AUSTRIANCENTER STUDIES FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIESNEWSLETTER Vol. 12, No. 1 Winter 2000 Fulbright program turns fifty by Lonnie R. Johnson

In the immediate wake of World War II, J. William Fulbright (1905- 1995), a junior senator from Arkan- sas, came up with a simple but bril- liant idea. In 1946, he tagged an amendment on to the Surplus Prop- erty Act of 1944 that stipulated that foreign credits earned overseas by the sale of U.S. wartime property could be used to finance educational ex- change with other countries. This amendment, which Fulbright rushed through Congress, became Public Law 584 on 1 August 1946 and laid the foundations for the American government’s flagship international educational exchange program that came to bear his name. Since 1946, approximately 220,000 “Fulbright- ers”—82,000 students, teachers, scholars, scientists, and professionals from the United States and 138,000 from abroad—have participated in the program, whose objective is to promote mutual understanding between Above: Inaugural group of Austrian grantees en route to America in the peoples of the United States and other nations. Today some 4,200 1951 on the ocean liner S.S. Constitution. That’s the captain, center, Fulbright grants are awarded annually under the auspices of the pro- and note how many women are wearing dirndls! (USIS photo courtesy gram. Austrian Fulbright Commission.)

J. William Fulbright studied political science at the University of Ar- kansas, graduating in 1925, and then attended Oxford University as a IN THIS ISSUE Rhodes Scholar, which gave him an initial opportunity to spend a total of four years in Europe. Before leaving for Europe, Fulbright was a pro- LetterfromtheDirector 2 vincial southerner. He had never seen a major city or an ocean, and as a MinnesotaCalendar 3 result of his Rhodes experience, he knew how exciting and liberating an DianaKurzExhibittovisitMinnesota 3 education abroad was. His personal experience undoubtedly played a ASNInterview:RaoulKneucker 4 role in his conception of the program, which was combined with his aversion for the horrors of World War II and his firm belief that interna- ASNInterview:AlanLevy 6 tional education was one means of making the world a more reasonable, SpingConference:AustrianHistory&Culture 11 sane, safe, and peaceful place. Publications:NewsandReviews 12 As an internationalist, Fulbright was concerned about the potential of HotoffthePresses 14 American isolationism. He understood the dangers inherent in the real AustrianElections:HaiderAscending 15 asymmetries of power politics and recognized that genuine international understanding must be based on equity. We had as much to learn from NewsfromtheField:Klestilvs.Mortier 16 them as they had to learn from us. In particular, we had to learn “to see HABSBURGHappenings 17 continued on page 8 StreetwiseGuidetotheArchives:Hungary 18 OUR NEW WEBSITE ADDRESS: SAHHNews 20 NewsfromtheNorth 21 www.cas.umn.edu Announcements 22 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR On the cusp of a new century I find it hard to believe that three months have already passed conference on Austrian history and culture. (Please see page 11 since I began my assignment as Interim Director of the Minne- for details.) sota Center for Austrian Studies. Time flies, they say, and it cer- The Center will also be a cosponsor of a major symposium tainly does when you deal with Austria! We’ve had an excellent honoring Professor István Deák, “Dilemmas of East Central Eu- autumn. Not only was the Minnesota weather unusually coop- rope: Nationalism, Totalitarianism, and the Search for Identity,” erative, making us smile rather than complain, but also the Center to be held at Columbia University, New York, 24-25 March 2000 itself gave us good reasons to be satisfied. The seminars were (see p. 9, fall 1999 ASN). exciting and well attended, the cooperation with other univer- During the visit to Minneapolis of Sektionsrat Dr. Kneucker in sity centers that share our interests have progressed satisfacto- September, and my subsequent visit to Vienna in October, we rily (we have been able to cosponsor a number of events), and have begun to explore the role of the Center as we move into our various publications are progressing apace. The date for the the new millennium. Austria, Europe, and the United States are Robert Kann Memorial Lecture has now been set (April 6), and no longer what they were when the Center was established in we are delighted that the Austrian historian Prof. Dr. Erika 1977. Issues have changed, new challenges have developed, and Weinzierl will be our speaker. Dr. Weinzierl’s lecture will focus on a new relationship among nations has evolved. We are all look- the Jewish middle class in Vienna around the period of 1900. ing forward to a future of close cooperation, with teams of schol- The Kann lecture will actually be the climax of a special one-day ars from Austria and the United States working together on mat- ters of mutual concern and with close links between Austrian EDITOR’S NOTE and American universities. I was pleased to see how well our Center is received by our partners in Austria, and I am certain that this friendship will continue to prevail as we enter “Y2K.” To all our friends in Austria, in the United States, in Canada, and around the world: our warmest greetings of the season and our best wishes for the New Year. We hope to hear from you, and if you are in the Twin Cities, we trust that you will stop by! Gerhard H. Weiss Interim Director AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Volume 12, No. 1• Winter 2000 Editor: Daniel Pinkerton Editorial Assistants: Seulky Shin, Kenneth Marks Austrian Correspondent: Franz Adlgasser

ASN is published three times annually (January, April, and September) and distributed free of charge to interested subscribers as a public service of Once again, we must say goodbye to a departing staffer: Barbara the Center for Austrian Studies, an independent unit of the College of Melton-Boomgaarden, longtime (since 1994) associate editor of the Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota. AHY, foreign correspondent for the ASN, guest lecturer at the U of Interim Director: Gerhard H. Weiss Executive Secretary: Barbara Krauß-Christensen M, and liaison between the Center and the Kommission für neuere Editor: Daniel Pinkerton Geschichte österreichs. But there is a consolation: we get to wel- Contributions for publication or subscription requests should be addressed to: come a relative of Barbara’s into the world, if not onto the staff Center for Austrian Studies (although one never knows what the future will bring). On 10 Sep- Attn: Austrian Studies Newsletter tember 1999, Barbara Melton-Boomgaarden and James van Horn 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S. Minneapolis MN 55455 Melton gave birth to a son, Peter Melton. The family will divide Phone: (612) 624-9811 Fax: (612) 626-9004 their time between Salzburg and Atlanta (James, as many of you website: http://www.socsci.umn.edu/cas know, teaches at Emory University). Above is a picture of Barbara Editor's e-mail: [email protected] Subscriptions: [email protected] and Peter in Mirabell Garden, Salzburg, when Peter was about three We also have a subscription form at our website. weeks old. Please join us in congratulating all three Meltons. For obvious reasons, Franz Adlgasser performed Barbara’s du- The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. ties in the fall and did a superb job for ASN. Nicole Slupetzky has now been named Barbara’s permanent successor. spring 2000 submission deadline: Daniel Pinkerton 15 february

2 WINTER 2000 NEWS FROM THE CENTER

Austrian-born artist Minnesota Calendar Diana Kurz to visit U of M 3 FEBRUARY. Seminar. Matthew Lunger- hausen, History, University of Minnesota. “Photography in the Fin-de-Siècle Austro- Hungarian Empire: The Case of Hungary.” 3:30 P.M., Lippincott Room, 1314 Social Sciences.

17 FEBRUARY. Seminar. David Buch, Music History, University of Iowa. “New Mozart Attributions in the Fairy-Tale Singspiel ‘Der Stein der Weisen’ (Vienna, 1790).” 3:30 P.M., 225 Ferguson Hall.

17 MARCH. Seminar. Gerhard Orosel, Eco- nomics, University of Vienna and Schum- peter Fellow, Harvard University. “Corpo- rate Vote Trading as an Instrument of Cor- porate Governance.” 3:30 p.m., Carlson School of Management, Room 1-135.

6 APRIL. Conference. “Aspects of Austrian History and Culture.” Featuring Arnold Sup- pan, Leslie Morris, and Kann Memorial Lecturer Erika Weinzierl. Cowles Audito- Diana Kurz (photo © Alisa Douer) rium, Humphrey Institute. (See p. 11.)

The University of Minnesota’s Center for tions of museums on both sides of the Atlan- 14-29 APRIL. 18th Annual Rivertown Inter- Austrian Studies, Center for Holocaust and tic, including the Corcoran Gallery in Wash- national Film Festival. Recent films from Genocide Studies, Center for Advanced Femi- ington, D.C., and the Historisches Museum der around the world, including Austria, Hun- nist Studies, Katherine E. Nash Gallery, Col- Stadt Wien. Since 1972, she has been given gary, and East Central Europe. Screenings lege of Liberal Arts, Art Department, and Stu- solo exhibitions in the United States and Eu- at the Bell Museum, Oak Street Cinema, and dent Visual Arts Committee are cosponsoring rope. She has also taught painting and illus- other locations. Complete pullout schedule an exhibition of the Viennese-born artist Di- trated a book. in City Pages issue preceding festival. In- ana Kurz at the Katherine E. Nash Gallery, The Holocaust has deeply affected her; formation: tel. 612-627-4432, fax 612-627- Willey Hall, on the University of Minnesota’s though her immediate family survived, her aunt 4111, website, http://www.ufilm.org west bank campus. The exhibit will run from 9 and two cousins were deported and killed. The February—16 March. postwar arrival of two other cousins in New 17 APRIL. Seminar. Anna Mitgutsch, Aus- Kurz will be in residence on campus from York—both around the same age as Kurz— trian author. Title, date, and location to be 9-17 February, giving classes and lectures on caused a profound shock, as she was witness announced. art, the Holocaust, and feminism and painting. firsthand to the longer-lasting effects of the There will be a reception for her from 5:00 to camps: hunger edema, anxiety states, skin dis- women and children are frequently depicted as 8:00 p.m., 11 February in the Nash Gallery. eases, and more. Thus, an early awareness of targets of the Nazi “demolition machinery.” For Diana Kurz was born in 1936 and her fam- her own luck and the fates of her relatives drew example, Fences III shows the moment of sepa- ily fled Nazi persecution in 1938, going first her toward the Holocaust as a subject. Her ration between children and parents at the to England and then to the United States. She subtle work on this theme will be the subject camps. The supposedly tranquil scene focuses was educated at Brandeis and Columbia Uni- of the exhibit at the Nash Gallery. on a small personal disaster, making the Holo- versities. And yet, though she has spent little Werner Rotter of the Österreichische Na- caust more comprehensible. time in her native country, she considers her- tional Bibliothek has called Kurz’s work de- For more information, including gallery self to be both a Viennese and a New Yorker. ceptive, labelling it “subversive realism.” She hours, call 612-624-7530 or 612-624-6518. The As she says, “My memories of Vienna are hid- uses pastel colors, and no scene depicts overt CHGS website has thumbnail views of some den in my subconscious.” physical brutality. Nonetheless, beneath a tran- of Kurz’s work on their website, http:// Her work is part of the permanent collec- quil surface, drama and horror often lurk, and www.chgs.umn.edu ❖ 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Raoul Kneucker: reinventing research institutes work for research and technology, in which many areas of technology are touched and science and industry are somewhat combined. Public utilities and science concerns, these are huge European programs; they cannot be left to individual scientists alone because European research needs to be organized for specific European issues and purposes. A great deal of my division’s work is organizing all the research components in the other ministries and making sure, in all the European bodies and committees, that the Austrian position is coherent, coordinated, and of a single mind, to allow us to participate in decision making, in policy- making, as well as implementing the programs.

DP: Therefore, Austrian interests are more clearly represented and can be dovetailed more precisely with interests of other countries. RK: You are absolutely right. It is not only a question of representing well—which is a worthy goal by itself—but also of forming necessary alliances. Transboundary research projects usually require consortia of five different countries, sometimes mixed university groups and indus- try groups, so these groups need constant watching, helping along, and financing. My division is responsible for this, although in classical terms we take care of scientific research. The money that goes to the Academy of Science or the National Science Foundation of Austria goes through our offices, where we supervise and budget it.

