Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Effect of Ornamental Plants on Adjoining Ecosystem of The Parks and Gardens, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria

1, 2,*SANYAOLU, Victoria. T., 1AWODOYIN, Rasheed. O. and 1OGUNYEMI, Sola. 1Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan. 2Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu – Lagos. *Corresponding Author: [email protected]; +2348087412679

Abstract: Ornamental gardening in Nigeria has increased tremendously due to its economic benefits. This has led to the introduction of some ornamental plants (OPs), with few escaping into adjoining ecosystems (AEs). This study identifies invasive escapee ornamental plants in the AE of the Parks and Gardens, Obafemi Awolowo University, South-western Nigeria. Species enumeration by quadrat was done across the AEs using systematic sampling technique during dry and wet seasons of two consecutive years denoted D1, D2. W1. W2 for 1st dry, 2nd dry, 1st wet and 2nd wet seasons respectively. Relative Importance Value (RIV) of plants was determined and escapee OPs identified. Results obtained showed that Epipremnum pinnatum was the most abundant species in all four seasons with RIVs 13.2%, 8.9%, 9.6% and 9.3% respectively for D1, D2, W1 and W2. Among 12 escapee OPs identified in the AE, only six (Dieffenbachia seguine, Epipremnum pinnatum, Syngonium angustatum, Syngonium podophyllum, Thunbergia grandiflora and Sanchezia speciosa) were invasive. Of these six, only D. seguine invasion has been reported in two states in eastern Nigeria. This report is probably the first on invasiveness of the other five species in Nigeria and D. seguine in southwest Nigeria.

Keyword: Invasive plant, Escapee plant, Relative Importance Value, Ornamental plants, Adjoining ecosystem

INTRODUCTION Agyakwa, 1998). The plant is invasive in parts of Ornamental gardening has become a lucrative business Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (Tropical Biology venture practiced by many as a source of livelihood in Association, 2010) and Nigeria (Ayeni, Lordbanjou large urban cities in Nigeria (Olorode, 2004) especially and Majek, 1997). in the southern parts of the country (Jesse, Gabdo and Philip, 2002). However, most of the plant species In Nigeria, T. diversifolia is a widespread species, currently being utilized as ornamental plants in houses having colonized roadsides, waste places, fallow land and gardens are largely exotic, with only few and disturbed open spaces like abandoned construction indigenous species (Ochekwu, Nwadairo, Mark and sites, displacing native species (Adebowale and Yabrade, 2011; Sanyaolu, Awodoyin and Ogunyemi, Olorode, 2005). Eichhornia crassipes (Water 2016). The conventional approach of gardening and hyacinth), a native of the Amazon Basin, was brought landscaping with exotic ornamental plants in urban to Africa, probably to decorate ornamental ponds with centres may affects biodiversity when these species its attractive violet coloured flowers. Water hyacinth escape into surrounding environments, where they may can explode into a floating blanket, affecting shipping, become invasive. Although some ornamental plants reducing fish catches, hampering electricity generation have become naturalized, adding to the diversity and and human health. Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae) resource in their new home (Borokini and Babalola, native to southern Mexico and Northern Central 2012), a few ornamental plants have become invasive. America (Germplasm Resources Information Network Such plants are characteristically adaptable, aggressive (GRIN), 1995], is a fast-growing, multipurpose and and have a high reproductive capacity, having escaped beneficial tree, suitable as an ornamental and roadside natural enemies and herbivores and have dominated landscaping species (Orwa, C., Mutua, Kindt, native plants through several mechanisms, resulting in Jamnadass and Simons, 2009). It has become an outbreak of populations (Florida Exotic Pest Plant aggressive invader in tropical and subtropical disturbed Council, 2007). areas in more than 20 of the more than 105 countries Environmental problems resulting from invasive alien where it was introduced (Walton, 2003). Dieffenbachia species (IAS) introduced into new areas for ornamental seguine, an ornamental plant commonly used as an purposes have been widely reported. Tithonia exotic houseplant, has its native range from the diversifolia, commonly called Mexican sunflower and Caribbean to tropical South America (Missouri native to Central America, Mexico and Cuba (Royal Botanical Garden, 2016). The plant is reported to have Horticultural Society, 1956), was probably introduced escaped into the wild and has become invasive in many into Africa as an ornamental plant (Akobundu and locations including Fiji Island (Smith, 1979), the 90

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Pacific Islands (Space and Flynn, 2000), Kosrae Island, Federated States of Micronesia (Space, Waterhouse, 퐑퐞퐥퐚퐭퐢퐯퐞 퐝퐞퐧퐬퐢퐭퐲 (퐑퐃)% Density of a species Denslow, Nelson, and Waguk 2000) and Nigeria = 푋 100 (Bassey and Akpanumun, 2009; Aigbokhanei, 2013). Total density of all species Species frequency: It is a measure of the degree of Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the uniformity with which individuals of a species are effect of ornamental plants in adjoining ecosystem of distributed in an area. It was calculated as: the Parks and Gardens in Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. Frequency (F) % Number of quadrats in which the species occurred = 푋 100 MATERIALS AND METHODS Total number of quadrats

