Gypsy Ivloth, Lvmantria Gispar CL.>T Ana Its Natural Enemies In
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Gypsy iVLoth, Lvmantria gispar CL.>t ana its Natural Enemies in tne ¥ar East vEspecially Japan) ■ Annotated DiDiiosrapny and Cjuide to tne Literature tnrougn 1986 and Host Plant List for Japan ■ Paul W ScWfer Ixcizo IkeDe Jasutomo Hígasníura DelacWai« Agricultuial Experiment Station Bulfetin*476 Gypsy Moth, Lymantría dispar (L.) and its Natural Enemies in the Far East (Especially Japan). Annotated Bibliography and Guide to the Literature through 1986 and Host Plant List for Japan.1 By Paul W. Schaefer^, Keizo Ikebe^j^ and Yasutomo Higashiura^ U.S. Department of Agriculture Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory 501 South Chapel Street Newark, Delaware 19713 U.S.A. and Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology University of Delaware Newark, Delaware 19717 U.S.A. ABSTRACT This annotated bibliography contains 396 entries pertaining to gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)> or the natural enemies associated with this forest insect, in the Far East. About 72% of all entries were originally written in Japanese, followed by English (20%), and Chinese, Korean, Russian, French, German and Italian (together 8%). Articles were included if either: (1) the subject matter applied directly to the Far East, (2) content was of a review, bibliographic, taxonomic, or natural enemy survey nature or, (3) contained ecological information on the gypsy moth and/or its natural enemies. A gypsy moth host plant list for Japan containing ca. 152 species is included. Synonyms or alternate names of natural enemies are tabulated. An alphabetical subject index serves as a guide to the annotated literature. DEDICATION To the memory of the late Keizo Ikebe, of liamamatsu, Honshu, Japan, who devoted many hours of his short life to this project. His memory lives on in the hearts of those who knew him. II CONTENTS 1. Abstract . • Page I 2. Dedication H 3. Contents II i^ 4. Preface IV 5. Acknowledgment V 6. Introduction 1 7. Annotated Citations 5 8. liost Plants of Lymantria dispar in Japan 126 9. List of Japanese Entomological Journals 134 10. List of Insect Synonyms or Alternate Names 138 11. Abbreviations 1^^ 12. Footnotes I^^ 13. Subject Index 145 III PREFACE This bibliography was prepared by Paul W* Schaefer, Research Entomologist and Location Leader, and the late Keizo Ikebe, Biological Control Assistant at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Asian Parasite Laboratory (APL), then located in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. APL was established in Sapporo on 15 May 1975 by Paul Schaefer for the purpose of studies on the natural enemies of pest insects for possible importation and utilization as biological control agents in the United States. From May 1975 to July 1979, a major emphasis of this laboratory was the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera : L3niiantriidae). Schaefer and Ikebe worked on the bibliography from 1975 to 1979. From 1979 until his death in 1982, Ikebe worked to update and complete the bibliography but it is unknown what he intended to add. In 1984, Yasutomo Higashiura joined in the effort and has contributed to the updating of this bibliography, especially covering material available since 1979. The need for this publication was apparent from the very beginning as we became aware that considerable literature on the gypsy moth existed in the Far East (especially in Japan) which was generally unavailable to biologists who read only Western languages. Although increasingly more scientific papers now include an English summary, most older Japanese papers did not, and often these older papers referred to the subject insect only by a common name, failing even to include the scientific name. Thus, retrieval of such articles was impossible without a technical command of the original language. Actual translation from the original languages was not undertaken, but the translation of segments of major interest to the ecology of the gypsy moth, biological control and natural enemies was attempted. From that translated information, an annotation was written and we trust that these represent a fair assessment of the original author's contents. Not all topics were covered equally as we have heavily favored the type of information mentioned above and have not dwelt on topics like descriptions of the insects, life history and methods of control. Paul W. Schaefer June 1988 IV ACÍÜVOWLEDGMENT vJe acknowledge the assistance and support of the Agricultural Experiment Station, especially those of the office of Agricultural Sciences Communications, University of Delaware, in the publication of this bibliography. The cover was designed and drawn by Susan Paul and Paula Ziegenhagen. Mary Pritchard proofread the final draft and several others were involved in the reproduction and binding. At various times, Jane R. Schaefer, Barbara A. Schaefer, William P. Schaefer, Heidi L. Schaefer, Roberta Donofrio, and Elise Harvey provided editorial assistance. Kyo Yamaguchi, Ikuko Suzuki and Betty R. Witmer each provided typing efforts at various early stages of the project. Early in the accumulation