DP: In what ways do you get involved with universities and educational by Daniel Pinkerton institutes? You’ve been very much involved in the internationalization of Austrian higher education. Raoul F. Kneucker, Director General of Scientific Research and Inter- RK: Traditionally, we concentrated on developing individual institu- national Affairs at the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Trans- tions. But there is a division of the ministry for universities and it should port, came to the Center in September for a series of meetings and gave do that. My function regarding universities is slightly different. I have to a seminar talk, “European Integration: Science and Technology and make sure that scientific research is promoted in whichever institution it More Incredible Stories,” on 27 September. The following day, ASN is taken up—universities, NGOs, or even industrial laboratories. The spoke with him about Austria, the new Europe, and the Center. same thing is true for the internationalization process. I’m responsible for making sure that Austrian researchers, not the faculty or individual DP: You were born in Vienna, yet you attended Gymnasium in Graz. institutions of Austrian universities, are connected to international pro- Why? grams, to international activities, and are internationalized in many ways. RK: My family is Viennese and Grazer. Shortly after I was born in 1938, For example, we want them to include visiting scientists from other coun- the situation in Vienna caused my family’s move to Graz and that’s where tries and to participate in student exchanges, mobility programs, and I grew up. So all my Heimatgefühle are really Styrian. I went to all the other activities that would insure future internationalization. Evaluations schools in Graz, including university, with one exception: I spent time of Austrian institutes are conducted by foreign, or outside, experts and away at Brandeis University before returning to Graz to finish up my not experts within Austria, and experts in Austria are asked to evaluate law studies. Later, I changed to Vienna—for professional, not personal institutions in other nations. This is why I joined the ministry nine years reasons. I was practicing law in Graz in the district courts and adminis- ago. It was a challenging task to make sure that institutions and researchers tration, and I was asked to be an assistant to Ervin Melihar, a professor became internationalized or Europeanized so that Austria could be a at University of Vienna Law School who was also a member of the con- partner in European and international research efforts. stitutional court. That was a big opportunity, so I moved to Vienna. DP: Is it your business to make sure that chemists, historians, and other DP: You are in charge of promoting Austrian scientific matters abroad. people who do research in Austria get training on an international level What are your duties? so that they, as individuals, are ready to participate in those consortia RK: At present, I’m in charge of a division of the Ministry for Science and work with colleagues in France, England, or Denmark? and Transport. Now the ministry has at present five such divisions: health, RK: Yes and no. The tendency of the last decade has been to raise and including clinics and medical research; the universities and Hochschulen; then delegate practically all levels of activity to the university, so that scientific research and international affairs, the division that I head; tele- we now have a university system that compares very favorably to Ameri- communications; and transport. International relations, in my division, can state or private universities. Austrian universities have a high degree means big international scientific organizations, so I am responsible for of autonomy. There’s supervision by the state, but the money is mostly Austrian representation in UNESCO, the OECD, and a number of orga- given in block grants, so for the first time, they are really free to set their nizations—some state, some nongovernmental, some a partnership be- own priorities. They are successfully coming to grips with the interna- tween the two—in Europe. A major international effort concerns the tional competition in research and education. We are going through a European Union, because the European Union has an official frame- great change in Austria right now in curricula. They are not only restruc- 4 WINTER 2000 tured but are modernized and made comparable to the other curricula in sors Freeman and Kleiner is concerned not just with economic theory the world. As you know, there is a question of recognition and accredita- and methodology but with formulating solutions for the problem of un- tion, but there is also a genuine desire to restructure curricula because employment. This is a hot issue in all countries. This is the question in the disciplines have changed. It’s not just increased interdisciplinarity, the European Union. So this is a beautiful example of what bringing the but also changes within many disciplines, that make us look at certain best minds together can do for a greater society. things in a different way. How can a ministry aid this process? I’m not in charge of universities in that respect, but we have had a tradition of quite DP: Yet the scholars were brought together and issues defined in a se- a number of regulations that we have to reduce to make it easier for the ries of symposia and colloquia. So a symposium needn’t be just a one- universities to adjust, to make agreements and form networks with other shot affair. universities. After all, young people will vote with their feet. When you RK: Exactly. The dean and I spoke about that. Can we make such things consider all the stipends and scholarship programs in Europe offered by a coherent part of an overall scheme of research and publication? It has the EU and other institutions, there is no necessity anymore to study at to be worked out, and of course we are just beginning the conversation. home. If you are an outgoing student and you think you are not served We are also rewriting Austrian cultural representation in foreign coun- well by the Universities of Vienna, Salzburg, Graz, or whatever, you tries and in this case in the United States. As you know, Austria has can go to Hamburg, Cambridge, Paris, or some other university. Young expelled and persecuted people during the twentieth century and has lost people know one or two foreign languages well enough to jump into any fine minds. But paradoxically, they have formed a basis for contacts and program in any university. For example, German universities have, I cultural ties, and there have been a number of activities based on people think, dropped to the third place among Austrian students. Our students in the United States having originated in Austria. Now these have died go to Britain, they go to France, they go to Spain. Europe is changing or will soon pass away, so we need another basis for contact. Austria is dramatically and Austrian universities must adjust to this international a small, democratic, but basically unimportant European country. What competition and make sure students want to attend—much like the Ameri- is the basis on which we are going to be represented in the United States? can situation, where students choose between Minnesota, California, Har- We could say we are an integral part of the new Europe or of new Cen- vard, or whatever. tral European regional developments. In what context is Austria now seen? Central European countries rewrite their histories, there is no doubt. DP: Given your role in the Austrian government, why are you the man The Habsburg monarchy is viewed completely differently now than it who is here to see the dean and talk about CAS? was ten years ago. So Austria will have an interest in helping and can RK: The Center for Austrian Studies is a question that is handled by my contribute in the Balkans, Kosovo, and so forth. We want to be part of division, although it is a concern of at least two divisions of my ministry their scientific development because it concerns us and is part of our because it is also a question for universities, and we want to make sure history. This new view of Austrian history, what it means in another that the universities interact. We believe in a bottom-up policy; state context and how it interacts with the present, leads to yet another area in officers can be midwives at best. There they should not nor cannot com- which the role of the Center can be rethought. Nothing dramatic, no 360 mand. Still, we have to facilitate things. So in that sense, although I’m degree turn. We want evolution, not revolution. We want to build on the one who is here, I’m not the only one in my ministry to take care of everything that has gone before. But we have to talk about new possi- this, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (of which the ACI is a part— bilities now. So the ministry had a meeting in Vienna with all the aca- ed.) is also a partner because your center is outside the country. A more demics concerned, and since I was invited to speak in Canada and at the important question might be: Why am I here to see the dean now? There Center, I said I would open the discussion and report back to academics is nothing wrong with the Center. Everyone likes it. It has a solid record and the ministry. Professor Gerhard Weiss will be our guest in October of accomplishments. But in the context of the changes in Europe, changes so that we can further continue our planning, and we have decided today are happening in Austria and Central Europe. What does this mean to a with the dean to take approximately a year’s time to formulate a memo- center like yours? I’m here to discuss with the dean, who has a similar randum of understanding about the partnership between this university responsibility for his part of the university, what the program, the agenda, and the two ministries and academic world in Austria. We have to estab- and the issues should be for the next, let’s say, five years. The Center lish a group of faculty whose members can talk to each other because the was created by a gift from the Austrian people and government almost dean and I cannot make these decisions for them. We have a new gov- twenty-five years ago. The changes that have occurred in the meantime ernment in Austria following the elections in October (see p. 15—ed.) are dramatic. Each director has modified the mission of the Center some- and we will have to have a new budget for next year. So we can only what, but we have to reinvent the Center in a more systematic way. Let give ourselves a year at most (some time pressure is necessary anyway; me give you some examples of what I mean. Austria has to rewrite cul- otherwise, things don’t get done) to have a memorandum of understand- tural policy. Now, I’m not responsible for the whole cultural policy, but ing and a program. I am responsible for science and research, which, like art and literature, are cultural activities. In that sense, how should Austria be represented DP: So everyone’s concepts will be translated into a specific, goal-ori- to the world in the area of science and technology? And what is the role ented research program. of the Center, given that the possibilities of American universities par- RK: Yes. “Let flowers bloom” is fine in research. You know, I have ticipating in new European programs have not been fully exploited? A been with the Austrian National Science Foundation for a long time, and center like yours could be a bridge between America and the new Eu- we have carefully cultivated, shall we say, a meadow where everyone rope. We should also consider involving the Center in more research can come. But the state has two functions in the promotion of research. projects rather than simply holding symposia. There is nothing wrong On the one hand, it has to water and find nutrition for this meadow, yet with symposia, and the Center has held some excellent ones. But we it must leave it alone to blossom. On the other hand, the state has a have to ask ourselves: What is a given symposium’s focus? Is there a genuine interest in financing and organizing research so that problems followup? Is it based on research activities, and do the questions it ad- can be solved. There is nothing wrong with funding autonomous projects, dresses concern society as a whole? For instance, the joint research project but when a state office is concerned with internationalizing university between Vienna and Minnesota in politics and economics led by Profes- continued on page 20 5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER THE PRAGUE SPRING OF ALAN LEVY by Daniel Pinkerton