Description of study site Relative frequency: The degree of dispersion of The Parks and Gardens Obafemi Awolowo University, individual species in an area in relation to the number situated in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in ofall the species occurredand was calculated using the Osun state, Southwestern Nigeria is located 7o 31’ o formula: 23.46” N, 4 32’12.46” E and 265.79 m above sea level Relative frequency (RF) % (GPS Coordinates). The site is a horticultural garden Frequency of a species = 푋 100 established in 1962 (Badejo, Owojori and Akinwole, Total frequency of all species 2011). It has a wide range of flowering plants that Relative Importance Value (RIV): This is used to include trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants and grasses determine the overall importance of each species in the and is adjoined by natural vegetation. communitystructure Relative Density + Relative Frequency RIV (%) = 푋 100 Sampling Procedure 2 Sampling of the vegetation was by the belt transect technique (Grant, Madden, Murphy and Nenneman, RESULTS 2004; Ahmed, 2016). A single transect 410 m long was Results obtained showed the values 507, 411, 497, and laid in the vegetation 5 m away from the edge of the 545 for total number of sampled individuals rooted in garden and was continuous through the entire length of the D1, W1, D2 and W2 seasons reapectively (Tables 1 the vegetation, running parallel to the edge of the - 4). In D1 (Table 1), 53 species were distributed in 31 garden. Sampling along the transect was at 20 m families. The families Araceae, Fabaceae and interval using a 4 m2 wooden quadrat during dry and Moraceae each had 7, 5 and 4 species respectively to wet seasons of two consecutive years denoted D1 (1st represent families with the highest number of species. dry), W1 (1st wet), D2 (2nd dry) and W2 (second wet). In the W1, 80 species distributed in 42 families were All plants rooted within each quadrat were identified identified (Table 2). Families Fabaceae, Araceae, and and enumerated. Apocynaceae recorded the highest species being 11, 9 and 5 respectively. Seventy-six species belonging to 33 Identification of plants families were identified in the D2 (Table 3) and the Identification of plants was done on-site. Samples of families with highest number of species were Fabaceae unidentified plants were taken to the Herbarium located (12), Apocynaceae (7) and Araceae (6). In W2 (Table in the Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo 4), a total of 75 plants species belonging to 35 families University for identification. were identified. Families Fabaceae, Araceae, and Apocynaceae with 11, 9 and 5 species respectively, had Data analysis the highest number of species. Data were analysed for Relative Importance Value of plant species using indices of plant abundance Epipremnum pinnatum was the most abundant species (Babour, Bunk and Pitts, 1999; Awodoyin, Akinyemi, in all four seasons of the study with RIVs 13.19%, Bolanle and Antiabong, 2013) as follows: 9.57%, 8.94%, and 9.33% respectively for D1, W1, D2 and W2 (Tables 1 – 4). Ornamental plants that escaped Plant density: This represents the number of a species to the vegetation from the garden (garden escapees) per unit area. Density (D) is calculated as: include Syngonium angustatum, Thunbergia Density (per 푚2) grandiflora and Sanchezia speciosa, Lagerstroemia Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats = indica, Petiveria alliacea, Crinum jagus, Caladium Total number of quadrats bicolor, Ficus elastica, Leea guineensis, Peltandra Relative density: Relative density (RD) is the study of virginica, Dracaena arborea, and Sansevieria liberica. numerical strength of a species in relation to the total However, 6 of these escapees showed potential number of individuals of all the species and was invasive characteristics in all or some sections of the calculated as: vegetation. These species include Dieffenbachia 91

