Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014A

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Manifesto Project Dataset

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Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/datasets

Version 2014a from August 28, 2014 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a

1 Introduction & Citation

The Manifesto Project Dataset was originally created by the Manifesto Research Group (MRG) in the late 1970s and the 1980s. The work was continued under the name Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP) at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center in the 1990s and 2000s. Since 2009 the dataset is updated, improved and extended by the project Manifesto Research on Political Representation (MARPOR) funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is still located at the WZB Berlin Social Science Center. Please check our website for the newest version and more precise information about the coding pro- cedure (coding handbook):

https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ When using data from the Manifesto Project Dataset, please cite the dataset:

Volkens, Andrea / Lehmann, Pola / Merz, Nicolas / Regel, Sven / Werner, Annika with Lacewell Onawa Promise / Schultze, Henrike (2014): The Manifesto Data Collection. Man- ifesto Project (MRG / CMP / MARPOR). Version 2014a. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB).

When using data originally provided with the edited volumes Mapping Policy Preferences I or II (see variable datasetorigin), please cite the books:

Budge, Ian / Klingemann, Hans-Dieter / Volkens, Andrea / Bara, Judith with Tanen- baum, Eric / Fording, Richard C. / Hearl, Derek J. / Kim, Hee Min / McDonald, Michael / Mendez, Silvia (2001): Mapping Policy Preferences. Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter / Volkens, Andrea / Bara, Judith / Budge, Ian / McDonald, Michael (2006): Mapping Policy Preferences II. Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Gov- ernments in Eastern Europe, the European Union and the OECD, 1990-2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

When citing this document, refer to:

Volkens, Andrea / Lehmann, Pola / Merz, Nicolas / Regel, Sven / Werner, Annika (2014): The Manifesto Project Dataset - Documentation. Manifesto Project (MRG / CMP / MARPOR). Version 2014a. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB).

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2 Overview

Units parties at national elections

Number of countries 56

Number of parties 960

Number of elections 654

Time period covered Various free and competitive elections between 1920 and 2013

Number of cases 3792

Number of variables 9 identiﬁcation variables 4 data quality variables 5 electoral data variables 114 programmatic data variables 5 programmatic dimensions

Data Sources Publicly available election statistics and content analysed election programs (substitute documents).

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3 Variables 3.1 Identiﬁcation Variables

country 11 Sweden 12 Norway 13 Denmark 14 Finland 15 Iceland 21 Belgium 22 Netherlands 23 Luxembourg 31 France 32 Italy 33 Spain 34 Greece 35 Portugal 41 Germany 42 Austria 43 Switzerland 51 Great Britain 52 Northern Ireland 53 Ireland 54 Malta 55 Cyprus 61 United States 62 Canada 63 Australia 64 New Zealand 71 Japan 72 Israel 73 Sri Lanka 74 Turkey 75 Albania 76 Armenia 77 Azerbaijan 78 Belarus 79 Bosnia-Herzegovina 80 Bulgaria 81 Croatia 82 Czech Republic 83 Estonia 84 Georgia 85 German Democratic Republic 86 Hungary 87 Latvia

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88 Lithuania 89 Macedonia 90 Moldova 91 Montenegro 92 Poland 93 Romania 94 Russia 95 Serbia 96 Slovakia 97 Slovenia 98 Ukraine 113 South Korea 171 Mexico 181 South Africa

countryname Name of country in English (string variable)

oecdmember 0 no OECD member at the time of election 10 OECD member at the time of election

eumember 0 no EU member at the time of election 10 EU member at the time of election 20 EU applicant at the time of election

edate Day, month, and year of national election

date Year and month of national election

party The party identification code consists of five or six digits. The first two or three digits repeat the country code. The last three digits are running numbers.

partyname Abbreviations of names of parties in original language and names of parties in English (string variable).

parfam Tentative grouping of political parties and alliances into the following party families. The variable is constant over time and does not account for possible changes of party family: 10 ECO Ecological parties 20 COM Socialist parties 30 SOC Social democratic parties 40 LIB Liberal parties 50 CHR Christian democratic parties 60 CON Conservative parties 70 NAT Nationalist parties 80 AGR Agrarian parties

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90 ETH Ethnic and regional parties 95 SIP Special issue parties DIV Electoral alliances of diverse origin without dominant 98/00 party 999 MI missing information

3.2 Coding and data quality variables

coderid Identiﬁcation number of coder, three digit code: First digit: 1.. MRG/CMP group member 2.. hired coder 8.. speciﬁcally trained coder 998 not applicable 999 missing information

manual Codings based on manual version ... 0 no manual 1 manual version 1 2 manual version 2 3 manual version 3 4 manual version 4 998 not applicable 999 no information whether a handbook was used or not

coderyear Year during which codings took place . missing information / not applicable (e.g. for progtype = 3 or progtype = 99)

testresult Result of entry test as given in coding handbook: test of reliability in comparison to the master copy, Krippendorﬀ’s Alpha for ordinal data: -1.00 very bad +1.00 very good . not applicable (e.g. progtype = 3) / missing information) Missing for early project phase / members of the Manifesto Research Group (MRG).

3.3 Electoral data variables

pervote Percentage of votes gained by each party. In case of mixed electoral systems with a proportional and majoritarian component, pervote indicates the vote share in the proportional component. In case of an electoral coalition where programs for all members of the coalition and the coalition were coded, pervote for the coalition program is set to zero so that the sum of pervotes is not higher than 100%. . missing information coded

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Not available for Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Belarus 1995 and Mon- tenegro 1990.

voteest 0 original ﬁgure from data source/election statistics Indicates that the vote share indicated by pervote is taken from election results and indicates the vote share the party (or party bloc) won at the election. 1 estimated Indicates that the pervote variable is not simply derived by a calculation of gained votes divided by the total number of valid votes. Electoral alliances or an electoral system with regional lists can prohibit such a simple calculation. In these cases the pervote variable is often calculated based on the number of seats gained by a party. presvote Percentage of votes in presidential elections. . missing information Currently missing for all countries except the USA. . absseat Absolute number of seats won by each party or party bloc. . missing information Missing for Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka.

totseats Total number of seats in parliament: . missing information Missing for Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka. .

3.4 Programmatic data variables

progtype 1 Program of a single party As a rule, each party issues one program for each election. 2 Program of two or more parties In a number of countries, parties compete as programmatic coalitions by issuing joint programs. In these cases, the joint program was assigned to each of the party of the programmatic coalition. 3 Estimate For calculating median voter or median party ﬁgures, missing election programs have been estimated on the basis of available programs whenever a party obtained seats in parliament. Esti- mates were derived either by computing averages between two adjacent programs or by duplicating programmatic data. 4 Program taken from main party of electoral coalition Especially in CEE countries, parties often compete as electoral coalitions in which blocs of parties receive joint votes and seats, but parties in the bloc still issue separate programs. When the electoral coalition is dominated by one strong party, the program of the main coalition party was used to measure positions of the ‘electoral coalition’ as a whole. 5 Average of all members of an electoral coalition

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When the electoral coalition consists of equally strong parties, the average of platforms from all coalition parties was used to measure positions of the electoral coalition as a whole. 6 General program Some parties did not issue separate election programs but con- tested elections with their general programs. 8 Party bloc program Some party blocs issue joint programs. As opposed to type 2 programs, electoral statistics are given for the party bloc as a whole, not for the single parties making up the bloc. 9 Other type of program Other types of programs not speciﬁed by types 1 to 8. 99 Missing program In cases where it was impossible to ﬁnd a manifesto from the respective party or in cases where content-analytical data from this party is still missing, but will be added soon.

datasetorigin Indicates whether the observation was published with the books Map- ping Policy Preferences I or II or with one of the updates since 2009. In case where the programmatic variables of an observation are updated or replaced (e.g. due to the replacement of a document), this variable is updated as well. 10 MPPI 20 MPPII 30 Update 2009 40 Update 2010 41 Update 2010b 50 Update 2011a 51 Update 2011b 60 Update 2012a 61 Update 2012b 70 Update 2013a 71 Update 2013b 80 Update 2014a 100 MPPI+MPPII

Data Entries Percentages of ﬁfty-six categories grouped into seven major policy ar- per101 – per706 eas. Because of the diﬀerent length of documents, the number of (quasi-) sentences in each category is standardised taking the total number of (quasi-) sentences in the respective documents as a base. In the data set each of these categories is a variable that represents the percentage. . Missing information / not applicable (if no document was coded; progtype = 99) Note: Every negative category includes all references of the positive category but negative. For instance, ‘Military: Negative’ is the reversal of all ‘Military: Positive’ statements.

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Domain 1: External Relations

per101 Foreign Special Relationships: Positive Favourable mentions of particular countries with which the manifesto country has a special relationship; the need for co-operation with and/or aid to such countries. per102 Foreign Special Relationships: Negative Negative mentions of particular countries with which the manifesto country has a special relationship. These special relationships should be predetermined on a case by case basis. Refer to the supervisor for detailed information and attach a list of special relations to the coding protocol. per103 Anti-Imperialism Negative references to imperial behaviour and/or negative references to one state exerting strong inﬂuence (political, military or commercial) over other states. May also include:

• Negative references to controlling other countries as if they were part of an empire; • Favourable references to greater self-government and independence for colonies;

• Favourable mentions of de-colonisation.

per104 Military: Positive The importance of external security and defence. May include statements concerning:

• The need to maintain or increase military expenditure; • The need to secure adequate manpower in the military; • The need to modernise armed forces and improve military strength;

• The need for rearmament and self-defence; • The need to keep military treaty obligations.

per105 Military: Negative Negative references to the military or use of military power to solve conﬂicts. References to the ‘evils of war’. May include references to:

• Decreasing military expenditures; • Disarmament;

• Reduced or abolished conscription.

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per106 Peace Any declaration of belief in peace and peaceful means of solving crises – absent reference to the military. May include:

• Peace as a general goal; • Desirability of countries joining in negotiations with hostile countries; • Ending wars in order to establish peace.

per107 Internationalism: Positive Need for international co-operation, including co-operation with spe- ciﬁc countries other than those coded in 101. May also include references to the:

• Need for aid to developing countries;

• Need for world planning of resources; • Support for global governance; • Need for international courts;

• Support for UN or other international organisations.

per108 European Community/Union: Positive Favourable mentions of European Community/Union in general. May include the:

• Desirability of the manifesto country joining (or remaining a member); • Desirability of expanding the European Community/Union; • Desirability of increasing the ECs/EUs competences;

• Desirability of expanding the competences of the European Par- liament.

per109 Internationalism: Negative Negative references to international co-operation. Favourable mentions of national independence and sovereignty with regard to the manifesto country’s foreign policy, isolation and/or unilateralism as opposed to internationalism. per110 European Community/Union: Negative Negative references to the European Community/Union. May include:

• Opposition to speciﬁc European policies which are preferred by European authorities;

• Opposition to the net-contribution of the manifesto country to the EU budget.

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Domain 2: Freedom and Democracy

per201 Freedom and Human Rights Favourable mentions of importance of personal freedom and civil rights in the manifesto and other countries. May include mentions of:

• The right to the freedom of speech, press, assembly etc.; • Freedom from state coercion in the political and economic spheres; • Freedom from bureaucratic control;

• The idea of individualism.

per202 Democracy Favourable mentions of democracy as the “only game in town”. General support for the manifesto country’s democracy. May also include:

• Democracy as method or goal in national, international or other organisations (e.g. labour unions, political parties etc.); • The need for the involvement of all citizens in political decision- making;

• Support for either direct or representative democracy; • Support for parts of democratic regimes (rule of law, division of powers, independence of courts etc.).

per203 Constitutionalism: Positive Support for maintaining the status quo of the constitution. Support for speciﬁc aspects of the manifesto country’s constitution. The use of constitutionalism as an argument for any policy. per204 Constitutionalism: Negative Opposition to the entirety or speciﬁc aspects of the manifesto country’s constitution. Calls for constitutional amendments or changes. May include calls to abolish or rewrite the current constitution.

Domain 3: Political System

per301 Federalism Support for federalism or decentralisation of political and/or economic power. May include:

• Favourable mentions of the territorial subsidiary principle; • More autonomy for any sub-national level in policy making and/or economics;

• Support for the continuation and importance of local and regional customs and symbols and/or deference to local expertise; • Favourable mentions of special consideration for sub-national ar- eas.

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per302 Centralisation General opposition to political decision-making at lower political levels. Support for unitary government and for more centralisation in political and administrative procedures. per303 Governmental and Administrative Efficiency Need for efficiency and economy in government and administration and/or the general appeal to make the process of government and administration cheaper and more efficient. May include:

• Restructuring the civil service; • Cutting down on the civil service;

• Improving bureaucratic procedures.

Note: Specific policy positions overrule this category! If there is no specific policy position, however, this category applies. per304 Political Corruption Need to eliminate political corruption and associated abuses of political and/or bureaucratic power. per305 Political Authority References to the manifesto party’s competence to govern and/or other party’s lack of such competence. Also includes favourable mentions of the desirability of a strong and/or stable government in general. Note: Specific policy positions overrule this category! If there is no specific policy position, however, this category applies.

Domain 4: Economy

per401 Free Market Economy Favourable mentions of the free market and free market capitalism as an economic model. May include favourable references to:

• Laissez-faire economy; • Superiority of individual enterprise over state and control systems; • Private property rights; • Personal enterprise and initiative; • Need for unhampered individual enterprises.

per402 Incentives Favourable mentions of supply side oriented economic policies (assistance to businesses rather than consumers). May include:

• Financial and other incentives such as subsidies, tax breaks etc.; • Wage and tax policies to induce enterprise; • Encouragement to start enterprises.

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per403 Market Regulation Support for policies designed to create a fair and open economic market. May include:

• Calls for increased consumer protection; • Increasing economic competition by preventing monopolies and other actions disrupting the functioning of the market; • Defence of small businesses against disruptive powers of big businesses;

• Social market economy.

per404 Economic Planning Favourable mentions of long-standing economic planning by the government. May be:

• Policy plans, strategies, policy patterns etc.; • Of a consultative or indicative nature.

per405 Corporatism/Mixed Economy Favourable mentions of cooperation of government, employers, and trade unions simultaneously. The collaboration of employers and em- ployee organisations in overall economic planning supervised by the state. Note: This category was not used for Austria up to 1979, for New Zealand up to 1981, and for Sweden up to 1988. per406 Protectionism: Positive Favourable mentions of extending or maintaining the protection of internal markets (by the manifesto or other countries). Measures may include:

• Tariﬀs; • Quota restrictions;

• Export subsidies.

per407 Protectionism: Negative Support for the concept of free trade and open markets. Call for abol- ishing all means of market protection (in the manifesto or any other country). per408 Economic Goals Broad and general economic goals that are not mentioned in relation to any other category. General economic statements that fail to include any specific goal. Note: Specific policy positions overrule this category! If there is no specific policy position, however, this category applies.

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per409 Keynesian Demand Management Favourable mentions of demand side oriented economic policies (assistance to consumers rather than businesses). Particularly includes increase private demand through

• Increasing public demand; • Increasing social expenditures.

May also include:

• Stabilisation in the face of depression; • Government stimulus plans in the face of economic crises.

per410 Economic Growth: Positive The paradigm of economic growth. Includes:

• General need to encourage or facilitate greater production; • Need for the government to take measures to aid economic growth.

per411 Technology and Infrastructure Importance of modernisation of industry and updated methods of transport and communication. May include:

• Importance of science and technological developments in industry;

• Need for training and research within the economy (This does not imply education in general (see category 506); • Calls for public spending on infrastructure such as roads and bridges;

• Support for public spending on technological infrastructure (e.g.: broadband internet, etc.).

per412 Controlled Economy Support for direct government control of economy. May include, for instance:

• Control over prices; • Introduction of minimum wages.

per413 Nationalisation Favourable mentions of government ownership of industries, either par- tial or complete. May also include favourable mentions of government ownership of land.

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per414 Economic Orthodoxy Need for economically healthy government policy making. May include calls for:

• Reduction of budget deﬁcits; • Retrenchment in crisis; • Thrift and savings in the face of economic hardship; • Support for traditional economic institutions such as stock market and banking system; • Support for strong currency.

per415 Marxist Analysis Positive references to Marxist-Leninist ideology and speciﬁc use of Marxist-Leninist terminology by the manifesto party (typically but not necessary by communist parties). Note: This category was not used for Austria 1945-1979, for Australia, Japan and the United States up to 1980; for Belgium, Ireland, The Netherlands and New Zealand up to 1981; for Italy and Britain up to 1983; for Denmark, Luxembourg and Israel up to 1984; for Canada, France and Sweden up to 1988. per416 Anti-Growth Economy: Positive Favourable mentions of anti-growth politics. Rejection of the idea that all growth is good growth. Opposition to growth that causes environmental or societal harm. Call for sustainable economic development. Note: This category was not used for Austria 1945-1979, for Australia, Japan and the United States up to 1980; for Belgium, Ireland, The Netherlands and New Zealand up to 1981; for Italy and Britain up to 1983; for Denmark, Luxembourg and Israel up to 1984; for Canada, France and Sweden up to 1988; and for Norway up to 1989. Test codings, however, have shown that parties before the beginning of the 1990s hardly ever advocated anti-growth policies.

Domain 5: Welfare and Quality of Life

per501 Environmental Protection: Positive General policies in favour of protecting the environment, ﬁghting cli- mate change, and other “green” policies. For instance:

• General preservation of natural resources; • Preservation of countryside, forests, etc.; • Protection of national parks; • Animal rights.

May include a great variance of policies that have the uniﬁed goal of environmental protection.

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per502 Culture: Positive Need for state funding of cultural and leisure facilities including arts and sport. May include:

• The need to fund museums, art galleries, libraries etc.; • The need to encourage cultural mass media and worthwhile leisure activities, such as public sport clubs.

per503 Equality: Positive Concept of social justice and the need for fair treatment of all people. This may include:

• Special protection for underprivileged social groups; • Removal of class barriers;

• Need for fair distribution of resources; • The end of discrimination (e.g. racial or sexual discrimination).

per504 Welfare State Expansion Favourable mentions of need to introduce, maintain or expand any public social service or social security scheme. This includes,for exam- ple, government funding of:

• Health care • Child care

• Elder care and pensions • Social housing

Note: This category excludes education.

per505 Welfare State Limitation Limiting state expenditures on social services or social security. Favourable mentions of the social subsidiary principle (i.e. private care before state care); per506 Education Expansion Need to expand and/or improve educational provision at all levels. Note: This excludes technical training which is coded under 411. per507 Education Limitation Limiting state expenditure on education. May include:

• The introduction or expansion of study fees at all educational levels • Increasing the number of private schools.

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Domain 6: Fabric of Society

per601 National Way of Life: Positive Favourable mentions of the manifesto country’s nation, history, and general appeals. May include:

• Support for established national ideas; • General appeals to pride of citizenship; • Appeals to patriotism;

• Appeals to nationalism; • Suspension of some freedoms in order to protect the state against subversion.

per602 National Way of Life: Negative Unfavourable mentions of the manifesto country’s nation and history. May include:

• Opposition to patriotism; • Opposition to nationalism;

• Opposition to the existing national state, national pride, and national ideas.

per603 Traditional Morality: Positive Favourable mentions of traditional and/or religious moral values. May include:

• Prohibition, censorship and suppression of immorality and un- seemly behaviour; • Maintenance and stability of the traditional family as a value;

• Support for the role of religious institutions in state and society.

per604 Traditional Morality: Negative Opposition to traditional and/or religious moral values. May include:

• Support for divorce, abortion etc.;

• General support for modern family composition; • Calls for the separation of church and state.

per605 Law and Order: Positive Favourable mentions of strict law enforcement, and tougher actions against domestic crime. Only refers to the enforcement of the status quo of the manifesto country’s law code. May include:

• Increasing support and resources for the police; • Tougher attitudes in courts;

• Importance of internal security.

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per606 Civic Mindedness: Positive Appeals for national solidarity and the need for society to see itself as united. Calls for solidarity with and help for fellow people, familiar and unfamiliar. May include:

• Favourable mention of the civil society; • Decrying anti-social attitudes in times of crisis; • Appeal for public spiritedness;

• Support for the public interest.

per607 Multiculturalism: Positive Favourable mentions of cultural diversity and cultural plurality within domestic societies. May include the preservation of autonomy of religious, linguistic heritages within the country including special educational provisions. per608 Multiculturalism: Negative The enforcement or encouragement of cultural integration. Appeals for cultural homogeneity in society.

Domain 7: Social Groups

Note: Speciﬁc policy positions overrule this domain (except 703)! If there is no speciﬁc policy position, however, these categories apply. per701 Labour Groups: Positive Favourable references to all labour groups, the working class, and unemployed workers in general. Support for trade unions and calls for the good treatment of all employees, including:

• More jobs; • Good working conditions; • Fair wages; • Pension provisions etc.

per702 Labour Groups: Negative Negative references to labour groups and trade unions. May focus speciﬁcally on the danger of unions ‘abusing power’. per703 Agriculture and Farmers: Positive Speciﬁc policies in favour of agriculture and farmers. Includes all types of agriculture and farming practises. Only statements that have agriculture as the key goal should be included in this category. Note: Statements that should be categorized as “Agriculture: Negative” are coded as “000”

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per704 Middle Class and Professional Groups General favourable references to the middle class. Speciﬁcally, statements may include references to:

• Professional groups, (e.g.: doctors or lawyers); • White collar groups, (e.g.: bankers or oﬃce employees), • Service sector groups (e.g.: IT industry employees); • Old and/or new middle class.

Note: This is not an economical category but refers to the social group(s). per705 Underprivileged Minority Groups Very general favourable references to underprivileged minorities who are defined neither in economic nor in demographic terms (e.g. the handicapped, homosexuals, immigrants). Only includes favourable statements that cannot be classified in other categories (e.g. 503, 504, 604 etc.) per706 Non-economic Demographic Groups General favourable mentions of demographically defined special interest groups of all kinds. They may include:

• Women; • University students; • Old, young, or middle aged people.

Might include references to assistance to these groups, but only if these do not fall under other categories (e.g. 503 or 504).