Alan Levy has enjoyed a long and exciting DP: A number of assignments turned into career as an editor, journalist, and author. nonfiction books. He spent the last night of the Cuban revolu- AL: Yes. Once I wrote three paperback tion in a bar with Pablo Neruda, spent books in one year, including one on Eliza- enough time in Germany with Elvis Presley beth Taylor and a spoof of dream interpre- to write a book about him, and witnessed tation that got taken seriously and is still the Prague Spring of 1968 and its aftermath. taught in Catholic nursing schools as a text- He is back in Prague again as editor of The book, even though it has a genuine, authen- Prague Post, an English-language weekly. ticated document dated 31 B.C. I also did a In November, CAS and the Program in Cre- few more serious books including one called ative Writing cosponsored his seminar talk, The Culture Vultures; read it and you’ll “An American Jew in Vienna,” about what understand some of the reasons why I left happened after he was expelled from the United States. The culture of the 1960s Prague. The next day, ASN spoke with him. was dynamic but also fraudulent, and I wanted to go somewhere else. DP: You were born in New York City. AL: In 1932, in Harlem, when it was a mixed DP: Which led you to Prague at that point. black and middle-class Jewish district. My AL: Yes. I was looking for a beautiful city. father was the Tammany Hall Democratic A city where my neighbor was not an Ameri- state senator from Harlem in those days. can writer. I did not want the ongoing Paris- Mallorca-London scene, which was just a DP: What first got you interested in journalism? continuation of what I was escaping from in Greenwich village. I also AL: About the age of four I started pecking at the typewriter and writ- wanted a city where I could try my hand at playwriting, so I could be ing. I also was quite shy, and journalism put me in a situation where I less dependent on the freelance marketplace for money. That place proved found myself in a dressing room with Mae West or Jimmy Durante—the to be Prague. I had met Milo• Forman on a Life assignment and profiled kind of people I interviewed during my high school and college days. him. We got to talking and I said, “ I’d like to see a concentration camp.” Jimmy Durante put his foot into the strawberry shortcake he served me He jumped at the idea, and we were halfway out to Theresienstadt when between performances at the Copacabana. Mae West—I could either I found out he was eight days younger than I. I said, “How was it for you turn tail and run or brazen it out and do the interview. These people during the war?” And he said, “Pretty nice. I lived like a gypsy boy with fascinated me, so I did the latter and generally overcame my shyness. my uncle and other relatives that were hiding me because my parents were in this place we are going today.” I told him to turn around. I DP: So Columbia was a great training ground. hadn’t meant to do this to him. But he said, “No, no. I find this interest- AL: No. Brown University was, specifically the Brown Daily Herald. ing. I want to do this with you.” We remained friends. In 1967 he asked My year at Columbia School of Journalism was a great year in New me to come to Prague to adapt a play he had directed on the Prague York for someone who went away from there at age sixteen and came stage. I arrived in December, and I thought I was going to be cutting back as a twenty year old. Basically they trained you to become the best down on journalism and doing theater. Instead, I walked right into his- damn UN reporter who came down the pike, but none of us began as UN tory: the end of Stalinism under Anton Novotny, the Prague Spring of reporters, we began as police reporters. I think I only had two Wednes- Alexander Dubïek, the arrival of the tanks, and Forman’s departure to days of police reporting with a guy named Dwyer at the Daily News America. Milo• was mortified that he had brought this sweet American before I went to the Louisville Courier Journal as a police reporter. I family into a war and did everything to get me out of there. He even was drafted later that year, and when I came back I was promoted to offered me a role in the next movie he was doing, Taking Off. And I said, rewrite man, and I got to cover the military beat which included Fort “No, I really think I’m sitting on the best story of my life. I want to see it Knox and Fort Campbell. I parlayed that into foreign correspondence, through, and I think I can do some good.” He stormed out. His last words so I got to cover the Cuban Revolution in 1959. Next, they sent me to to me in late August 1968 were “I’ll show you. I’ll get another writer for Berlin to wait for World War III, which they were convinced was going that part!” And when I saw the movie a few years later, the writer he got to happen. I saw it wasn’t going to happen, so I did nice feature stories was Buck Henry, and the part was the leading role. But it was a wise about the wall and things. As I looked around, I saw that the best re- choice on my part. The world would have witnessed me playing strip gional subject that was there was Elvis Presley, who was in the army poker at the end of the movie. So I stayed and remained well connected near Frankfurt. So I started visiting Elvis Presley and wound up writing in Prague. It wasn’t until 1971 that the secret police became suspicious a book called Operation Elvis: What Happens When the Selective Ser- of what I was up to and got hold of 65 pages of Rowboat to Prague. vice and Celebrity Systems Collide that got me out of daily journalism. My last job until the Prague Post was in May 1960. I left the Courier DP: How did you avoid the secret police for that long? Journal and did thirty-one years of freelancing after that. AL: They weren’t subtle. They were highly visible in their Tatra cars. At one point we were a four Tatra family: I was being followed; my 6 WINTER 2000 wife, who was teaching French at the American school, was being fol- I’ve told them we have a room and the rate. But I have not been able to lowed; our younger daughter, who left the apartment at a separate time, communicate with them that they have to leave tomorrow after break- was followed; and our older daughter, who went to school at the French fast. I think he speaks French. So would you try to explain it to him?” Cultural Institute, was followed. Or I would go to the post office to mail My wife went next door and saw that the man was a Chilean diplomat a letter. The woman would put the stamps on it, collect the money, the who was the father of two girls who had been in the French kindergarten man loitering behind me would go behind the counter, flash his badge, with our daughters, and the woman was not their mother. Without blink- and take the letter. If I dropped it in a mailbox, one man would get out of ing an eye, my wife explained the rules of the house. A day or so later the car that was following me and wait until the next collection. None of when she saw him in the corridor of the school waiting to pick up his that mail ever got out, so I found another way. I had gotten to know the children, he said, “If there is ever anything I can do for you, please don’t streets of Prague as a pedestrian even better than the natives who drive, hesitate to ask.” After the seizure, we asked, and since Allende’s social- so these big Tatra cars would follow me and I’d go down a one way ist government was held in particularly high esteem by the Czechoslo- street. Either they’d break their cover by going illegally down the one vak regime, my manuscript was driven by the ambassador’s chauffeur to way street, or a second man behind the driver would get out and follow the Wipplinger Straße post office in Vienna, where it was mailed. He me on foot. I would just start walking briskly down the back alleys. I even brought back the registered mail receipt. knew that there was a mailbox right when you turned a particular corner, so I would turn, reach into my trench coat pocket, slam the mail into the DP: Were you eventually tried? mailbox, and keep walking. My follower would turn the corner. I’d step AL: Yes. My sentence was 5,615 years in prison—ten years for every up my pace; he’d step up his pace. I would go to the U.S. Embassy, time I used the word “occupation” instead of the approved euphemisms because the American school was there, in time to meet my wife and “the August assistance” or “the Great Befriendment” and twenty-five daughter. years, the single biggest thing on the menu, for saying that Brezhnev had the face of a mafioso with money in Swiss banks. A man operating a DP: But a manuscript is pretty big. How did you get that out? precomputer calculator called a kurta, which looks like a pepper mill, AL: Well, at first it was easy. We would go to Vienna every four weeks added up each individual penalty and came up with a total of 5,595 years and take pieces of it with us. One day we were on the train to Vienna, in prison. It sounded like bargain day at Sears or something. He even and a Czech border guard came to me and said, “Mr. Levy, this is very acknowledged with a merry twinkle that with time off for good behavior humiliating for me, but I’m going to have to ask you to open a bag. You I might come out in 3,000 years. And then he said, “Oh. Correction,” pick which bag, and I’ll tell you to open it.” So I chose the bag that had gave a twirl of the dial, “Correction, 5615.” I said, “Colonel, what have no offensive content in it, and he rummaged through it and sort of looked I done in the last five seconds to get another twenty years in your jail?” at the gift wrapping and paper on everything, and he then ordered me to And he said, “I remember that little man who comes in every morning close it, saying, “Mr. Levy, when I leave, do not look up at the bag that who wants to be in here with you—as if anyone would want to be with you did not want me to see because there is someone in the corridor you voluntarily.” He meant my lawyer. “We were listening to his office watching us.” Sure enough, there was a secret policeman following him. because he represents dissidents, and we know you gave him 65 pages Therefore, I decided no more sending it that way, and I started smug- of this book that we cannot allow to be published. Twenty years for gling it out with people. The person who was caught with the 65 pages subverting a native.” My lawyer was later forced to close his law office. was my mother, who was 77 years old. Luckily for me, I had been edit- They made him a clerk in a neighborhood legal aid office, although when ing furiously and a French friend had been able to take 403 pages out the I came back to the country in July 1990, he was Chief Justice of the previous Saturday. Supreme Court.

DP: So the police had the 65 pages. How did you get them out? DP: Did you serve any of that time? AL: When they took them, they asked me to sign a receipt. And I said, AL: No. I was never in a cell. They treated me in quite a civilized way. “No. You give me a receipt. You have something of mine; you sign the Most nights I could go home as long as I was back by seven in the morn- receipt because you’ve taken it.” They refused. This attitude of never ing, and the one time I wasn’t they sent a Tatra car to pick me up. This putting my name on any document that I considered illegal helped a lot went on for about eight days. Then one day the Colonel said, “It will in my future interrogations and things. I called my wife at the embassy take 48 hours to type up the charges against you. During that time you and asked her to get the ambassador or anybody she could to help me. are free to go.” I said, “Or stay.” He replied, “Or go.” I asked about my She had APO privileges; we’d only used them for personal mail and family, and he said, “You have an appointment at two o’clock at the school business, but now I wanted to be able to use it to send this ship- Foreign Ministry. Then you will know everything.” So I went home, ment out. But by the time I got to the embassy, they had already sus- called my wife, and said, “I’m free, but I’m going to have to leave.” We pended her APO privileges, and the deputy chief of mission said to me went to the Foreign Ministry, where they took my press card and said, right away, “We can’t give you any help. Our job is to keep an embassy “It is now 2:05 p.m. Tuesday. You must be out of the country at 2:05 open in difficult situations, not to help Americans in trouble.” I got a p.m. Thursday.” Technically, this would be hard to accomplish; the train Czech lawyer and gave him a copy of the 65 pages, but we couldn’t to Austria left Prague at 2:51 p.m. and spent about 4 hours in the country figure how to get it out. before it crossed the Austrian border. They acknowledged this and said But a few weeks before the seizure, we spent a week in the country. I that if I was at the main railroad station at 2:05 p.m., no one would inter- took my work along with me, and we went, as we often did, to the Hotel fere with my departure. My wife asked, “What about me?” They replied, Renée–a nice country inn, but it had quite a reputation for weekend trysts, “You are as guilty as he is. You were living with this man, sleeping with mostly by Communist Party bosses and their secretaries or girlfriends. this man. You knew he was writing this book that we will not allow to be However, under the Communist system, it was closed from Monday af- published, and you didn’t report him to the authorities.” And she had to ter breakfast to Tuesday evening dinner. The owner knew that my wife acknowledge that, so we started to leave to get packing and an official spoke French, and he came to our table Monday night to ask a favor. called after us, “And the children have to go, too.” Well, we had no “There is a foreign couple in the next room who want to stay overnight. continued on page 10 7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

