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Tagalog for Beginners PALILANGUAGE TEXTS: PHILIPPINES Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii Howard P. McKaughan Editor ii TAGALOG FOR BEGINNERS TERESITA V. RAMOS VIDEA DE GUZMAN University of Hawaii Press Honolulu Open Access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Licensed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Inter- national (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), which permits readers to freely download and share the work in print or electronic format for non-commercial purposes, so long as credit is given to the author. The license also permits readers to create and share de- rivatives of the work, so long as such derivatives are shared under the same terms of this license. Commercial uses require permission from the publisher. For details, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. The Cre- ative Commons license described above does not apply to any material that is separately copyrighted. Open Access ISBNs: 9780824882198 (PDF) 9780824882181 (EPUB) This version created: 20 May, 2019 Please visit www.hawaiiopen.org for more Open Access works from University of Hawai‘i Press. The work reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. 20525. The opinions ex- pressed herein are those of the author and should not be con- strued as representing the opinions or policies of any agency of the United States government. Copyright © 1971 by University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved PREFACE These lessons in Tagalog for beginners form part of a series which includes a Synopsis of Tagalog Structures and a Tagalog Dictionary both by Teresita V. Ramos. All three works have been developed under a contract with the Peace Corps (PC25–1507) at the university of Hawaii through the Pacific and Asian Lin- guistics Institute. Similar materials have been developed under the same contract for Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilokano, Ka- pampangan and Pangasinan. The editor of the series and the author of these materials are encouraged to believe that many are interested in learning Tagalog. These materials should prove helpful to that end. Howard P. McKaughan Editor vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Tagalog for Beginners was made possible through the Pa- cific and Asian Linguistics Institute of the University of Hawaii, under the direction of Dr. Howard P. McKaughan by support from Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. Special acknowledgments are due Richard McGinn, for editorial suggestions; Rosita Gallega, for helping in the initial writing of the text; Belen Ongteco, for reviewing and helping proofread the materials; the Tagalog staff of Peace Corps Philippines XXII, XXIII, and XXVII, for writing some of the supplementary materials, for trying out the materials, and for giving suggestions on its improvements; and Peace Corps Hilo, for testing the tentative drafts during the training of Peace Corps Volunteers. viii CONTENTS PREFACE vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii INTRODUCTION xiii The Tagalog language xiii The Text xviii Notes to the teacher xxvi Symbols Used in the Text xlix I. BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS AND THE ANG-CONSTRUCTION 1 1. Greetings (po’); naman in responses 3 2. More on greetings; ang-demonstratives: ito/iyan/iyon; question word ano + ang- demonstratives 12 3. Making introductions (po’); si + personal proper noun; ang-pronouns: ako/ka/siya; question word sino + ang-pronoun 23 4. Question word sino + si ____/ ang ____; ang-pronouns: tayo/kami/kayo/sila; question word sinu-sino and plural personal proper noun marker sina; review: question word ano + ang-pronoun 31 5. Review: ang-pronouns and si/sina markers; ba question marker; oo/hindi responses; positive and negative statements 41 6. More on affirmative and negative responses; ikaw; more equational sentences; alternate marker o; particles nga’ and lang; tag question hindi ba 50 7. Introduction of the um-verbs; introduction of the ng-pronouns: ko/mo/niya; review: greetings, introductions, leave-takings, and other courteous expressions 60 8. Question words taga-saan and saan; sa + location; may/wala constructions 69 69 9. Question word ano (-ng) + time expression; kailan; time expressions: araw/buwan/petsa; numeral marker: a-/ika- 79 II. THE NG-CONSTRUCTION 87 ix CONTENTS 10. Review: question word ano; ng-pronouns: ko, mo/ninyo, niya; noun phrase marker ng; personal proper noun marker ni 89 11. Review: ng-pronouns: ko/mo/niya; ang-demonstratives: ito/iyan/iyon; ng-phrases in expanded topic 95 12. Question word ilan; counting system; review: question word ano with parts of the body 103 13. Sentence inversion with the particle ay; review: negative statements and questions 111 14. Ng-demonstratives: nito/niyan/niyon or noon; review: ng-phrases; question words ilan and ano; ay 120 15. Question words alin and kanino; ng-pronouns natin/namin/ninyo/nila; review: singular form of ng-pronouns 128 16. Request