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Reading Jin Yong's Martial Arts Fiction and Lacanian Psychoanalysis

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Reading Jin Yong's Martial Arts Fiction and Lacanian Psychoanalysis Ethics of Love and Heroism: Reading Jin Yong’s Martial Arts Fiction and Lacanian Psychoanalysis Yen-Ying Lai MA in Humanities BA in Anthropology, Chinese, and English A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2016 School of Communication and Arts Abstract Jin Yong, the best-known novelist of the wuxia, or martial arts genre, asks different questions of ethics about love, duty and honour in each of his novels. Lacan’s writing is also a journey of ethics, which is relentless in re-shaping the ground upon which any thinking, including its own, is defined. This thesis reads Jin Yong and Lacan together, to extend the Lacanian insight by bringing in materials that have remained foreign to psychoanalytic theory until now. In so doing, it reconfigures criticisms regarding romance, sexuality, and tragedy as a contribution to the field of Chinese literature. The thesis starts with a brief history of Chinese literature, focusing on martial arts fiction. Lacan’s arguments on the master signifier provide insight into crucial themes of the genre, such as xia (chivalry, heroism), zhong (loyalty to the leadership), and yi (allegiance to equals). Each of the following three chapters introduces one key set of Lacanian terms, focused on a diagram: the four discourses, the schema L, and the diagram of sexuation. Each of these presents a different take on Jin Yong and the martial arts genre. The second chapter looks at the circulation of Jin Yong’s novels. It focuses on “Jinology,” the Jin Yong scholarship that consists mainly of fan letters and fan writings, which I examine as a discourse in Lacan’s quite specific use of that term, as a social link that runs on its own excess and incompleteness. The tragedy of Qiao Feng in The Demi-Gods and Semi-Demons (Tianlong Babu) is unfolded in the third chapter, using an insight from Lacan’s schema L: Qiao Feng starts fully assuming his subjectivity only when he realizes that there is no Other of the Other, and that the Other does not guarantee justice. The fourth chapter looks at the impossibility of the sexual relationship, and the infinity of desire and drive, by reading the story of the most loved couple in Jin Yong’s novels, Yang Guo and Little Dragon Maiden (Xiaolongnü) from the novel The Giant Eagle and Its Companion (Shendiao Xialü). The first two chapters pave the way for the next two chapters’ discussions on these characters, whose stories or tragedies present a rich source for an ethical investigation of the forced choice in the conclusion. Yang Guo faces the Duty or love! challenge, a double-bind always present in Jin Yong’s novels. Qiao Feng’s forced choice between two fatherlands, on the other hand, allows us to see the meaning of self-sacrifice, and the terror of freedom to choose. We find that one simply must act even when the sacrifice is for nothing and there is no assurance that the choice made will be the right choice. And when one does act, it will be an event of love, and a moment of ethics. Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed papers: Lai, Yen-Ying. “Kant and Califia.”. The Symptom 8 (2007). http://www.lacan.com/symptom8_articles/lai8.html Book chapters: Lai, Yen-Ying. “Four Discourses.” The Žižek Dictionary. Ed. Rex Butler. London: Routledge, 2014. Print. Conference abstracts: Lai, Yen-Ying. “Suspect, or Witness?” 14th Annual Work-in-Progress Conference. Uni of Queensland, Brisbane. 30 Jul 2010. School of English, Media Studies and Art History ---. “The Lacanian Tragic Hero: Reading the psychoanalytic grid of subjectivity and ethics in Jin Yong’s martial arts fiction The Demi-Gods, Semi-Devils”. International Conference on Translation and Cross-Cultural Communication. Uni of Queensland, Brisbane. 2 Dec 2011. Publications included in this thesis No publications included. Contributions by others to the thesis No publications by others. Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree None Acknowledgements It would not have been possible to complete this thesis without the kindness and support of the wonderful people around me, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. Above all, I would like to thank my principal supervisor Dr. Tony Thwaites for his everlasting support and friendship, not to mention his passion and unsurpassed knowledge of Lacanian psychoanalysis. The good advice, support and insight of my associate supervisor, Dr. Daphne Hsieh, have been invaluable, for which I am extremely grateful. I am also greatly indebted to Dr Guy Ramsay and Dr Rex Butler, who kindly stepped in to be my associate supervisors at different stages of my thesis progress. My mother and brother have been there with me throughout, for which my mere expression of thanks likewise does not suffice. This thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of my friend Marvin. I am forever grateful for his strength and great patience at all times. I would like to acknowledge the financial, academic and technical support of the University of Queensland and its staff, particularly the research fund from the School of Communication and Arts, the award of UQJRS scholarship, and a fee-waive scholarship from Faculty of Arts. Keywords Jin Yong, martial arts fiction, ethics, Lacan, psychoanalysis, discourse, desire, drive, sexual difference, Žižek Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classifications (ANZSRC) ANZSRC 200517 Literature in Chinese 50% ANZSRC 200525 Literary Theory 30% ANZSRC 220318 Psychoanalytic Philosophy 20% Fields of Research (FoR) Classification FoR code: 2005 Literary Studies 80% FoR code: 2002 Cultural Studies 20% Table of contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: Chinese Novels and the Master Signifiers .................................................................... 8 Prose romances of the marvellous ............................................................................................... 9 The rise of prose novels: story-telling of the Song ................................................................... 12 Yuan plays and “Four Great Marvellous Works” ..................................................................... 13 Wuxia genre and the master signifiers: Three Kingdoms and Water Margin ........................... 17 Qing novel of chivalry; love story in Sons and Daughters ....................................................... 22 The New Novel and the modern martial arts fiction ................................................................. 25 Chapter 2: The Jin Yong Phenomenon: Publishers, Readers, and the Critic as Hysteric ........ 29 Prologue: letters and discourses ................................................................................................ 29 Master Jin: the discourse of the master ..................................................................................... 33 Jinology and the excessive object: the discourse of the university ........................................... 38 Fans and critics: the discourse of the hysteric ........................................................................... 46 The wicked of karma, the inconsistency of the Other ............................................................... 56 Heroism and love: the discourse of the analyst ......................................................................... 58 Chapter 3: The Tragic Hero and the Lacanian Subject ............................................................... 62 The Judge of the truth: the big Other ........................................................................................ 63 Conspiracy theory: the Other of the Other ................................................................................ 65 The villain and the Other: misrecognition ................................................................................
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