from page 1 Fulbright turns fifty to see the program uti- the world as the others see it,” as Fulbright said. A few profoundly simple lized for such purposes. terms appear regularly in his writings about international educational He always judiciously exchange and international politics: empathy, perspective, understand- maintained that interna- ing, and imagination. Fulbright appreciated the relationship between tional understanding education and leadership, in particular, the importance of international was ultimately above the education for a world power such as the United States. He was one of the “national interest” as de- most consistent and courageous opponents of Senator McCarthy and the fined in short-term, par- McCarthyite view of the “American way of life.” He also was one of the tisan, or ideological most outspoken proponents of the United Nations in the Senate. terms. Some 7.5 million Among the first countries to participate in Fulbright exchanges were schillings of the initial China, Burma, and the Philippines. New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Austrian donation to the Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Norway also were among Austrian-American the first countries to conclude bilateral Fulbright agreements with the Educational Commis- United States. The Fulbright program currently facilitates exchanges with sion was earmarked for 140 countries, 50 of which have binational Fulbright commissions re- the establishment of sponsible for the joint management of the program. As an idea, the Ful- American studies pro- bright program celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1996, but the Fulbright grams at Austrian uni- idea has many institutional children. The Austrian-American program versities in Vienna, will celebrate its 50th anniversary in 2000. Graz, Salzburg, and The Fulbright program in Austria dates back to June 1950, when the Innsbruck, and the re- Senator J. William Fulbright Austrian and U.S. governments concluded a Fulbright agreement that maining 52.5 million facilitated the first exchanges during the 1951-52 academic year. A sec- covered program and ond Fulbright agreement was conclude in 1955, just months after the operational costs for over twenty years. Since 1985, the Austrian federal conclusion of the Austrian State Treaty, which provided the basis for the government also has directly contributed to the program. Today the Allied evacuation of Austria and reestablishment of Austrian indepen- Austrian-American Educational Commission primarily relies on direct dence later that year. In 1961, various pieces of U.S. legislation related annual contributions of the Austrian and U.S. governments to fund its to educational exchange were consolidated into the Fulbright-Hayes Act, program, which has a budget of $800,000. The government contribu- which broadened the program and authorized the receipt of contribu- tions are augmented by the joint funding of grants with partner organi- tions from other governments. In 1963 the Austrian and U.S. govern- zations—including the Universities of Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Salz- ments concluded a new agreement that established the Austrian-Ameri- burg, and Vienna, the Sigmund Freud Society, Vienna, and the Interna- can Educational Commission, a binational organization better known as tionales Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften, Vienna—and by a the Austrian Fulbright Commission. modest endowment income. During the current academic year, the Aus- trian Fulbright Commission will provide grants for a total of 50 Austrian Joint decision making and joint funding are characteristics of the Aus- and American students and teaching assistants and some 20 lecturers trian-American Educational Commission. It consists of five Austrian and and researchers. It also manages the placement of 100 U.S. college and five U.S. members who are nominated by their respective governments university graduates as English language teaching assistants at second- to serve on the Commission board, and the Commission’s chairperson ary schools in Austria for the Austrian Ministry of Education and Cul- rotates annually between the Austrian and U.S. members of the board. tural Affairs. The Austrian Minister of Science and the Ambassador of the United States of America to Austria serve as honorary chairpersons of the Com- To date, more than 3,100 Austrians and 1,800 Americans have par- mission. ticipated in the Austrian-American program as students, teachers, lec- Since 1950, approximately 400 million Austrian schillings have been turers, or researchers. Although the objective of the program “to pro- expended by the Austrian-American Educational Commission, around mote mutual understanding between the peoples of Austria and the United 30 million dollars using current exchange rates, a figure that also would States” and its emphasis on student exchange has not changed through- have to be adjusted for inflation to capture its much higher value in real out the years, the structure of the program and the motives of its partici- terms. The U.S. government provided sole funding for the program until pants have evolved with the times. 1963, when the binational commission was established and the Austrian The Fulbright program initially provided only travel grants for its Aus- government placed 60 million schillings from the European Recovery trian grantees, who had received scholarships from U.S. colleges and Program (ERP, better known as the Marshall Plan) at its disposal. (In universities. In the initial years of the program, the idea was to get the 1962, the United States turned the ERP funds in Austria over to the Aus- grantees when they were young, get them out, and get them everywhere. trian government, which, in turn, judiciously “reinvested” part of them Consequently, they were assigned to a wide variety of different institu- in the Fulbright program—a “Marshall Plan for minds.”) tions all over the U.S. The journey by ship across the Atlantic, sailing The Fulbright program, incidentally, antedated the Marshall Plan (’48) into New York harbor past the Statue of Liberty, was a memorable event by two years, the Truman Doctrine (’47) by one, and the establishment for the early alumni of the program (and undoubtedly a much more charm- of NATO (’49) by three. It was conceived before the fronts of the Cold ing introduction to the United States than that of Kennedy Airport to- War began to take shape, and Senator Fulbright never saw it as an in- day). Among the Austrians who participated in the inaugural year of the strument of American foreign policy or of the Cold War. On the con- program in 1951-52 were Josef Krainer, who studied political science at trary, Senator Fulbright understood the fluctuating partisan dynamics of the University of Georgia and later became the provincial governor defining the “national interest” of the United States, and he did not want (Landeshauptmann) of Styria, 1980-96, and Thomas Chorherr, who stud- 8 WINTER 2000 ied journalism at Ohio Wesleyan University and was editor-in-chief of director general at the Ministry of Finance responsible for issues related Die Presse from the mid-1970s until 1996. to European integration; Raoul Kneucker (Brandeis, 1958-59), the cur- The profile of Austrian applicants and the programs they seek have rent director general of international scientific research at the Austrian changed throughout the years, too. Although Austrian Fulbrighters have Ministry of Science; or Wolfgang Petritsch (University of Southern Cali- come form virtually all disciplines, the largest contingents have studied fornia, 1972-73), the special envoy of the European Union at the Ko- language and literature in the U.S., followed by law and political sci- sovo negotiations held in Rambioullet last spring and currently the ence, economics, medicine, education, and engineering. Today Austrian high representative of the European Union to Bosnia-Herzegovina. students seek their own degree programs and host institutions, and the U.S. alumni of the Fulbright program have tended to pursue careers in dramatic rises in tuition at U.S. institutions of higher education have the academy, where they have made a considerable contribution to the made the program more and more difficult to finance. Austrian student field of Austrian studies. Many of the doyens of Austrian history in the grantees now receive a partial grant for tuition from the commission, U.S. were Fulbrighters, such as John Spielman (emeritus, Haveford Col- which they frequently complement with a more substantial grant from lege), who was among the first group of U.S. Fulbrighters in 1951-52, the Austrian Ministry of Science, along with on-site support in the form and Solomon Wank (emeritus, Franklin and Marshall), who followed a of tuition rebates, grants, or scholarships, and they cover a share of their few years later. William E. Wright, the founding director of the Center own costs out of pocket, too. for Austrian Studies, was a Fulbrighter in Austria in 1963-64, as was The profile of U.S. Fulbrighters, who receive travel and maintenance David Good, CAS director from 1990-96 and current executive editor of grants, really has not changed substantially throughout the years because the Austrian History Yearbook, in 1969-70. Charles Ingrao, professor of it has been based on the cultural attractions and historical assets of Aus- history at Purdue University, founding editor of HABSBURG on H-Net, tria, and Vienna has always been the most frequented Austrian destina- and current editor of the Austrian History Yearbook, was a Fulbrighter tion for U.S. Fulbrighters. For obvious reasons, students of German lan- in 1972-73 (and will be back this in spring 2000 as the inaugural Ful- guage and Austrian literature and musicians and musicologists account bright/Internationales Forschungszentrum Kulturwissenschaften Visit- for the two largest groups of U.S. alumni, followed closely by histori- ing Fellow). Another Fulbrighter to Austria (1982-83), Geoffrey Howes, ans. The different choices of fields by Austrian and U.S. Fulbrighters a Germanist at Bowling Green State University, recently assumed the reflect the respective perceptions of what the other country has to offer editorship of the journal Modern Austrian Literature. to them in particular, and these choices, in turn, are reflected in the dif- This selection of Austrian and American Fulbrighters is illustrative ferent “national” career trajectories of Fulbright alumni. but cursory at best. Fulbrighters have made contributions in many other Many Austrian alumni have pursued academic careers as university fields, ranging from architecture to medicine. professors, and deans of faculties or rectors of universities are among the Austrian alumni. The reasons for finding Fulbrighters among the Fulbrighters were among the first and the few foreign students in the professors of American studies, or Amerikanistik, in Austria are obvi- U.S. and among the first and few U.S. citizens to study or teach abroad. ous. However, a fair number of Austrian Fulbrighters have also gone on Indeed, the Fulbright program laid the foundations for the development to careers in the private sector or in public service and diplomacy, such of international education in the U.S. as a two-way enterprise. Today, as the recently appointed Austrian ambassadors to Russia and Japan, there are more than 480,000 international students enrolled in educa- Franz Cede (John Hopkins University, 1971-72), former director of the tional institutions in the U.S., and they bring an estimated total of $8.5 Office of International Law at the Austrian Federal Chancellery and billion into the U.S. economy. Only 0.8% of them received U.S. govern- Dietmar Schweisgut (Southern Methodist University, 1974-75), a former ment funding, and the total U.S. federal budget for international educa- tional exchange for the coming fiscal year will be a modest $210 million, with about half allo- cated to the Fulbright program. The development of Austrian studies in the United States and of American studies in Austria is just one bilateral example of how the program has contrib- uted to binational and interna- tional understanding in the past and will continue to do so in the future. Dr. Lonnie Johnson is Execu- tive Director of the Austrian- American Educational Commis- sion and author of Central Eu- rope: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends (Oxford University Press, 1996). A native of Min- nesota and graduate of St. John’s University (1974), he Above: The 1999-2000 U.S. Fulbright grantees in Dürnstein, Lower completed his doctorate at the University of Vienna in 1983. For further Austria. Dr. Johnson is on left in a pullover seater; Burgermeister Karl information, on the Fulbright program consult: http://www.oead.ac.at/ Hofer is in center, wearing a suit. (courtesy Fulbright Commission) Fulbright/ ❖ 9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

ALAN LEVY from page 7 intention of leaving our children, aged six and seven, alone in Soviet- me a while to write it—so much was in flux—they started to get cold occupied Prague. But I looked back at him and said, “Are they spies feet. Fortunately, Orion Press liked it, and I started working with a good also?” And he looked up at the chandelier, which must have been where editor, Howard Greenfield, who said, “This book isn’t going to come the microphone was, and said, “We have information that your daugh- out until about 1971 or 1972, and the world will have moved on to other ters, Monica and Erica, cultivated friendships in the playground at Novy catastrophes. So you’re not writing just an eyewitness account of the Swiat for the purposes of gathering information for their father, the no- invasion, you’re writing the equivalent of the Swiss family Levy, the torious Alan Levy.” American family that went to a beautiful place, fell in love with it, de- cided to stay forever, and then the roof fell in, and you still rebuilt your DP: And two days later you left for Vienna. lives and tried to stay.” And I think that’s why the book is still in print AL: Yes, but we were a little late. The customs officer came around, a (although it has been retitled So Many Heroes). young guy, and he said, “Don’t worry, I’m a friend of Hubert. I’ll take care of everything.” Hubert was a headwaiter we knew. It took him four DP: So the book been successful. hours just to go over the receipts for the money spent and everything. AL: Well, Rowboat to Prague was in print for six months under Viking, Meanwhile the secret police were all outside, opening the doors of the which had acquired Orion. So they weren’t going to waste much time or Tatra cars and making handcuff gestures. I had a lawyer negotiate to energy on a stepchild. They printed 3,000, got good reviews, sold every allow us to take the midnight train instead of the 2:51. We went down to copy, and they never reprinted it. The book came out in Czech in 1975 the station, friends who were brave enough came to see us off, and the from Émigré Press, 68 Publishers Toronto, émigré Czech writer Josef U.S. Embassy sent its CIA man to bid us farewell and “help.” I was Skvoretsky’s house. That’s the samizdat classic. They printed very hand- bitter about them. some paperback editions, usually of books by banned Czech authors that were smuggled out or by Czech authors in the West who were still writ- DP: What prompted your return to Prague? ing in Czech. This was the first book that was translated from English. AL: By 1990, I was allowed to go to Hungary and Poland. I used to do With every one of their books they sold one copy for the equivalent of Fodor’s Guide to Hungary, so I was checking mattresses and modem five Canadian dollars, two for seven dollars, and in the second book they jacks for Fodor’s when the Velvet Revolution occurred. I saw Dubïek put a little card saying, “Without giving names and addresses, tell us and Havel on a balcony and thought, What the hell am I doing checking how you disposed of the second copy of this book.” And from that we mattresses when there is a revolution going on? But I couldn’t do any- knew that some 225 copies made it into Czechoslovakia. Only three thing about it. And then people started turning up in Vienna, starting people had been stopped at the border. Two had their books confiscated, with Magda Va•avyova, an actress in many of Ji¡i Menzel’s films. She and both said that as they drove into Czechoslovakia, the border guards was Havel’s first ambassador to Austria, and she took me out to the were fighting over who would read it first. Of course, the book has been Czech embassy near Schönbrunn, which I had never dared to set foot in published legally now in Czech, and it was published just last year in because I was still a “criminal.” She said, “Darling, when are you com- German as Verlorenes Frühjahr (The Lost Spring). ing back?” I replied, “Well, first I’d like it in writing that this jail sen- tence has been lifted. Could you do that?” She shook her head. “No, I am DP: How did it come to be reissued in English? only a little person.” On May 15, they lifted visa restrictions for Ameri- AL: One day in the summer of ‘79 I got my first call from a mobile cans, and I decided to take my chances. The World Wildlife Fund had phone: “I’m lying on the beach at East Hampton, and you’ve made my been after me because of the significance of my book. The Samizdat wife cry. She’s reading your book, and she’s sobbing into the sand. Have Museum had a copy of it that had been hand copied onto 18 rolls of toilet you ever heard of Second Chance Press?” Like many other people, I had paper in somebody’s outhouse in the country. They wanted to film my read about them in the New York Times in an article subtitled “The House return to the country, preferably near Bratislava because the land mines of Neglected Classics.” A Dr. Shepard, a psychiatrist out near East Hamp- were being cleared along the border and the storks that used to nest in ton, and his wife bought about 600 copies of a book every year and gave Möbisch in Austria were nesting there, and they wanted to push for a it to his clients, patients, colleagues, and suppliers, and many other people trinational park there. I agreed to narrate the piece. We gave all the pass- that they knew. That particular year he had made a little checklist of six ports to the guard, all the Austrian and German passports were returned, books, and all six were out of print. So he wrote letters to all six authors, but mine took a long time. Finally, the sloppiest soldier I had ever seen their estates, or their agents, saying, “I would like to give this book to came out, holding a well-worn copy of the Toronto samizdat edition of friends. If you will get back to me soon, I will publish a small edition of my book. He said, “My name is Dvo¡ak. Would you please sign this for 2,000, buy 800 or so for myself to give away, and put the rest on the me?” It was a wonderful welcome. By June, a reader offered a month in market.” Every one of those six authors said yes, and Second Chance his flat in Prague, so we visited. I began to dream in Czech, and what I Press was on its way. He continued, “We want to publish your book in dreamed of was to return to Prague and start a newspaper. The following our next collection of six.” They also had three requests: they wanted fall, we moved, and I started The Prague Post. the book to be shorter; they wanted an index,which I hadn’t allowed in the first edition because it would have made the secret police’s work too DP: Was the sentence ever officially lifted? easy; and they wanted a title without the word “rowboat.” For one thing, AL: Yes and no. When I had to register for a long-term residence per- Czechs were having a problem with it because they thought it was robot, mit, I had to undergo a criminal check. I said, “I do have a criminal which is a Czech word meaning “worker.” They suggested So Many record,” and they assured me they knew about it and that I should be Heroes. I accepted every condition and in return got a contract that says, very proud. But when the documents came back, they said I had no crimi- “This book will remain in print as long as this publishing house exists.” nal record. It had been expunged. But I never got anything in writing. They print about 10,000 copies of the paperback at a time; it’s sold out right now, but it will be available soon. There are also a few hundred of DP: The book must have an interesting history, too. the original printing of, I think, 3,000-5,000 hard covers left. ❖ AL: Originally, I had a contract with Putnam’s, but since it was taking 10 WINTER 2000 A flurry of fall gatherings

