. ‡ To involve and enhance participation of key stakeholders in programs related to gender and development on a common platform. ‡ To link and facilitate the activities of Voluntary Organizations and other groups. ‡ To contribute to national policies and programs on gender and development. ‡ To conduct gender audit in related departments and prog. ‡ To design programs and monitor & technically backstop the relevant schemes/projects/ programs. ‡ To channelize and coordinate the existing resources. ‡ To provide any other such services those are in furtherance of the above objectives of Gender Cell. For the purpose, an amount of Rs.40.00 lakh is proposed for Annual Plan 2010-11.

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2.5.20 Anti Human Trafficking Measures : The problem of trafficking of women and children for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation has assumed serious proportion in recent years. Commercial exploitation of women and children takes place in various forms including brothel based prostitution, sex tourism, entertainment industry and pornography in print and electronic media. In some cases the victims are taken to other states, while in some other cases, the trafficking takes place within the state. After careful consideration, the Government has decided this policy for combating trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual exploitation, including labour exploitation. At the outset it was decided to set up an Integrated Anti Human Trafficking Unit in the office of the I.G. (Crime Branch), Commissionerate of Bhubaneswar ² Cuttack, in the offices of I.G. (Rourkela), DIG (Sambalpur), DIG (Berhampur). Each IAHTU will be provided a consolidated grant of Rs.1,00,000/- (Rupees one lakh) for meeting the expenditures on contingency items which include non-expendable, expendable, and contingency items) on an annual basis from the budget of Women and Child Development Department.Hence, an amount of Rs.105.00 lakh is proposed for the Annual Plan 2010-11. 2.5.21 Aam Admi Bima Yojana Aam Admi Bima Yojana is a Social Security Scheme by Central Government and State Government launched on 2nd October 2007. The scheme provides death/disability insurance cover to the head of the family or one earning member in the family of Rural Landless households. The total premium is Rs.200/- where Rs.100/- is paid from the Fund contributed by Government of India and kept with LIC and the other half (Rs.100/-) is paid by the State Government. Since 50% of the funds are to be contributed by the State Government, their support is essential for the successful implementation of the scheme. For the Annual Plan 2010-11 an amount of Rs.500.00 lakh is proposed. 2.6. PROGRAMMES FOR CHILDREN: 2.6.1 Orissa State Council for Child Welfare: Orissa State Council for Child Welfare is recognized by Govt. of Orissa as a Nodal Agency in the State to co-ordinate Schemes/ Programmes / Activities relating to Children in especially difficult circumstances. It plays an important role as the scrutinizing Agency for Scrutiny of applications relating to µAdoption¶ under the guidelines prescribed by µCentral Adoption Resource Agency¶. The Deemed orphans are also scrutinized by the council. There are six Balashrams (Orphanages/Child Care institutions), nine Anganwadi Training Centres and 74 creche centers are being managed in the State under the supervision of the council. Grants-in- aid amounting to Rs.1.60 lakh per annum is being provided to the Council by the State Govt. in W&CD Deptt. 2.6.2 Scheme for welfare of Orphan and Destitute Children : The objectives of the programme is to prevent destitution of children for which there is provision for Shelter / Nutrition / Health care / Education and Vocational Guidance for orphan and destitute children throughout the State. The orphan and destitute children in the age group up to