Data Entries Subcategories used for CEE countries. For comparisons between per1011 – per7062 OECD and CEE countries, subcategories can be aggregated into one of the 56 standard categories used in all countries per1011 Russia/USSR/CIS: Positive Favourable mentions of Russia, the USSR, the CMEA bloc or the Com- munity of Independent States. per1012 Western States: Positive Favourable mentions of Western states, including the USA and Ger- many. per1013 Eastern European Countries: Positive Favourable mentions of Eastern European countries in general. per1014 Baltic States: Positive Favourable mentions of the Baltic states, including other states bor- dering the Baltic Sea. per1015 Nordic Council: Positive Favourable mentions of the Nordic Council. per1016 SFR Yugoslavia: Positive Favourable mentions of countries formerly belonging to SFR Yu- goslavia including special relationships with Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina.

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per1021 Russia/USSR/CIS: Negative Negative mentions of Russia, the USSR or the Community of Indepen- dent States. per1022 Western States: Negative Negative mentions of Western states, including the USA and Germany. per1023 East European Countries: Negative Negative mentions of Eastern European countries in general. per1024 Baltic States: Negative Negative references to the Baltic states. per1025 Nordic Council: Negative Negative references to the Nordic Council. per1026 SFR Yugoslavia: Negative Negative mentions of countries formerly belonging to SFR Yugoslavia including negative references to Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Hercegovina. per1031 Russian Army: Negative Need to withdraw the Russian army from the territory of the manifesto country; need to receive reparations for the damage caused by the Russian army or other Soviet institutions. per1032 Independence: Positive Favourable mentions of the independence and sovereignty of the manifesto country. per1033 Rights of Nations: Positive Favourable mentions of freedom, rights and interests of nations. per2021 Transition to Democracy General references to the transition process of one-party states to pluralist democracy. per2022 Restrictive Citizenship: Positive Favourable mentions of restrictions in citizenship; restrictions in enfranchisement with respect to (ethnic) groups. per2023 Lax Citizenship: Positive Favourable mentions of lax citizenship and election laws; no or few restrictions in enfranchisement. per2031 Presidential Regime: Positive Support for current presidential regime; statements in favour of a pow- erful presidency. per2032 Republic: Positive Support for the republican form of government as opposed to monarchy. per2033 Checks and Balances: Positive Support for checks and balances and separation of powers, and specif- ically for limiting the powers of the presidency by increasing legisla- tive/judicial powers, or transferring some executive powers to the leg- islature or judiciary. per2041 Monarchy: Positive Support for a monarchy, including conceptions of constitutional monarchy.

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per3011 Republican Powers: Positive Favourable mentions of stronger republican powers. per3051 Public Situation: Negative Negative references to the situation in public life after the founding elections. per3052 Communist: Positive Co-operation with former authorities/communists in the transition period; pro-communist involvement in the transition process; and ‘let sleeping dogs lie’ in dealing with the nomenclature. per3053 Communist: Negative Against communist involvement in democratic government; weeding out the collaborators from governmental service; need for political coalition except communist parties. per3054 Rehabilitation and Compensation: Positive References to civic rehabilitation of politically persecuted people in the communist era; references to juridical compensation concerning communist expropriations; moral compensation. per3055 Political Coalitions: Positive Positive references to the need of broader political coalition; need for co-operation at the political level; necessity of collaboration among all political forces. per4011 Privatisation: Positive Favourable references to privatisation. per4012 Control of Economy: Negative Negative references to the general need for direct governmental control of the economy. per4013 Property-Restitution: Positive Favourable references to the physical restitution of property to previous owners. per4014 Privatisation Vouchers: Positive Favourable references to privatisation vouchers. per4121 Social Ownership: Positive Favourable references to the creation or preservation of co-operative or non-state social ownership within a market economy. per4122 Mixed Economy: Positive Favourable references to mixed ownership within a market economy. per4123 Publicly-Owned Industry: Positive Positive references to the concept of publicly-owned industries. per4124 Socialist Property: Positive Positive references to socialist property, including public and cooperative property; negative references to privatisation. per4131 Property-Restitution: Negative Negative references to the physical restitution of property to previous owners. per4132 Privatisation: Negative Negative references to the privatisation system; need to change the privatisation system.

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per5021 Private-Public Mix in Culture: Positive Necessity of private provisions due to economic constraints; private funding in addition to public activity. per5031 Private-Public Mix in Social Justice: Positive Necessity of private initiatives due to economic constraints. per5041 Private-Public Mix in Welfare: Positive Necessity of private welfare provisions due to economic constraints; desirability of competition in welfare service provisions; private funding in addition to public activity. per5061 Private-Public Mix in Education: Positive Necessity of private education due to economic constraints; desirability of competition in education. per6011 The Karabakh Issue: Positive Positive references to the unity of Karabakh and Armenia or the recog- nition of the independent Republic of Karabakh; rendering assistance to Karabakh. per6012 Rebuilding the USSR: Positive Favourable mentions of the reuniﬁcation of all republics and nations living on the former territory of the USSR into a new common (democratic) state or into a common economic space whereby the new union would be the guarantor of the manifesto country’s sovereignty; negative references to the dissolution of the USSR and the respective treaties. per6013 National Security: Positive Support for or need to maintain national security in all spheres of social life; policies devoted to this goal. per6014 Cyprus Issue All references concerning the division of Cyprus in a Greek and a Turk- ish part. per6061 General Crisis Identiﬁcation of a general crisis in the country. per6071 Cultural Autonomy: Positive Favourable mentions of cultural autonomy. per6072 Multiculturalism pro Roma: Positive Favourable mentions of cultural autonomy of Roma. per6081 Multiculturalism pro Roma: Negative Negative mentions of cultural autonomy of Roma. per7051 Minorities Inland: Positive References to manifesto country minorities in foreign countries; positive references to manifesto country minorities. per7052 Minorities Abroad: Positive References to ethnic minorities living in the manifesto country such as Latvians living in Estonia. per7061 War Participants: Positive Favourable mentions of, or need for, assistance to people taking part in the war on the territory of ex-Yugoslavia.

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per7062 Refugees: Positive Favourable mentions of, or need for, assistance to people who left their homes because of the war (for instance, on the territory of ex- Yugoslavia) or were forcibly displaced.

peruncod Percentage of uncoded (quasi-) sentences Missing coded: . missing data Missing information for most documents of Sweden 1949-1982 and Nor- way 1945-1989.

total Total number of quasi-sentences Missing information coded: . Missing information Information missing for Norway 1989.

3.5 Programmatic dimensions

rile Right-left position of party as given in Michael Laver/Ian Budge (eds.): Party Policy and Government Coalitions, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: The MacMillan Press 1992: (per104 + per201 + per203 + per305 + per401 + per402 + per407 + per414 + per505 + per601 + per603 + per605 + per606) - (per103 + per105 + per106 + per107 + per403 + per404 + per406 + per412 + per413 + per504 + per506 + per701 + per202). . missing information (progtype = 99) planeco per403 + per404 + per412 . missing information / not applicable (eg. if progtype = 99) markeco per401 + per414 . missing information / not applicable (eg. if progtype = 99) welfare per503 + per504 . missing information / not applicable (eg. if progtype = 99) intpeace per102 + per105 + per106 . missing information / not applicable (eg. if progtype = 99)

22 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 4 4 no information members: E Djatha e Bashkuar e Shqipërisë (United Party of Albania) Albania) Name: Albanian Right); Party) PSS Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë (Albanian Socialist Party) PLL Partia Lëvizja e Legalitetit (Legality Movement Party) 3 1996-1997 manifesto coded: in 1997 coalition renamed in 1992: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7522075320 1991-200175421 PPS 1991-20017562175622 PSD 1992-200175623 Partia e 1991 Punës e Shqipërisë AD (Albanian Party 1992 of75624 Labour) Partia Socialdemokrate 1991, ë Shqipërisë (Social Democratic 75721 PP Partia 1991-1997 Aleanca PUK Demokratike (Democratic Alliance 5 Party) PD 1996-199775722 Partia Popullore (People’s Partia Party) e BK Unitetit Kombëtar (Party 4 of National Unity) 1991-1997 Partia Demokratike e Shqipërisë (Democratic Party of PRSH Partia Balli Kombëtar (National Front Party) 1 Partia Republikane Shqiptare (Albanian Republican 1 2 4 Coverage ofThe following the list documents Datasetin the including parties English, that the Party were party/allianceparties. coded Splits abbreviation at as and Within a well specific the as Merges themselves. election. the list If corresponding The of the list party alliance composition includesFurthermore, identification members, of the the number. an party’s list parties In or alliance records are caseparties alliance’s changed renames represented of name and between of an only in different indicates parties alliance, the elections, by the andIn it original this name their alliances. the language also change (and id past and documents is It if and there the covered existing showsid. have as abbreviation member whether the been well. Instead, if id) a a the of they party fewwhich alliance this was cases are election manifesto a split where also an or appeared split an part alliance merger from alliance under manifesto of parties. manifesto another the was the was party party coded coded or general id as instead a of party well of4.1 merger the list as a of main the by party a party name manifesto number within and but Country: of that members without other of assigning alliance. Albania the this In alliance alliance. such a cases new the party list displays the information for

23 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 Human Rights Party) Union of the Greek Minority) PBDNJ Partia Bashkimi për të Drejtat e Njeriut (Union for PASH Partia Agrare e Shqipërisë (Agrarian Party of Albania) 4 1996-2001 renamed in 1992: 7581075951 1991, 1991-2001 OMONIA Bashkimia Demokratik i Minoritet Grek (Democratic

24 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 HHSh HZhK members: members: Ardarutyun (Justice); Hanrapetutyun (Republic); Hayastani Zhoghovrdakan Kusaktsutyun (People’s Party of Armenia), AZhM (76712),Demokratakan HDK Kusaktsutyun Hayastani (Democratic PartyArmenia), of Hanrapetutyun (Republic), Hayastani Demokratakan Kusaktsutyun (Natioanl Democratic Party), Sotsial-demokratakan Hnchakian kusaktsutsutyun (Social Democratic Hnchakian Party), Azgayin-demokratakan dashink (National Democratic Alliance), Sahmanadrakan iravunqi miutyunConstitutional (Union Rights) for Party of Armenia) Revolutionary Federation) Party) Alliance: Self-Determination Union) Party of Armenia) Alliance: Hayots Hamazgain Sharzhum (ArmenianMovement, Pan-National Sotsial-demokrat Hnchakian kusaktsutsyun (Social Democratic Hnchakian Party),qristonya-demokratakan Hay miutyun (Armenian Christian Democratic Union), Hayastani demokrat-liberal kusaktsutsyun (Democratic Liberal PartyHanrapetakan of kusaktsutsyun Armenia), (Republican Party) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7622276321 1995-199976322 HKK 1999-200376420 HHD 200376421 Hayastani Komunistakan Kusaktsutyun (Communist 1999-2003 Hay Heghapokhakan 2003 MAK Dashnaktsutyun (Armenian OEK Miavorvac A Ashkhatankayin Kusaktsutyun Orinats’ (United Yerkir Labour (Rule of Law)7652176610 199576711 2003 AIM 1995 HHK Azgayin 2 Inknoroshum Miavorum (National HA Hayastani Hanrapetakan Kusaktsutyun (Republican 4.2 Country: Armenia

25 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 1 1 HZhK Hayastani members: AM (76904), Sahmanadrakan iravunqi miutyun Iravunk ev Miabanutyun (Right and Unity); Miasnutyun (Unity); Union) Alliance: members: (Union for Constitutional Rights),(Artsakj Artsakh Haiastan), Hayastan Gardmak Alliance: Zhoghovrdakan Kusaktsutyun (People’s Party of Armenia), HHK (76610) 7671276901 1995-199976902 AZhM 1995 199976903 Azgayin Zhoghovrdakan Miutyun (National Democratic IM 76904 1999 2003 Shamiram M (Semiramis (Women’s Movement)) AM Azgayin Miabanutyun (National Unity Party) 1 1

26 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a AD Australian DemocratsNCPNPA National Country Party National Party of Australia 4 1996-2001 renamed in 1975: renamed in 1982: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 631106332063321 2004-2010 1946-201063330 1990, 63620 ALP63621 1955-197763810 1946-2010 DLP Australian Labor Australian Greens Party 2010 LPA 1946-2010 Democratic CP Labor Party LNP Liberal Party of Australia Liberal Country Party National Party of Queensland 26 3 10 1 26 26 4.3 Country: Australia

27 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 2 19 Party) Democratic Party) Die Freiheitlichen (Freedom Movement) Austria) GRÜNE Die Grünen (The Greens) FPÖ Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (Austrian Freedom Party) FPÖ Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (Austrian Freedom Party) renamed in 1993: renamed in 1956: renamed in 1995: renamed in 1999: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 4211042220 1986-200842320 GA 2002, 200842420 KPÖ 1949-2008 Die Grüne Alternative SPÖ (Green Alternative) 1949-2008 Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (Austrian42421 VdU Communist 42520 Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (Austrian Social 42710 1994-1995 Verband der Unabhängigen (League 1949-2008 of Independents) LIF 2006-2008 ÖVP 8 BZÖ Liberales Forum (Liberal 19 Forum) Österreichische Volkspartei (Austrian People’s Party) Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (Alliance for the Future of 19 2 4.4 Country: Austria

28 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 2 United Communist Party) Democratic Entrepeneurs Party) Independence Party) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7722077221 1995-200077420 200077430 YAP 1995-200077710 1995 AVKP AXC Yeni Azerbaycan77951 Partiyasi (New Azerbaijan Party) 1995-2000 Azerbaycan Vahid Kommunist ADPS Partiyasi (Azerbaijan AMIP Azerbaycan Xalq 2000 Cebhesi (Azerbaijan Popular Front) Azerbaycan Demokratik Azerbaycan Sahibkarlar 2 Milli Partiyasi (Azerbaijan Istiqlal Partiyasi VHP (Azerbaijan National 2 Vatandas Hamrayliyi Partiyasi (Civil Solidarity Party) 1 4.5 Country: Azerbaijan

29 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 1 Belarus) Party) Movement) Democratic Party of Belarus) (Belarusian Social-Democratic Party ‘Hramada’) Women ‘Nadzeja’) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7821178212 199578213 199578214 1995 PKB78410 199578430 APB BKhP Partiya Komunistau Belaruskaya (Party 1995 of78710 Communists of 1995 BPR Agrarnaya Partiya Belarusi (Agrarian78901 Belaruskaya Party Syalanskaya of Partiya Belarus) (Belarusan Peasants’ 1995 PNZ ADPB Belaruski Patryatychny Rukh 1995 (Belarusan Patriotic 1 BSDP Partiya Narodnaya Zgody Abyadnanya (Party Demakratychnaya of Partiya People’s Belarusi Consent) (United BPZ-N Belaruskaja Sacyjal-Demakratychnaya Partiya ‘Hramada’ Belaruskaya Partiya Zhanchyn ‘Nadzeya’ (Party of 1 4.6 Country: Belarus

30 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 9 2 1 8 11 13 Democrats) Liberals and Democrats) Originales (Ecologists) Different - Spirit) (Belgian Socialist Party) Integraal-democratisch en Toekomstgericht (Social, Progressive, International, Regionalist, Integrally Democartic and Forward-Looking) du Progrès (Party of Liberty and Progress) Progress) Progress) VLDopenVLD Vlaamse Liberalen en Open Demokraten Vlaamse (Flemish Liberalen Liberals en and Demokraten (Open Flemish groen! Groen! (Green!) SPsp.a Socialistische Partij (Flemish Socialist Party) Socialistische Partij Anders (Socialist Party Different) PVV/PLP Partij voor Vrijheid en Vooruitgang/Parti de 9 la Liberté et 2007-2010 renamed in 2007: renamed in 1992: renamed in 2007: renamed in 2007: renamed in 1961: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 2111121112 1981-201021221 ECOLO 1981-201021320 AGALEV Écologistes Confédérés 2003-2007 pour l’Organisation de Luttes 21321 Anders Gaan Leven sp.a-SPIRIT (Live 1946-1977 Differently) Socialistische Partij Anders - Spirit BSP/PSB (Socialist 1978-1999, Party 2132221330 Belgische Socialistische Partij/Parti Socialiste Belge 1978-2010 2007 PS21420 9 SPIRIT 1946-196821421 Parti Socialiste (Francophone Socialist Party) LP/PL Sociaal, Progressief, International, Regionalistisch, 1971-2010 Liberale Partij/Parti Libéral PVV (Liberal Party)21422 Partij 10 voor Vrijheid en Vooruitgang 1971-1991 (Party of Liberty and PLP 8 Parti de la Liberté et du Progrès (Party of Liberty and 4.7 Country: Belgium

31 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 4 1 3 7 PLP (21422), FDF (21912), MCC Mouvement PLP (21422), FDF (21912), MCC Mouvement Parti réformateur libéral - Front Démocratique Mouvement Réformateur (Reform Movement); Walloon Reform and Liberty) PLP de la région bruxelloise (21424) Democratic and Pluralist Party) Francophones (Liberal Reformation PartyDemocratic - Francophone Front) Parti Libéral Pluraliste deLiberal la Party) région bruxelloise (Brussels Alliance: des Francophones - Mouvement desChangement (Liberal Citoyens pour Reformation la PartyDemocratic - Front Francophone - Citizens’members: Movement for Change); des Citoyens pour laChange) Changement (Citizens’ Movement for Alliance: members: des Citoyens pour laChange) Changement (Citizens’ Movement for (Francophone Christian Social PartyChristian and People’s Flemish Party) and Flemish) PRLWPRL Parti des Réformes et de la Liberté de Wallonie (Party of Parti Réformateur Libéral (Liberal Reformation Party) PLDPPL Parti Libéral Démocratique et Pluraliste (Liberal Parti Libéral (Liberal Party) région bruxelloise MCC CD&V Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (Christian Democratic renamed in 1979: renamed in 1977: renamed in 1976: renamed in 1974: renamed in 1999: joined in 1981 by: 2142321424 1995 1971-1978 PRL-FDF PLP de Parti la Réformateur Libéral -21425 Front Démocratique des 199921426 PRL-FDF- 2003-201021430 MR 21520 2007-201021521 1946-1965 LDD PSC/CVP 1968-201021522 Parti Social Chrétien/Christelijke Lijst Volkspartij Dedecker (List Dedecker) CVP 1968-2010 PSC Christelijke Volkspartij (Christian People’s Party) Parti Social Chrétien (Christian Social Party) 14 2 14

32 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 10 14 Democratic Front of Francophones) (Francophone Democratic Front of FrancophonesBrussels) of Peoples’ Union) (People’s Union - Completecentury) Democracy for the 21st FDF Front Démocratique Francophones (Francophone VU De Volksunie (Peoples’ Union) renamed in 1985: renamed in 1955: 2191121912 1968-1981 1965-1991 RW FDF21913 Rassemblement Wallon (Walloon Rally) 1954-199521914 Front Démocratique des Bruxellois Francophones 21915 CVV 1978-200321916 1999 VB Christelijke Vlaamse21917 Volksunie (Flemish Christian 2003-2010 VU-ID21 2007-2010 6 Vlaams Blok N-VA (Flemish Bloc) De Volksunie VB –Integrale Democratie voor de 21ste Eeuw Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (New Flemish Alliance) Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) 3 8 2

33 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 SDA (79951), SBiH members: Koalicija za cjelovitu i demokratsku Bosnu i Savez komunista Bosne idemokratska Hercegovine-Socijalisticka partija (League ofand Communists Herzegovina-Social of Democratic Bosnia Party) Forces of Yugoslavia) the Republika Srpska) Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Alliance: Hercegovinu (Coalition for aBosnia United and and Herzegovina); Democratic (79723) Democratic Progress of the Republika Srpska) Radical Party of the Republika Srpska) Republika Srpska) Herzegovina) (Democratic Peoples’ Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina) BiH-SDP SBiH Stranka za Bosnu iSDA Hercegovinu (Party for Bosnia and Stranka demokratske akcije (Party of Democratic Action) 4 2000-2002 2000-2002 ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7922179222 199079223 1990 SK 79321 199679421 SRSJ 1998-2002 SPRS SDP BiH 1998 Savez79422 reformskih snaga Jugoslavije (Alliance of Reform Socijaldemokratska partija Socijalisticka Bosne partija i79423 Republike Hercegovine Srpske (Social (Socialist KCD Party BiH 2000-2002 of 79721 PDP RS 200079722 1998 Partija79723 demokratskog prograsa Republike Srpske 1998 (Party NHI of 79901 SRS RS 1996, 79951 RS RS Nova hrvatska Srpska inicijativa 2000 radikalna (New stranka Croation Republike Initiative) Srpske79952 (Serbian 1990-1996, Radikalna stranka Republike Srpske (Radical DNZ Party BiH of the 1990 Demokratska narodna 1 zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine SDS Srpska demokratska stranka (Serbian Democratic Party) 1 4.8 Country: Bosnia-Herzegovina

34 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 1 (Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina) Organization) 7995379954 1990-200279955 HDZ BiH 1990 Hrvatska 1996-2002 demokratska zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine MBO SDS Muslimanska bošnjacka organizacija (Muslim-Bosniac Srpska demokratska stranka (Serbian Democratic Party) 4

35 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 6 3 2 1 BSP members: members: BSP (80220), BZNS-AS (80812), BSDP BSP (80220), PKE (80110), BZNS-AS (80812) Sinyata Koalitsiya (Blue Coalition); Koaliciya za Balgariya (Coalition for Bulgaria); Koaliciya na Balgarska Socialisticheska Partiya Demokratichna Levitsa (Democratic Left); Koaliciya na Balgarska SocialisticheskaZemedelski Partiya, Naroden Balgarski Sayuz -Politicheski Aleksandar klub Stambolijski ’Ekoglasnost’ i (CoalitionSocialist of Party, Bulgarian Bulgarian AgrarianAlexandar People’s Union Stambolijski - and Political Club ’Ekoglasnost’) Alliance: SDS (80410), DSB (80610),Socialdemokraticheska BSDP Partiya Balgarska (Bulgarian Social Democratic Party), RDP RadikalnaPartiya Demokraticheska (Radical Democratic Party),Zemedeltsi OZ (United Obedineni Agrarians) ‘Ekoglasnost’) Party) Alliance: members: Balgarska Socialdemokraticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Social Democratic Party), PDSD‘Socialdemokrati’ Politichesko (Political Dvizhenie Movement ‘Social Democrats’), KPB Komunisticheska Partiya(Communist na Party Balgariya of Bulgaria),Balgariya ZPB (Green Zelena Party Partiya in na Sotsialen Bulgaria), Humanizum DSH (Movement Dvzhenie for za Grazhdansko Social Obedinenie Humanism), ‘Roma’ (Civil Union ‘Roma’) Alliance: (Coalition of Bulgarian Socialist(80220), Party); PKE (80110), BZNS-AS (80812) Alliance: members: BSP-BZNS- AS-PKE BSP Balgarska Socialisticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Socialist 2005, 2013 renamed in 1994: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 80051 200980110 SK 80220 1994-199780221 PKE 1990-1997, 2001-2009 Politicheski klub ‘Ekoglasnost’ (Political KzB Club 80228 1991-1994 80229 1997 DL 4.9 Country: Bulgaria