OUR FALL SEMESTER EVENTS included, left, a 9 December reception in which Austrian students at the University of Minnesota and other Twin Cities colleges had the opportunity to eat, drink, and be merry while conversing auf Deutsch.Pictured left to right are Ines Sauer, an student at the University of Minnesota; Agnes Rohrer and Marian Haslhofer, Fulbright Teaching Assistants at Macalester’s German House; and Tina Falle, a student at Macalester. On the right, Sarah Kent, Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, who gave a seminar talk on 13 October, “Franz Joseph in Zagreb in 1895: The Failure of Official Nationality.” THE CENTER FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIES PRESENTS A SPECIAL ONE-DAY CONFERENCE ASPECTS OF AUSTRIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE

THURSDAY, 6 APRIL 2000 SPEAKERS COWLES AUDITORIUM Arnold Suppan, Professor of History, University of Vienna; Visiting Professor, Stanford University. HUMPHREY INSTITUTE “Austria between the Past and the Future: Its Changing Image through the Centuries” UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Leslie Morris, Assistant Professor, Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch, University of Minnesota “History and Memory in Ingeborg Bachmann’s Poetry” Distinguished speakers from Austria and the United States will join to examine the literature and society of Austria from LUNCH BREAK the turn of the 20th century to the turn of the 21st—and per- haps beyond. The annual Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture, ROBERT A. KANN MEMORIAL LECTURE delivered by the distinguished Austrian historian Erika Weinzierl, Erika Weinzierl, Emeritus Professor of History, University of will be the conference’s centerpiece. Vienna; Chair, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for History and There is no registration fee for this event. Please call the Society, Austria Center at 612-624-9811 or e-mail us at [email protected] “The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the for more details. We hope to see you there! Late 19th Century”

11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER PUBLICATIONS: NEWS AND REVIEWS

a century after his departure (Mozart probably would have thought of it more as an escape) until city fathers discovered that the city’s eco- nomic stability could be linked with their recalcitrant expatriate, they continue to coat him in layers of sweet chocolate around a core of marzipan and export him to the rest of the world as Mozart-Kugeln.(1) The famous correspondence between Leopold and Wolfgang forms a first-rate body of epistolary work; indeed, with the advent of e-mail and all things electronic, it is doubtful if anyone will quite approach the art and ingenuity of letter writing in which the two engaged. Yet much has been written and conjectured about the letter exchange between father and son; why write a new book? Schroeder raises this concern: No set of letters has been as overworked as the Mozart correspondence . . . supplying the lifeline to the dozens of Mozart biographers for over two centuries, and no set of letters has been as consistently misread as the letters between Leopold and Wolfgang Mozart. . . . the relation- ship between these two has come down to us—thanks to Leopold’s insistence through his epistolary commerce with his son that all the letters should be saved—as an epistolary narrative, with all the inge- nuity, strategy and intrigue which that implied to the eighteenth cen- tury. Leopold’s insistence . . . appears to have been directed towards a goal, one in which the letters would be used as something other than a purely private communication. One can presume that this went far beyond a simple desire for posterity; for him it virtually amounted to Mozart the embracing of a new career, one with a distinctive 18th-century nature. (59-60) As Schroeder implies, Leopold was in effect scheming to profit off in Revolt his prodigious son and his anticipated European conquests, much as his father had done many years earlier when he took Mozart, a child prodigy, on a European tour and had the young boy performing for royalty. With David Schroeder. Mozart in Revolt: Strategies of Resistance, Mischief, Leopold’s publication of his violin treatise Versuch einer gründlichen and Deception. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1999. Violinschule in 1756, he had successfully raised his position as a writer 224 pp., illus. Cloth, $25. to a station that he could not have achieved as a performer or composer (he grudgingly served the Prince-Archbishop Collerado and his prede- cessor as an assistant Kapellmeister in Salzburg most of his adult life.) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s reputation as the boy wonder of West- Leopold wanted to write a “best seller” biography of his “miraculous” ern music has never been more secure (despite a rather gaudy display son (as he refers to him in the preface to his Versuch). during the observance of the 200th anniversary of his death in 1991). But what is most interesting and original about the book is his por- This reputation, although solidly based on the incredible richness of his trayal of Mozart as first a pawn in Leopold’s masterful game of manipu- music as well, was in large part due to the unflagging efforts of his fa- lation through letters to his son and later a master manipulator himself, ther, the only slightly less famous violin pedagogue Leopold Mozart, as he continuously and successfully beat his father at his own epistolary and the tremendous epistolary legacy between father and son. As David game. Schroeder also delineates the keen differences, made all the sharper Schroeder states in his fascinating new book, Mozart in Revolt: as Wolfgang matured and grew wiser about his father’s aims. He por- Our fascination with Mozart, spanning over two centuries, remains in trays the younger Mozart as reluctant to buy into the refined notions of no danger of decline. In 1991 . . . literally hundreds of new books on the Enlightenment but acquiescing in his early correspondence and de- Mozart appeared, offering a dizzying and often contradictory array of tails his gradual change and rebellion. impressions. To some he stands as a champion of the secular Enlight- Schroeder also examines the scatological references that Mozart (and enment, representing the highest achievements of truth and virtue. To seemingly the entire Mozart household, including his pious mother) fre- certain notable German theologians he embodies the highest levels of quently used. (Mozart set some of his most ribald text to vocal canons spirituality, exuding Christian/Catholic devoutness, going beyond his that were not publicly performed in the United States until 1991—due, father’s dreams of morality and devotion to a pinnacle of mystical no doubt, to their unsavory contents). Although Leopold would surely ecstasy in his works. At the same time, we have Peter Shaeffer’s no- have gotten a chuckle over these dirty lyrics “zu Hause,” he did not want tion in Amadeus, embellished by Milos Forman in the cinematic ver- them in discourse that he meant for eventual publication, as they flew in sion, of Mozart as a kind of disrespectful, misbehaved, punk-Musiker, the face of the stone-set rules of proper Enlightenment correspondence who, much to Salieri’s annoyance and distress, also happened to be a that Leopold was so intent upon. Thus, by using scatological references genius. In Salzburg, where Mozart was completely ignored for about continued on page 21 12 WINTER 2000 Kosovo: Myths, Conflict, and War