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18 years (Boys) and up to 25 years (Girls) are covered. 5603 orphans are taken care in 86 orphanages in the State. This scheme is a State Govt. initiative and is being implemented through N.G.Os. An amount of Rs.750/- per inmate per month is being provided by the State Govt. for maintenance of the inmates in the orphanages. 2.6.3. An Integrated Programme for Street Children : The objective of the scheme is to protect children from destitution and facilitate their withdrawal from a life on the streets. The target group of the programme are essentially children without homes and family support who are driven to the streets and are especially vulnerable to abuse and exploitation. The scheme is covering 300 children receiving financial assistance from the Government of India. State Govt. in W&CD Deptt. monitors and supervises the programme and reports Govt. of India for continuation of the project. Now this has been merged with ICPS as Open Shelter in Urban and Semi-Urban Areas for children in need. 2.6.4 Implementation of the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000 : This is a primary law for the children in need of care and protection as well as development and rehabilitation of neglected and delinquent Juveniles and adjudication and disposal of certain cases against them. The programme for juvenile justice endeavors to provide for full coverage of services envisaged under the Juvenile Justice Act so as to ensure that no child under any circumstance is lodged in prison, to bring in qualitative improvement in Juvenile Justice and to promote voluntary action for the prevention of juveniles, social maladjustment and rehabilitation of socially maladjusted juveniles. Thirty-one numbers of Shelter Homes have been established in the State according to the Juvenile Justice (C & P of children) Act, 2000. 2.6.5 ADOPTION: The Supreme Court of India, in its landmark judgment in the case Laxmikant Pandey vs. Union of India directed that preference is to be given for finding a home within India for every orphaned child. The full development of a child¶s potential is possible only in the care of a family, and as far as possible, such a family should be from a similar cultural milieu. As a follow-up of the judgment, the Government of India in Ministry of Women and Child Development has framed detailed guidelines for In-country Adoption 2004 and Guidelines for Adoption of Indian Children 2006 for regulating inter-country adoption. The Central Scheme of Assistance to Homes (Shishu Grehas) for infants for promoting in- country adoption is being implemented in the State. Grant-in-Aid is being provided by GoI to Non-Governmental Organizations for running these Shishu Grehas for promoting adoptions within the country. The upper ceiling of the grant-in-aid is Rs.6.00 lakhs for a Shishu Greha. Now this scheme has merged under ICPS as GIA to Specialized Adoption Agencies (SAAs). In Orissa, out of the 14 SAAs there are three Recognized Indian Placement Agency (RIPA) permitted to do inter-country adoption.

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There is one Adoption Coordinating Agency (ACA) in the State to coordinate all adoption- related activities and identify and promote adoption of children who are legally free for adoption. The ACA is also required to create awareness among the general public on the legal aspects of adoption, the guidelines on adoption and the procedures prescribed by the Government of India as well as to supervise the activities of childcare institutions in this field so as to curb illegal adoptions. In case any information through the media or otherwise on child abuse etc is received, an enquiry is made by the W&CD Department or the ACA. µSanyog¶, an NGO at Cuttack has been nominated as the ACA in the State. The State Government provides Rs.0.50 lakh as financial support to the ACA for this purpose. The State Council for Child Welfare is the Scrutiny Agency which scrutinizes and processes applications for adoption. There is a State Adoption Cell in W&CD Department headed by Director, Social Welfare which monitors adoption-related activities. A State Level Executive Committee headed by the Secretary, W&CD Department also monitors / reviews the activities of all the Agencies working in this area. 2.6.6 CHILD LINE µChild line¶ is a 24-hours toll free phone service for immediate care of the children in distressed situation. Any one can inform the news of a helpless child to the appropriate authorities dialing 1098. The basic objectives of the Child line Service are to respond to the needs of children in emergency situations and refer them to the relevant Government or Non-Government Organizations and to strengthen the support systems which facilitate the rehabilitation of children in difficult circumstances. Child line Services are functioning in Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Berhampur, Puri and Rourkela by renowned NGOs under supervision of the State Govt. Financial assistance for the said programme is being provided by the Govt. of India through Child line India Foundation (CIF) on recommendation of this Deptt. 2.6.7 Children¶s Home According to the Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act, 2000, the Govt. have certified 46 child-care institutions as µChildren¶s Homes for reception of children under the category in need of care and protection during the pendency of their enquiry & subsequently for their care, treatment, education, training & development until further rehabilitations. Out of 46 Children¶s Homes, two are exclusively meant for girls. 2.6.8 Universal Children¶s Day: Universal Children¶s Day every year is observed throughout the country on the 14th November, the birthday of India¶s first Prime Minister, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru whose love for children is well-known. This day reminds us of our duties and obligations towards children and enables us to review the progress made in attaining the goals and strategies set by us in the area of child development. The day is observed annually in the State capital and other places with a variety of functions, festivities and celebrations.