36 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 3 BSDP Balgarska members: Civic Union of the Republic, dissident deputies Koalicija Evrolevica (Euroleft Coalition); Sayuz na Demokratichnite Sili (Union of Alliance: members: from the BSP (80220) Alliance: Democratic Forces); Socialdemokraticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Social Democratic Party), BZNS-NP BalgarskiNaroden Zemedelski Sayuz - NikolaNational Petkov Union (Bulgarian - Agrarian NikolaiSocialdemokraticheska Petkov), Sayuz BSDS (Bulgarian Balgarska Social Democratic Union), ASO AlternativoObedinienie Socialistichesko (Alternative Socialist Association),Balgarska BRSP Rabotnicheska Socialdemokraticheska Klub (Bulgarian Labour Social DemocraticSocialdemokraticheska Party), Klub (Social DemocraticNezavisimo Club), Druzhestvo za Zashtitav na Balgariya Choveshkite (Independent Prava AssociationHuman for Rights the in Defence Bulgaria), of Demokraticheska RDP Partiya Radikalna (Radical DemocraticDemokraticheska Party), Partiya DP (Democartic Party),Obedinen OHZ Hristijandemokraticheski Zentar (United Christian Democratic Centre), HDF Hristiyan-Demokraticheska Fronta (Christian Democratic Front), GI Grazhdanska Initsiativa (Citizens’Klub Initiative), na Represiranite sledVictims 1945 of Godina Repression (Club after fori 1945), the Duhovnite Svobodata Tsenosti na (Committee Savestta Freedom for of Religious Conscience, Rights, andna Spiritual Klubove Values), Federatsiya za DemokratsiyaDemocracy), (Federation of Federatsiya na Clubs Nezavisimi for Druzhestva Studentki (Federation of Independents’ Students Societies), ZP Zelena PartiyaBalgarska (Green Narodna Party), Partiya BNP (BulgarianPKE People’s (80110), Party), Nezavisima Federatsiya na(Independent Truda Labour Podkrepa Federation Pokrepa),Zashtita Komitet na za Relioznite Prava 8032080410 1997 1990-1994 KEL SDS

37 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 2 1 1 SDS (80410), NS (80811), members: Obedineni Demokratichni Sili (United BSDP Balgarska Socialdemokraticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Social Democratic Party),Zemedelski BZNS-NP Naroden Balgarski Sayuz -Agrarian Nikola National Petkov Union (Bulgarian -Balgarska Nikolai Socialdemokraticheska Petkov), Sayuz BSDS (BulgarianDemocratic Social Union), ASO AlternativoObedinienie Socialistichesko (Alternative Socialist Association),Balgarska BRSP Rabotnicheska Socialdemokraticheska Klub (Bulgarian Labour Social DemocraticSocialdemokraticheska Party), Klub (Social DemocraticNezavisimo Club), Druzhestvo za Zashtitav na Balgariya Choveshkite (Independent Prava AssociationHuman for Rights the in Defence Bulgaria), of Demokraticheska RDP Partiya Radikalna (Radical DemocraticDemokraticheska Party), Partiya DP (Democartic Party),Obedinen OHZ Hristijandemokraticheski Zentar (United Christian Democratic Centre) SDS (80410), DP DemokraticheskaParty), Partiya DG (Democartic Dvizhenie GergyovdenMovement), (Saint NDP George Nacionalno Day Demokraticheska(National Partiya Democratic Union) Alliance: Democratic Forces); BSDP Balgarska Socialdemokraticheska Partiya (Bulgarian Social Democratic Party),Demokraticheska NDP Partiya Nacionalno (National Democratic Union) European Development of Bulgaria) Bulgaria) National Union) change of change of composition in 1994: composition in 2005: 80411 1997-2005 ODS 8051080610 2009-201380620 GERB 20058071080810 2009 Grazhdani za Evropeisko Razvitie 2005-2013 DSB Balgariya (Citizens for 1990 ATAKA RZS Demokrati za Nacionalno Silna Obedinenie Balgariya Ataka (Democrats BZNS (National for Union a Attack) Strong Red, Zakonnost i Spravedlivost (Order, Law and Justice) Balgarski Zemedelski Naroden Sayuz (Bulgarian Agrarian 3 1

38 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 2 8 1 1 members: DPS (80951), ZP Zelena members: BZNS-NS Balgarski Zemedelski Naroden Sayuz (People’s Union); Balgarski Naroden Sayuz (Bulgarian People’s Obedinenie za Nacionalno Spasenie (Union of members: Alliance: Stambolijski (Bulgarian Agrarian People’sAlexandar Union Stambolijski) - Alliance: Union); Naroden Sayuz - NarodenPeople’s Sayuz Union (Bulgarian - Agrarian People’sMakedonska Union), Revolyucionna VMRO Organizaciya Vatreshna (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation), SSDSvobodnite Sayuz Demokrati na (Union of Free Democrats) Simeon the Second) Freedom) Alliance: National Salvation); Partiya (Green Party), BZNS-NPNaroden Balgarski Zemedelski Sayuz - NikolaNational Petkov Union (Bulgarian - Agrarian NikolaiDemokratihen Petkov), Tsentar PDC (Party Partya Democratic Center),Nov NI Izbor (New Choice),Balgarya FTB (Federation Federatsiya Kingdom Tsarstvo Bulgaria) BZNS-NS Balgarski Zemedelski NarodenSayuz Sayuz (Bulgarian - Agrarian Naroden People’sUnion), Union DP - Demokraticheska People’s Partiya (Democartic Party) 80811 199480812 NS 80813 1994 2005 BZNS-AS Balgarski Zemedelski Naroden Sayuz80901 - BNS Aleksandar 80902 1994-199780951 2001-2005 BBB80952 NDSV 1990-2013 DPS Balgarski 1997 Biznes Blok (Bulgarian Nacionalno Business Dvizhenie Bloc) Simeon Vtori (National Movement Dvizhenie za ONS Prava i Svobodi (Movement for Rights and 2

39 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 4 CA members: Conservative Party of Canada; (62622), PCP (62620) Merger: NDP New Democratic Party renamed in 1961: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 6211062320 2008-201162420 1945-20116262062621 CCF 1945-201162622 1945-200062623 LP 1993-1997 Cooperative PCP Commonwealth Green Federation Party 200062901 RPC 2004-201162951 Liberal Party of Progressive Canada Conservative CP Party 1993-2011 CA Reform Party of 1945-1974 Canada BQ Socred Canadian Reform Conservative Alliance 22 Bloc Social Québécois Credit (Quebec Bloc) 18 22 1 2 2 7 11 4.10 Country: Canada

40 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 3 SDP (81223), HSLS members: SDP (81223), HNS (81712), IDS (81953), HSU HSLS (81410), HSS (81810), PGS HSLS (81410), DC Demokratski centar Koalicija Socijaldemokratske partije Hrvatske i Kukuriku koalicija (Kukuriku Coalition); Koalicija Hrvatske seljacke stranke i Hrvatske Koalicija Hrvatske socijalno-liberalne stranke i demokratskih promjena (Social DemokraticCroatia Party - of Party of Democratic Changes) Alliance: Hrvatske socijalno-liberalne stranke (CoalitionSocial of Democratic the Party ofSocial-liberal Croatia Party); and the Croatian (81410) Alliance: members: (81957) Alliance: socijalno-liberalne stranke i Primorsko-Goranski(Coalition Savez of the CroatianSocial-liberal Peasant Party Party, the and Croatian themembers: Primorian-Goranski Union); Primorsko-Goranski Savez (Primorian-Goranski Union) Alliance: Demokratskog centra (Coalition ofSocial-liberal the Party Croatian and themembers: Democratic Centre); (Democratic Centre) promjena (League of CommunistsDemocratic of Changes) Croatia - Party of SDPH Socijaldemokratska Stranka Hrvatske-Stranka PGS renamed in 1992: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 81021 200081032 SDP-HSLS 81041 2011 2007 Kukuriku 81042 HSS-HSLS- 20038111181112 HSLS-DC 81220 1990 1990 1990-1995 SZH SKH-SDP ZAS81221 Savez komunista Hrvatske - Stranka Savez demokratskih Zelenih Hrvatske (Green Alliance of Zelena 1990 Croatia) akcija – Split (Green Action of Split) SSH 1 Socijalisticka stranka Hrvatske (Socialist Party of Croatia) 1 1 4.11 Country: Croatia

41 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 7 1 members: HSLS (81410), HKDS members: Savez komunista Hrvatske - Stranka Koalicija narodnog sporazuma (Coalition of Youth of Croatia) Party of Croatia) Alliance: demokratskih promjena i Socijalisticka(League stranka of Hrvatske Communists ofChanges Croatia and - Socialist Party Party ofSKH-SDP of Democratic (81220), Croatia); SSH (81221) Labour Party) Social-Liberal Party) Alliance: People’s Accord); Democrats) Grubišic) Union) Hrvatska Kršcanska-Demokratska Stranka (Croatian Christian Democratic Party), SDSHStranka Socijaldemokratska Hrvatske (Social-Democratic PartyHDS of Hrvatska Croatia), demokratska strankaDemocratic (Croatian Party) SSH HSS Hrvatska seljacka stranka (Croatian Peasant Party) 5 2011 8122281223 199081229 1995-2007 SSOH SDP 199081230 Savez socijalisticke omladine Hrvatske (Union Socijaldemokratska of partija SKH-SDP- 81410 Socialist Hrvatska (Social Democratic 201181411 1992-199581420 HL HSLS 2000-2003 1990 LS Hrvatska socijalno-liberalna Hrvatski stranka laburisti (Croatian - stranka rada (Croatian81430 Labourists KNS - Liberalna stranka (Liberal81440 Party) 199581711 201181712 HND 1990-20118171381810 HDZ 1992-2007 Hrvatski nezavisni demokrati (Croatian 1992-2003 Independent HNS 1992-2003, HSP Hrvatska demokratska zajednica 2 (Croatian Democratic Nezavisna lista Ivana Grubišica (Independent Hrvatska List narodna of stranka Ivan (Croatian People’s Party) Hrvatska stranka prava (Croatian Party of Rights) 5 4

42 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 3 2 1 1 1 members: IDS (81953), members: Zajednica lista (Joint List Bloc); Koalicija Dalmatinska akcija, Istarski DA (81954), RiDS (81955) Alliance: SBHS (81956), HSS (81810),HKDU IDS Hrvatska (81953), Krscanska HNS Demokratska (81712), Christian Unija Democratic (Croatian Union) Democratic Serbian Party) Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja) Slavonia and Baranja) Pensioners) Alliance: demokratski savez i Rijeckiof demokratski Dalmatian savez (Coalititon Action, IstrianDemocratic Democratic Alliance Assembly of and Rijeka); IDS Istarski demokratski sabor (Istrian Democratic Assembly) 3 RDS 2007 81899 1995-200081910 ZL 81951 2003-201181952 SDSS 199281953 2007-201181954 Samostalna HDSSB demokratska 1992, srpska81955 SNS 2000, stranka (Independent 81956 1992 Hrvatski demokratski savez Slavonije i 1992 Baranje81957 (Croatian Srpska narodna stranka (Serbian 1995 People’s Party)81959 DA 2003 RiDS SBHS 1992 Dalmatinska akcija (Dalmatian Rijecki Action) HSU demokratski savez (Democratic Alliance 1 Slavonsko-Baranjska of Hrvatska Rijeka) stranka (Croatian Party of DA-IDS- Hrvatska stranka umirovljenika (Croatian Party 1 of 1

43 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 1 1 Party of the Working People) Union of Cyprus) Movement) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 5532155322 1996-200155323 AKEL 19965542155422 200155423 Anorthotikó Kómma Ergazómenou Laóu 1996 EDEK (Progressive 1996-200155711 KISOS 1996 Ethniki DIKO Demokratiki KF Enosi Kyprou (United Democratic 1996-2001 Kinima Sosialdimokraton (Social Democrats’ KED Movement) Dimokratikó Kómma DISY (Democratic Party) Komma Fileleftheron (Liberal Party) Kinima ton 1 Dimokratikós Eleftheron Sinagermós Dimokratikon (Democratic (Free Coalition) Democrats 2 2 1 4.12 Country: Cyprus

44 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 6 1 6 1 2 1 ASD KSC (82220), members: ODS (82413), members: members: Levý blok (Left Bloc); Obcanské fórum (Civic Forum); Obcanská demokratická strana - of Bohemia and Moravia) Democratic Party) Asociace socialnich demokratu (AssociationDemocrats), of ODA Social (82412), KANnestaniku Klub (Policitally angažovaných Involved Non-Party MembersHOS Club), Hnutí za obcanskouFreedom), svobodu LDS (Movement Liberálne for demokratická Civic Democratic strana Party), (Liberal RS RepublikánskáParty) strana (Republican KDS (82521) of Czechoslovakia) Alliance: DL Demokratická levice (DemocraticLeva Left Aliance of (Left the Alliance) CSFR), Democratic Party) Alliance: Alliance) Alliance: Krest’ansko-demokratická strana (Civic Democratic- Party Christian Democratic Party); KSCM Komunistická strana Czech a Moravy (Communist Party CSSD Ceská strana sociálne demokratická (Czech Social KSC Kommunistická strana Ceskoslovenska (Communist Party 1996-2010 renamed in 1992: renamed in 1993: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 8211082220 2006-2010 1990, SZ8222182320 1992 Strana zelených (Green Party) 1992-2010 LB 82410 CSSD 1990 Ceskoslovenská sociální demokracie (Czechoslovak Social OF 82412 2 82413 1992-199682419 ODA 1992-2010 1992 ODS Obcanská demokratická aliance (Civic Democratic ODS-KDS Obcanská demokratická strana (Civic Democratic Party) 6 4.13 Country: Czech Republic

45 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 KDU-CSL (82523), KDS (82521), KDH members: members: KDU (82529), CSL (82520) CSS Ceskoslovenská strana socialistická Liberálne sociální unie (Liberal Social Union); Krest’anská a demokratická unie - Ceská strana Krest’anská a demokratická unie (Christian and Krest’anská a demokratická unie - Ceská strana members: KDU-CSL (82523) Alliance: members: (Czechoslovak Socialist Party), ZS Zemedelská(Farmers’ Party), strana SZ (82110) Party) Party) Merger: lidová (Christian and DemocraticParty); Union - Czech People’s Alliance: lidová - Unie svobodyDemocratic - Union Demokratická - unie Czech (ChristianUnion People’s and - Party Democratic - Union); Freedom US (82421), DEU Demokratická Unie (DemocraticAlliance: Union) Democratic Union); Krest’ansko-demokratické hnutí (Christian Democratic Movement), PA Podnikatelské Asociace (AssociationEntrepreneurs), ZS of Zemédélská StranaCSL (Farmers’ (82520) Party), Responsibility, Prosperity 09) Ceskoslovenska (Association for theRepublican Republic Party – of Czechoslovakia) KDU-CSL US-DEU 2006-2010 split from: 82420 19928242182520 LSU 199882521 199082523 1992 US CSL82524 1992-1998, KDS Unie svobody (Freedom Union) Ceskoslovenská 2002 strana lidová (Czechoslovak People’s 82529 Krest’ansko-demokratická strana (Christian Democratic KDU-CSL- 199082530 KDU 201082710 1 82901 1992-2002 TOP09 SPR-RSC Tradice 1996-1998 Odpovednost Prosperita 09 Sdruženi (Tradition, pro republiku - Republikánská DŽJ strana Duchodci za životní jistoty (Pensioners for a Life Security) 2

46 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 Moravu a Slezsko (Movement forDemocracy an - Autonomous Society for Moravia-Silesia) 8295182952 1990-1992 HSD-SMS 2010 Hnutí za Samosprávnou Demokracii - Spolecnost pro VV Veci verejné (Public Aﬀairs) 1

47 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 6 17 DKP (13220), VS (13210), SAP members: Enhedslisten - De Rød-Grønne (Red-Green Liberal Alliance (Liberal Alliance) Party) Alliance: Unity List); Socialistisk Arbejderparti CD Centrum-Demokraterne (Centre Democrats) 12 2005 renamed in 2011: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 1300113210 2007-201113220 NY 1968-198413221 1945-198413229 VS DKP Ny 1987 Alliance (New Alliance)13230 1994-201113320 Venstresocialisterne (Left Socialist EL Danmarks Party) Kommunistiske Parti13330 FK (Danish Communist 1960-2011 1945-201113410 SF 1973-1998, 13420 SD Fælles Kurs (Common13421 Course) 1945-201113422 1945-2011 Socialistisk Folkeparti (Socialist13520 RV People’s Party) 1953-1968 Socialdemokratiet (Social 8 13620 Democratic V Party) 1966-196813720 DU 2 1971-200513951 LC Det Radikale 1945-2011 Venstre (Radical Party)13952 KrF 1998-2011 Venstre (Liberals)13953 KF De Uafhængige 20 1973-1998 (Independents’ Party) DF Liberalt Centrum 1945-1984 (Liberal Centre) Kristeligt FP 26 Folkeparti (Christian People’s 1945 1 Party) RF Konservative Folkeparti (Conservative People’s Party) Dansk Folkeparti (Danish People’s Party) Fremkridtspartiet DS (Progress Party) Retsforbund (Justice 26 Party) 26 14 6 Dansk Samling (Danish Union) 2 5 26 11 17 1 4.14 Country: Denmark

48 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 6 1 1 K (83411), ERPT Eestima KE (83713), EM Eesti Maalit ESDP (83320), EMKE Eesti members: members: members: ESDP (83320), EMKE Eesti Maa-Keskerakond Valimisliit ‘Kindel Kodu’ (Electoral Union Rahvaerakond Mõõdukad (People’s Party Valimisliit ‘Rahvarinne’ (Electoral Union members: (Estonian Rural Center Party),Unions) (Central Union of Trade Alliance: ‘Secure Home’); (Estonian Rural Union), EDOÕiglusliit Eesti (Estonian Demokraatlik Democratic JusticeEesti Union), Pensionärde EPL Liit (Estonian Pensioner’s Union) Democratic Party) Alliance: Moderates); Maa-Keskerakond (Estonian Rural Center Party) Alliance: ‘Popular Front’); Rahvarinne Perestroika Toetuseks (Popular Front),Eesti EN Naisliit (Estonian Womens’Association Union), of Estonian Nationalities ‘Parempoolsed’ (Republican and ConservativeParty People’s ‘Right-wingers’) MSDE Rahvaerakond Mõõdukad (People’s Party Moderates); Sotsiaaldemokraatlik Erakond (Social Democratic Party) merger in 1995: renamed in 2007: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 8311083220 2007-2011 1992 EER8332083410 Erakond Eestimaa Rohelise 1992 (Estonian Greens) 1992-2011 ESDP M Eesti Sotsiaaldemokraatlik83411 Partei (Estonian 2 Social 83421 1995-2011 1992 K8343083610 1995-2011 Eesti Keskerakond (Estonian Center83611 Party) 1995 ER83612 2003-2011 VKRE 2003-2011 Eesti Reformierakond RP (Estonian Reform Party) ERL Vabariiklaste ja Konservatiivide Rahvaerakond 5 Res Publica (Union for Eestimaa the Rahvaliit Republic) (Estonian People’s Union) 5 3 3 4.15 Country: Estonia

49 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 3 1 KDE members: KDE RKI (83710), ERSP members: members: Isamaa ja Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei Rahvuslik Koonderakond Isamaa (National Kristlik-Demokraatlik Erakond (Christian Democratic Party), KDL Kristlik-Demokraatlik LiitDemocratic (Christian Union), KR Konservatiivne(Conservative Rahvaerakond People’s Party), VK Vabariiklaste Koonderakond (Republican Coalition Party),Liberaldemokraatlik ELL Liit Eesti (Estonian LiberalUnion), Democratic ERSP (83711) KDE Kristlik-Demokraatlik Erakond (Christian Democratic Party), KDL Kristlik-Demokraatlik(Christian Liit Democratic Union), KRRahvaerakond Konservatiivne (Conservative People’s Party), VK Vabariiklaste Koonderakond (Republican Coalition Party), ELL Eesti LiberaldemokraatlikLiberal Liit Democratic (Estonian Union) Alliance: Liit (Electoral union ProIndependence Patria Party); and Estonian National (83711) Alliance: Coalition Pro Patria); Kristlik-Demokraatlik Erakond (Christian Democratic Party), KDL Kristlik-Demokraatlik LiitDemocratic (Christian Union), KR Konservatiivne(Conservative Rahvaerakond People’s Party), VK Vabariiklaste Koonderakond (Republican Coalition Party),Liberaaldemokraatlik LDP Partei (Liberal DemocraticELL Party), Eesti Liberaldemokraatlik LiitDemocratic (Estonian Union) Liberal Independence Party) RKI IL Erakond Isamaaliit (Pro Patria Union); change of 1999-2003 merger in 1999: composition in 1994: 83709 199583710 I/ERSP 1992, 83711 1992 ERSP Eesti Rahvusliku Sõltumatuse Partei (Estonian National