Kyril Drezov, Bulent Gokay, Denisa Kostovicova, eds. Southeast Eu- Cirjakovic turns to postwar Bosnia to assess the continuing fragmenta- rope Series, vol. II. Stratfordshire, U.K.: Keele European Research tion process in the former Yugoslavia. In Cirjakovic’s words, “every Center, 1999. 95 pp. plus appendix. Paper, £8.50 (postage included). Bosnian town is a ‘small Kosovo’, where a majority ethnic group out- numbers minorities by at least nine to one.” Although his figures are NATO’s recent air campaign against Yugoslavia and subsequent oc- somewhat exaggerated, his argument is convincing. In the last round of cupation of Kosovo may have succeeded in easing the Serbian elections, each of Bosnia’s three main ethnic communities—Muslims, government’s persecution of ethnic Albanian, but it has failed to restore Serbs and Croats—elected representatives who ran on essentially the order or to establish any semblance of the peaceful multiethnic commu- same brand of separatist rhetoric as their Albanian and Serb counter- nity about which Western politicians had so frequently pontificated. It parts in Kosovo, and according to Cirjakovic (and most other analysts), will be decades before the full ramifications of the decision by NATO— the sustainability of Bosnia’s tentative peace hinges almost entirely on undoubtedly the strongest military alliance ever assembled (and designed NATO’s continued occupation. Cirjakovic’s essay serves as a disturb- with the specific intention of engaging a comparable adversary)—to defy ingly poignant assessment that as the former Yugoslavia continues to the sovereignty of a European nation for the sake of what British Prime crumble into ever-smaller homogenous statelets, the chances for peace- Minister Tony Blair justified as the “righting humanitarian distress.” ful coexistence in the Balkans—the preservation of which was the stated This is by no means the first time that “great power” politics have motivation of NATO’s leaders—are increasingly unlikely. forayed into in the Balkans. In Kosovo: Myths, Conflict, and War, the In their essay “Bombing Yugoslavia: It is Simply the Wrong thing to editors begin by explaining NATO’s establishment of “protectorates” in do,” Kyril Drezov and Bulent Gokay liken NATO’s attacks on Yugosla- Bosnia and Kosovo as merely “the next in a long succession of outside via to the Nazi and Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia, asserting that powers—the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Em- the Czechs “know what happens when ‘the international community’ pire, the Soviet empire—to impose order on the Balkans.” The issue of takes an interest in the plight of ethnic groups that are struggling to se- foreign intervention is among the more controversial aspects of the re- cede,” a pointed reference to the Allied acquiescence to Hitler’s desire cent Balkan crisis to be considered in this collection of short essays by to “liberate” the Sudeten Germans in 1938. But comparisons to the inva- fifteen scholars and journalists. This project is the cumulative result of a sions of Czechoslovakia go only so far, especially considering that the series of seminars in Keele and Cambridge over the course of the last Kosovo Albanians, the overwhelming majority of the province’s popu- year, and most of the essays were written during NATO’s eleven week lation, pleaded for NATO intervention. The same cannot be said for the air offensive against Yugoslavia. Nazi and Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia. Although there has been a deluge of publications on the succession of Drezov and Gokay contend that the Albanians paid a “heavy price” crises in the Balkans, this compact volume is the first to analyze the for their support of NATO bombing: the loss of their “parallel state” escalation of the Kosovo crisis to a full-scale war. The collection’s orga- (which Drezov and Gokay assert were tolerated by the Milosevic re- nization as a forum for conflicting perspectives is commendable, but its gime), not to mention the exponential loss of life and property that coin- cursory 95 page length leaves little room for elaboration or conclusion. cided with the NATO bombing campaign. But in the six months since The book consists of two main parts. Part I contains six essays focusing the completion of their essay, the Kosovo Albanians have emerged with on issues of the role of history and myth in the development of Serb and a bittersweet victory over their Serb adversaries. Most of the Albanian Albanian ethnic identities and the sociopolitical climate of Kosovo in refugees have returned to the embattled region, while most of those few the decade preceding the outbreak of war. Part II consists of eight diver- Serbs who remained in Kosovo have fled. Under the auspices of NATO gent commentaries on NATO’s intervention. and the European Union, Kosovo will be redeveloped (most likely to an The collection begins by assessing the much-embellished and gener- unprecedented level), while Western leaders have forsworn any such aid ally incongruous historical narratives of competing ethnic groups, a com- to the Serbs so long as Milosevic remains in power. To be sure, there mon springboard for publications that examine this region. In the essay were thousands of casualties in Kosovo, many of which could have been “Kosovo: Land of Conflicting Myths,” Aleksander Pavkovic asserts that avoided. But as those few supporters of intervention, such as Matthew the crisis in Kosovo is rooted not in epic medieval battles but in four Wyman and Christopher Brewin, point out, NATO’s actions averted a decades of communist indifference to the historical sensitivities of the level of violence that could have exceeded that of the Bosnian war. region. Pavkovic contends that “under the communists, it was the present The editors specify that Kosovo: Myths, Conflict and War is intended and not the past that mattered: it did not matter who settled the territory for the general reader. It does presume a limited degree of knowledge first or whose medieval state was founded or lost in this or any other about the region and the conflict. Still, it succeeds, for the most part, as region.” But Pavkovic maintains that despite Tito’s efforts to suppress a elemental handbook, offering differing perspectives on issues ranging nationalism, the defining mythologies of both Serbs and Albanians en- from the cultivation of ethnic identity to the legitimacy of NATO’s bomb- dured and ultimately helped to exacerbate the splintering of the Yugo- ing campaign. Its most glaring omission is any discussion of the consid- slav federation in the post-Tito era. Pavkovic concludes that “libera- erable influence of Russia as either an ally of the Serbs or an opponent tion” of contested territory is simply not plausible, and the cycle of vio- of NATO. It is the first appraisal of the war in Kosovo to be published in lence that so often accompanies nationalist agendas will be suspended English; similar, more ambitious, and comprehensive volumes will surely only if ethnic rivals are liberated from their own rigid nationalist ideolo- follow. Readers seeking more than a rudimentary patchwork of analyses gies. However, Pavkovic (like the other contributors to this collection) would do better to wait for something more substantial. fails to suggest a strategy by which this eradication of explosive nation- Ian Sethry alist doctrines can be achieved. Department of History In an essay entitled “The ‘Kosovized’ Bosnia,” Newsweek’s Zoran University of Minnesota 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER HOT OFF THE PRESSES

S. A. Mansbach. Modern Art in Eastern Europe. New York: Cambridge, Michael Friedman. Reconsidering Logical Positivism. New York: 1999. 400 pp., color and b&w illus., maps. Cloth, $65. Cambridge, 1999. 288 pp. Cloth, $59.95; paper, $18.95.

Peter R. Prifti. The Romanian Extreme Right: The 1930s. Boulder CO: Hilde Berger. “Ob es Haß ist, solche Liebe?” Oskar Kokoschka und East European Monographs, 1999. 300 pp. Cloth, $32.50. Alma Mahler. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 200 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 298, DM 39,80. Julie A. Mertus. Kosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War. Berke- ley CA: University of California, 1999. 369 pp., illus., maps. Cloth, Sorin Antohi and Vladimir Tismaneau, eds. Between Past and Fu- $55; paper, $19.95. ture: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath. Budapest: CEU Press, 1999. 500 pp. Paper, $28.95. Otto Wagner. Vol.6: Baukunst des Eros 1889-1899. Otto Antonia Graf, ed. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 544 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 1.820, DM 260. Peter Gunst, ed. Hungarian Agrarian History from the Emancipation of the Serfs (1848) to the Reprivatization of Land (1998). Boulder Christopher Storrs. War, Diplomacy, and the Rise of Savoy, 1690-1720. CO: East European Monographs, 1999. 584 pp. Cloth, $68. New York: Cambridge, 1999. 357 pp. Cloth, $69.95. J. M. Catling. A History of Women’s Writing in Germany, Austria, Theodor Brückler, ed., Kunstraub, Kunstbergung und Restitution in and Switzerland. New York: Cambridge, 1999. 400 pp. Cloth, $64.95; Österreich 1938 bis heute. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 476 pp., illus. Cloth, paper, $27.95. öS 686, DM 98. Thomas Angerer, Birgitta Bader-Zaar, Margarete Grandner, eds. Ge- Greg Campbell. The Road to Kosovo: A Balkan Travel Diary. Boulder schichte und Recht: Festschrift für Gerald Stourzh zum 70. Geburtstag. CO: Westview, 1999. 256 pp. Cloth, $25.00. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 324 pp. Cloth, öS 686, DM 98.

Rabbi Berl Edelstein. Schabattnachmittage im Obstgarten: Zerbrochene Michael Billig. Freud and Repression: Conversation Creating the Welten meiner chassidischen Kindheit. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 244 pp., Unconscious. New York: Cambridge, 1999. 275 pp. Cloth, $59.95; illus. Cloth, öS 348, DM 49,80. paper, $22.95.

Neboj•a Popov, ed. The Road to War in Serbia. Budapest: CEU Press, Vesna Nikoliç-Ristanoviç, ed. Women, Violence, and War: Wartime 1999. 600 pp. Cloth, $59.95; paper, $28.95. Victimization of Refugees in the Balkans. Budapest: CEU Presss, 1999. 300 pp. Cloth, $49.95; paper, $22.95. Desanka Schwara. "Ojfn weg schtejt a bojm": Jüdische Kindheit und Jugend in Galizien, Kongresspolen, Litauen und Russland 1881-1939. Michael Hochedlinger. Der Weg in den Krieg: Die Berichte des Franz Cologne: Böhlau, 1999. 490 pp., illus. Paper, öS 642, DM 88. Paul Zigeuner von Blumendorf, k.k. Geschaeftstraeger in Paris 1790- 1792. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1999. 373 pp., illus. Adolf Scherl. Berufstheater in Prag 1680-1739. Vienna: Austrian Acad- Paper, öS 993, DM 136. emy of Sciences, 1999. 245 pp., illus. Paper, öS 358, DM 54.50. Brigitte Mazohl-Wallnig, Marco Meriggi, eds. Oesterreichisches Zsolt K. Lengyel and Ulrich A. Wien, eds. Siebenbürgen in der Italien-italienisches Oesterreich? Interkulturelle Gemeinsamkeiten und Habsburgermonarchie: Vom Leopoldinum bis zum Ausgleich (1690- nationale Differenzen vom 18. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende des Ersten 1867). Cologne: Böhlau 1999. 245 pp. Cloth, ATS 328, DM 44. Weltkrieges. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1999. 769 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 934, DM 128. Gernot Heiss, Alena Miskova et al., eds., An der Bruchlinie—Na Rozhrani svetu. Österreich und die Tschechoslowakei nach 1945— David Vital. A People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789-1939. New Rakousko a Ïeskoslovensko po 1945. Innsbruck: Studienverlag, 1999. York: Oxford, 1999. 976 pp., maps. Cloth, $45. 480 pp. Paper, öS 298, DM 40,80. Elisabeth Lichtenberger. Austria: Society and Regions. Vienna: Aus- Karl Kaser. Macht und Erbe Männerherrschaft, Besitz und Familie im trian Academy of Sciences, 2000. 464 pp., illus., maps, tables. Cloth, östliche Europa (1500-1900). Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 264 pp. Paper, öS $49, öS 590, DM 81. 398, DM 58. Wolfgang Fritz. Der Kopf des Asiaten Breitner: Politik und Ökon- Rolf Steininger, Michael Gehler, eds. Die Neutralen und die europäische omie im Roten Wien. Vienna: Löcker, 1999. 580 pp., illus. Paper, öS Integration seit 1945. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999. 740 pp. Cloth, öS 980, 580, DM 80. DM 140. Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Rados¢aw Markowski, Gabor Brigitta Keintzel, Eberhard Gabriel, eds. Gründe der Seele: Wiener Toka. Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, Psychiatrie im 20. Jahrhundert. Vienna: Picus, 1999. 256 pp. Cloth, and Inter-Party Cooperation. New York: Cambridge, 1999. 472 pp., öS 291, DM 39,80. diagrams, tables. Cloth, $64.95; paper, $19.95.