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp) seguine, Epipremnum pinnatum, Syngonium Dieffenbacha seguine or dumb cane (family Araceae) angustatum, Syngonium podophyllum, Thunbergia is native to North and South America and has been grandiflora and Sanchezia speciosa. reported to be invasive in the Pacific Islands including American Samoa (Space and Imada, 2004) in Akwa DISCUSSION Ibom and Delta States in Nigeria (Bassey and Akpanumun, 2009; Aigbokhanei, 2013) where it forms The conventional approach of landscaping with exotic extensive mats and appear to be displacing native and ornamental plants in urban centres affects biodiversity, naturalized flora at the locations as also observed in this as it limits the diversity of native species in areas study. This is however, the first report of invasion by dominated by these ornamentals and can affect D. seguine in southwest Nigeria. As observed in this surrounding natural environments. Although many study, the plant reproduces vegetatively and can thrive ornamental plants escaped into the adjoining vegetation in dense shade, crowding out other species (Space and in this study, only a few of these species were invasive. Imada, 2004), spread rapidly in moist soils of the study Fountain (2016) outlined the general characteristics of area which further agrees with earlier report that D. a potential invasive plants to include adaptation to a seguine can be invasive and difficult to remove in moist variety of cultural conditions or touted as being disease areas (Space and Imada, 2004). and insect free, grows very rapidly, reproduces by vegetative means and flowers and fruits at a young age, Syngonium podophyllum and S. angustatum (family produces large numbers of seeds and seeds have high Araceae) were among the common species encountered percentage germination, fruit is small, attractive and in the adjoining vegetation. Syngonium is indigenous to potential food source, has ornamental characteristics South America (Central America from Mexico to making it highly desirable to gardeners or the species is Panama) (Sanyaolu et al., 2016). Syngonium already known to be invasive in other regions. All or angustatum is listed as an important invasive species in some of these characteristics were observed in each of the Pacific Islands (Space et al., 2000), United States, the species listed as invasive species in this study. South Africa, Singapore and the Caribbean (Global Invasive Species Database (GISD), 2010], where it Epipremnum pinnatum (syn. Epipremnum aureum) establishes dense populations that displace native commonly called pothos (family Araceae) is native to plants and grow over native trees. The species, although Mo'orea, French Polynesia (GRIN, 2015). It was not explosive in population in the study, yet showed a consistently the most abundant plant in the adjoining gradual increase in number over the seasons studied, vegetation in all the four seasons where it displayed dominating some portions of the vegetation, which many of its invasive characters similar to those characterizes invasive species. Syngonium described by Gilman (2011). Growing quickly up the podophyllum was observed to establish dense trunks of trees, the normally small leaves change to a populations that displace surrounding vegetation, mature form and sometimes become so large that they which agrees with earlier reports by Ferriter, Thayer, may cause the vine to lose its tendril-hold on the trunk Goodyear, Doren, Langeland and Lane (2005) and and when not allowed to climb, it rapidly covers the Morgan and Overholt (2005). It spreads in the deep ground with a dense cover of its variegated foliage shade, forming a dense mat on the vegetation floor of (Gilman, 2011). The plant which spreads mainly by the study site, as well as climb trees as reported by cuttings, plant fragments, and/or discarded plants Space and Flynn (2001). This may also be a novel (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2005; Darwin report on the invasiveness of these two Syngonium Initiative Project, 2006) has become naturalized in species in Nigeria tropical and sub-tropical forests worldwide, including Northern Australia, Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan, Thunbergia grandiflora (trumpet vine, Bengal trumpet) Bangladesh, Hawaii and the West Indies (GRIN, 2015) (family Acanthaceae) is native to the Indian sub- where it has caused severe ecological damage in some continent, southern China and Myanmar. In the study cases and listed as invasive in the Galápagos Islands, site, the plant is an aggressive climber, forming a thick Tanzania, Saint Lucia and Islands in the Pacific cover over host trees; however, T. grandiflora is still including Hawaii, French Polynesia, and Micronesi being introduced and cultivated in many regions as an (Graveson, 2012; Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk ornamental. It has become a widespread invasive plant (PIER), 2012] and in Sri Lanka (De Costa, Hitanayake, that suffocates trees in Koror, Palauand Singapore and Dharmawardena, 2001). It is included in the Global (Space and Imada, 2004). It is a noxious weed in Compendium of weeds and classified as an Queensland, described as one of the most problematic environmental weed (Randall, 2012). This is probably invasive plants in Australia where it can cover 100% of the first report of this plant as a potential invasive the ground over several hectares, excluding all native species in Nigeria. plants (GISD, 2016). This probably is also the first report of invasion by T. grandiflora in Nigeria. 92

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Akobundu, I. O. and Agyakwa, C. W. (1987). A Sanchezia speciosa (Acanthaceae) is native to the wet Handbook of West African Weeds.International forests of Colombia and Ecuador (United States Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. Department of Agriculture-The Agricultural Research Awodoyin, R.O., Akinyemi, C.Y., Bolanle, O.O. and Service (USDA-ARS, 2014]. It is a large erect shrub, Antiabong, I.C. (2013). Spartial distribution and cultivated as an ornamental for both its attractive red abundance of Solanecio boafrae (Olive & Heirne) C. and orange flowers and green leaves with yellow veins, Jeffery and structure of weed communities in some and is very popular as a hedge, screen or border plant cocoa plots in Ekiti, Oyo and Cross River States, (Meyer and Lavergne, 2004). It is still widely grown in Nigeria. Ife journal of Science 15.3: 661-676. Ayeni, A. O., Lordbanjou, D. T. and Majek, B. A. Papua New Guinea and other tropical areas. The plant (1997). Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) in is included in the Global Compendium of weeds south-western Nigeria: occurrence and growth habit. (Randall, 2012) and also listed as invasive in the Cook Weed Research 37: 443–449 doi:10.1046/j.1365- Islands, Hawaii, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Reunion 3180. 1997.d01-72.x (Meyer and Lavergne, 2004). It is naturalized in low Babour, M. G., Bunk, J. H. and Pitts, W. D. (1999). elevation wet forests in Central America, the Terrestrial Plant Ecology.Benjamin\Cummings Caribbean, Tahiti (French Polynesia) and several Publishing Company, Menio Park, Califonia. Islands in the Pacific Ocean (Adams, 1972; Meyer and Badejo M.A, Owojori O.J. and Akinwole P.O. (2011). A Lavergne, 2004; Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; survey of the population of the African weaver ant, Randall, 2012; PIER, 2014), where it readily displaces Oecophylla longinoda (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in native riparian vegetation. Broken branches readily contrasting habitats in Ile-Ife, south-western Nigeria. take root and also spread by seeds. The species was Ife Journal of Science 13(2): 299-307 observed spreading in the understory of trees, near a Bassey, M. and Akpanumun, I. V. (2009). Identification stream, producing a large number of white showy and distribution of invasive plants in Akwa Ibom flowers. This agrees with earlier report that the species State.Nigerian Journal of Botany 22.2: 349 -358 is a serious invasive pest species along streams in Borokini T. I. and Babalola, F. D. (2012). Management of Jamaica (Adams, 1972). Until this report, there was invasive plant species in Nigeria through economic probably none on S. speciosa invasion in Nigeria. exploitation: lessons from other countries. Management of Biological Invasions. 3(1): 45–55. REFERENCES Darwin Initiative Project (2006). Combating Invasive Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. and Strong, M. T. (2005). Alien Plants Threatening the East Usambara Mountains, Monocots and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Tanzania.Usambara Invasive Plants.Species Virgin Islands.Contributions from the United States descriptions. Retrieved April 16, 2016 National Herbarium, 52: 415. from http://www.tropical- Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. and Strong, M. T. (2012). biology.org/research/dip/species.htm Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98: 1192, Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved Aug 24, 2016 from http://botany.si.edu/Antil les/WestIndies/catalog.htm. Adams, C.D. (1972). Flowering plants of Jamaica.University of the West Indies, Mona. Adebowale, A. and Olorode, O. (2005). An overview of the invasive potential of Tithonia species (Asteraceae) in Nigeria. Sciencefocus, 10.3: 65-69. Ahmed, S. B. (2016). Bilogical techniques and skill. Retrieved May 16, 2016 from http://www.slideshare.net/anasuhaimi/chapter-1-bio- 300Aigbokhanei E. 2013.Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott (Araceae) – a potential invasive threat to rainforest ecosystems in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Botany. Retrieved May 5, 2016 from http://nijbot.org/?p=355 Aigbokhanei E. (2013). Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott (Araceae) – a potential invasive threat to rainforest ecosystems in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Botany. Retrieved May 5, 2016 from http://nijbot.org/?p=355