50 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 ERP members: Estonian United KE (83713), EM Eesti members: EVP Eesti Vabariigi Partei members: members: Valimisliit ‘Eesti Kodanik’ (Electoral Union Koonderakond ja Maarahva Ühendus (Coalition Valimisliit ‘Sõltumatud Kuningriiklased’ Valimisliit ‘Meie Kodu on Eestimaa’ (Electoral Eesti Rojalistlik Partei (EstonianVaba Royalist Toome Party), (Royalist VT Union) Alliance: ‘Estonian Citizen’); (Estonian Republic Party), LivingNaorootsi Health Association of Alliance: Party and Rural Union); Alliance: (Electoral Union ‘Independent Royalists’); Alliance: Union ‘Our Home isPeople’s Estonia’); Party, Russian Party ofParty Estonia, of Russian Estonia Popular People’s Party) Maalit (Estonian Rural Union),Eesti EME Pensionäride (83810), ja EPPL Peredeand Liit Families’ (Estonian League) Pensioners’ 83712 1992 8371383719 1995-1999 1995 KE8381083901 KMÜ Eesti 1999 Koonderakond (Coalition Party) 1992 83951 EME 1995 83952 Eesti Maarahva Erakond (Estonian Rural People’s Party) 1999 2 1 EÜRP Eestimaa Ühendatud Rahvapartei (Estonian United

51 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 6 3 13 19 members: Vasemmistoliitto (Left Wing Alliance); Democratic Union) SKDL (14221) Merger: SKDL (14221), SKP Suomen(Communist Kommunistinen Party Puolue of Finland),Suomen Deva (14222), naisten SNDL demokraatinen liittoDemocratic (Finnish League) Women’s (Social Democratic League of Workers and Smallholders) Democrats) Finland) KESKLKP Kansallinen Edistyspuolue (National Progressive Party) Suomen Kansanpuolue (Finnish Liberaalinen People’sKD Kansanpuolue Party) (Liberal People’s Party) 12 Suomen Kristillisdemokraatit (ChristianKESK Democrats in SK Keskustapuolue (Centre Party) Suomen Keskusta (Finnish Centre) 1991 split from: renamed in 1951: renamed in 1966: renamed in 2001: renamed in 1965: renamed in 1988: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 1411014221 1983-201114222 1945-1987 VL14223 SKDL 1987 1991-2011 Vihreä Liitto Suomen (Green Kansan Union) Demokraattinen Liitto Deva (Finnish People’s 14310 VAS 14320 Demokraattinen Vaihtoehto 1958-1966 (Democratic Alternative)14420 TPSL 1945-2011 SSDP 1945-1979, Tyäväen 1 ja Pienviljelijäin Sosialdemokraattinen14430 Liitto 14520 Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue (Finnish Social 8 1995 1970-20111462014810 SKL NSP 1945-2011 1945-2011 KK Suomen Kristillinen Nuorsuomalainen Liitto Puolue (Finnish (Young Christian Maal Finnish Union) Party) Kansallinen Kokoomus (National Coalition) Maalaisliitto (Agrarian Union) 12 1 19 19 4.16 Country: Finland

52 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 13 19 Party) People’s Party) SMPPS Soumen Maaseudun Puolue (Finnish Rural Party) Perussuomalaiset (True Finns) renamed in 1998: renamed in 1970: 14820 1966-201114901 SPP 1945-2011 Suomen Pientalonpoiken Puolue (Finnish Smallholders’ RKP/SFP Ruotsalainen Kansanpuolue/Svenska Folkpartiet (Swedish

53 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 5 8 5 2 17 PCF members: members: Front de Gauche (Left Front); Centre Démocrat (Democratic Centre); Modern Democracy) (31220), PG Parti deunitaire Gauche (Unitarian (Left Left), Party), FASE GUalternative Fédération Gauche pour sociale une et écologiqueand (Federation ecologic for altnerative), a République social (Republic et and socialisme Socialism), C&Aalternative Convergences (Convergences et and Alternative),Convention CAP pour une alternativefor progressiste a (Convention Progressive Alternative) MRP (31521), CNIP CentrePaysans National (National des Centre Indépendants of et Independents and Peasants) Alliance: (The Greens) RRRS (31421) Section of the Workers’ International) Socialist Party) Movement) Merger: PSPR Parti Socialiste (Socialist Party) Parti Radical (Radical Party) PDM Groupe Progrès et Démocratie Moderne (Progress and RRRS Parti Répulicain Radical et Radical-Socialiste (Radical 2012 split from: renamed in 1969: renamed in 2012: renamed in 1968: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 31021 2012 FDG 3111031111 1993-20123122031230 Les Verts 1997 1946-200731320 Les Verts, Confédération 2012 Écologiste - Parti PCF Écologiste GE 1946-201231421 PRG Parti SIFO Communiste Français (French Communist Generation Party) Écologie (Ecology Generation) 1946-1968, 31521 Parti Radical de Section Gauche Française (Left de31522 Radical l’Internationale Party) Ouvrière (French 16 1946-1962 MRP 1967-1968 CD 1 Mouvement Républicain Populaire (Popular Republican 1 4.17 Country: France

54 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 12 12 RPF (31621), UDF (31624) RPR (31625), UDF (31624) members: members: Union de la Nouvelle Majorite - Gaullists/ Union de la Nouvelle Majorite - Conservatives/ the New Republic - Gaullists) (Democratic Union of the Fifth Republic - Gaulists) for the Defence of the Republic - Gaullists) (Union of Democrats for the Republic - Gaullists) the Republic - Gaullists) Name: Conservatives (Union for aConservatives); New Majority - Gaullists/ Conservatives (National Centre ofPeasants Independents - and Conservatives) Name: Gaullists (Union for aGaullists); New Majority - Conservatives/ Progress) the French People - Gaullists) (Republican Party of Liberty - Conservatives) (Union for the DefencePoujadists) of Traders and Artisans - UNRUD-Ve Union pour la NouvelleUDR République - Gaullists Union (Union des for Démocrates pour la VeUDR République - Gaullists Union pour la DéfenseRPR de la République - Gaullists Union (Union des Démocrates pour la République - Gaullists Rassemblement pour la République - Gaullists (Rally for CNIP Centre National de Independants et Paysans - manifesto coded: manifesto coded: in 1981 coalition in 1981 coalition renamed in 1967: renamed in 1968: renamed in 1973: renamed in 1978: renamed in 1958: renamed in 1951: 3152331529 197331621 1973 1946-1988 CDP RPF MR Centre Démocratie et Progrés (Centre, Democracy and Rassemblement du Peuple français Mouvement - Réformateur Gaullists (Reformers’ (Rally Movement) for 31622 1 1946-1988 PRL31623 Parti Républicain de la Liberté - Conservatives 1956 UDCA Union de Defense Commercants et Artisans - Poujadists

55 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 9 2 3 RPR (31625), DL RRRS (31421), CDS members: members: Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle (Union for Union pour la Démocratie Française (Union for Popular Movement) Merger: French Democracy); Centre des Démocrates sociauxDemocrats), (Centre PR of Parti Social républicainMDSF (Republican Mouvement Party), démocrate socialiste(Socialist-Democratic de Mouvement), France CPR Fédération nationale des clubs PerspectivesFederation et of Réalités Perspectives (National and Realities Club) Republic) Alliance: the Presidential Majority); Démocratie Libérale (Liberal Democracy),des CDS Démocrates Centre sociaux (CentreRRRS of (31421), Social PPDF Democrats), Partifrançaise populaire (Popular pour Party la for démocratie French Democracy) UDF (31624) MoDem Mouvement Démocrate (Democratic Mouvement) UMP Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (Union for a split from: renamed in 2007: renamed in 2007: 31624 1978-2012 UDF 3162531626 1993-1997 RPR 2002-2012 UMP Rassemblement pour la République (Rally for31630 the 31631 201231720 2012 NC 1986-2012 FN AC Nouveau Centre (New Centre) Front National Alliance (National Centriste Front) (Centrist Alliance) 1 1 7

56 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 K’art’uli members: AS (84432), AM (84431), DU Democratic Union, JPG Justice Gaertianebuli Opozitsia (Erovnuli Sabcho/ Bidzina Ivanishvili - Kartuli Otsneba (Bidzina Saarchevno Blok ‘Mshvidoba’ (Election Bloc members: members: Alliance: Memarjveneeba) (United Opposition (NationalRights)); Council/ Sak’art’velos Konservatiuli Partia (Conservative PartyGeorgia), of Sak’art’velos Gza (Georgia’sParty, Way), We People’s Ourselves, Kartule DasiForum, Movement, Freedom National Alliance: Ivanishvili - Georgian Dream); Ots’neba - Demokratiuli Sak’art’veloDemocratic (Georgian Georgia), Dream Respublikelebi - (84440),Sak’art’velo Chveni - Tavisupali Demokratebi (OurDemocrats), Georgia Erovnuli P’orumi - (National Free Sak’art’velos Forum), Konservatiuli Partia (Conservative PartyGeorgia), of MGS (84428) Alliance: ‘Peace’); Party of Georgia, LESRGRevival League of of Georgia, Economic AU andMonarchist-Conservative Agrarian Social Party, Union, LEM MCP Association, URA Union for the Revival of Ajaria Workers’ Socialist Party) Georgia) Democratic Party of Georgia) Social Justice Union) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 84041 2008 84042 2012 8411084221 1992 1992 Greens84222 Mshvidoba 84223 Sak’art’velos Mtsvaneta Partia 1992 (Green Party of Georgia)84321 1995-199984322 SMSP SSP 1992 1 1992 Sak’art’velos Mshromelta Sotsialisturi Partia (Georgian Sak’art’velos SSDP Sotsialisturi Partia (Socialist Party of SSSK Sak’art’velos Sotsial-Demokratiuli Partia (Social Sak’art’velos Sotsialuri Samartlianobis Kavshiri (Georgian 4.18 Country: Georgia

57 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 LDNP members: Blok ‘Ertoba’ (‘Unity’ Bloc); Democratic Revival) Bloki ‘Sak’art’velos Aghordzineba’ (BlocRevival’) ‘Georgia’s Georgia) ‘Oktober 11’) Alliance: (All-Georgian Revival Union) ‘Support’) Tankhmoba (Reformers’ Union ofConcord) Georgia - National save Georgia) Democrats Bloc) Liberal-Democratic National Party, PPFand Party of Freedom Peace DAP Demokratiuli Aghordzinebis Pavshiri (Union for the renamed in 1999: renamed in 2003: 8432384411 1995-199984421 SMK 199284422 1992 Sak’art’velos84423 Mokalaketa 1992 Kavshiri (Citizens’ Union of 84424 1992 1995-2003 Kartia – 91 (Charter SSAK 91) Saarchevno DP Bloki ‘Tertmeti Oktomberi’ (Election84425 Bloc 84426 Sruliad Sak’art’velos Aghordzinebis Kavshiri Demokratiuli 199584427 Partia (Democratic Party) 199584428 1995 BP PKT84429 1999,84430 2004 SRKET Bloki ‘Progresi’ (Bloc Politikuri MGS ‘Progress’) Kavshiri 2003,84431 ‘Tanadgoma’ 2008 (Political Alliance Sak’art’velos 1 1 Reformatorta 2003 Kavshiri - Erovnuli SLP Mretsvelopba Gadaarchens 2003-2004 Sak’art’velos (Industry will BD AM Sak’art’velos Leiboristuli Partia (Georgian Labour Party) Bloki ‘Burjanadze Akhali - Memarjveneebi Demokratebi’ (New (Burjanadze Rights) - 2 1 2

58 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 SMK ENM members: members: ENM Ertiani Nazionaluri members: Saarchevno Bloki ‘Axali Sak’art’velostvis’ Bloki ‘Saakashvili - Nationaluri Mozraoba’ (Bloc Movement); Modzraoba (United National Movement),Democrats United Ertiani Nazionaluri Modzraoba (UnitedMovement), National United Democrats, Kmaraof (Enough), National Union Security, Respublikelebi (84440) Alliance: (Election Bloc ‘For a(84323), New SSP Georgia’); (84223), CDUEDP Christian-Democratic (84711), Union, Party for the Liberation of Abkhazia Georgia) Children of Georgia) (Christian-Democratic Movement) Traditionalists) Society) (Merab Kostava Society) Kavshiri (Union of NationalGeorgia) Agreement and Revival of National Independent Party) Alliance: ‘Saakashvili - National Movement’); ENM Ertiani Natsionaluri Modzraoba (United National merger in 2004: 84432 20038444084521 AS 200884530 199284710 Respublikelebi Sak’art’velos Respublikuri 2008 Partia (Republican Party of 84711 SGK 1992-199584712 KDM KTK 1992-199584713 Sak’art’velos Ghvtisshvilta Kavshiri 1992 (Union of God’s EDP84714 K’ristianul-Demokratiuli Modzraoba Kartvel Traditsionalista 1992 Kavshiri (Union of Georgian ICS84715 Erovnul 1992 Demokratiuli Partia (National Democratic Party) SSMKS84716 1992 Ilia Chavchavadzis Sazogadoeba SETAK (Ilia Chavchavadze Sruliad 2 Sak’art’velos Merab Kostavas Sazogadoeba 2003-2012 Sak’art’velos Erovnuli Tankhmobis SEDP da Aghorzinebis S-NM Sak’art’velos Erovnuli Damoukideblobis Partia (Georgian

59 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 Farmers’ Union) Friendship and Justice) 8481084951 1992 1992 SSFK KMSP Sruliad Sak’art’velos Fermerta Kavshiri (All-Georgian Khalkhta Megobrobis da Samartlianobis Partia (People’s

60 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NF Neues members: members: Vereinigte Linke, Die Nelken FDP (85421), LDP (85422), DFP members: members: Grüne Partei-Unabhängiger Frauenverband Bündnis 90 (Alliance 90); Aktionsbündnis Vereinigte Linke (United Left Bund Freier Demokraten (Alliance of Free Alliance: (Green Party-Independent Women’s League); GP Grüne Partei (GreenFrauenverband Party), (Independent UFV Women’s Unabhängiger League) Alliance: Forum (New Forum), DJ DemokratieNow), Jetzt IFM (Democracy Initiative für(Initiative Frieden for und Peace Menschenrechte and Human Rights) Alliance: Action Alliance); Democratic Socialism) Democratic Party of Germany) Democratic Party of Germany) Alliance: Democrats); (85423) Union) (Democratic Opening) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 85111 199085112 Grüne-UFV 19908521085221 B 90 199085320 199085421 AVL 19908542285423 PDS 199085424 1990 SPD 199085429 Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus FDP 1990 (Party for LDP Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (Social 85521 1990 DFP Freie Demokratische NDPD Partei (Free85522 Democratic Party) Liberal-Demokratische Partei (Liberal 1990 Democratic85523 Party) BFD Deutsche Forumpartei (German National-Demokratische Forum Party) Partei Deutschlands (National 1990 1990 CDU 1 1 DSU DA Christlich Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic 1 Deutsche Soziale Union (German Social Union) Demokratischer Aufbruch - ‘sozial und ökologisch’ 1 4.19 Country: German Democratic Republic

61 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 Peasants’ Party of Germany) Women’s League) 8552485901 1990 1990 DBD DFD Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands (Democratic Demokratischer Frauenbund Deutschlands (Democratic

62 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 4 1 1 18 18 CDU members: Christlich-Demokratische Union/ of Germany) Democratic Socialism) Democratic Party of Germany) Alliance: Christlich-Soziale Union (Christian DemocraticChristian Union/ Social Union); Christlich-Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Union), CSU Christlich-Soziale UnionUnion) (Christian Social Reconstruction League) Vælgerforening (South Schleswig Voters’ Union) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 411114111241113 1983-198741220 1990 1994-201341221 1949 90/Greens41222 Greens/90 1990-200241223 Bündnis‘90/Die Grünen Grüne/Bündnis‘90 (Alliance‘90/Greens) (Greens/Alliance‘90) Die Grünen41320 KPD (The Greens) PDS 2005 2009-201341420 1949-201341521 Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands LINKE Partei (Communist des Party L-PDS Demokratischen Sozialismus (Party SPD of 1949-2013 Die 1949-2013 6 Linke (The Die FDP Left) Linke.PDS (The Left. Party of CDU/CSU 1 Democratic Sozialdemokratische Partei Socialism)41522 Deutschlands (Social 41620 Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic41711 Party) 1 1949-1953 1949-195741712 2 DZ 194941911 DP41912 18 1949 Deutsche 1949 WAV Zentrumspartei (Centre Party) Deutsche 1949 Partei (German Party) DRP Wirtschaftliche BP Aufbauvereinigung (Economic 2 SSW Deutsche Reichspartei (German Reich Party) Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party) Südschleswigscher Wählerverband - Sydslesvigsk 2 3 1 1 4.20 Country: Germany

63 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 und Entrechteten (Refugee Party) 4195141952 195341953 2013 2013 GB/BHE Gesamtdeutscher Block/Bund der Heimatvertriebenen AfD Alternative Piraten für (Pirates) Deutschland (Alternative for Germany) 1 1

64 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 SDP (51330), members: Liberal Democrats; Merger: 51420 ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 512105132051330 1997-200151420 1945-201051421 SF 1983-1987 Labour 1945-198751620 SDP 1992-201051621 Labour Sinn Party Féin51902 (Ourselves Alone) LibDems 1945-201051903 Social Democratic 1992-2001 Party51951 Conservatives Conservative 1992-2001 Party UUP Liberal 1992-2001 Party SNP 2001 DUP Ulster Unionist Party Scottish National Party UKIP Democratic Unionist Party United Kingdom Independence 2 Party 2 18 18 13 3 1 3 3 4.21 Country: Great Britain

65 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 8 5 1 11 KKE (34210), SYN (34211), AKAO members: members: Synaspismós Rizospastikís Aristerás (Coalition Synaspismos tis Aristeras kai tis Proodou SYN (34211), AKAO AnaneotikíAristerá Kommunistikí (Renewing Oikologikí Communist EcologicalDiethnís Left), Ergatikí DEA Aristerá (InternationalistKEDA Workers Kínima Left), gia tin(Movement Enótita for Drásis the tis Unity Aristerás Energoi of Polites Action (Active of Citizens), theKommunistikí DIKKI Left), Orgánosi (34314), EP Elládas KOE (Communistof Organisation Greece), OP OikologikíIntervention) Parémvasi (Ecological EAR Greek Left, Unitedof Democratic Democratic Left, Socialism KODISO Party Alliance: of the Radical Left); Ananeotikí Kommunistikí Oikologikí AristeráCommunist (Renewing Ecological Left), DEAAristerá Diethnís (Internationalist Ergatikí Workers Left), KEDAgia Kínima tin Enótita DrásisUnity tis of Aristerás Action (Movement of forCitizens) the the Left), EP Energoi Polites (Active Greece) Alliance: (Progressive Left Coalition); Movement) Movement) Centre) KKESYN Kommounistiko Komma Elladas (Communist Party of EDIK Enosi Dimokratikou Kentrou (Union of the Democratic change of 1993-2004 1996-2000 renamed in 1977: composition in 2004: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 34020 2004 SYRIZA 3421034211 1974-1985, 1989-1990, 3431334314 1974-200434510 PASOK 1996 1974-1977 Panellinio Socialistiko Kinima (Panhellenic Socialist DIKKI EK Dimokratiko Kinoniko Kinima (Democratic Social Enosis Kentrou (Centre Union) 2 4.22 Country: Greece

66 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 345113451234610 1974-2004 1993-1996 ND 1977 Pola Nea Dimokratia EP (New Democracy) Politiki Anixi (Political Spring) Ethniki Parataxis (National Alignment) 11 2 1

67 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 4 6 5 2 5 3 1 2 FiDeSz (86421), MDF (86521), members: members: FiDeSz (86421), KDNP (86522) Szövetség Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége - FiDeSz-MPP-MDF-Szövetség MDF-FiDeSz-MPP-Szövetsége Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége -(Federation Magyar of Polgari Young Párt Democrats - HungarianFiatal Civic Demokraták Party) Szövetsége -(Federation Magyar of Polgári Young Szövetség Democrats - Hungarian Civic Union) MDF (86521) FiDeSz (86421) Alliance: Magyar Polgári Szövetség -(Alliance Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt of Federation ofCivic Young Democrats Union - - Hungarian Christianmembers: Democratic People’s Party); Democratic Party) Democrats) Democrats) Alliance: (FiDeSz-MPP-MDF-Alliance); Forum) People’s Party) Alliance: (MDF-FiDeSz-MPP-Alliance); FiDeSz- MPP FiDeSz- MPSz MPSz- KDNP MSzDP Magyarországi Szociáldemokrata Párt (Hungarian Social MPP-MDF FiDeSz- MPP 2006-2010 renamed in 2006: renamed in 1998: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 86061 2006-201086110 FiDeSz- 8622086320 2010 1990-201086421 1990-1994, MSzP LMP 1990-2010 Magyar Szocialista FiDeSz Párt (Hungarian Lehet Socialist Más Politika! Party) (Politics86422 Can Be Diﬀerent) Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége86429 (Federation of Young 1990-2006 6 SzDSz86521 1998-2002 FiDeSz- 86522 1 Szabad Demokraták 1990-2006 Szövetsége (Alliance of Free 86529 MDF 1990-1998 KDNP 1998 Magyar Demokrata Fórum (Hungarian Democratic Kerezténydemokrata Néppárt (Christian Democratic MDF- 4.23 Country: Hungary

68 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 4 1 members: Agrárszövetsége (Agrarian Alliance); Party) Better Hungary) Party) Alliance: ARS Agrár Reformkörör SzövetségeCircle (Agrarian Movement), Reform ARM Agrár(Association Reformkörör Mozgalom of Agrarian Reform Circles) 8662086710 199886810 201086811 MIÉP 1990-2002 Jobbik FKgP 1990 Magyar Igazság és Élet Párt (Hungarian Justice and Life Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom Független (Movement Kisgazda for Párt a (Independent ASz Smallholders’