14 WINTER 2000 Austrian voters: swing to the right by Stefan Riegler tries, where labor costs are only a fraction of those in Austria. This fear is getting more The general elections held in Austria on 3 and more prevalent due to the announced en- November 1999 brought an “expected sur- largement of the European Union to the east. prise”: the Freedom Party (FPÖ) of Jörg Second, many people are disappointed by Haider made big gains and moved into sec- the European Union and accuse it of putting ond position right after the Social Democrats too much effort into achieving price stabil- (SPÖ), leaving the People’s Party (ÖVP) be- ity and a stable Euro and not focusing on im- hind by only 400 votes. These 400 votes will provements in the labor market. The critical have a tremendous impact on the formation attitude of the Freedom Party towards the EU of the future Austrian government because was surely no disadvantage in the election. in the election campaign the ÖVP, which Third, there are no visible indications that governed together with the Social Democrats the so-called Proporz (the de facto dividing in the “Grand Coalition” for the last 13 years, of all important and even less important ad- announced their intention to leave the coali- ministrative positions in the public sector be- tion if they should fail to remain in second tween members of the two coalition parties) place. After finishing behind the FPÖ in pre- has ceased to exist. Nearly everybody in Aus- liminary results, they were still hoping to get tria knows a story about someone not being ahead with the votes from absentee ballots. chosen for a specific position (or for getting Finally, the ÖVP had to admit defeat. The a public-owned apartment) despite having Social Democrats renewed their reluctance better qualifications because he or she was to work together with the Freedom Party, so not a member of “the right party.” (That some as of 1 December, no agreement for forming are, of course, apocryphal does not keep them a coalition is in sight. from circulating and being believed.) In the The numerous international responses to last decade the Freedom Party never stopped Jörg Haider’s success were mainly negative. accusing this system, always gaining votes Citing some of his earlier questionable state- with this strategy. ments about Hitler’s regime, many newspa- And last but not least, one has to mention pers all over the world worried about the ef- that Haider’s political style, the aggressive fect the “far right” or even “neo-Nazi” and accusing language he and other leading Haider would have on the Austrian govern- party members use, indeed attracts a num- ment. Other member states of the European Jörg Haider, toothy grin temporarily holstered. ber of different kinds of radicals, racists, and Union stated their refusal to work anti-Semites. These people are much together with the Freedom Party be- more likely to vote for the FPÖ than cause of the FPÖ’s initial campaign FINAL RESULTS, 1999 AUSTRIAN ELECTIONS for other parties. Despite all the against Austria’s joining the Euro- Party Votes Pct. Seats apologies for earlier statements, pean Union in 1995 and because of Social Democrats (SPÖ) 1,532,448 33.15 % 65 those remain in the heads of the Haider’s strong antiforeigner policy. People‘s Party (ÖVP) 1,243,672 26.91 % 52 people more than any political dec- And Israel’s Secretary of State Freedom Party (FPÖ) 1,244,087 26.91 % 52 laration—as the example of the in- David Levy informed Austria that Green Party (Grüne) 342,260 7.40 % 14 ternational newspapers, which write Israel would “rethink” diplomatic Others 259,887 5.63 % None almost exclusively about Haider’s relations if Haider would become Eligible voters: 5,838,373 former “Nazi” statements but noth- part of the government. Voter turnout: 80.42 % ing about his policy and achieve- In Austria these highly negative Source: Austrian Federal Ministry for Internal Affairs Website: ments in the last years, show. reactions were observed with some http://www.bmi.gv.at/Wahlen/indexNRW.html This article should not convey the surprise. Haider himself tried to pol- impression that there is no anti- ish his international reputation by making apologies for his former pro- Semitism in Austria. It surely exists but probably not to a greater extent Nazi statements and by emphasizing the populist democratic background than in other Western European countries, and it is particularly doubtful of his party. Even Chancellor Viktor Klima, a Social Democrat and one that the success of Haider is directly related to an increase in anti-Semi- of Haider’s greatest critics, stressed at international press conferences tism. But there are indications that a more general xenophobia is on the that the majority of those who voted for Haider cannot be accused of rise; people feel more and more threatened by the number of foreigners being right-wing extremists or neo-Nazis. So how else can one explain in Austria, especially in bigger cities. And they do not trust the grand the success of the Freedom Party? coalition to solve their problems, whereas Haider seems to provide easy First, Jörg Haider is a charismatic leader, who always seems to find solutions. Whether these solutions, especially the strict antiforeigner the right words for “the common people.” Despite the decent economic policy, can succeed in light of a new united Europe and Austria’s duty, situation in Austria, people are worried about the future, worried about as one of the richest countries in the world, to help other countries and losing their jobs to immigrating foreigners, and worried about the out- people has to be questioned. flow of Austrian companies and jobs to adjacent Eastern European coun- Stefan Riegler is the 1999-2000 BMWV Research Assistant at CAS. 15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER NEWS FROM THE FIELD Klestil, Mortier spar over Salzfest

Andreas Grothgar and René Dumont in last summer’s controversial production of Schlachten! (photo by Matthias Horn/Salzberg Festival) by Andrew Patner which the right-wing Freedom Party was rapidly gaining ground (see pg. 15). He reminded President Klestil—and Austria as a whole—that Berg It is traditional at the opening of the Salzburg Festival for the presi- was as much an Austrian as Mozart. He recommended that anyone inter- dent of the Austrian Republic to make a somewhat substantive welcom- ested in the festival and its importance to Austria read Professor ing speech. This year, with the announcement by the festival’s artistic Steinberg’s book. And in one or more interviews, Mortier may also have director, the feisty Belgian Gerard Mortier, that he would be leaving the used the word “fascist” to describe the type of policy President Klestil festival in two years at the expiration of his current contract, President was urging. Thomas Klestil, of the conservative “black” People’s Party, offered a Controversy at the Salzburg Festival occupies the front pages in Aus- speech in which he rather bluntly accused Mortier and his supporters of tria and in southern Germany in the way that Jon-Benet Ramsey occu- hijacking the festival away from its regional, Mozartean, historical, and pies the covers of American tabloids or nuclear test ban treaties domi- generally “pleasant” roots. In a rather bizarre twist, President Klestil nate the New York Times. An additional dispute over a local official ban- invoked the festival’s principal founder, Hugo von Hofmannsthal, in ning people under 16 from seeing a remarkable theatrical Shakespeare proposing an end to Mortier’s avant-garde agenda. Throughout his marathon (see pg. 18, fall 1999 ASN) because of nudity and other em- speech, President Klestil used a number of blunt and coded phrases that phases (“Salzburg: Sexspiele bei den Festspielen” shouted one headline) sought to sweep the period from 1938 to 1945 under the rug. brought things with the Salzburg Stadt (city) and Land (state) govern- Mortier, who says that he was in no way informed about the contents ments to a boil. of this speech ahead of time, walked out of the ceremonies and hosted At a press conference to announce the search committee for Mortier’s an impromptu rival welcoming reception. He gave a series of print and successor (which I attended), the leaders of both Salzburg Stadt and Land broadcast interviews and then released a personal letter to President went out of their way to emphasize that, while they could not condone Klestil, demanding that he stay out of artistic matters, accusing him of some of Mortier’s language, his path—that the festival be international pushing a dangerously inward-looking political view, and pointing out in scope, modern in outlook, and cutting edge in approach—was the only that the federal president was misreading history and misusing Hofmanns- way to go for the future. The makeup of the search, with a prominent thal. As Michael P. Steinberg, the reigning expert on the origins and Mortier supporter in a key role, would seem to assure that. The nomina- history of the festival, elegantly pointed out in commentaries and inter- tion to the committee of Ioan Holender, director of the Vienna State Opera, views in the Austrian press and the New York Times, Klestil hoped that was met with opposition not because he was too “big city” (i.e., Viennese) his citation of Hofmannsthal would resonate because of the writer’s but because his own house is extremely dreary and he has been a con- posthumous martyrdom as a part-Jew at the hands of the Nazis and their stant critic of Mortier’s innovations. Holender then withdrew. (The gov- Austrian collaborators. ernment also announced that the ban that prohibited young people from In fact, while we can never know what Hofmannsthal would have attending the Shakespeare production was lifted and had been foolish said or done had he lived into the Nazi period, his writings and his inten- and “provincial.”) tions at the time of the Festival’s founding and early development were In addition to his artistic innovations, which, as Steinberg has pointed of a decidedly conservative Catholic nature. Mortier accused President out, are not new, having begun almost a decade ago (his first term began Klestil of advocating an “Austria for the Austrians” position as he was in 1991), Mortier has been extremely forceful and successful in return- trying to carve out a space for his list in then upcoming elections in ing “the other Austria” to a central role at the festival, with major exhibi- 16 WINTER 2000 tions and programming on Berg and Schönberg, the “missing pages” of number of important positions in Germany, including artistic director of festival history, and examinations of Austrian anti-Semitism and nativ- the Hamburg State Opera. ism. To my mind these changes from the fossilized Herbert von Karajan Ruzicka’s record indicates that he will continue Mortier’s tradition. It era have been at least as important as Mortier’s artistic innovations. He seemed a consensus opinion in the music world that the board kept their has been assisted in this long-overdue project by the extraordinary Salz- word and appointed Ruzicka in order to assure the continuance of a burg archivist Dr. Gisela Prossnitz. broadly conceived festival that features contemporary music, contem- On 2 December, the government chose Mortier’s successor, naming porary interpretation of the standard repertory, and a welcoming atmo- German composer and conductor Peter Ruzicka as the new artistic di- sphere to the world’s top artists. The battle was clearly won by Mortier rector of the Salzburg Festival, effective October 2001. Ruzicka, artistic and internationalism, not Klestil and provincialism. director of the Munich Biennial for New Music Theatre and artistic ad- Andrew Patner is a freelance music journalist who lives in Chicago. viser to the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, has held a Information about Ruzicka’s appointment from the New York Times. ❖ HABSBURG happenings The 1999 Frankfurt Book Fair: Hungary and Hungarian Publishing Every year the Frankfurt Book Fair spotlights the writers and pub- and electronic publishing, children’s literature, and Hungarian regions. lishers of a particular region or country. In 1999, Hungary became the The Books on Hungary exhibit displayed 1,500 recent publications first former Communist country to be featured as theme country, or from various countries, while an exhibit on five centuries of German Gastland, receiving more exhibit space and an opportunity to raise publishing in Hungary featured many venerable volumes on loan from visitors’ awareness concerning its culture. The German publishing es- the Somogyi Library in Szeged. Hungarian musicians and dancers tablishment pitched in by boosting Hungarian writers in its official appeared on the large screen above us and in the courtyard outside the organ, the Börsenblatt, and by publishing more than one hundred new hall. Hungarian books in advance of the fair. Fairgoers could pick up free Hungarian publishing went through some rough times after 1990. copies of nine specially issued guides and various literary supplements After the abolition of censorship and the emergence of the first pri- on Hungarian culture. vate publishers, the number of published titles first rose, then fell. For The Hungarians themselves made the biggest impact on the fair. a few years private publishing and bookselling took to the streets, The government appointed Dr. Mihály Szegedy-Maszák, a literary with a proliferation of formerly forbidden subjects, pirate editions, scholar who divides his time between Budapest and Bloomington, to and shoddy wares. This “black market” has now virtually died out, direct the Hungarian participation and supported him with 600 mil- while annual new titles reached an all time high of 10,626 in 1998 and lion Hungarian forints. Hungary chose a provocative motto for its Hungarian publishers have seen a 20% increase in turnover over the participation: “Hungary without Boundaries—Ungarn Unbegrenzt.” past two years. The elimination of price supports has made books far Two Hungarian writers spoke at the formal opening of the fair, Presi- less affordable for most Hungarians; as a result, published copies have dent Árpad Göncz and Péter Esterházy. Göncz is a translator of En- fallen by more than half, to 47 million, since 1990. Book prices are glish-language literature who served time in prison after 1956. He roughly half those in Germany, but most Hungarians find books in- reflected in his remarks on the ability of literature to span the bounds comparably more expensive than they were ten years ago. The prices of walls, borders, and of language itself: “I recommend Hungarian in forints of scholarly books are ten times higher. literature to everyone who is prepared to recognize the common hu- These changes have implications for the acquisition of Hungarian man spirit in the other. The unknown known that he recognizes with books in the U.S. Ten years ago American libraries acquiring Hun- astonishment. In the mirror of our eyes he will come, I hope, to love garian books often relied on exchange arrangements with state insti- this alien world.” Esterházy spoke with characteristic drollery, taunt- tutions. But more than half the state publishers existing in 1990 have ing his listeners with puns and asides in Hungarian but winning them gone under or passed into private hands, and the distribution system is over with self-deprecation. both less centralized and less effective. Publishers provide fewer le- Hundreds of Hungarian writers, politicians, publishers, and librar- gal depository copies, meaning Hungarian libraries have fewer copies ians were on hand. A colleague from Hungary whom I hadn’t ex- available for exchange and it is harder to know everything that has pected to see stopped by for only a minute, excusing his haste with the been published. Internet resources offer some help, though. The quip: “I’m not myself. I’m here as a writer.” Publishers wanted their Széchényi Library has placed issues of its national bibliography for writers on hand for the many events they scheduled to convince dis- the last two years on the Web at http://www.oszk.hu/mnbkb/ and tributors to buy their books and publishers to translate them. I met the Bookfinder site at http://www.konyvkereso.hu/netacgi/ujkker/ two historians from Budapest at sessions where they discussed their indexa.pl has a database with information and online ordering for books: Susan Zimmermann’s Die bessere Hälfte? Frauenbewegung more than 57,000 Hungarian book titles. The Hungarians produced an und Frauenbestrebungen im Ungarn der Habsburgermonarchie 1848- interesting home page about Hungarian writers, publishers, and cul- 1918 (Promedia and Napvilág, 1999) and László Kontler’s Millen- ture as well as fair events that can be reached at http://www.frankfurt. nium in Central Europe: A History of Hungary (Atlantisz, 1999). The matav.hu/angol/index.htm. Hungarian display area featured eighteen booths for publishers from James P. Niessen Hungary and neighboring countries, two audience areas, and a num- Coeditor and review editor for HABSBURG ber of exhibits: on Hungarian art books, inventors and inventions, music [email protected]