93

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

De Costa, W. Hitanayake, H. and Dharmawardena, I. (2001). A Olorede, O. (2004). Conservation of plant genetic resource. Physiological Investigation into the Invasive Behaviour of African journal of compliementary and alternative Some Plant Species in a Mid-Country Forest Reserve in Sri medicine.1.1: 4-14. Lanka. The Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R. and Simons, A. Lanka 2:35–50. (2009). Agroforestry Database: a tree reference and selection Ferriter, A., Thayer, D., Goodyear, C. Doren, B., Langeland, K guide version 4.0 1- 4pp. Retrieved February 19, 2016 from and Lane, J. (2005). Chapter9: Invasive Exotic Species in the http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb South Florida Environment. South Florida Environmental Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (2012). Honolulu, Report (SFER) vol.1. Retrieved Aug. 24, 2016 from USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. Retrieved April 16 from http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/pg_grp_sfwmd_sf http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html Florida Exotic Pest Plant er/portlet_prevreport/2005/volume1/chapters/V1_Ch9.pdf Council, 2011. Florida EPPC's 2011 Invasive Plant Species Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (2007). Invasive species list. List. http://www.fleppc.org/list/11list.html Retrieved January 20, 2016 from: PIER (2014). Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.fleppc.org/index.cfm Retrieved Aug 24, 2016 from Fountain, W. M. (2016). Invasive Species: Understanding the http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html Characteristics. College of Agriculture Food and Randall, R.P. (2012). A Global Compendium of Weeds. Perth, Environment, University of Kentucky, Academic Research Australia: Department of Agriculture and Food Western Extension. Retrieved May 12, 2016 from Australia, 1124 pp. Retrieved Aug 24, 2014 from https://ukntrees.ca.uky.edu/Treetalk/ invasive- http://www.cabi.org/isc/FullTextPDF/2013/20133109119.pd characteristics. f. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2015). Royal Horticultural Society (1956). Dictionary of Gardening: A Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) G.S. Bunting. In: Practical and Scientific Encyclopedia of Horticulture. 2nd USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Edn. The Clarendon Press, Oxford. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Sanyaolu, V. T., Awodoyin, R. O. and Ogunyemi, S. (2016). [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Ornamental plant diversity in selected urban centres in Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.URL.Retrieved Aug 12. southwest Nigeria. Published in the proceedings of 2016 from: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- NTBA/NSCB joint biodiversity conference ‘MDGs to SDGs: bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?461402 Towards Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation in Nigeria’. Gilman, E. F. (2011). Epipremnum aureum (Golden Pothos). Held in the University of Ilorin on the 20th - 24th June, 2016. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, Smith, A. C. (1979). Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji. University of Florida. Retrieved on May 12, 2016 from National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu Hawaii.Volume 1. 494 pp In: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Global invasive species database (GISD) (2010). Syngonium Risk (PIER) Dieffenbachia seguine (N. Jacquin) Schott, podophyllum Retrieved Aug, 24, 2016 from Araceae. Reirieved May 14, 2016 from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1562 http://www.hear.org/pier/species/Dieffenbachia_seguine.htm 24/8/2016. Space, J.C. and Flynn, T. (2000). Report to the Government of GISD (2016). Species profile: Thunbergia grandiflora. Niue on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern. Retrieved Aug, 24, 2016 from U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Honolulu, Hawaii. http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1319 Space, J.C. and Flynn, T. (2001). Report to the Kingdom of Grant, T. A., Madden, E. M., Murphy, R. K., and Nenneman, M. Tonga on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern. P. (2004). Monitoring Native Prairie Vegetation: The Belt U.S.D.A. Forest Service Pacific, Southwest Research Station, Transect Method. Ecological Restoration 22(2): 106-111. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Graveson R, (2012). Plants of Saint Lucia. Retrieved April 16, Retrieved May 14, 2016 from 2016 from http://www.saintlucianplants.com http://www.hear.org/pier/reports/treport.htm GRIN (1995). Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit. United Space, J.C., Waterhouse, B., Denslow, J. S., Nelson, D. and States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved April 18, Waguk, E. E. (2000). Invasive plant species on Kosrae, 2016 from https://npgsweb.ars- Federated States of Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, grin.gov/Gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx Honolulu. Retrieved Aug 15, 2016 from Jesse, Y. A., Gabdo B. H. and Philip, C. B. (2002). Prospects and http://www.hear.org/pier/species/acacia_auriculiformis.htm Problems of Floricultural Gardening for Sustainable Space, J.C. and Imada, C.T. (2004). Report to the Republic of Development in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Retrieved Sept. 23, Kiribati on Invasive Plant Species on the Islands of Tarawa, 2008 from http://www. Josedae.com/paper/AEvol1202.pdf on Abemama, Butaritari and Maiana. Nov. 11 2013. Tropical Biology Association (2010). Usambara Invasive Plants Meyer, J. Y and Lavergne, C. (2004). Beautés fatales: - Amani Nature Reserve. Retrieved on April 6, 2016 from Acanthaceae species as invasive alien plants on tropical Indo- www.tropical-biology.org/research/dipspecies.htm Pacific Islands. Diversity and Distributions 10: 333–347. United States Department of Agriculture - The Agricultural Missouri Botanical Garden, (2016). Dieffenbachia seguine. Research Service (USDA- ARS) (2014). National Genetic Retrieved Aug 14, 2016 from Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFi Network (GRIN) [online database]. National Germplasm nderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b589 Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April Morgan, E. C. and Overholt, W. A. (2005). New Records of 16, 2014 from http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Invasive Exotic Plant Species in St. Lucie County, Florida. bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl> Castanea 70. 1: 59-62. Walton C.S. (2003). Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in Ochekwu, E. B., Nwadairo, P. O., Mark, N. and Yabrade, M. Queensland.Department of Natural Resources and Mines, (2011). A survey of ornamental plants in Bauchi Road Queensland.Pest Status Review Series. Retrieved May 6, 2016 Campus, University of Jos. Scientia Africana 10.1: 1-45. 94