69 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 5 So So members: members: Samfylkingin (The Alliance); Samfylkingin (The Alliance); (15220), A (15320), Kv (15951), TfFf (15323) (15220), A (15320), Kv (15951), TfFfÍslandshreyfingin (15323) – lifandi landLiving (Icelandic Country) Movement - Alliance - Social Democratic Party of Iceland) Name: and Leftists) Alliance: S Samfylkingin - Jafnaðarmannaflokkur Íslands (The Ab Alþýðubandalagið (People’s Alliance) party in 2000: renamed in 2013: renamed in 1956: joined in 2009 by: alliance merged into ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 1511115220 1999-201315320 1946-199515321 VGF15322 So 1946-1995 198315323 Vinstrihreyfing - A Grænt Framboð (Left 1967-197415328 Green Movement) Sósíalistaflokkurinn (United Socialist SFVM Party) 1995 BJ 1999-2013 5 Alþýðuflokkurinn (Social Democratic Party) Samtök Frjálslyndra og S Vinstri Manna TfFf (Union of Liberals Bandalag Jafnaðarmanna (Social Democratic Federation)15420 Þjóðvaki 16 - Hreyfing15430 Fólksins (Awakening of the Nation) 1 15440 1999-2007 16 15620 200915621 FF 201315710 1 1946-201315810 B 198715951 Sj Frjálslyndi Bf Flokkurinn 1953 (Liberal Party)15952 1946-2013 Bf 1983-1995 Borgarahreyfingin F (Citizens’ Movement) Tf Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn 2013 (Independence Björt Party) framtið Kv (Bright Future) Borgaraflokkurinn (Citizens’ Party) Þ Framsóknarflokkurinn þjodvarnarflokkurinn (Progressive (National Party) Preservation Samtök Party) um Kvennalista (Women’s Alliance) 3 Pírataflokkurinn 21 (Pirate Party) 1 1 21 4 1 1 1 4.24 Country: Iceland

70 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 Socialist Party, members: United Left Alliance; Alliance: People Before Proﬁt Alliance,Action Workers Group and Unemployed ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 5302153110 20115322053221 1989-201153230 ULA 1981-198953320 Greens 1992-199753420 WP 201153520 DLP Green Party/Comhaontas 1948-2011 Glas (Green53620 Party) 1987-200753714 Labour Páirtí na nOibri 1948-2011 (Workers’ Party) Democratic53810 PD Left Party 1948-201153951 Páirti Lucht 1948-1965 Oibre (Labour Party) 1948-1961 CnP Progressive Democrats Páirtí 1997-2011 Sóisialach 6 (Socialist Party) CnT Fine Gael (Familiy of the Clann Irish) Fianna na Fáil Poblachta (Soldiers (Republican of Party) Destiny) Clann na Talmhan (Party of the Land) 5 Sinn Féin (Ourselves Alone) 19 2 1 6 6 19 5 19 4 4.25 Country: Ireland

71 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 7 1 2 2 7 5 members: MAPAM Alternative Israel Communist members: members: members: HADASH (72225), BaLaD at-Tajamu’ Hareshima Ha’mitkademet le-Shalom Ma’arakh (Alignment); Moked (Focus); HaHazit HaDemocratit LeShalom VeLeShivion Hadash/Balad (Democratic National Party); Name: members: al-Watani ad-Dimucrati/Brit Le’umit Demokratit (National Democartic Assembly) MAPAM (72311), HaAvoda (72323), IndependentParty Liberal Party) Merger: Party, Blue-Red Movement Alliance: (Progressive List for Peace); Movement, Progressive Movement of Nazareth Equality in Israel) Merger: (Democratic Front for PeaceRAKAH and (72224), Equality); Black Panthers Alliance: (72311), HaAvoda (72323) MAPAM Mifleget Ha’poalim Hameudet (United Workers’ Party) 7 HaAvoda Mifleget HaAvoda HaYisraelit (Israeli Labour Party) 4 change of 1988 1988-1996 manifesto coded: in 1996 coalition composition in 1984: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7222072221 1949-196972222 Maki 197372223 1984-1988 HaMiflega HaKomunistit MOKED HaYisraelit (Israel PLP 72224 Communist 1977-198172225 SHELLI 1965-1973 1977-1999 RAKAH Shalom le’Israel - Shivion le’Israel HADASH (Peace in Israel - Reshima Kommunistit Hadasha (New72310 Communist Party)72311 1973-198872312 3 1949-1965, 72320 RATZ 1999 1969-1984 Hatnuah Lezhiot Ha’ezrach (Citizens’72322 Rights Movement) AMT 72323 1965 5 1965, Am Ehad RAFI (One Nation) Reshimat Poalei Israel (Israel Workers’ List) 1 1 4.26 Country: Israel

72 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 3 3 5 1 MAPAM (72311), members: 72531, Poalei Agudat Yisrael Meretz (Meretz); Hazit Datit Toratit (Religious Torah Front); Israel) Zion) Merger: RATZ (72310), SHINUI (72413) Independent Liberal Party) for Change) Poalei Agudat Yisrael (Agudat Israel Workers) Agudat Yisrael (Union of Israel) Name: members: manifesto coded: in 1973 coalition renamed in 1961: renamed in 1965: 7232472325 1949-196172326 Mapai 1955-196172327 1992-199972410 Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (Worker’s Party MERETZ of 1999 Eretz 72411 1965-198172412 Ahdut Ha’avoda Poalei Zion 1961 (Unity72413 of Labour/Workers of 19777241472415 1981-198472420 1984 H’Miflaga DASH H’Liberalit72425 One SHINUI H’Atzmaeet Israel (Progressive and 199972427 1949-1959 Shinui72428 Hatnuah (Change) Hademokratit Le-shinui 1984 (Democratic Miflaga Movement Haliberalit72530 (Liberal Party) 199672531 1996-1999 1955-1999 Yahad (Together) 1949-1988 Mafdal Zionim Klalim Centre (General Party Zionists’)72532 Mifleget Ometz Datit (Courage)72533 Leumit (National Religious Yisrael Party) Ba-Aliya Ha’Derech (Israel Ha’Shlishit for (The Immigration) Third Way) 1981-1984 1 Agudat 1984-1999 Yisrael (Union of TAMI Israel) Shas 13 1 Tenua le’Masoret Israel 2 (Movement for Israel’s Tradition) 4 Shomrei Torah Sephardim (Sephardi Torah Guardians) 2 1 2 1 5 1 12 1

73 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 3 1 members: 72614, 72531 members: Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet (United Torah HaIchud HaLeumi (National Union); 72625, 72615, Tkuma Alliance: Judaism); (Crossroads - non-aligned movement for Zionist Renewal) Tehiya (72612) Alliance: 72620, 72615, Tkuma change of joined in 1996 by: composition in 2001: 7253472535 198472610 1992-1999 7261172612 196972613 1969 1981-199272614 1984-199272615 Tehiya Morasha (Heritage) Tzomet 198872620 1988-1996 Tenuat Hetehiya (Renaissance72621 Movement) HaTenua LeHithadashot Hamerkaz Zionit Hahofshi Vevilti72622 Miﬂagtaim (Free Centre) 1949-1961 Reshima Mamlachtit72623 (State List) 1965-196972624 1973-1999 Gahal 1977 Likud Moledet (Homeland) Degel 1999 Hatorah (Torah Flag)72625 Gush-Herut Liberalim 4 (Herut-Liberal Herut Bloc) (Freedom)72901 HaLikud (The Consolidation) IL 1999 1988-1996 1 1 1 Shlomzion (Peace to Zion) 2 HaReshima Ha’aravit Yisrael HaMeuchedet (United Beiteinu (Israel Arab 1 is List) Our Home) 3 8 3 5 1 1

74 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 1 3 5 2 members: FI (32610), MSI (32710), NPSI (32611), InM FdV (32110), SDI Socialisti Democratici Italiani Rivoluzione Civile (Civil Revolution); Il Popolo della Libertà (People of Freedom); Il Girasole (The Girasole (‘Sunﬂower’)); IdV (32902), FdV (32110),Azione PRC Civile (32212), (Civil PdCI Action), (32213), 2018), La Destra Rete Libertaria 2018 (Right (The Libertarians) Net Alliance: Alliance: members: (32952), Popolari Liberali (CarloCristiana Giovanardi), per Democrazia le AutonomieSoziale (Gianfranco (Alessandra Rotondi), Mussolini), Azione Riformatori(Liberal Liberali Reformers, Federazione dei(Federation Christiano of Poplari Christian People),Libertarians) Destra Libertaria (Right Alliance: members: (Italian Democratic Socialists) Manifesto + Partito diUnity Unità Party Proletaria) for (Proletarian CommunismProletarian (The Unity Manifesto Party)) + Refoundation Party) Communists) the Left) FdV Federazione dei Verdi (Green Federation) 5 PDS Partito Democratico della Sinistra (Democratic Party of 2006 renamed in 1990: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 32021 201332061 RC 2008-2013 PdL 3211032111 1987-1996, 32210 2001 1976-198332211 PdUP32212 1983-198732213 Partito 1992-2006 di Unità Proletaria DP per il32220 Comunismo (Il PRC 2001-2006 PdCI 1946-2001 Democrazia Proletaria (Proletarian Partito Democracy) della Rifondazione Comunista PCI (Communist Partito dei Comunisti Italiani (Party of Italian Partito Comunista Italiano (Italian Communist Party) 2 15 4.27 Country: Italy

75 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 2 10 members: 32111, PdCI members: PCI (32220), MpS Movimento per la members: Rosa nel Pugno (Rose in the Fist); L’Ulivo (Olive Tree); Sinistra Ecologia Libertà (Left Ecology Democratic Socialist Party) PCI (32220), M-DL (32421),Repubblicani MRE Europei Movimento (Movement ofRepublicans) European Alliance: PR (32310), SDI SocialistiDemocratic Democratici Socialists) Italiani (Italian Merger: Freedom); Sinistra (Movement for the(Unite Left), the ULS Left), Unire AE la Associazione Sinistra Ecologisti Lista Pannella - Riformatori (Pannella-Riformatori List) Lista Pannella-Sgarbi (Pannella-Sgarbi List) Italiano Uniﬁcati (Uniﬁed ItalianDemocratic Socialist Socialist Party-Italian Party) Alliance: (32213), PCI (32220), M-DL (32421), PRC (32212) of Italian Workers) DS Democratici di Sinistra (Democrats of the Left) PSDI Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano (Italian LPPSI Lista Pannella (Pannella List) Partito Socialista Italiano (Italian Socialist Party) 12 PSLI Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani (Socialist Party change of 1972-1994 1972-1992 renamed in 1998: renamed in 1953: renamed in 1992: renamed in 1994: renamed in 1996: composition in 2006: 3222132230 2006 2013 RnP 32310 SEL 1976-199632320 PR32321 1946-1963, 32322 Partito Radicale (Radical Party) 199632329 1968 RI 2001-2006 PSI-PSDI32330 Partito Socialista Italiano-Partito Socialista Democratico Rinnovamento Italiano (Italian Renewal) 1948-1963, 32410 7 32420 1946-1992 1946-1992 PRI PLI 1 Partito Repubblicano Italiano (Italian Republican Party) Partito Liberale Italiano (Italian Liberal Party) 12 12

76 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 1 1 3 2 CCD members: members: DC (32520), RI members: PCI (32220), M-DL (32421), DC (32520), PRC Biancoﬁore (White Flower); Unione dei Democratici Cristiani e di Centro Margherita - Democrazia è Libertà (Daisy - Partito Democratico (Democratic Party); (32521), CDU Christiani DemocraticiChristian Uniti Democrats) (United Merger: Democracy is Freedom); (32321), I Democratici (The(32953) Democrats), P-UDEUR Merger: members: (32212), MRE Movimento Republicani(Movement Europei of European Republicans),Democratica SD per Sinistra il Socialismofor Europeo European (Democratic Socialism), Left RnP (32221) Centre) Alliance: Alliance: (Union for Christian andCCD Center (32521), Democrats); CDU ChristianiChristian Democratici Democrats), Uniti DE (United (32901) Party) UdC Unione di Centro (Union of the Center) PPI Partito Popolare Italiano (Italian Popular Party) renamed in 2008: renamed in 1994: 32421 200132440 M-DL 2008-2013 PD 324503246032520 2013 201332521 1946-1996 CD32522 DC SC 199632528 2001 Centro Democratico (Democratic32529 Centre) Democrazia CCD Cristiana (Christian Scelta Democrats) Civica (Civic32530 Choice) 1994 1994-1996 Centro Cristiano Democratico 2006-2013 (Christian Democratic AD PI UDC 3261032611 14 1 Alleanza Democratica (Democratic 1994-2006 Alliance) Patto per l’Italia (Pact for 2001-2006 Italy) FI NPSI 1 Forza Italia Nuovo (Go Partito Italy) Socialista Italiano (New Italian 2 Socialist 1 4

77 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 3 1 1 2 members: 32522, FI (32610), NPSI (32611), MSI (32710), Casa delle Libertà (House of Freedom); Vallée d’Aoste - Autonomie Prògres Fédéralisme UDC (32530), FI (32610),(32720) NPSI (32611), MSI (32710), LN PdL (32061) Alliance: members: LN (32720) Italy - National Centre-right) Social Movement-National Right) Values) (Autonomy Liberty Democracy (Aosta Valley)) Alliance: (Autonomy Progress Federalism Aosta Valley); FA Fédération Autonomiste (Autonomist Federation),Union UV Valdôtaine (Valdotanian Union), SAVallée d’Aoste Stella (Edelweiss Alpina Aosta Valley) Movement for Democracy) MSI-DN Movimento Sociale Italiano-Destra Nazionale (Italian AN Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance) change of split from: renamed in 1972: renamed in 1994: composition in 2006: 32629 2001 32630 20133264032710 2013 FDI-CDN 1948-2006 Fratelli d’Italia -32720 Centrodestra Nazionale MSI (Brothers of 3L3290132902 1992-2013 Movimento Sociale 200132903 Italiano (Italian LN Social Lista Lavoro Movement) e 2001-2008 Libertà (Labour and Freedom32904 List) IdV 200632906 DE Lega Nord (Northern 15 League) 2006 2013 Lista ALD di Pietro Democrazia - Europea Italia 1 (European del32951 Democracy) Valori (List Di Pietro SVP - Italy of Autonomie32952 Liberté Démocratie (Valle d’Aosta) 1992-1994 Südtiroler Volkspartei (South Tyrolean LR People’s 2006 Party) 1 InM La Rete/Movimento 7 per 1 la Democrazia (The Network/ Italiani nel Mondo (Italy in the World) 1

78 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 members: L’Unione-Prodi (The Union – Prodi); Democratic Union for Europe) Alliance: FdV (32110), PdCI (32213),(32212), 32329, SVP RnP (32904), (32221), IdV PRC ALD (32902), (32903) P-UDEUR (32953), 3295332955 2006 2006 32956 P-UDEUR Popolari Unione Democratica per 2013 l’Europa (Popular M5S MoVimento 5 Stelle (Five Star Movement) 1

79 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a Shinto Heiwa (New Peace Party) Shin Komei-to (New Clean Government Joined by: New name: Party). SDPJSDP Nihon Shakai-to (SocialSDF Democratic Party of Japan) Shakai Minshu-to (Social Democratic Party) CGP Shaminren (Social Democratic Federation) Komei-to (Clean Government Party) 4 11 joined by: 1983-1990 2000-2005 renamed in 1991: renamed in 1996: in 1998 renamed and ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7122071320 1960-2005 1960-200571321 JCP71322 JSP 1960-199371530 Nihon Kyosan-to (Japanese Communist 1979, Party) DSP Nihon Shakai-to (Japan Socialist Party) 1967-1993, 71620 Minshu-Shakai-to (Democratic71621 Socialist Party)71622 1960-2005 16 71623 1976-198671624 LDP 199371625 NLC 1996 16 71626 1996-2005 12 Jiyu-Minshu-to71630 (Liberal Democratic JRP Party) 2000 Shin-Jiyu-Kurabu71640 (New DPJ Liberal NFP Club) 2000-200371951 200571952 NCP Shinsei-to LP (Japan 2003 Renewal Party) Minshu-to (Democratic Sinshin-to Party (New of 1993-1996 Frontier Japan) Party) PNP 1993 Hoshu-to (New NPH Conservative Party) Jiyu-to 16 (Liberal Party) Kokumin Shin-to JNP (People’s New Shin-to Party) Sakigake 5 (New Party Harbinger) Mushozoku no Kai (Independent’s Party) Nihon Shin-to (Japan New 4 Party) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4.28 Country: Japan

80 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 1 LNNK (87710), LZP Latvijas Zala Partija Koalicija Latvijas Nacionala Konservativa (Harmony for Latvia - Rebirth of the Economy) Democratic Alliance) ‘Saimnieks’) in a United Latvia) Union) Alliance: Partija un Latvijas ZalaNational Partija Conservative (Coalition Party Latvian and Latvianmembers: Green Party); (Latvian Green Party) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 8711087220 200287310 199387311 199587320 ZZS 199887410 SLAT87411 1995 LSP Zalo un Zemnieku Saskana savieniba 1993-2002 Latvijai (Greens’87420 LSDA - and Atdzimšana Farmers’ Union) Tautsaimniecibai 199587421 LC LVP Latvijas87422 Socialistiska partija Latvijas (Latvian 1993 Socialdemokratu Socialist apvieniba Party) (Latvian 1 Social 1995-199887423 DPS Latvijas 2002 Savieniba87430 Vienibas ‘Latvijas partija celš’ TSP (Latvian (Latvian Unity Way LLP Union) Party)87431 2002 Demokratiska 1 87520 partija ‘Saimnieks’ (Democratic 1993 Party PCTVL Tautas Saskanas partija 1998 Latvijas87521 (National Liberala Harmony partija Party) (Latvian Liberal JL 1993 Party) Par87610 cilveka tiesibam vienota DCP Latvija (For87611 Human Rights 1 2002 JP 4 1998-2002 KDS Jaunais laiks (New Demokratiska 1995 Era) centra 2 partija (Democratic TP Centre LPP Party) 1 Jauna partija (New Kristigi Party) demokratiska savieniba (Christian Democratic LNNK-LZP Tautas Latvijas partija Pirma 1 (People’s partija Party) (Latvia’s First Party) 1 1 1 2 4.29 Country: Latvia

81 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 2 1 LZS (87810), KDS (87520), LDP LNNK (87710), TUB (87721) Apvieniba Tevzemei un brivibai - Latvijas Koalicija Latvijas Zemnieku savieniba, Latvijas members: Independence Movement) Movement for Latvia-Zigerista Party) Alliance: Nacionalas neatkaribas kustiba (ForFreedom Fatherland - and Latvian Nationalmembers: Independence Movement); Alliance: Kristîgi demokratu savieniba unpartija Latgales (Coalition demokratiska of LatvianChristian Farmers’ Democratic Union, Union Latvian andLatgale); Democratic Party of Latgales demokratiska partija (DemocraticLatgale) Party of LDP 8771087721 199387722 1993-199587723 1995 LNNK TUB 1998-200287810 Latvijas Nacionalas TKL-ZP neatkaribas kustiba TB-LNNK Tevzemei (Latvian87811 un National brivibai (For Fatherland and Freedom) Tautas 1993 Kustiba ‘Latvijai’-Zigerista partija (Popular 1995 LZS 2 87951 LZS-LKDS- Latvijas Zemnieku 1993 savieniba (Latvian Farmers’ Union) L 1 Lidztiesiba (Equal Rights) 1

82 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 3 members: DP (88440), members: LSDP (88320), NS (88410) LDP Liberalu demokratu partija members: Koalicija ‘Už darba Lietuvai’ (Working for Rolando Pakso Koalicijos ‘Už Tvarka ir Koalicija Darbo partija + Jaunimas (Coalition A. Brazausko socialdemokratine koalicija (A. members: Alliance: Lithuania); Alliance: teisinguma’ (Coalition of RolandasJustice’); Paksas ‘For Order and (Liberal Democratic Party), LLSsajunga Lietuvos ‘Už liaudies teisinga Lietuva’‘For (Lithuanian a People’s Fair Union Lithuania’) Alliance: Labour Party and Youth); Jaunimas (Youth) Democratic Labour Party) Democratic Party) Alliance: Brazauskas Social Democratic Coalition); LSDP (88320), LDDP (88220),demokratijos NDP partija Naujosios (New DemocraticLietuvos Party), rusu LRS sajunga (Lithuanian Russian Union) Liberals)) Lithuania) LCS Lietuvos centro sajunga (Lithuanian Centre Union) LSDP Lietuvos socialdemokratu partija (Lithuanian Social 2008-2012 renamed in 1996: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 8803188041 2004 2004 UdL 88042 UTT 88220 2008 88320 1992-199688321 LDDP 1992-1996, 2000 Lietuvos demokratine darbo partija (Lithuanian 88410 BSDK 88420 2000 1992-2000 NS LCJ Naujoji Lietuvos centristu sajunga judejimas (socialliberalai) (Centre (New Movement Union of (Social 4.30 Country: Lithuania

83 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 members: TS (88620), LKD Lietuvos LLS (88422), LCJ (88420), MKDS members: LKDP (88521), LDP (88522), LPKTS (88523) Sajudis koalicija (Sajudis Coalition); Lietuvos krikšcioniu demokratu partija koalicija Liberalu ir centro sajunga (Liberal and Centre Tevynes sajunga- Lietuvos krikšcionys members: Alliance: Sajudis (Sajudis Movement), LZP(Lithuanian Lietuvos Green žaliloji Party), partija PCCharter), Pilieciu LPKP chartija Lietuvos (Citizens’ politiniuof kaliniu Political partija Prisoners) (Union Merger: Union); Modernijuju Krikšcioniu Demokratu Sajunga Christian Democratic Party) Party) Union of Political Prisoners and Deportees) Alliance: (Lithuanian Christian Democratic Partymembers: Coalition); Merger: demokratai (Homeland Union -Democrats); Lithuanian Christian Krikšcionys Demokratai (Lithuanian Christian Democrats), LPKTS (88523), LDSSajunga Lietucvos (Lithuanian Dešiniuiju Rightist Union), LTS (88710) 88421 19928842288430 SK 200088440 2004-200888450 LiCS 88460 LLS 2004, 201288521 2008-2012 DP 2008-201288522 Lietuvos LRLS liberalu sajunga 1992-2000 (Lithuanian Liberal Union) PTT88523 LKDP Darbo 1992-1996 Partija Lietuvos (Labour respublikos Party) Liberalu88529 sajudis (Liberal Movement) LDP Partija 1992 tvarka ir teisingumas Lietuvos (Order krikšcioniu and demokratu 1 Justice) partija (Lithuanian 88620 1992 2 88621 Lietuvos demokratu LPKTS partija (Lithuanian Democratic 1996-2004 LKDPK Lietuvos politiniu 2008-2012 kaliniu ir TS tremtiniu sajunga 2 (Lithuanian TS-LKD 2 Tevynes sajunga (Homeland Union) 3