form paki-; introduction of the in-verbs; commands in the negative form with huwag 136 17. Introduction of the mag- and ma-verbs; the negative marker huwag with mag- and ma-verbs 145 18. Gusto/ayaw + ng-phrase + -um-/mag-/ma-verb 151 19. Gusto/ayaw + ng-phrase + in-verb + ang-phrase; introduction of the i-verb 159 20. Gusto/ayaw + ng-phrase + ng-phrase 166 III. EXISTENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS 173 21. Mayroon/wala’ + -ng + noun/pronoun + -ng + noun; negative questions with wala’ 175 22. May + noun + ang-phrase; may/mayroon/wala’ + locative phrase + (time expression) 183 23. Ano with time expression; review: may/mayroon/wala’; may/mayroon/wala’ with particles na and pa 191 24. Adjectives with and without ma-; adjectives attributive to nouns; particles na and pa, nga’ and pero…naman, and lang with adjectives 198 25. Adjectives attributive to verbs 208 26. Tagalog numbers; simple mathematical operations of addition and subtraction 215 IV. ASPECTS OF VERBS IN ACTOR-FOCUS 223 27. Completed aspect of the um-verbs 225 28. Contemplated aspect of the um-verbs; conjunction kasi 232 29. Incompleted aspect of the um-verbs; conjunction nang 243 30. Completed aspect of the mag- and ma-verbs 250 x CONTENTS 31. Contemplated aspect of the mag- and ma-verbs 258 32. Incompleted aspect of the mag- and ma-verbs; prepositions bago and pagkatapos + infinitive form of the verb 266 33. Review of the three aspects of the um-, mag-, and ma-verbs 272 V. ASPECTS OF VERBS IN GOAL-FOCUS 281 34. Competed aspect of the in-verbs 283 35. Contemplated aspect of the in-verbs 290 36. Incompleted aspect of the in-verbs 295 37. Aspects of the i- and an-verbs in goal-focus 302 VI. THE SA-CONSTRUCTION AND THE OTHER FOCUSES 311 38. Review: sa-phrases, may/mayroon/wala’; sa-demonstratives: dito/diyan/doon 313 39. Sa-pronouns: sa amin/sa atin/sa inyo/sa kanila/sa akin/sa iyo/sa kaniya; personal proper noun marker kay/kina; review: saan and kanino 323 40. Nasa-phrases; nasa-pronouns; personal proper noun marker na kay/na kina 331 41. Review: nasaan; nasa-demonstratives: nandito/nandiyan/nandoon 342 42. Locative-focus verbs in three aspects 347 43. Para sa-phrases; para sa-pronouns; personal proper noun marker para kay/para kina; review: kanino 353 44. Benefactive-focus verbs in three spects 359 VII. RECENTLY COMPLETED ASPECT AND SOME MODALS 367 45. Recently completed aspect; review: na, lang 369 46. Modals maaari’, puwede, dapat and kailangan; review: na and pa 376 47. Pseudo-verbs alam and ibig 385 48. Request form maki- (actor-focus) 392 VIII. EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES 397 49. Review: adjectives and linkers; comparative sentences: mas/higit … (kaysa/sa + noun/pronoun) / (kay + personal proper noun), magkasing/kasing, pinaka-; pluralization of adjectives 399 50. Numerals and quantifiers; question words magkano, ilan and gaano 414 xi CONTENTS 51. More on noun modification; review: na-linker, nasa-phrases; introduction of naka- and taga- 425 52. More expanded structures using conjunctions: at, nang, dahil/kasi, kung and kaya’ 442 IX. APTATIVE AND CAUSATIVE VERBS 451 53. Maka-, makapag- and ma- aptative affixes 453 54. Causative actor-focus affix magpa-; review: para 460 55. Causative goal-focus affix ipa- 467 56. Non-causative actor-focus affix pa- -in and papag- -in 473 Appendix I Classified Supplementary Vocabulary Lists 479 Appendix II Expressions for Various Occasions 535 Appendix III Pronunciation Drills 569 Appendix IV Charts Showing Verbal Aspect Formations 588 Appendix V Worksheets for Informant Sessions 598 Appendix VI Sample Oral and Written Tests 618 Appendix VII Native Songs 636 GLOSSARY 645 xii INTRODUCTION THE TAGALOG LANGUAGE The Philippines is made up of a group of islands off the southeastern coast of Mainland China. There are about 80 to 150 different languages in the Philippines which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian family. Tagalog, the principal language spoken in the large northern island of Luzon, is one of the eight major languages. It is spoken by approximately fifty percent of the population either as the mother tongue or as the lingua franca. Tagalog was chosen as the basis for Pilipino the Philippine national language in 1937. Recently, ‘Pilipino’ has been re- placing English as the medium of instruction in the Philippine schools. It is spoken in Manila, the largest city in the Philip- pines, and is often used as the language of communication in social and political gatherings even in non-Tagalog provinces. There is also an abundant literature in Tagalog which is in- creasing rapidly. Tagalog has been influenced by Sanskrit, Chinese, Spanish, and English. A number of borrowings from these languages have become a part of current usage. Tagalog is still borrowing many terms from English. Tagalog is spoken as the mother tongue in the following provinces: Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Nueva Ecija, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Quezon, and Rizal.
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