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2.7. WELFARE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITY 2.7.1 Orissa Disability Pension Scheme (ODP) The scheme is a State Government initiative introduced on the 2nd October 1984. Persons who are five years of age or above and are totally blind, orthopaedically handicapped, mentally retarded or affected by cerebral palsy, receive an amount of Rs.200/- per month as pension under the scheme. The eligibility is subject to an annual income of Rs.11,000/- or less. Now this scheme has been included in Madhu Babu Pension Yojana. 2.7.2 Special Schools for Children with Disability: This is a State Govt. Scheme aimed at providing free education to visually impaired, hearing impaired and mentally challenged children in Special Schools having specially- trained teachers. Apart from 4 special schools (2 for the blind and 2 for the deaf) directly managed by State Govt. in School and Mass Education Deptt. Further 51 Social Schools are being run in the State by different agencies including non-Govt. organizations with grant-in-aid from the Sate Government in W&CD Deptt. Out of these, 18 schools are meant for visually impaired children, 22 for the hearing impaired and 11 schools are for mentally retarded children. The total approved student strength in the above 51 schools is 3031, with staff strength (both teaching and non- teaching) at 620. 2.7.3 Training & Rehabilitation of Persons with Disability Under the Scheme, disabled persons are trained in carious traditional and vocational skills suited to the market needs so as to facilitate their self-employment vis-à-vis economic self- sufficiency. With this objective, three Vocational Training Centers (VTCs) have been established with support from the State Govt. Three VTCs are run by the respective Association, viz Orissa Association for the Deaf (for the hearing impaired) and Orissa Association for the Orthopaedically Handicapped (for the orthopaedically handicapped) the Orissa Association for the Blind (for the visually handicapped) one VTC is run by the Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam, 121 persons are trained in these Centers every year. There is a budget estimate of Rs.15.45 lakh during the year 2010-11 under the scheme. A sum of Rs. 4.30 lakh has been released during the current financial year 2010-11. 2.7.4 Supply of Special Aids Appliances : Aids and appliances are being provided to needy PWDs. Suitable Aids/appliances will enable a disabled person to become active and mobile. They enable child to go to school and an adult to get employment. Aids and appliances, such as, tricycles, blind sticks, crutches, hearing aids and wheelchairs etc. being provided free of cost to a PWD provided his/her monthly income is Rs.6500/- or less Persons with an income between Rs.6501/- to Rs.10.000/- per month get these appliances at 50% discount while a person pays the full cost of the appliances if his/her income exceeds Rs.10,000/- p.m. A single window system has been introduced this year for assessment and certificate of disabilities vis-à-vis distribution of aids and appliances. On the score Rs.269.37 lakhs was placed with DSWOs of all districts.