84 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 LLS (88951), NP Nepriklausomybes LVP (88810), NDP Naujosios demokratijos Valstieciuir Naujosios Demokratijos Partiju Lietuviu tautininku sajunga (Lithuanian National members: TS (88620), LKD Lietuvos(Lithuanian Krikšcionys Christian Demokratai Democrats) mergerKDS of Krikšcioniu 88521 Demokratu and SajungaDemocratic (Christian Union) , LPKTSDešiniuiju (88523), Sajunga LDS (Lithuanian Lietucvos Rightist Union) and Green Union) Merger: Union); partija (Independence Party) Merger: Sajunga (Union of Peasantsmembers: and New Democracy Party); partija (New Democratic Party) Lithuania’s Poles) LVŽS Lietuvos valstieciu ir žaliuju sajunga (Lithuanian Peasant LLSLLRA Lietuvos lenku sajunga (Lithuanian Polish Union) Lietuvos lenku rinkimu akcija (Election Action of 3 change of 2012 renamed in 2012: renamed in 2000: composition in 2011: 8863088710 200888810 199288820 TPP 2000 LTS 2004, 2012 Tautos prisikelimo VNDS partija (National LVP Resurrection Party)88951 Lietuvos 1992, valstieciu 2000, partija 1 (Lithuanian Peasants Party)88952 2012 1 DK Drasos kelias (The Way of Courage) 1

85 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 2 5 11 15 15 15 Party) d’Alternative Démocratique (Alternative Democatic Reform Party) Groupement Démocratique (Democratic Group) Écologiste (Green Left Ecological Initiative) Alternative) Liste Verte, Initiative ÉcologisteVerte - (Green Parti Left de Ecological l’Alternative Alternative) Initiative - Green Luxembourgeois (Communist Party of Luxembourg) Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Arbechterpartei/Parti Ouvrier Socialiste Luxembourgeois (Socialist Workers’Luxembourg) Party of Democratic Group) (Christian Social People’s Party) (Action Committee for Democracy and Pension Justice) DP/PD Demokratesch Partei/Parti Démocratique (Democratic ADR Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei/Parti Réformiste POSL renamed in 1951: renamed in 1959: renamed in 2006: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 2311123112 198923113 1984-1989 GLEI GAP 1994-199923114 GLEI-GAP23220 Gréng Lëscht Ekologesch Déi Initiativ/Liste Gréng Gréng Verte, Lëscht Initiative Alternativ/Parti Ekologesch de 2004-2009 Initiativ23230 l’Alternative - Verte Déi (Green Gréng Alternativ/ 1945-198923320 KPL/PCL 200923420 1945-2009 Kommunistesch Partei vu Lëtzebuerg/Parti Communiste LSAP/ Déi Gréng/Les Verts (The 1945-2009 Greens)23520 Déi23951 Lénk/La Gauche (The Left) 1945-2009 Groupement Patriotique CSV/PCS et 1989-2009 Démocratique (Patriotic and Chrëschtlech Sozial ADR Vollekspartei/Parti Chrétien Social 2 Aktiounskomitee ﬁr Demokratie a Rentegerechtegkeet 1 4.31 Country: Luxembourg

86 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 7 2 1 4 1 1 SRSM (89222), MDPSM members: SKM-PDP (89221), SRSM (89222), SPM Sojuz na Makedonija (Union of Macedonia); Socijalisticka Partija na Makedonija/Mlada (Social-Democratic League of Macedonia) Demokratska Preobrazba (League ofMacedonia Communists - of Party of Democratic Change) Reform Forces of Macedonia) (Young Democratic Progressive Party of Macedonia) Party) Alliance: members: (89320) Alliance: Demokratsko-Progresivna Stranka na Makedonija/Sojuz na Reformskite Sili naSocialist Makedonija Party (Joint of Candidates Macedonia/Young of Progressive Democratic Party of Macedonia/Allianceof of Macedonia); Reform Forces (89223), SPM (89320) SDSM Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija LP Liberalna Partija (Liberal Party) MDPSM/ SRSM renamed in 1991: renamed in 1994: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 89221 1990-2011 SKM-PDP89222 Sojuz na Komunistite na Makedonija -Partija za 1990-199489223 SRSM89224 199089227 Sojuz na Reformskite 1998-2011 Sili na Makedonija (Alliance of MDPSM LDP89228 1994 Mlada Demokratsko-Progresivna Stranka na Makedonija 1990 Liberalno Demokratska SM Partija (Liberal Democratic SPM/ 4.32 Country: Macedonia

87 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 3 4 1 1 1 1 6 3 SRSM (89222), MDPSM (89223), SPM (89320), Socijalisticka Partija na Makedonija/Mlada Alliance: Demokratsko-Progresivna Stranka na Makedonija/Sojuz na Reformskite Sili naEmancipacija Makedonija/Partija na za Romite Celosna (JointParty Candidates of of Macedonia/Young Socialist Democraticof Progressive Party Macedonia/Alliance of ReformParty Forces for of the Macedonia/ Completemembers: Emancipation of the Roma); PCER (89953) Party) Macedonia) Renewal of Macedonia) Yugoslavs in Macedonia) Macedonia) Narodna Partija (Internal MacedonianOrganization–People’s Revolutionary Party) Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija - Demokratska Partija za Makedonsko(Internal Nacionalno Macedonian Edinstvo Revolutionary OrganizationDemocratic - Party for Macedonian National Unity) Shqiptare (Democratic Party of Albanians) MDPSM/ SRSM/ PCER SPM Socijalisticka Partija na Makedonija (Socialist Party of VMRO- DPMNE 2006-2011 1998-2011 89229 1990 SPM/ 8923089320 2006-201189321 NSDP 1990-1998, 89330 199889420 Nova Socijaldemokratska Partija 2011 (New Social Democratic 89430 1990 DA89511 DOM 2002-2006 SJM LPM89710 Demokratska 2006 Alternativa (Democratic Demokratska Alternative) Obnova na Makedonija (Democratic Stranka 1990, na Liberalna Jugoslovenite Partija VMRO-NP vo na89810 Makedonija Makedonija (Party (Liberal of Party of 89910 Vnatrešna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija - 1 2011 2002-2011 DPA/PDSh PEI Demokratska partija na Albancite/Partia Demokratike Partija za Evropska Idnina (Party for European Future) 1

88 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 3 4 3 1 1 PDPM members: Partija za Demokratski Prosperitet vo Prosperity) Kombëtare (National Democratic Revival) për Integrim (Democratic Union for Integration) for Democratic Prosperity in Macedonia) Popullore (People’s Democratic Party) Complete Emancipation of the Roma) Alliance: Makedonija/Partisë Demokratike Popullore (Joint Candidates of Party forMacedonia/People’s Democratic Democratic Prosperity Party); in (89951), PDP (89952) PDP Partija za Demokratski Prosperitet (Party for Democratic renamed in 1994: 8993089940 201189951 2002-2011 NDP/RDK DUI/BDI 1990-2002 Nacionalna Demokratska89952 Prerodba/Rilindja Demokratike Demokratska PDPM unija za integracija/Bashkimi Demokratik 89953 1990-1998 Partija za Demokratski89959 Prosperitet vo Makedonija (Party PDP 1990 1990 Narodna Demokratska PCER Partija/Partisë Demokratike PDPM/PDP Partija za Celosna Emancipacija na Romite (Party for the

89 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 5432054620 1996-1998 1996-1998 PL PN Partit Laburista (Labour Party) Partit Nazzjonalista (Nationalist Party) 2 2 4.33 Country: Malta

90 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 16 PRD (171305), PT (171306), members: PRD (171305), PT (171306), CD PVEM (171101), PRI (171301) Alianza por México 2000 (Alliance for Mexico Alianza por México 2006 (Alliance for Mexico Coalición ‘Por el Bien de Todos’ (Coalition ‘For members: members: Alliance: 2000); Alliance: 2006); Alliance: the Good of All’); CD (171311) Ecologist Party) (Revolutionary Workers’ Party) Party of Mexico) Revolutionary Party) Party of the Mexican Revolution) Party) (171311), Alternativa (171310), PSNSociedad Partido Nacionalista de (Nacionalist la Society Party) Coalición ‘Primero México’ (Coalition ‘Mexico First’) Compromiso por México (Commitment for Mexico) PRIPPS Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional PARM Partido Popular Socialista (Popular Socialist Party) Partido Auténtico de la Revolución Mexicana (Authentic 3 1961-1964, 1970-2003 1991 1991 renamed in 2009: renamed in 2012: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 171031 2000171032 AM 2006171033 AM 2006 171101171201 2003171202 1979, 1997171203 1985 PVEM PCM171301 1982-1985 Partido Verde Ecologista PRT de México Partido PSUM (Mexican Comunista 1946, Green Mexicano171302 1955, (Mexican Communist Party)171303 Partido Partido Socialista Revolucionario 1970, Uniﬁcado de 1982, de los México Trabajadores (Uniﬁed 2 Socialist 171304 1970, 1985, 1979, 1991 PST Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores (Workers’ Socialist 4.34 Country: Mexico

91 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 4 1 1 1 1 PMS members: PPS (171302), PARM members: Frente Democrático Nacional (National Partido de la Revolución Democrática (Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction) Convergencia (Convergence) Movimiento Ciudadano (Citizens’ Movement) Merger: (Democratic Revolutionary Party); Partido Mexicano Socialista (MexicanPMT Socialist (171308), Party), PSUM (171203),Revolucionario PPR (Patriotic Partido Revolutionary Partiotico Party), MRP Movimiento Revolucionario del PuebloMovement (Revolutionary of the People), PST (171304) Alliance: Democratic Front); (171303), PST (171304), PMS(Mexican Partido Mexicano Socialist Socialista Party), PVEMSocial (171101), Democráta PSD (Social Partido DemocraticMovimiento Party), al MAS Socialismo (Movement Toward Socialism) Party) Democratic and Farmer Alternative Party) Democracy) PFCRNPC Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstucción Nacional Partido Cardenista (Party of Cardenists) PSD Partido Socialdemócrata (Social Democratic Party) PRD PT Partido del Trabajo (Labor Party) 3 2003 2003 renamed in 1997: renamed in 1988: renamed in 2009: renamed in 2009: renamed in 2012: 171305 1991-1997, 171306171307 1994-1997, 1988171308 FDN 171309 1985171310 2006 2006 PMT171311 PANAL 2003 Partido Alternativa Mexicano de los Trabajadores (Mexican Partido Workers’ Partido Nueva171601 Alternativa Alianza Socialdemócrata (New y Alliance Campesina Party) (Social CD 1946-2006 PAN Convergencia por la Democracia (Convergence for Partido 1 Acción Nacional (National Action Party) 21

92 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 AMN (90321), PS Partidul Miscarea social-politica members: members: members: BEAB (90952), PL (90620), Alianta members: Blocul electoral Partidul Socialist si Miscarea Blocul electoral ‘Moldova Democrata’ (Electoral Alianta Moldova Noastra (Our Moldova Blocul Electoral ‘Pentru o Moldova Democratica Alliance: ‘Unitate-Edinstvo’ (Electoral Bloc ofand the the Socialist Movement Party ‘Unity’); Socialist (Socialist Party), MUE‘Unitate-Edinstvo’ Miscarea (Movement ‘Unity’) Communists of the Republic of Moldova) Alliance: Bloc ‘Democratic Moldova’); PDM (90330), PSL PartidulParty) Social Liberal (Social Liberal Alliance: Alliance); Independentilor din Republica MoldovaAlliance (Independents’ of Moldova), PartidulMoldova Democrat-Popular (Democratic din Peoples’ Party of Moldova) Moldova) Forces) Alliance: si Prospera’ (Electoral BlocProsperous ‘For Moldova’); a Democratic and ‘Pentru o Moldova DemocraticaDemocratic si Prospera’ and Prosperous (‘For a Moldova’Movement), Social PCM Political Partidul CivicParty din of Moldova Moldova), (Civic PDPM PartidulMoldova Democrat (Popular Democratic Popular din Party ofMiscarea Moldova), social-politica MFN ‘Forta Noua’Social-Political (‘New Movement) Force’ ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 90220 199490221 PSMUE 90320 1998-2010 PCRM 200590321 Partidul Comunistilor din Republica Moldova BMD (Party of 200990330 AMN 90410 2009-201090420 PDM 1998 1998 Partidul Democrat din PFD Moldova (Democratic Party of PMDP Partidul Fortelor Democratice (Party of Democratic 4.35 Country: Moldova

93 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 3 1 1 1 PCDM Partidul members: Democratic Movement of PRCM Partidul Renasterii si members: members: Blocul electoral Alianta Frontului Popular Blocul Electoral ‘Conventia Democrata din Blocul Taranilior si Intelectualilor (Bloc of Democratic People’s Party) Democratic Party of Moldova) Alliance: Crestin Democrat (Alliance ofPeople’s the Front); Christian Democratic Moldova, Popular Front of Moldova,Popular Christian Front Democratic Alliance: Moldova’ (Electoral Bloc ‘DemocraticMoldova’); Convention of Democratic Party of Moldova) Alliance: Peasants and Intellectuals); Crestin- Democrat din MoldovaParty (Christian of Democratic Moldova), CI Congresul(Congress Intelectualitatji of the Intelligentsia),Liberi ATL Alianta (Alliance Taranilor of FreeDemocrat-Crestina Peasants), LDCF a Liga Femeilor (Women’s Christian Democratic League), PNL Partidul(National National Liberal Liberal Party) Concilierii din Moldova (Party ofConciliation), Rebirth AFPCD and (90520), PEM‘Alianta Partidul Verde’ Ecologist din Moldova (EcologyAlliance Party of ‘Green Moldova’), PTCDMdin Partidul Moldova Taranesc (Peasants Crestin Christian DemocraticMoldova), LDCF Party Liga of Democrat-Crestina(Women’s a Christian Femeilor Democratic League) PPCD Partidul Popular Crestin si Democrat (Christian AFPCD 2001-2005 renamed in 2001: 9043090520 2009-2010 PLDM 1994, Partidul Liberal Democrat din Moldova90610 (Liberal 1998 CDM 9062090810 2009-201090951 1994 PL 1994 PDAM Partidul Liberal (Liberal Party) BTI Partidul Democrat Agrar din Moldova (Agrarian 2

94 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 MFN Miscarea members: Blocul Electoral ‘Alianta Braghis’ (Electoral Alliance: Block ‘Braghis Alliance’); social-politica ‘Forta Noua’ (‘NewMovement), Force’ MSPN Social Miscarea Political Profesionistilor ‘Sperenta-Nadeja’ (Movement of ProfessionalsPSM ‘Hope’), Partidul Socialist dinMoldova), Moldova PM (Socialist Partidul Party Muncii of Partidul (Labour politic Party), UCM ‘Uniunea CentristaUnion din of Moldova’ Moldova), (Centrist PDSF‘Furnica’ Partidul (Party Democratiei of Sociale Social Democracy ‘Furnica (Ant)’) 90952 2001 BEAB

95 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 members: LSCG members: Savez Reformskih Snaga za Crnu Goru (Alliance Da Živimo Bolje (For a Better Live); Party of Socialists of Montenegro) Montenegro) Montenegro) People’s Party of Montenegro) Alliance: of Reform Forces for Montenegro); Party of Reformists) Party of Montenegro) Party of Socialists of Montenegro) Alliance: DPSCG (91322), SDP CG (91321), NS (91710) Montenegro) Equality) (91420), PSCG (91222), SP (91223) DPS CG Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crne Gore (Democratic renamed in 1992: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 91220 1990-199691222 SKCG91223 199091224 Savez Komunista Crne Gore (League of Communists 1990 of 91229 1998 PSCG91320 1990 SP Partija Socijalista SNP Crne CG Gore91321 (Socialist Party of 1992 SRSCG Socijalisticka91322 Narodna Socijalisticka Partija Partija Crne (Socialist Gore Party) (Socialist 199691323 SDPR 199891420 SDP CG 1998 Socijaldemokratska Partija Reformista (Social-Democratic 91710 DPSCG Socijaldemokratska Partija 1990-2002 Crne91711 Gore (Social Democratic 91951 DZB Demokratska LSCG Partija 1990-1996 Socijalista Crne Gore (Democratic 1 1992 NS 1990 Liberalna Savez Crne Gore (Liberal Alliance of SRS Narodna SNR Stranka (People’s Party) Srpska Radikalna Stranka (Serbian Radical Stranka Party) Nacionalne Ravnopravnosti (Party of National 1 3 4.36 Country: Montenegro

96 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 SNR (91951), DSCG (91952), SDACG (91953) Demokratska Koalicija (Democratic Coalition); Montenegro) Action Party of Montenegro) Alliance: members: 9195291953 199091959 1996 DSCG 1990 SDACG Demokratski Savez u Crnoj Gori (Democratic DK League Stranka in Demokratske Akcije Crne Gore (Democratic

97 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 20 11 for Freedom and Democracy) Appeal) Party) ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 221102222022310 1989-201022320 1994-201022330 GL 1971-198622420 SP 1946-2010 PPR 1967-201022430 PvdA GroenLinks (Green 1946-2010 Left)22521 D’66 Socialistische Partij (Socialist Politieke Party) Partij VVD Radicalen 2002-2003 (Radical22522 Political Partij Party) van de Arbeid 1977-2010 (Labour22523 Party) LN Democraten‘66 (Democrats‘66)22524 Volkspartij CDA voor 1946-1972 Vrijheid en22525 Democratie (People’s Party 1946-197222526 KVP Leefbaar 1971-1977 Nederland 6 (Livable22720 ARP Christen-Democratisch Netherlands) Appèl (Christian 1946-1972 Democratic 22722 DS‘70 2002-2010 Katholieke Volkspartij22951 CHU (Catholic People’s Party) 6 2002-2003 Anti-Revolutionaire Partij22952 CU (Anti-Revolutionary Party) Democratisch 2006-2010 Socialisten‘70 (Democratic LPF 20 Socialists‘70) 7 2006-2010 Christelijk-Historische Unie PVV (Christian Historical Union) 2006-2010 PvdD 14 ChristenUnie (Christian Union) 2 9 Lijst SGP Pim Fortuyn (List 9 Pim 3 Partij Fortuyn) voor de Vrijheid (Party 9 Partij of voor Freedom) de Dieren (Party for the Staatskundig Animals) Gereformeerde Partij (Reformed Political 2 2 2 4 4.37 Country: Netherlands

98 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 3 United members: New Labour Party, members: The Alliance; United Future New Zealand; Alliance: Greens (64110), NZF (64621),Motuhake Liberal Party, Mana Merger: New Zealand, Future New Zealand ProgressiveProgressive Jim Anderton’s Progressive Progressive Party NZF New Zealand First PartyNZDP New Zealand Democratic Party 5 2008-2011 2011 renamed in 2005: renamed in 2008: renamed in 1985: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 641106432064321 1999-2011 1946-2011 Greens64420 1993-1999 Labour64421 Alliance Green Party of Aotearoa 1996-2011 New64422 Zealand New Zealand Labour Party 2002, ACT 2002-20086462064621 Progressive ACT New Zealand Jim Anderton’s 1946-2011 Progressive64901 Coalition 1993-2002, 64902 National64951 5 2005-2011 New Zealand 2011 National Party 1954-1990 23 Mana 3 Maori Party Mana Party Social Credit Political League 6 23 13 3 1 4.38 Country: New Zealand

99 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a NILP NorthernNP Ireland Labour Party Nationalist Party 10 10 1933-1969 1938-1949, 1958-1969 ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 5232052620 1925, 52710 1921-1973 1921-1929, UP Unionist Party 13 4.39 Country: Northern Ireland

100 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 4 Party) SVDLF Sosialistisk Venstreparti (Socialist Left Party) Det Liberale Folkeparti (Liberal People’s Party) SpFrP Senterpartiet (Centre Party) Fremskrittspartiet (Progress Party) renamed in 1975: renamed in 1980: renamed in 1959: renamed in 1977: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 1222012221 1945-195712320 NKP 1961-200912410 1945-200912420 Norges Kommunistiske Parti 1973 (Norwegian Communist 12520 DnA12620 1945-200912810 Sosialistisk Folkeparti (Socialist 1945-2009 People’s Party) Det V norske Arbeiderparti (Norwegian 1945-2009 Labour Party)12951 KrF 1945-2009 H Det 1973-2009 Venstre Nye (Liberal Folkepartiet (New Party) Kristelig People’s Folkeparti Party) (Christian People’s Party) 17 13 ALP Høyre (Conservative Party) Bondepartiet (Farmers’ Party) Anders Langes Parti (Anders Lange’s Party) 17 1 10 17 17 17 4.40 Country: Norway

101 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 5 1 1 2 1 SLD (92210), UP (92322) SdPR Socjaldemokracja SdPR Socjaldemokracja members: SLD (92210), UP (92322), SDPL UD Unia Demokratyczna (Democratic Union), members: members: Lewica i Demokraci (Left and Democrats); Koalicja Sojuszu Lewicky Demokratycznej i Unii Unia Demokratyczna (Democratic Union); Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (Democratic Left Alliance); Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Social DemocracyRepublic of of the Poland), SDUSocjaldemokratyczna Polska (Polish Unia Social Democratic Union) Alliance: members: Socjaldemokracja Polska (Polish SocialParty), Democracy PD Partia Demokratyczna (Democratic Party) Alliance: Alliance); Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Social DemocracyRepublic of of the Poland), SDUSocjaldemokratyczna Polska (Polish Unia Social Democratic Union) Alliance: Pracy (Coalion of theUnion Democratic of Left Labour); Alliance and the (Independent Self-governing Trade Union ‘Solidarity’) Alliance: members: ROAD Ruch Obywatelski - Akcja(Democratic Demokratyczna Action Civic Movement),Prawicy FPD Demokratycznej Forum (Forum of the Democratic Right) Congress) SLD Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (Democratic Left SLD 2005, 2011 merger in 1999: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 92021 200792210 LiD 1991-1997, 9221192212 199192320 200192321 SD 199192322 SLD-UP 92410 1991 Stronnictwo 1993-1997 NSZZ Demokratyczne (Democratic Party) 1991-1993 UP SP92420 UD Niezalezny Samorzadny Zwiazek Zawodowy ‘Solidarnosc’ Unia 1991 Pracy (Union Solidarnosc of Pracy Labour) (Labour 1 Solidarity) KLD Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny (Liberal-Democratic 1 2 4.41 Country: Poland