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Table1: Distribution of plants in the adjoining vegetation of the Garden in the 1stdry season (D1)

No. of D RF RD RIV Family Scientific name indv. Occ. %F (/m2) (%) (%). (%) Acanthaceae (2) Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson 65 5 25 1.63 4.9 12.82 8.86 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Amaranthaceae (3) Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze 59 6 30 1.48 5.88 11.64 8.76 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC 28 3 15 0.7 2.94 5.52 4.23 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume 28 4 20 0.7 3.92 5.52 4.72 Amaryllidaceae Crinum jagus (J.Thomps.) Dandy 5 2 10 0.13 1.96 0.99 1.48 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Annonaceae Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels 3 2 10 0.08 1.96 0.59 1.28 Apocynaceae (3) Alafia barteri Oliv 33 5 25 0.83 4.9 6.51 5.71 Alstonia boonei De Wild. 2 2 10 0.05 1.96 0.39 1.18 Parquetina nigrescens (Wennberg) Bullock 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Araceae (7) Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Culcasia saxatilis A. Chev 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 30 3 15 0.75 2.94 5.92 4.43 Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) 89 9 45 2.23 8.82 17.55 13.19 Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott 3 1 5 0.08 0.98 0.59 0.79 Syngonium angustatum Schott 2 1 5 0.05 0.98 0.39 0.69 Synogonium podophyllum Schott 48 4 20 1.2 3.92 9.47 6.70 Arecaceae Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 5 4 20 0.13 3.92 0.99 2.46 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia repens Mill. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn 13 1 5 0.33 0.98 2.56 1.77 Cannabaceae Celtis mildbraedii Engl. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Combretaceae (2) Combretum racemosum Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Commelinaceae (2) Commelina cyanea R.Br 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Commelina erecta L 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L 14 2 10 0.35 1.96 2.76 2.36 Dracaenaceae Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Fabaceae (5) Acacia ataxacantha DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. 4 3 15 0.1 2.94 0.79 1.87 Baphia nitida Lodd 2 2 10 0.05 1.96 0.39 1.18 Desmodium canescens (L.)DC 26 6 30 0.65 5.88 5.13 5.51 Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker 2 1 5 0.05 0.98 0.39 0.69 Icacinaceae Icacina trichantha Oliver. 3 1 5 0.08 0.98 0.59 0.79 95