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2.7.5 Scholarship to Students with Disability Under the Scheme, the State Govt provides scholarship to disabled children who are studying in the normal schools from the primary level upto the University level including those pursuing technical and vocational education. The rates of scholarship provided to disabled students studying in different classes have been revised w.e.f. 01/09/2009. The old and the revised rates of scholarship are as follow : a. Slabs Existing rate Revised rate i. Primary (Standard I to V) Rs.100.00 Rs.200.00 ii. Middle and High School (Standard VI to VII and IX to Xl) (Not covered by the Government of India Scholarship) Rs.140.00 Rs.250.00 iii. College (+2 &+3) (Not covered by the Government of India Scholarship) Rs.160.00 Rs.300.00 iv. College (P.G) (Not covered by the Government of India Scholarship) Rs.190.00 Rs.350.00 v. Technical and Vocational training (Not covered by the Government of India Scholarship) Rs.190.00 Rs.350.00 b. In case of students pursuing general / technical / professional education from Primary level to University level outside the State, the existing rate of Rs.190/- is revised to Rs.350/-. c. There is a budget estimate of Rs.210.85 lakh during the year 2010-11 under the scheme towards payment of scholarship to disabled students. A sum of Rs.119.80 lakh has been released for the year 2010-11. 2.7.6 Besides the above the following programs/schemes are also being implemented : (a) Rehabilitation of Cured Leprosy Patients is being implemented through Hind Kusth Nivaran Sangh, Orissa State Branch, Bhubaneswar & Dayashram, Cuttack. There is a budget estimate of Rs.18.55 lakh during the year 2010-11 under the scheme. A sum of Rs.6.82 lakh has been released for the year 2010-11. (b) Three training centers for training of teachers for special education are being run. The budget on the score is Rs.5.26 lakhs in the year 2009-10 (c) Grant-in-aid to the Braille Press is being provided for production of Braille Books for blind students.

72 September - 2010 ORISSA REVIEW

VOL. LXVII NO. 2 SEPTEMBER - 2010

SURENDRA NATH TRIPATHI, I.A.S. Principal Secretary

BAISHNAB PRASAD MOHANTY Director-cum-Joint Secretary

SASANKA SEKHAR PANDA Joint Director-cum-Deputy Secretary Editor

Editorial Assistance Bibhu Chandra Mishra Bikram Maharana

Production Assistance Debasis Pattnaik Sadhana Mishra

Manas R. Nayak Cover Design & Illustration

Hemanta Kumar Sahoo Manoj Kumar Patro D.T.P. & Design

Raju Singh Manas Ranjan Mohanty Photo

The Orissa Review aims at disseminating knowledge and information concerning Orissaŏs socio-economic development, art and culture. Views, records, statistics and information published in the Orissa Review are not necessarily those of the Government of Orissa. Published by Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar - 751001 and Printed at Orissa Government Press, Cuttack - 753010. For subscription and trade inquiry, please contact : Manager, Publications, Information & Public Relations Department, Loksampark Bhawan, Bhubaneswar - 751001. E-mail : [email protected] Five Rupees / Copy [email protected] Visit : http://orissa.gov.in Contact : Ph. 0674-2394839 CONTENTS

The Great Indian Philosopher : Dr. Radhakrishnan Dillip Kumar Behura ...1

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as Statesman Dr. Dinabandhu Dehury ...5

My Gratitude Swetapadma Mohapatra ...9

Nabarangapur : The Treasure of Tribal Tourism and Culture Dasarathi Patra ... 10

Combating HIV/AIDS : A Challenge Ahead Dr. Krushna Chandra Jena Dr. Jyotsna Rani Kuanr ... 14

A Fascinating Study of Syncretic Culture in Orissa Dr. Mohammed Yamin ... 26

Gangadhar Meher : A Comparative Figure to Sanskrit Literature Prof. Raj Kumar Nayak ... 30

Savari Narayana : Sarala Mahabharata and Sri Jagannath Dr. Satyabrata Das ... 34 Dr. U.N. Sahoo

Integrated Farming System for Sustainable Livelihood : Deepak Mahanty A Success Story of a Tribal Farmer S.C. Patnaik P. Jeevan Das N.K. Parida M. Nedunchezhiyan ... 41

Enhancement of Crop Production Through Bee Pollination Dr. L.N. Mohapatra Dr. B.K. Sontakke N. Ranasingh ... 44

Khandabasa Jatra of Junagarh Dr. Chitrasen Pasayat ... 48

Globalization of Education : As an Empowering Tool for Tribal Women Archana Pattajoshi ... 53

A Greener Bhubani Gurbir Singh ... 57

Achievements of Women & Child Development Department During 2009-10 ... 58