102 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 PC Porozumienie Centrum members: ZChN Zjednoczenie Porozumienie Obywatelskie Centrum (Centre Wyborcza Akcja Katolickia (Catholic Electoral members: Economic Program (Large Beer)) (Christian Democratic Labour Party) Alliance: Citizens’ Alliance); (Centre Agreement), KO’S’ Komitet‘Solidarnosc’ Obywatelski (Solidarity Citizens’ Committee) Democrats) Alliance: Action); Chrzescijansko-Narodowe (Christian National Union),Konwencja KP Polska (Polish Convention), SChLLudowe-Chrzescijanskie Stronnictwo (Christian Farmers’ Alliance) ‘Solidarity’) of Poland) Polish Republic) Independent Poland) 924319243292433 1991 199192434 199192435 PPPP92436 1997 UPR92440 2001-2011 PPG92520 Polska Partia Przyjaciol 2001-2011 Piwa (Polish Beer-Lovers’ PO Party) UW Unia 2011 Polityki92521 Realnej (Union PiS of Real Polski 1991 Politics) Program Gospodarczy (Duze Piwo) (Polish 1 Platforma 1991 Unia Obywatelska RP (Civic Wolnósci (Freedom Platform)92522 Union) Prawo i ChDSP Sprawiedliwosc (Law and Justice)92523 POC 199192530 Chrzescijansko-Demokratyczne Ruch Stronnictwo Palikota Pracy (Palikot’s Movement) 1 1991 1991 PChD92620 4 RdR Partia 4 Chrzescijanskich WAK Demokratów92621 (Party of Christian 1997 1 92622 Ruch dla Rzeczpospolitej (Movement for 1997 the Republic) 1 92710 AWS 2001-2005 ROP SRP 1991-1993 1 Akcja Wyborcza ‘Solidarnosc’ (Electoral Action KPN Ruch Odbudowy Polski Samoobrona (Movement for Rzeczypospolitej the Polskiej Reconstruction (Self-Defence of the Konfederacja Polski Niepodleglej (Confederation for an

103 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 7 PSL-O Polski Stronnictwo Ludowe – Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Polish Peasants’ members: Merger: Party); Support of Reforms) Silesia) Odrodzenie (Polish Peasant PartyPolski - Stronnictwo Rebirth), Ludowe-Wilanowskie PSL-W (Polish Peasant Party – Wilanów) 927119271292713 199192810 199192811 2001-2005 PZZ 1991 LPR PX 1991-201192901 PSL Polski PL Zwiazek Zachodni Liga (Polish Western Polskich Union) Rodzin (League92952 Partia of X Polish (Party Families) X) 199392953 Porozumienie Ludowe (Peasant 1991 Accord) BBWR 1991-2011 1 2 RAS MN Bezpartyjny Blok Wspierania Reform (Non-Party Bloc in Ruch Autonomii Slaska (Movement Mniejszosc for Niemiecka the (German Autonomy Minority) of 1 1 7

104 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 7 5 5 2 1 1 14 14 Democratic Center-Popular Party) Greens’) Party) Coalition) Movement) Party) (Association of Independent Social Democrats) (Leftwing Union for the Socialist Democracy) Center Party) CDS-PP Centro Democrático Social-Partido Popular (Social PEV Partido Ecologista ‘Os Verdes’ (Ecologist Party ‘The MDP Movimento Democrático Português (Popular Democratic PSD Partido Social Democrata (Social Democratic Party) 2002-2011 1979-1985 renamed in 1995: renamed in 1977: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 3511035210 1983-1987, 3521135220 1975-1987 1999-201135229 UDP 1975-2011 BE35310 PCP 1991-2005 União Democrática35311 Popular (Popular Democratic CDU Union) 1975, 35312 Bloco de Esquerda Partido (Left Comunista Bloc) Português (Portuguese Communist 1975-201135313 Coligação 7 Democrática 1985-1987 Unitária (Uniﬁed PS Democratic 35315 PRD 1975-201135316 PPD 1987 Partido35317 Socialista (Socialist Partido Party) Renovador Democrático 1980 (Democratic Renewal 35520 Partido Popular Democrático 1980 ID (Popular Democratic Party) ASDI 1975-2011 5 35710 UEDS 14 CDS Intervenção Democrática Associação (Democratic dos Intervention) Sociais Democratas Independentes 1976-1983 União de Esquerda para Partido a do Democracia Centro 14 Socialista Democrático PPM Social (Social Democratic 1 Partido Popular Monárquico (Popular Monarchist Party) 4 4.42 Country: Portugal

105 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 Party) 35951 1991 PSN Partido de Solidariedade Nacional (National Solidarity

106 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 1 1 PSD Partidul members: PSD Partidul Social Democrat PNL (93430), FSN (93221) PDL (93530), PNTCD (93521), FC members: PSD Partidul Social Democrat (Social members: members: Uniunea Nationala PSD+PUR (National Union Alianta Politica Partidul Social Democrat + Uniunea Social Liberala (Social Liberal Union); Alianta Dreptate si Adevar (Justice and Truth Alianta România Dreapta (Right Romania Social Democrat (Social DemocraticConservator Party), (Conservative PC Party) Partidul Alliance: PSR+PUR); (Social Democratic Party), PURRomânia Partidul (Humanist Umanist Party din of Romania) Alliance: Partidul Conservator (Social DemocraticConservative Party Party + Alliance); Alliance: members: Democratic Party), PC Partidul(Conservative Conservator Party), PNL (93430), UNPRNationala Uniunea pentru Progresul Românieithe (National Progress Union of of Romania) Alliance: Alliance); Alliance: Alliance); Forta Civica (Civic Force) of Romania) (Democratic Party - National Salvation Front) FSNPD-FSN Frontul Salvarii Nationale (National Partidul Salvation Democrat Front) - Frontul Salvarii Nationale 3 PD Partidul Democrat (Democratic Party) 2000 renamed in 1993: renamed in 1996: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 93001 200493002 PSD-PUR 200893031 PSD-PC 201293041 USL 93061 200493111 2012 ADA 93112 199093221 ARD 1990 1990-1992, MER PER Miscarea Ecologista din România (Ecological Movement Partidul Ecologist Român (Romanian Ecological Party) 1 4.43 Country: Romania

107 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 3 1 1 2 FDSN (93223), FDSN (93223), FDSN (93223), PER members: members: members: FSN (93221), PSDR (93320) Uniunea Social Democrat (Social Democratic Conventia Democrata România (Democratic members: Polul Democrat-Social din România (Social Social Democracy of Romania); PNTCD (93521), PNL (93430),Party PNL-CD - (National Democratic liberal Convention),Partidul PER Alternativa (93112), României PAR (Romania’sParty), Alternative FER (Romanian EcologistPartidul Federation), Aliantei PAC Civice (CivicAR21Dec89, Alliance MRV, Party), UMRL, AFDPR, SU, UNS Democratic Party) National Salvation Front) PSDR (93222), PR (93714),(Cooperative PC Party) Partidul Cooperatist Name: Democratic Pole of Romania); PSDR (93320), PUR Partidul(Humanist Umanist Party din of România Romania) Democratic Party) Alliance: Union); Alliance: Convention of Romania); (93112), PNTCD (93521), FERFederation), (Romanian PAC Ecologist Partidul Aliantei CiviceParty), (Civic AFDPdR, Alliance SU, PL-93(Liberal Partidul Party Liberal 1993), 1993 AR21Dec89,UNS, MRV, UMRL, PUD, UU, PUDC, SPFMTR, PNL-CD PDSR Partidul Democratiei Sociale din România (Party of PNL Partidul National Liberal (National Liberal Party) 3 change of 2008 merger in 1993: renamed and change composition in 1996: of composition in 2000: 9322293223 1990 1992-2000 PSDR FDSN Partidul Socialist Frontul Democratic Democrat Român al (Romanian Salvarii Socialist Nationale (Democratic 9332093322 199093411 1996 PSDR 1992-1996 USD CDR Partidul Social Democrat Român (Romanian Social 93430 1990, 2000,

108 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 3 1 2 7 1 members: PUNR (93711), PR (93714) PND (93523), FDRT (93524) FSN (93221), PLD Partidul Liberal members: members: Frontul Democrat Român din Timisoara Alianta pentru Unitatea Românilor (Romanian Grupul Democrat de Centru (Democratic Group Partidul Democrat Liberal (Democratic Liberal members: (Christian Democratic National Peasants’ Party) Alliance: (Romanian Democratic Front fromPND Timisoara); (93523), PDS PartidulRomania Dreptatii (Social Sociale Justice din PartyPartidul of National Romania), Progresist PNP (NationalPDC Progressist Partidul Party), Democrat dinCluj), Cluj MDM (Democratic Miscarea Party Democratia from Democratic Moderna Movement), (Modern MDI MiscareaIasi Democratia (Modern din Democracy from(Ecologist Iasi), Party) PE Partidul Ecogolist Alliance: of the Centre); Merger: Party); Unity Party) Alliance: Unity Alliance); Agrarian Party of Romania) Uniunea Democratã Maghiarã dinMagyar România/ Demokrata Romániai Szövetség (HungarianAlliance Democratic of Romania) Democrat (Democratic Liberal Party) RMDSz 9352193523 199093524 1990 1990 PNTCD PND Partidul National Taranesc Crestin si FDRT Democrat Partidul93529 National Democrat (National Democratic Party)93530 1990 1 93711 2008 GDC 93712 1990-199693713 PDL 93714 PUNR 1992-200493719 1992 PRM 1990 Partidul93810 Unitãtii Natiunii Române (Romanian 1990 National 93951 PSM Partidul România Mare 1990-1992 (Greater PR Romania Party) AUR PDAR 1990-2012 Partidul Socialist al Muncii (Socialist Labour Party) UDMR/ Partidul Republican (Republican Partidul Party) Democrat Agrar din România (Democratic 4 1 1

109 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 Dan Dianconescu) 93981 2012 PP-DD Partidul Poporului - Dan Dianconescu (People’s Party -

110 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 6 1 1 2 4 1 PRR members: Rodina - Narodno-Patrioticheskij Soyuz ‘Yabloko’ (Russian United Democratic Party ‘Yabloko’) (Communist Party ot the Russian Federation) Alliance: (Motherland - People’s PatrioticPartiya Union); Rossiiskih Regionov (Party ofPNV-NV Russian Partiya Natsionalnogo Regions), Vozrozhdeniya ‘Narodnaya Volya’ (Party of NationalWill’), Rebirth SEPR ‘People’s Sotsialisticheskaya Edinaya Partiya(Dukhovnoe Rossii Nasledie) (Socialist United(Spiritual Party Heritage)) of Russia (Russian Movement for Democratic Reform) Choice) (Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc) Russian Unity and Accord) Yabloko Rossijskaya Obyedinyonnaya Demokraticheskaya Partiya APR Agrarnaya Partiya Rossii (Agrarian Party of Russia) 3 2003 renamed in 1995: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 9422194222 1993-201194223 KPRF 1993-1995, 9422494225 1993-1995 Kommunisticheskaya94310 Partiya Rossijskoi Federatsii 1993 ZR 1995 2003 DM Zhenshchiny VN Rossii (Women of Russia) Rodina 94320 Dostoinstvoi i Miloserdie (Dignity and Charity) Vlast94321 Narodu! (Power to the 1993 People!)94421 199594422 1993-1995 RDDR 2 DVR 1 1993-2003 IBIR Rossijskoe94423 Dvizheniye Demokraticheskikh Reform Yabloko Demokraticheskij94424 Vybor Rossii Blok (Russia’s Ivana Democratic Rybkina 1993 Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin (Ivan 1 94425 Blok Rybkin’s Bloc) 1995-1999 1995 PRES NDR Partiya Rossijskogo VR Edinstva I Nash Soglasiya Dom (Party - of Rossiya (Our Home - Russia) 1 Vpered, Rossiya! (Forward, Russia!) 2 1 4.44 Country: Russia

111 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 DVR (94421), RPSD Rossiskaya members: PDVR Partiya Duhovnogo Vozrozheniya Rossii Demokraticheskij Vybor Rossii – Ob’edinennye Blok Zhirinovskogo (Zhirinovsky Bloc); Partija Rossii) (Pamﬁlova - Gurov(Republican - Party of V. Russia)) Lysenko Bloc Alliance: Demokraty (Russia’s Democratic ChoiceDemocrats); – United Partiya Sotsalnoy Demokratii (RussianSocial-Democracy), Party for RPP Russia’s PeasantWoman Party, for WS Solidarity, SfD SoldiersCongress for of Democracy, National CNAR Associations of Russia Movement ‘Unity’) Alliance: members: (Spiritual Revival of RussiaSoyuz Party), Svobodnoi RSSM Rossiiskii Molodezhi (Russia Free Youth Union) Democratic Party of Russia) Russia) Communities) LDPR Liberal’no Demokraticheskaya Partiya Rossii (Liberal 2003-2011 9442694427 1995 1995 PGL94620 DVR-OD Pamﬁlova - Gurov - V. Lysenko Blok94621 (Respublikanskaya 19999462294710 1999-2003 1999 Yedinstvo SPS 199994711 Mezhregional’noye Dvizhenie ‘Edinstvo’ (Inter-Regional OVR94712 Soyuz Pravykh Sil BZ (Union 1993-1995, of Right Forces)94713 Otechestvo - 1993 Vsya Rossiya (Fatherland - All94901 Russia) 199594951 DPR 2007-2011 2003-2011 KRO SR 1 2 Demokraticheskaya Partiya ER Rossii (Democratic Party of Kongress Russkikh Obshchin (Congress of Russian Spravedlivaya Rossiya (Just Russia) Edinaya Rossiya (United Russia) 2 3

112 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 1 DS (95430), SDPS LDP (95431), SPO members: members: DS (95430), 95450, SDPS SPS (95221), PUPS Partija Ujedinjenih members: Socijalisticka Partija Srbije/Partija Ujedinjenih Za Evropsku Srbiju (For a European Serbia Izbor za bolji život - Boris Tadic (Choice For a Preokret – Cedomir Jovanovic (Turnover – members: Alliance: Penzionera Srbija/Jedinstvena Srbija (SocialistSerbia/Party Party of of United PensionersSerbia); of Serbia/United Penzionera Srbija (Party ofJS United Jedinstvena Pensioners Srbija of (United Serbia), Serbia) Alliance: Alliance); Socijaldemokratska Partija Srbije (SocialParty Democratic of Serbia), SPOSocijaldemokrata (95710), Vojvodine LSV (League Liga ofDemocrats) Vojvodina Social Alliance: Better Life – BorisSocijaldemokratska Tadic); Partija Srbije (SocialParty Democratic of Serbia), LSV(League Liga of Socijaldemokrata Vojvodina Vojvodine Social(Greens Democrats), of ZS Serbia), Zelene DSHV Srbije Voijvodini Demokratski (Democratic Savez Alliance Hrvata of u DHSS Croats Demohrišcanska in Stranka Vojvodina), SrbijeDemocratic (Christian Party of Serbia) Alliance: Cedomir Jovanovic); (95710), SDU Socijaldemokratska UnijaDemocartic (Social Union), BS BogataVojvodanska Srbija Partija (Rich (Vojvodina’s Serbia), Party), VP SDPDemokratska Sandžacka Partija (Democratic PartyZEP-Z of Zelena Sandžak), Ekoloshka PartijaEcological - Party Zeleni - (Green Green),(Party PBS of Partija Bulgarians Bugara of Srbije Serbia) JS ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 95021 201295040 SPS/PUPS/ 200895041 ZES 2012 95042 2012 4.45 Country: Serbia

113 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 1 1 2 DSS SNS Srpska SPO (95710), members: members: members: LSV Liga socijaldemokrata Vojvodine (League Srpski Pokret Obnove/Nova Srbija (Serbian Demokratska Stranka Srbije/Nova Srbija Pokrenimo Srbiju - Tomislav Nikolic (Let’s get Koalicija Vojvodina (Vojvodina Coalition); Democratic Party of Vojvodina) (95712), NS Nova Srbija (New Serbia) Alliance: Renewal Movement/New Serbia); NS Nova Srbija (New Serbia) Alliance: (Democratic Party of Serbia/New Serbia); Alliance: Serbia moving - Tomislav Nikolic); Napredna Stranka (Serbian ProgressiveSrbija Party), (New NS Serbia), Nova PSSocialists), Pokret PSS Socijalista Pokret (Movement Snaga of Movement), Srbije Asocijacija (Strength Maliks of i Serbia Preducetnika Sredniks Srbije Preduceca (Association i ofBusinesses Small and and Entrepreneurs Medium ofIzbeglica Serbia), u Udruzhene Srbiji (CoalitionSerbia), of NSS Refugee Narodna Associations Seljacka in Party), Stranka BNS (People’s Boshnachka Peasant NarodnaPeople’s Strana Party), (Bosniak DPM Demokratska(Democratic Partija Makedonaca Party of Macedonia),(Roma RP Party), Romska Pokret Partija vlaškogVlach ujedinjenja Unity), (Movement of Pokret Pribredni(Economic Preporod Renewal Srbije of Serbia) Alliance: members: of Social Democrats ofStranka Vojvodina), (People’s Narodna Peasant Seljacka Party), SRSV (95222) (Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Vojvodina) RDSV Reformska Demokartska - Stranka Vojvodine (Reformist renamed in 1992: 9506095065 200395070 2007-2008 SPO/NS DSS/NS 2012 95091 19979522195222 KV 1990-2007 1990-1992 SPS95223 SRSV 1997 Socijalisticka Partija Srbije Savez (Socialist Reformskih Party Snaga of Jugoslavije Serbia) za Vojvodinu JUL 6 Jugoslovenska Levica (Yugoslav Left) 1

114 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 1 2 1 DS (95430), DHSS ND (95422), SPO SPS (95221), JUL (95223), ND members: members: members: Koalicija Socijalisticke Partije Srbije, Demokratski Pokret Srbije (Democratic Demokratska Opozicija Srbije (Democratic ND (95422), SPO (95710),Liberalna GSS Stranka (95421), (Serbian SLS Liberal Srpska Seljacka Party), Stranka NSS (People’s Narodna Peasant Party) Alliance: Jugoslovenske Levice i Nove DemokratijeSocialist (Coalition Party of of Serbia,Democracy); Yugoslav Left and New (95422) Alliance: Movement of Serbia); (95710), DSS (95712), SLS(Serbian Srpska Liberal Liberalna Party) Stranka Alliance: Opposition of Serbia); Demohrišcanska Stranka Srbije (ChristianParty Democratic of Serbia), GSS(New (95421), Democracy), NS DSS Nova Demokratija (95712), DZVM (95951) Party) Regions of Serbia – Mladan Dinkic) DS Demokratska Stranka (Democratic Party)SPODSS Srpski Pokret Obnove (Serbian Renewal Movement) 5 Demokratska Stranka Srbije (Democratic Party of Serbia) 3 3 change of 2003-2007 1993-1997 2012 composition in 1993: 95229 1997 95420 1992-1993 DEPOS 954219542295423 1993 1992-1997 2000 ND GSS95430 DOS 95431 Nova Gradanski Demokratija 1990-1993, Savez (New Srbije Democracy) (Civic Alliance95450 of Serbia) 2007-200895451 LDP 2003-200795710 201295711 Liberalno-Demokratska 1 1990, Partija95712 (Liberal Democratic URS 1992-2008 3 1993, G17 2003, plus (G17plus) SRS Ujedninjeni regioni Srbije – Mladan Dinkic (United Srpska Radikalna Stranka (Serbian Radical Party) 6 2

115 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 3 1 1 PVD/PDD (95955), DPA members: VMSZ (95902), DSVM Demokratska Stranka Madjarska Koalicija (Hungarian Coalition); Koalicija Albanskih Partija (Coalition of Alliance: members: Vojvodjanskih Madjara (Democratic PartyHungarians), of DZVM Vojvodina Demokratska Zajednica Vojvodjanskih Madjara (Democratic CommunityVojvodina of Hungarians) Vojvodina Hungarians – István Pásztor) (Democratic Community of Magyars of Vojvodina) Alliance: Albanian Parties); Demokratska Partija Albanaca (DemocraticAlbanians) Party of Delovanje (Party for Democratic Activity) 957209581095901 2012 1990-1992 2008 SSS95902 MK Seljacka95951 Stranka Srbije (Peasants Party of 2012 Serbia) Nijedan od ponudjenih95952 odgovora (None-of-the-above) 1990-199395954 VMSZ DZVM 1990 1993 2 95955 1 Vajdasági Magyar Demokratska Szövetség Zajednica – Vojvodanskih István Madara Pásztor (Alliance SDA of KAP 1993 Stranka Demokratske Akcije (Party of Democratic Action) PVD/PDD Partia për veprim demokratik/Partija za Demokratsko 1

116 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 7 members: Spolocná Vol’ba (Common Choice); Left) Slovakia) Chechoslovakia) Alliance: KSC (96220), SDSS SociálnodemokratickáSlovenska strana (Social Democratic Party(96111), of HP Slovakia), SZ SR Hnutierepubliky pol’nohospodárov (Peasants’ Slovenskej Movement of Slovakia) Slovakia) Slovakia) Understanding) Democrats of the Slovak Republic) Movement) SDL’ Strana demokratickej l’avice (Party of the Democratic KSC Komunistická strana Ceskoslovenka (Communist Party of KDH Krest’anskodemokratické hnutie (Christian Democratic 1998-2002 2002-2012 renamed in 1990: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 9611196210 199096220 1994 1990-1992, SZ96221 ZRS 1994 Strana zelených Slovenska (Green Zdruzenie Party robotníkov of Slovenska Slovakia) (Workers’96222 Association of SV 96420 200296421 1 199096422 1994 KSS96423 199896424 DS96430 DÚS Komunistická strana Slovenska 2002-2012 (Communist Party96431 of 2002 SOP Smer Demoratická Strana 1990 (Democratic96440 Demokratická Party) Únia Slovenska (Democratic Union 199296521 of ANO Strana obcianskeho Smer-Sociálna porozumenia Demokracia (Party (Direction-Social 2010-2012 of Democracy) VPN Civic 1990-1994, ADSR SaS Aliancia nového obcana (Alliance of the Verejnost’ New proti 4 Citizen) násiliu (Public Aliancia Against demokratov Violence) Slovenskej republiky (Alliance of Sloboda 1 a Solidarita (Freedom and Solidarity) 1 1 2 4.46 Country: Slovakia