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Loganiaceae Anthocleista vogelii Planch 2 1 5 0.05 0.98 0.39 0.69 Menispermaceae Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Moraceae (4) Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Trilepisium madagascariense DC. (Bosqueia 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 angolensis Ficalho) Ficus exasperata Vahl. 2 2 10 0.05 1.96 0.39 1.18 Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Myristicaceae Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Myrtaceae Syzygium jambos L. (Alston) 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Piperaceae Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. 4 1 5 0.1 0.98 0.79 0.89 Poaceae (3) Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Portulacaceae Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss 5 1 5 0.13 0.98 0.99 0.99 Rubiaceae Mitracarpus sp. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Sapindaceae Paullinia pinnata L 2 2 10 0.05 1.96 0.39 1.18 Smilacaceae Smilax anceps Willd. 2 2 10 0.05 1.96 0.39 1.18 Sterculiaceae Cola millenii K. Schum 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Urticaceae Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L. f. 1 1 5 0.03 0.98 0.2 0.59 31 53 507 102 99.96 100.04 100.10 No. of indv. = Total number of individuals of a species enumerated; RF = Relative Frequency; Occ = Occurrence; RD = Relative Density; D = Density; RIV = Relative Important Value and F = Frequency

Table 2: Distribution of plants in the adjoining vegetation of the Garden in the 1st wet season (W1)

No. of % D RF. Family Scientific names indv. Occ. F. (/m2) (%) RD (%). RIV (%) Acanthaceae (3) Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson 39 2 10 1.00 1.35 9.49 5.42 Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet 12 2 10 0.30 1.35 2.92 2.14 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb 5 5 25 0.13 3.38 1.22 2.30 Amaranthaceae (2) Achyranthes sp. 2 1 5 0.05 0.68 0.49 0.59 Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze 3 1 5 0.08 0.68 0.73 0.71 Amaryllidaceae Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Annonaceae Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Apocynaceae (5) Alafia barteri Oliv 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Allamanda cathartica L 3 3 15 0.08 2.03 0.73 1.38 Alstonia boonei De Wild. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) T. Durand & Schinz 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 96

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Parquetina nigrescens (Wennberg) Bullock 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Araceae (9) Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Culcasia saxatilis A. Chev 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Culcasia scandens P. Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 38 3 15 0.95 2.03 9.25 5.64 Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 62 6 30 1.55 4.05 15.09 9.57 Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Rhaphidophora africana N.E.Br. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Synogonium podophyllum Schott 13 9 45 0.33 6.08 3.16 4.62 Arecaceae Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 10 10 50 0.25 6.76 2.43 4.50 Aristolochiaceae (2) Aristolochia repens Mill 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Aristolochia ringens Vahl 19 1 5 0.48 0.68 4.62 2.65 Asclepiadaceae Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Aspleniaceae Asplenium antiquum Makino 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Asteraceae (3) Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Melanthera scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty 20 2 10 0.5 1.35 4.87 3.11 Bignoniaceae Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Cannabaceae Celtis mildbraedii Engl. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Combretaceae Combretum racemosum Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Commelinaceae (2) Commelina benghalensis L 14 1 5 0.35 0.68 3.41 2.05 Palisota ambigua (P.Beauv.) C.B.Clarke Rchb. ex Endl 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Cucurbitaceae (2) Momordica charantia L 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Momordica foetida Schumach 2 1 5 0.05 0.68 0.49 0.59 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbiferia L 5 4 20 0.13 2.71 1.22 1.97 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha macrantha Mull. Arg 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Fabaceae (11) Abrus precatorius L. 4 3 15 0.1 2.03 0.97 1.50 Acacia ataxacantha DC 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Adenanthera sp. 2 1 5 0.05 0.68 0.49 0.59 Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Baphia nitida Lodd 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Cassia sieberiana DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Desmodium canescens (L.) DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. 19 2 10 0.48 1.35 4.62 2.99 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Vigna gracilis (Guill. & Perr.)Hook.f 12 1 5 0.3 0.68 2.92 1.80 97

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Heliconiaceae Heliconia psittacorum L. f. 21 1 5 0.53 0.68 5.11 2.90 Icacinaceae Icacina trichantha Oliver. 1 2 10 0.03 1.35 0.24 0.80 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach. & Thonn 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Leeaceae Leea guineensis G. Don. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Lythraceae. Lagerstroemia indica L. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Malvaceae (2) Sida corymbosa RE Fries 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Meliaceae (2) Cedrela odorata L 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Trichilia prieuriana A. Juss 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Menispermaceae (2) Cissampelos owariensis Beauv. ex DC. 3 3 15 0.08 2.03 0.73 1.38 Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Moraceae (3) Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Ficus exasperata Vahl. 3 3 15 0.08 2.03 0.73 1.38 Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Myristicaceae Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Pandaceae Microdesmis puberula Hook.f. ex Planch. 3 3 15 0.08 2.03 0.73 1.38 Passifloraceae Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Poeceae Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon (Panicum 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 maximum Jacq.) & S.W. Jacobs polygalaceae Carpolobia lutea G. Don 2 1 5 0.05 0.68 0.49 0.59 Portulacaceae Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Rubiaceae (3) Chassalia kolly (Schumach.) Hepper 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Geophila obvallata (Schumach.) F. Didr. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Pavetta corymbosa (DC.) F.N.Williams 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Sapindaceae (2) Cardiospermum halicacabum L 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Paullinia pinnata L 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Smilacaceae Smilax anceps Willd. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Sterculiaceae Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Urticaceae Urera sp. Gaudich. 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L. f. 1 1 5 0.03 0.68 0.24 0.46 Violaceae Rinorea dentata (P. Beauv.) Kuntze 2 2 10 0.05 1.35 0.49 0.92 Vitaceae Cissus aralioides (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. 21 4 20 0.53 2.71 5.11 3.91 42 80 411 148 100.19 99.97 100.04 No. of indv. = Total number of individuals of a species enumerated; RF = Relative Frequency; Occ = Occurrence; RD = Relative Density; D = Density; RIV = Relative Important Value and F = Frequency Table 3: Distribution of plants in the adjoining vegetation of the Garden in the 2nd dry season (D2)