of references, Keiji Kanamitsu and Kimito Furuta provided lists of references which they had accumulated during their respective studies on the gypsy moth. Similarly, Je Ho Ko provided some references to Korean publications. Translators other than the junior authors included Haipoong Lee (Korean), and Philip Y. K. Fu, Waikuen Cheung and Derling Qiu (Chinese). The draft manuscript was reviewed by Jack R. Coulson, Ralph E. Webb, and Douglas W. Tallamy. To all these involved in various ways, we express our sincere thanks and deep appreciation for their efforts in helping to make this bibliography a reality. V INTRODUCTION In North America, the gypsy moth, Lymantria (previously known as Porthetria) dispar (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) is surpassed by only a few other insect species in the total volume of literature written about any one species. Certainly no other exotic forest insect has received more attention. Since this species became established in North America about 1868, extensive funding has been designed to suppress this invading species and this effort continues to the present. As a result of these efforts, countless reports have been written on the gypsy moth. Originally distributed across Asia from the Japanese archipelago to Europe and into England and northern Africa, the gypsy moth (sensu lato) has a distribution which transects many political boundaries. Accordingly, the literature on this insect is scattered in the scientific literature of many languages. This often makes studies of this insect difficult because of the lack of universal availability of published literature. With this publication, we hope to further expand the universal awareness of this insect by providing a compilation of the available Far Eastern literature on this species. As the efforts at the Asian Parasite Laboratory (APL), Sapporo, Japan, were directed toward the natural enemies of the gypsy moth, we also include in this bibliography those references that directly concern the primary parasites, predators, pathogens or other natural enemies, which have a direct bearing upon the ecology of the gypsy moth in the Far East. With a few exceptions, references are included only if they apply directly to the gypsy moth or associated organisms in the Far East. European or American references are generally not included since they are readily available to Western scholars through bibliographies or reviews that are listed in this work. The few exceptions are comprehensive reviews or classic works, which are listed principally for the benefit of Far Eastern audiences. Such exceptional works should be consulted in the original since the annotation presented does not intend to provide a adequate summary of all detailed information. Other bibliographic works on the gypsy moth (references cited here are included in the main bibliography) include Forbush and Fernald (1896), who present an exhaustive non-annotated listing of early references to this insect, mostly European in origin. French (1974) provided an annotated bibliography covering the period from 1890 to 1972, but few references to Far Eastern literature are included. A compilation of Russian publications on the gypsy moth was compiled by Richerson (1975), but unfortunately this was never published. In a review article, Leonard (1974) lists citations that provide insight into the more recent world literature. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, as a result of the Expanded Gypsy Moth Research and Development Program, initiated a Gypsy Moth Technical Information Project (GMTIP). As a preliminary result of the GMTIP work, "A bibliography of gypsy moth publications" (Anon. 1977) was produced containing 2400 entries to the world literature on gypsy moth. At the time, it was anticipated that a final computer-generated bibliography would be produced in the future, but that seems not to have reached fruition. Literature specific to population dynamics of gypsy moth is contained in Campbell et al* (1978). Griffiths (1980) compiled a two-volume bibliography containing 4140 citations to gypsy moth literature of the world. Most recently, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's efforts resulted in the so-called gypsy moth compendium (Doane and McManus 1981), which contains bibliographies at the end of each chapter or subchapter. As one example, the bibliography at the end of subchapter 6.1 on "Parasites" contains 262 entries. Other sections contain equally exhaustive bibliographies. Other reviews or bibliographies focus on the natural enemies of the gypsy moth. These include those specific to parasites and predators (Hanson and Reardon 1973, Griffiths 1976) and those under the broad category of biological control (Anon, or Maclean 1982). We are aware of few sources of literature in the Far East of a bibliographic nature. Ilirano (1955) provided a list of references on the Ljnnantriidae including some entries on Lymantria dispar and> in a continuation of the series (Hirano 1955b), listed 180 references specific to the gypsy moth. Shiraki (1952) lists 17 citations on gypsy moth in a compilation on Japanese insect pests. All of these bibliographic lists cite only a few Far Eastern references.