117 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 4 1 1 6 1 6 ESWS members: KDH (96521), DÚS members: HZDS (96711), RRS Rol’nícka strana Slovenska Slovenská demokratická koalicia (Slovak Koalicia Együttélés/Spolužitie/Wspólnota/ Demokratická strana (Slovak DemocraticUnion and - Christian Democartic Party) of the Hungarian Coalition) members: (Peasants’ Party of Slovakia), SGAAlternatíva Slovinská (Slovak Green Zelených Alternative) Alliance: Democratic Coalition); (96421), SDSS Socialnodemokratická strana(Social Slovenska Democratic Party), SZ (96111), DS (96420) Democratic and Christian Union) Party) and Independent Personalities) Democratic Slovakia) Democratic Party - New Alternative) Alliance: Souižtí a Mad’arská krestánskodemokratické(Coalition hnutie of Coexistence andChristian-Democratic the Movement); Hungarian (96951), MKdH/MKdM (96953) SDKÚ-DS Slovenská demokratická a krest’anská únia - MKSMK/MKP Strana mad’arskej koalície/Magyar koalícío partja (Party Mad’arská koalícia (Hungarian Coalition) SNS Slovenská národná strana (Slovak National Party) 7 MKdH 2006-2012 manifesto coded: in 1994 coalition renamed in 1998: renamed in 2006: renamed in 1994: 96522 199896523 SDK 2002-2012 SDKÚ9661096620 Slovenská demokratická 2010 a krest’anská únia (Slovak 96710 201296711 OKS 1990-1998, OL’aNO 1992-2010 Obcianska konzervatívna strana (Civic Conservative Obycajní HZDS Ludia96712 a nezávislé osobnosti (Ordinary People 96951 Hnutie 1994 za96952 demokratické Slovensko (Movement for a 1992-1994 1990-2006 NDS ESWS ESWS- Együttélés/Spolužitie/Wspólnota/Souižtí Národnodemokratická (Coexistence) strana - Nová alternatíva (National 2

118 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 Mad’arská krest’anskodemokratické hnutie/Magyar Kereszténydemokrata Mozgalom (Hungarian Christian Democratic Movement) (Hungarian Civic Party) MKdM 9695396954 199496955 1994 MKdH/ 2010-2012 MOS/MPP Mad’arská obcianska strana/Magyar Polgári Párt Most-Híd (Bridge) 2

119 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 4 2 3 1 7 2 SDU members: SDU Socialdemokratska Unija (Social Združena Lista (Unity, Asssociated List); Združena Lista Socialninh Demokratov Socialdemokratska Unija (Social DemocraticDelavska Union), Stranka DSS Slovenije (Workers’ PartyDesus of (97951) Slovenia), Slovenia) Slovenia) Alliance: members: Democratic Union), DSS Delavska(Workers’ Stranka Party Slovenije of Slovenia), SDRReformi Stranka (Party Demokratiskih of Democratic Reform), Desus (97951) Party of Slovenia) Merger: (Associated List of Social Democrats); Party) Jankovic’s List - Positive Slovenia) Party) Slovenia) LDS Liberalna Democracija Slovenije (Liberal Democracy of renamed in 1994: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 9711097220 1990-199297223 1990 ZS 1992 ZKS97320 Zeleni Slovenije (Greens of ZL Slovenia)97321 1990-2000 Zveza Komunistov Slovenije (League of Communists of SDSS 1996-200097322 ZLSD 97330 Socialdemokratska Stranka Slovenije (Social-Democratic 2004-201197340 2004-2011 SD 2 97421 SDS 2011 1990-2011 Socialni Demokrati (Social97430 Democratic Slovenska PS Party) Demokratska Stranka LDS (Slovenian Democratic 97440 1990-1992 Liberalna Lista Democraticna Zorana Stranka Jankovica DSS (Liberal - 2008-2011 Pozitivna Democratic Slovenija (Zoran 3 Demokratska Stranka Slovenje (Democratic Party of Zares (For Real) 2 4.47 Country: Slovenia

120 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 3 4 5 Civic List) Democrats) Christian People’s Party) (Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia) SLS Slovenska Ljudska Stranka (Slovenian People’s Party) 6 2004-2011 9745097520 201197521 1990-199697522 LGV SKD 1990-1996, 97620 2000-201197710 Državljanska lista Gregorja Slovenski Krscanski Viranta97810 Demokrati (Gregor (Slovenian Virant’s Nsi Christian 200097951 1992-2011 199097952 SNS SLS-SKD Nova 1996-2011 Slovenija Kršcanski Ljudska Stranka (New Slovenian Slovenska Desus Ljudska 2000 Stranka SKZ (Slovenian People’s Party) Slovenska Nacionalna Stranka (Slovenian National Party) Demokraticna Stranka Upokojencev SMS Slovenije Slovenska Kmecka Zveza (Slovenian Peasant League) 1 6 Stranka Mladih Slovenije (Party of Slovenian Youth) 1 1

121 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 DP (181410), members: Democratic Alliance; NNP New National Party, FA Federal Alliance Merger: ANC (181310) split from: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 181310181410181411 1994-2009 1994-1999181420 ANC 2004-2009 DP181910 DA 2009 African National Congress Democratic 1999-2009 Party COPE IFP Congress of the People Inkatha Freedom Party 4 2 1 3 4.48 Country: South Africa

122 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 2 4 UNDP United New Democratic Party, DLP (113320), PPP People’s Participation NKP (113622), DP (113420) Tonghap Jinbo Dang (United Progressive Party); Daetonghap Minju-sindang (United Democratic Hannara Dang (Grand National Party); members: Merger: members: Party, NPP Jinbo Shin Dang(fraction (New of Progressive this Party) party) Politics) Merger: Party); Merger: members: DP Democratic Party , Uri (113422) DP Minju Dang (Democratic Party) NFP Saenuri Dang (New Frontier Party) renamed in 2012: renamed in 2012: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 113320113321 2000-2008 2012 DLP113420113421 UPP 1992-1996 Minju Nodong113422 Dang (Democratic 1996 Labour Party)113430 DP113440 2004 2000-2004 NCNP Minju 2008-2012 Dang (Democratic MDP Party) Uri113620 Sae UDP 3 Jungchi Kukmin Hoiee113621 (National Congress for New 113622 Saecheonnyeonminju Dang 1992 (Millenium Democratic Party) Uri113630 Dang 1992 (Uri Party) 1996 DLP 2000-2012 2 113650 NUP113651 GNP NKP Minju 1996-2004 Dayu Dang (Democratic 2 Liberal Minjok Party) 2008-2012 T’ongil-tang (National ULD Uniﬁcation Party) Shin Hankuk Dang (New LFP Korea Party) Jayu Minju Yonmaeng (United Liberal Party) Jayou Seonjin Dang (Liberty Forward Party) 1 1 1 1 3 2 4.49 Country: South Korea

123 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 1 1 11 PCE PNV Partido members: EA (33903), members: members: members: Geroa Bai (Future Yes); Amaiur (Amaiur); Compromís-Q (Commitment-Q); Izquierda Unida (United Left); Name: (33220), PCPE Partdio ComunistaEspaña de (Communist los Party Peublos of de Federcaión the Progresista Peoples (Progressive of Federation), Spain), PSUC Partido FP Socialista Unificado deSocialist Cataluña Party (Unified of Catalonia) PCE (33220), PSUC PartidoCataluña Socialista (Unified Unificado Socialist de PartyPartido of de Catalonia), Acción PASOC Socialista (Party ofPCE Socialist (33220), Action) PSUC PartidoCataluña Socialista (Unified Unificado Socialist de PartyPartido of Democrático Catalonia), de PDNI laParty Nueva of Izquierda the (Democratic NewSocialista Left), (Party PASOC of Partido de Socialist Acción Action) PCE (33220) PCE (33220), UJCE UniónEspaña de (Communist Juventudes Youth Comunistas Union de Izquierda of Abierta Spain), (Open IzAb Left),Comunistas PCC de Partido Cataluña de (Communist los Party of Catalonia) Alliance: Nacionalista Vasco (Basque NationalistAtarrabia Party), Taldea AT (Team Atarrabia), ZBN Zabaltzen Alliance: Alternatiba (The Alternative), Aralar (Aralar) Alliance: Coalició Compromís (Commitment Coalition),(Equo) Equo Spain) change of change of change of change of manifesto coded: from 1986 coalition composition in 1989: composition in 1996: composition in 2000: composition in 2011: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 3309133092 2011 33093 2011 33220 2011 1977-2011 PCE Partido Comunista de España (Communist Party of 4.50 Country: Spain

124 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 1 6 11 10 11 11 CDC Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya Convergència i Unió (Convergence and Union); Workers’ Party) Centre/Centrist Bloc) Democracy) Alliance: members: (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia,Democràtica UDC de Unió Catalunya (DemocraticCatalonia) Union of (Basque Nationalist Party) Party) Left) PAR Partido Aragonés (Aragonese Party) PP Partido Popular (Popular Party) PAR Partido Aragonés Regionalista (Aragonese Regionalist 1986-1993, 2000 renamed in 1990: renamed in 1989: 3332033430 1977-201133438 PSOE 1977-19823343933440 UCD 1982-1986 Partido Socialista Obrero 1986 Español33512 (Spanish PDP Socialist 201133610 Unión de Centro Democrático (Union of the 1982-1993 PL Democratic 33611 Partido Demócrata Popular 1977-2011 (Popular UPyD Democratic CDS Party) AP 1979-2011 Partido Unión, Liberal Progreso (Liberal y Party) Democracia33612 Centro (Union, CiU 2 Democrático Progress y and Social (Centre33901 Democrats) Alianza Popular (Popular Alliance)33902 2011 1977-198933903 1977-201133904 EE FAC 4 PNV/EAJ 1989-2008 1977-1979, Partido Nacionalista Vasco/Euzko EA Alderdi Jeltzalea 33905 Foro Euskadiko Asturias Ezkerra (Forum (Basque Asturias) Left) 1 11 1977-2011 Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Solidarity) ERC Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Catalan Republican 5 1 6

125 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a PA Partido Andalucista (Andalusian Party) 6 1989-1993, 2000-2004 3390633907 1977-1979, 3390833909 1993-201133910 1996-2011 CC 2004-2008 BNG 2004-2008 CHA UPN Coalición Canaria (Canarian Bloque Coalition) Nacionalista Galego (Galician Nationalist Bloc) Chunta Aragonesista (Aragonist Council) Unión del Pueblo Navarro (Navarrese People’s Union) 5 2 6 2

126 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7331073330 1952-1977 1947-1977 SLFP UNP Sri Lanka Nidahas Pakshaya (Sri Lanka Freedom Ekshat Party) Jathika Pakshaya (United National Party) 6 7 4.51 Country: Sri Lanka

127 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 7 21 21 Community Party) Sweden) Labour Party) Coalition) VPKV Vänsterpartiet Kommunisterna (Left Communists Party) Vänsterpartiet (Left Party) KdSKd Kristdemokratiska Samhällspartiet (Christian Democratic Kristdemokraterna (Christian Democrats) FPKDS Folkpartiet Liberalerna (Liberal Kristen People’s Party) Demokratisk Samling (Christian Democratic MSP Moderata SamlingspartietCP (Moderate Coalition Party) Centerpartiet (Centre Party) 1991-2010 renamed in 1998: renamed in 1990: renamed in 1967: renamed in 1987: renamed in 1990: renamed in 1969: renamed in 1957: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 1111011220 1988-2010 1944-2010 MP11320 SKP11420 Miljöpartiet 1944-2010 de Gröna (Green Sveriges Ecology Kommunistiska Party) Parti11520 (Communist Party SAP of 1944-2010 FP 1985, Socialdemokratiska Arbetareparti (Social Democratic 11620 Folkpartiet (People’s 7 Party)11710 1944-201011810 201011951 1944-2010 SD 1991 Hogerpartiet (Right Party) NyD Sverigedemokraterna (Sweden Democrats) Bondeforbundet (Agrarian 21 Party) Ny Demokrati (New Democracy) 1 21 21 1 4.52 Country: Sweden

128 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 4 17 14 17 17 11 démocrate-chrétien suisse (Christian DemocraticParty People’s of Switzerland) Konservativ-Christlich Soziale Partei/Parti conservateur chrétien-social (Conservative Christian Social Party) des partis écologistes deParties) Suisse (Federation of Green Party of Switzerland) (Swiss Labour Party) suisse (Social Democratic Party of Switzerland) (Independents’ Alliance) radical-démocratique suisse (Radical Democratic Party) conservateur populaire suisse (ConservativeParty) People’s Suisse (Protestant People’s Party of Switzerland) Party of Switzerland) CVP/PDC Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz/Parti GPS/FPE Föderation der Grünen Parteien der Schweiz/Fédération GPS/PES Grüne Partei der Schweiz/Parti écologiste suisse (Green renamed in 1957: renamed in 1971: renamed in 1983: renamed in 1987: ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 43110 1979-20114312043220 2007-201143320 Grüne (Greens) 1991-2007 GLP43321 PdAS/PdTS 1947-2011 Partei der43420 Arbeit der Schweiz/Parti suisse SPS/PSS Grünliberale du 1947-1999 Partei travail der Schweiz (Green Liberal43520 Party) Sozialdemokratische LdU/AdI Partei 1947-2011 der Schweiz/Parti socialiste Landesring FDP/PRD der 1947-2011 Unabhängigen/Alliance des Indépendants Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei 2 der Schweiz/Parti 43530 Schweizerische43531 Konservative Volkspartei/Parti 9 1971-2011 EVP/PEV 1991-2003 Evangelische Volkspartei der LPS/PLS Schweiz/Parti Evangélique Liberale Partei der Schweiz/Parti libéral suisse (Liberal 4.53 Country: Switzerland

129 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 9 5 1 1 3 17 pour le peuple etand la Fatherland) patrie (National Action for People Democrats) (Swiss People’s Party) Switzerland) Social Party) Heimat/Action nationale contre laétrangère surpopulation (National Action against Foreign Domination) Fédérale (Federal Democratic Union) suisse des paysans, artisansTraders’ et and bourgeois Citizens’ (Farmers’, Party) Démocratique Suisse (Conservative DemocraticSwitzerland) Party of Movement) Motorists’ Party) NA/AN Nationale Aktion fürSD/DS Volk und Heimat/Action nationale Schweizer Demokraten/Démocrates suisses (Swiss SVP/UDC Schweizerische Volkspartei/Union démocratique du centre FPS Freiheitspartei der Schweiz (Freedom Party of renamed in 1991: renamed in 1979: renamed in 1971: renamed in 1994: 4354043710 2007-2011 CSP/PCS 1971-2003 Christlich-soziale Partei/Parti NA/AN Chrétien-Social (Christian Nationale Aktion gegen43711 die Überfremdung von Volk und 43810 1991-2007 EDU/UDF 1947-2011 Eidgenössisch-Demokratische Union/Union Démocratique BGB/PAB43811 Schweizerische Bauern-, Gewerbe- und Bürgerpartei/Parti 43901 201143902 2007-201143951 BDP/PBD 2011 LdT Bürgerlich-Demokratische Partei Schweiz/Parti Bourgeois 1987-1995 MCG Lega dei Ticinesi (Ticino League) Mouvement Citoyens Genevios (Geneva Citizens’ Schweizer Auto Partei/Parti Automobiliste Suisse (Swiss 1

130 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 2 3 1 Party) Party) Party) CHP Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republican People’s Party) 13 MHP Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (National Action Party) 8 1995-2011 1999, 2007-2011 ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 7432174322 1950-1977, 74323 198374324 1987-19917432574621 SHP 1991-1999 HP74622 201174623 DSP 1950-195774624 Sosyal Demokrat 1961-1977 Halçi Parti Halkçi (Social74625 DP Parti Democratic (Populist Populist BDP Party) 1983-1999 Demokratik74626 AP Sol Parti (Democratic 1987-1999 Left Party)74627 ANAP 1965-196974628 DYP Baris Demokrat ve Parti Demokrasi 1999 (Democratic Partisi Party) (Peace MP and Adalet Democracy Anavatan Partisi Party) Partisi 1999 (Justice (Motherland74711 Party) Party) 2002-2011 Dogru Yol Partisi (True74712 BBP Path Party) AKP Millet 1 1983 Partisi DTP 3 (Nation Party)74714 1961-1977, Büyük Birlik Partisi (Grand Adalet74715 ve Unity MDP Kalkinma Party) Demokrat Partisi Türkiye 1 (Justice Partisi (Democratic and74716 Development Turkey Party) 1973-1977 3 1987-1995 Milliyetçi 5 MSP Demokrasi Partisi (Nationalist 1999 Democratic RP 5 4 1 Millî Selamet Partisi (National FP Salvation Party) 1 Refah Partisi (Welfare Party) 2 Fazilet Partisi (Virtue Party) 2 3 1 4.54 Country: Turkey

131 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 NP members: Blok Lytvyna (Lytvyn Bloc); Alliance: Ukraine) Ukraine) Socialist Party of Ukraine) Partiya Ukrainy (Bloc SocialistPeasant Party Party of of Ukraine Ukraine) and Association ‘Community’) Democractic Party of Ukraine) of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine) Ukraine) Democratic Party of Ukraine) (Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (United)) Narodna Partiya (People’s Party),(Working TU Ukraine) Trudova Ukraina SPU Sotsialistychna Partiya Ukrainy (Socialist Party of 2002-2007 ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 9808198111 200798221 199898321 LB 1994-200798322 KPU 1994, PZU98323 1998 Komunistychna Partiya Ukrainy Partiya (Communist Zelenykh Party98324 Ukrainy of 1998 (Green Party of Ukraine) PSPU98325 1998 SPU-SelPU98421 Prohresyvna Sotsialistychna Blok Partiya 1994 Ukrainy Sotsialistychna98422 Partiya (Progressive Ukrainy ta Selyans’ka 1 199498423 199498424 SDPU 199498426 MBR Vseukrains‘ke Sotsial-Demokratychna Ob’ednannya 1994 Partiya ‘Hromada’ PDVU Ukrainy (All-Ukrainian (Social 98427 1998 Mizhregional‘nyj PT Blok Reform (Interregional Partiya Reform Demokratychnoho Bloc) Vidrodzhennya HKU Ukrainy (Party 1998-2002 NDPU SDPU(O) Partiya Truda 1 (Labour Hrazhdanskyj Party) Konhres Ukrainy (Civic Congress Sotsial-Demokratychna of Partiya Ukrainy Narodno-Demokratychna (Obyednana) Partiya Ukrainy (People’s 1 4.55 Country: Ukraine

132 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 1 2 1 1 1 3 Rukh members: APU (98811), NDPU (98426), PPPU Partiya Za Yedinu Ukrainu! (For a United Ukraine!); Blok Viktora Yushchenka ‘Nasha Ukraina’ Alliance: members: Promislovtsiv i Pidpryyemtsiv UkrainyIndustrialists (Party of and Enterpreneurs ofTU Ukraine), Trudova PR Ukraina (98952), (Working Ukraine) (Christian Democratic Party of Ukraine) Party) Ukraine) ‘National Front’) Alliance: (Viktor Yushchenko Bloc ‘Our(98611), Ukraine’); KUN (98711), PKNSKhrystiyanska-Narodniy Partiya Soyuz (Christian-Popular Union Party), RiP Reformy iOrder Poryadok Partiya Party), (Reforms LPU and LiberalnaParty Partiya of Ukrainy Ukraine), (Liberal SolidarnistRespublikanska (Solidarity), Krystyyanska RKP Partiya (Republican Christian Party), MPU Molodizna(Youth Partiya Party Ukrainy of Ukraine) 9842898429 1998 200298521 ZYU 98611 1994-199898612 KhDPU 1994-199898613 Vpered, Ukraina (Forward, Ukraine!) 1994 Rukh Khrystyyans‘ko-Demokratychna98614 Partiya Ukrainy 199498615 URP Narodnyi Rukh 1998 Ukrainy (Popular Movement of Ukraine) DPU 2002-2007 Ukrainska Respublikanska Partiya (Ukrainian NF Republican NU 2 Demokratychna Partiya Ukrainy (Democratic 1 Party of Viborchyj Blok ‘Natsional‘nyi Front’ (Electoral Bloc

133 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a 3 1 1 1 1 NSNU Batkivshchyna members: members: Viborchiy Blok Yuliyi Tymoshenko (Juliya ‘Nasha Ukraina - Narodna Samooborona’ (‘Our Name: Ukraine - People’s Self-Defense’); Narodni Syuz ‘Nasha Ukraina’Ukraine’), (People’s KUN Union (98711), ‘Our UNPPartiya Ukrainskoho (Ukrainian Narodnoho People’s Party), KDSDemokratychnyj Soyuz Khrystyyans‘ko (Christian DemocraticURP Union), Ukrainska Respublikanska Partiya(Ukrainian ‘Sobor’ Republican Party ‘Assembly’),Is 98428, Time) Pora (It Alliance: Tymoshenko Election Bloc); (Fatherland), UNP Ukrainskoho Narodnoho‘Sabor’ Partiya (Ukrainian People’s Party(98612), ‘Assembly’), USDP URP Ukrainska Sotsial-Demokratychna(Ukrainian Partiya Social Democratic Party) Ukrainian Nationalists) (Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party) Assembly) of Economic Revival of Crimea) renamed and change of composition in 2007: 98616 2002-2007 JT 9871198712 199498713 199498810 KUN 19949881198951 UKRP 1994 Konhres Ukrains‘kykh Natsionalistiv (Congress 199898952 UNA of Ukrains‘ka Konservatyvna 1994 Respublikans‘ka Partiya SelPU 2006-2007 APU Ukrains‘ka Natsional‘na Asambleya (Ukrainian National PEVK PR Selyans’ka Partiya Ukrainy (Peasant Party of Ukraine) Ahrarna Partiya Ukrainy (Agrarian Partiya Party Ekonomycheskoho Vozrozhdeniya of Kryma Ukraine) (Party Partiya Rehioniv (Party of Regions) 1 1 2

134 Manifesto Project Dataset Documentation Version 2014a ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections 613206162061621 1920-201261622 1920-201261911 Democrats 1924 Republicans Democratic Party 1948 Republican Party 1948 La Follette Progressive Party Progressive Party (H. Wallace) State’s Rights Party 24 24 1 1 1 4.56 Country: United States

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