No of D RF RD RIV Family Scientific name indv. Occ. % F. (/m2) (.%) (%). (%) 98

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Acanthaceae (3) Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson 14 4 20 0.35 2.5 2.92 2.71 Sanchezia speciosa Leonard 8 1 5 0.2 0.63 1.67 1.15 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb 9 3 15 0.23 1.88 1.88 1.88 Amaranthaceae (3) Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze 37 4 20 0.93 2.5 7.72 5.11 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC 23 2 10 0.58 1.25 4.8 3.03 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume 10 3 15 0.25 1.88 2.09 1.99 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Annonaceae (2) Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & Diels 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Monodora tenuifolia Benth. 6 3 15 0.15 1.88 1.25 1.57 Apocynaceae (7) Alafia barteri Oliv 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Alstonia boonei De Wild. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) T.Durand & Schinz 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A.DC.) Pichon 10 3 15 0.25 1.88 2.09 1.99 Araceae (6) Culcasia scandens P. Beauv. 3 3 15 0.08 1.88 0.63 1.26 Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 51 4 20 1.23 2.5 10.65 6.58 Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 53 11 55 1.33 6.88 11.06 8.97 Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott 2 1 5 0.05 0.63 0.42 0.53 Syngonium angustatum Schott 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Synogonium podophyllum Schott 27 3 15 0.68 1.88 5.64 3.76 Arecaceae (2) Cocos nucifera L 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 12 7 35 0.3 4.38 2.51 3.45 Asclepiadaceae (2) Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Secamone afzelii (Schult.) K. Schum 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Asteraceae (2) Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams 4 1 5 0.1 0.63 0.84 0.74 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. 33 6 30 0.83 3.75 6.89 5.32 Bignoniaceae Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. 2 1 5 0.05 0.63 0.42 0.53 Cannabaceae Celtis mildbraedii Engl. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Combretaceae (4) Combretum racemosum Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Combretum micranthum G. Don 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Terminalia catappa L 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Commelinaceae Commelina erecta L 5 3 15 0.13 1.88 1.04 1.46 Cucurbitaceae (2) Momordica charantia L 6 3 15 0.15 1.88 1.25 1.57 Momordica foetida Schumach 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Fabaceae (12) Abrus precatorius L. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Acacia ataxacantha DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42

99

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. 3 2 10 0.08 1.25 0.63 0.94 Baphia nitida Lodd 3 3 15 0.08 1.88 0.63 1.26 Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Centrosema pubescens Benth. 3 3 15 0.08 1.88 0.63 1.26 Desmodium canescens (L.)DC 10 1 5 0.25 0.63 2.09 1.36 Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Humb., Bonpl. & 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Kunth Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Rech 15 2 10 0.38 1.25 3.13 2.19 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC 4 2 10 0.1 1.25 0.84 1.05 Icacinaceae Icacina trichantha Oliver. 3 1 5 0.08 0.63 0.63 0.63 Lythraceae. Lagerstroemia indica L. 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Meliaceae Trichilia prieuriana A.Juss 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Menispermaceae Cissampelos owariensis Beauv. ex DC. 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 (2) Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre 6 5 20 0.15 3.13 1.25 2.19 Moraceae (5) Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. 6 6 30 0.15 3.75 1.25 2.50 Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Ficus exasperata Vahl. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Morus mesozygia. Stapf. 1 3 15 0.03 1.88 0.21 1.05 Myristicaceae Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. 7 7 35 0.18 4.38 1.46 2.92 Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Phytolaccaceae Petiveria alliacea L. 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Piperaceae Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Poaceae Bambosa sp. 23 1 5 0.58 0.63 4.8 2.72 polygalaceae Carpolobia lutea G. Don 4 2 10 0.1 1.25 0.84 1.05 Rubiaceae Morinda lucida Benth 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Sapindaceae (3) Blighia sapida K.D.Koenig 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Lecaniodiscus cupanioides Planks. ExBth 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Paullinia pinnata L 4 1 5 0.1 0.63 0.84 0.74 Smilacaceae Smilax anceps Willd. 3 3 15 0.08 1.88 0.63 1.26 Sterculiaceae Cola millenii K.Schum 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Sterculiaceae Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum 1 1 5 0.03 0.63 0.21 0.42 Urticaceae Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew 18 1 5 0.45 0.63 3.76 2.20 Vitaceae (2) Cissus aralioides (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84 Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr. 2 2 10 0.05 1.25 0.42 0.84

100

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

33 76 479 160 100.28 100.1 100.34 No. of indv. = Total number of individuals of a species enumerated; RF = Relative Frequency; Occ = Occurrence; RD = Relative Density; D = Density; RIV = Relative Important Value and F = Frequency

Table 4: Distribution of plants in the adjoining vegetation of the Garden in the 2nd wet season (W2)

No. of D RF RD RIV Family Scientific name indv. Occ. % F (m2) (%). (%). (%) Acanthaceae (2) Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson 60 9 45 1.5 5.92 11.01 8.47 Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb 13 4 20 0.33 2.63 2.39 2.51 Amaranthaceae Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume 17 2 10 0.43 1.32 3.12 2.22 Amaryllidaceae Crinum jagus (J. Thomps.) Dandy 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Annonaceae Monodora tenuifolia Benth. 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Apocynaceae (6) Alafia barteri Oliv 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Allamanda cathartica L 3 3 15 0.08 1.97 0.55 1.26 Funtumia elastica (Preuss) Stapf. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don)T.Durand & 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Schinz Parquetina nigrescens (Wennberg) Bullock 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Saba comorensis (Bojer ex A.DC.) Pichon 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Araceae (9) Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. 6 2 10 0.15 1.32 1.10 1.21 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Culcasia saxatilis A. Chev 3 3 15 0.08 1.97 0.55 1.26 Culcasia scandens P. Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott 69 5 25 1.73 3.29 12.66 7.98 Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. 73 8 40 1.83 5.26 13.39 9.33 Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott 3 1 5 0.08 0.66 0.55 0.61 Syngonium angustatum Schott 35 2 10 0.88 1.32 6.42 3.87 Synogonium podophyllum Schott 79 4 20 2.00 2.63 14.5 8.57 Arecaceae Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 7 7 35 0.18 4.61 1.28 2.95 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia repens Mill 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Asclepiadaceae Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Lecythidaceae Napoleonaea vogelii Hook. & Planch 3 3 15 0.08 1.97 0.55 1.26 Bignoniaceae Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seem. ex Bureau 2 2 20 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Combretaceae (3) Combretum racemosum Beauv. 21 4 20 0.53 2.63 3.85 3.24 Commelina erecta L 9 3 15 0.23 1.97 1.65 1.81

101

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Palisota ambigua (P.Beauv.) C.B.Clarke Rchb. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 ex Endl Crassulaceae Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken.) 8 1 5 0.2 0.66 1.47 1.07 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Pers. Cucurbitaceae (2) Momordica charantia L 3 1 5 0.08 0.66 0.55 0.61 Momordica foetida Schumach 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Dioscoreacae (2) Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Dioscorea bulbiferia L 9 4 20 0.23 2.63 1.65 2.14 Euphorbiaceae (3) Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Müll.Arg. Jatropha macrantha Mull. Arg 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Muell.Arg 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Fabaceae (11) Abrus precatorius L. 3 3 15 0.08 1.97 0.55 1.26 Adenanthera sp. 2 1 5 0.05 0.66 0.37 0.52 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Calopogonium mucunoides Desv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Cassia sieberiana DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Centrosema pubescens Benth. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Desmodium canescens (L.)DC 21 4 20 0.53 2.63 3.85 3.24 Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Rech 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Heliconiaceae Heliconia psittacorum L. f. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Icacinaceae Icacina trichantha Oliver. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Leeaceae Leea guineensis G. Don. 6 1 5 0.15 0.66 1.1 0.88 Lythraceae. Lagerstroemia indica L. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Malvaceae (3) Sida acuta Burm. f. 10 2 10 0.25 1.32 1.83 1.58 Sida corymbosa RE Fries 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Meliaceae Trichilia prieuriana A.Juss 4 4 20 0.1 2.63 0.73 1.68 Menispermaceae (3) Cissampelos owariensis Beauv. ex DC. 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre 9 3 15 0.23 1.97 1.65 1.81 Moraceae (4) Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Trilepisium madagascariense DC. 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Ficus exasperata Vahl. 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Myristicaceae Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb. 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85

102

Sanyaolu, Awodoyin & Ogunyemi Proceedings of 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference; Uniuyo 2018 (90 – 103 pp)

Passifloraceae Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) 2 2 10 0.05 1.32 0.37 0.85 Harms polygalaceae Carpolobia lutea G. Don 3 3 15 0.08 1.97 0.55 1.26 Portulacaceae Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Rubiaceae (2) Chassalia kolly (Schumach.) Hepper 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Morinda lucida Benth 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Sapindaceae (2) Allophylus africanus Beauv. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Paullinia pinnata L 4 3 15 0.1 1.97 0.73 1.35 Sterculiaceae Cola millenii K. Schum 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L. f. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 Vitaceae (2) Cissus aralioides (Welw. ex Baker) Planch. 3 3 15 0.08 1.97 0.55 1.26 Cissus populnea Guill. & Perr. 1 1 5 0.03 0.66 0.18 0.42 35 75 545 152 100.1 99.9 100.1 No. of indv. = Total number of individuals of a species enumerated; RF = Relative Frequency; Occ = Occurrence; RD = Relative Density; D = Density; RIV = Relative Important Value and F = Frequency

103