17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER THE STREETWISE GUIDE TO THE ARCHIVES Researching post-1945 history in Hungarian archives

Editor’s note: This trade-union confed- is the first in a series eration). The situa- of occasional col- tion with the records umns. The object is of former state en- to convey a sense of terprises is more what it is really like complicated. Some to conduct research holdings, most from in Central Europe: the late 1940s and the material, the ar- early 1950s, are de- chives and their posited in public ar- staff, and the envi- chives at both na- ronment of Central, tional and county East Central, and levels. The majority Southeast Europe. of the holdings are These reports will also be published electronically by HABSBURG. still in the possession of the enterprises themselves. Some of the wealthier companies like MOL (the former state oil company) fund archives and by Mark Pittaway make some of their records available to researchers, in others access is much more difficult. As companies go bankrupt the law states that the Introduction local public archive has to take the records. State funded archives do not Since 1989 research on the post-1945 period has been transformed. Ac- always have the resources to do this, and there is serious cause for con- cess for all scholars has greatly improved over the past decade. The col- cern about what will happen to these records. The records of local public lapse of state socialism and growing distance even from the Kádár era administration and local party organizations are held at county and, in means that the post-1945 period can be investigated as history. A large the case of some local government records, at city levels. Some muse- number of historians—both Hungarian and international—have taken ums—most notably the former National Museum of Labor Movement advantage of the new climate to reshape our understanding of the pe- History, now the Contemporary History Department of the Hungarian riod. Research into the politics of the Rakosi and early Kádár years has National Museum—have important holdings of interest to the historian. proved popular, as has investigation of the events of the 1956 Revolu- tion, and of cultural policy. Much less work has been done that takes Legal issues relating to access advantage of newly available materials to produce much needed studies The 1995 Archive Act regulates access to public collections. It stipu- in the fields of social history, economic history, or the history of policy- lates that materials are to be made freely available to Hungarian and making by the party state. Although there are incredible opportunities non-Hungarian researchers alike. With reference to the socialist period for the historian seeking to work in Hungarian archives to consult mate- government and party documents generated prior to 1990 are subject to rials generated in the post-1945 period, there are a number of pitfalls a fifteen-year embargo. A researcher wishing to work on documents still and problems. I aim to provide a brief survey of some of the most impor- subject to the embargo has the right to petition a supervisory body for tant issues confronting the researcher based on my own experience of archival research (Leveltari Kutatasok Kuratoriuma) for privileged ac- research in Hungarian public collections during the last five years. cess to such sources. Private archives can impose similar conditions; the former Communist trade unions place their documents under a ten-year A brief description of the kinds of holdings embargo. There are, however, two other acts that further regulate ac- The most important public collections dealing with the post-1945 period cess. The first are state secrecy provisions. Although most Communist are now open to research, with some restrictions. National-level materi- era documents were declassified in a process designed to liberalize ac- als of the HWP and HSWP (1) are held by the Hungarian National Ar- cess that was completed in 1996, some information does remain classi- chive (Magyar Orszagos Leveltar) as are most of the materials gener- fied. The second provision is the 1992 Privacy Act. This directly contra- ated by state bodies. The Ministry of the Interior has a separate archive; dicts the 1995 Archive Act in that it subjects all documents that contain most recent information suggests that it is possible to gain access. The the personal data of a given individual (including party, political, or re- records of the post-1945 trade unions are held by the small Central Ar- ligious affiliation) to a sixty-year embargo. The act, in that it fails to chive of the Trade Unions (Szakszervezetek Kozponti Leveltara), which make any distinction between private citizens and those who held public is currently maintained by the MSZOSZ (the major post-Communist positions, can cause serious problems for a researcher if the document 18 WINTER 2000

(s)he wishes to consult contains the name of a local party secretary, for The second of the pressures relates to a growth in public, nonaca- example, or the party affiliation of a given diplomat or public servant. demic use of archives, especially at the county or local level during the The situation was further confused in February 1997 by a ruling from past decade. Much of the evidence for this is anecdotal but it was a trend the Data Protection Ombudsman. He ruled that only researchers affili- noticed by the author in several counties. The land restitution schemes ated to Hungarian academic institutions or those affiliated to academic of Hungary’s first post-Communist government relied on archive hold- institutions from countries with a bilateral treaty with ings and seems to have stimulated interest in archival Hungary relating to the protection of personal data research. Family history is becoming more could be given access to documents that con- popular. More autonomous local govern- tained personal data. Researchers affiliated to ment and the growth of representative in- institutions from other countries can only con- stitutions for Hungary’s national minori- sult photocopies of the said documents with ties combined with the growth of city and the names removed. The foreign re- regionally based foundation have sparked searcher is by law obliged to pay the an interest in and generated sources of fi- costs of copying. Though this ruling nancial support for community history. Sec- is not always rigorously applied by ondary school pupils have increasingly been archives if they believe that the encouraged to use local archives as part of goal of the research is academic, project work. This explosion in interest has in- it can cause a researcher seri- creased the workload of archivists, especially ous delays. given the fact that no commensurate increase in funding for archives has been forthcoming. Low Nonlegal issues relating to levels of funding have had an uneven impact on ar- access chives. The lack of space for increased holdings seems Archives and public collections in Hun- to be a problem common to all Hungarian public ar- gary face a hostile financial and economic cli- chives. Not all county archives have a reading room mate. All state collections, whether at national or local level, have been service, and while all allow the photocopying of documents for what by severely affected by reductions in public expenditure during the last de- western standards are modest fees, a researcher can expect to wait sev- cade. At one and the same time, state-run archives have had to cope with eral weeks for their copies due to staff shortages. Only one county ar- a number of demands. Their ability to cope with these demands can af- chive of those visited by the author offers overnight accommodation for fect archive access. visitors (Zala County Archive in Zalaegerszeg rents guest rooms on the The first is that changes in the ownership of certain collections have ground floor of the county hall to visitors, but there is normally a wait- forced public archives to house documents for which they do not have ing list of several weeks). Furthermore, like all public employees in con- space. This is of particular interest to historians of the socialist era be- temporary Hungary, archivists’ pay is lamentably low; a gross monthly cause the collections most affected have been the records of the HWP salary of HUF 40,000 is not uncommon. Archivists are therefore under and the HSWP. In the Kádár era the party and its county committees considerable pressure to seek additional sources of income. In the case each had their own archives. In 1989 the Institute of Party History, later of employees of the National Archive and the better-organized county renamed as the Institute for the History of Politics (Politikatorteneti archives additional income is gained through research grants, book con- Intezet) attempted to centralize the holdings in one archive in Budapest. tracts, or periodical publication. Not all county archives are so fortu- The county party archives were dissolved and in most cases the materi- nate; this author has met archivists who work for their local newspaper, als went to the capital. In a small number of counties, mostly in the west teach part-time in local schools, or stay on past retirement simply to of the country, local archivists succeeded in preventing the removal of supplement their pensions. The kinds of pressures that the low incomes the documents, insisting that they were state documents of public im- of archive staff generate affect the overall level of service. portance. In 1993 the Antall government resolved the dispute by nation- The most worrying aspect of the pressures that have been brought to alizing all party documents created after the merger of the Communist bear on archives relate to the possibility of the disappearance of collec- Party and Social Democratic Party in 1948. The Institute for the History tions altogether. If a company with records goes bankrupt or a private of Politics retained the pre-1948 labor movement records, as well as the archive containing records of public importance closes, the law places records of social organizations like the official youth and women’s or- an obligation on a relevant public archive to take the collection over. ganizations. The national party organs’ records, the papers of the party’s Because of the severe material constraints under which public archives Budapest and Pest County Committees (2) went to the Hungarian Na- operate in contemporary Hungary, it is less than certain that public ar- tional Archive. Between 1993 and 1995 county party records were given chives will be able to perform this function. to the relevant county archives. Both the National Archives and the county Some private archives containing materials of public importance have archives had serious problems accommodating this new material. The faced closure in recent years because of the financial crises of their par- National Archive rented half of the building of the Institute of the His- ent institutions. In this context the Central Archive of the Trade Unions tory of Politics to hold the post-1948 materials until they were removed is worthy of mention. The archive contains the materials of the national to the castle district of Buda in early 1999. County archives have had union confederation (SZOT) for the whole of the socialist period, as similar problems and in most cases the materials are stored in rented well as the materials of all branch unions from 1945 onwards. Because warehouses. Due to a lack of manpower on the part of county party ar- of the central role played by the socialist-era unions in the management chives the county level party materials remain very disorganized. In some of production, social policy, culture, and sport, the collection is of na- counties there are no inventories or catalogues at all; in all counties ar- tional importance. The collection stretches to almost 20 kilometers of chivists are still reliant on catalogues compiled in the 1970s, which fre- shelf space and could not be realistically accommodated by a public quently no longer conform to reality. In such counties some of the mate- institution. It is maintained by the MSZOSZ, the largest of Hungary’s rials catalogued in the Kádár era have subsequently gone missing. continued on page 20 19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

STREETWISE GUIDE TO THE ARCHIVES from p. 19 trade union federations. As the membership of the MSZOSZ has evapo- sahh news rated, the federation has been hit by financial crisis. In 1994 the archive was threatened with closure. It was only kept going as the result of dona- tions by trade unions outside of the MSZOSZ federation and a small Let me remind you once again that the SAHH will be sponsoring subsidy from the government. The archive has attempted to gain suffi- a session at the AHA in Chicago on 9 January 2000 entitled “The cient sources of finance to form a private foundation and thus regularize Other Modernism: Culture and Politics in East Central Europe.” its legal situation. At the time of writing it did not have enough income This is also the time to be thinking of ideas for sessions that our to do this. organization might submit either to the AHA or to the AAASS for The confused legal situation with regard to access is a serious cause next year. Keep in mind that since we are an affiliated society of for concern. It is, however, not as serious as the funding situation which AHA, your proposals can be submitted to, and approved directly represents a serious threat to some collections. To date, archives have by, the Executive Committee of the SAHH and do not have to go coped well in extremely difficult circumstances. There is no guarantee through the selection committee of the AHA. The relative infor- that this will continue in future. While there is no serious threat to the mality of this procedure provides an ideal opportunity for sponsor- public archives either at national or county levels, there are serious threats ing roundtable discussions about current issues in our field that might to a number of nationally significant collections like that of the trade be harder to organize as a formal session. Unfortunately, the AAASS unions held by private bodies. These archives are those that lack access does not provide the same opportunities, and those applications have to the press or to concerned academics who can publicize their plight. to go through the organization’s committees. I hope to hear from you and to see as many of you as possible in Differences in the culture of archives Chicago. The original call for contributions to which this brief survey is a re- Mary Gluck sponse asked: “What is a given archive’s ‘culture of accessibility’?” Here Executive Secretary, SAHH it is worth underscoring some of the differences between different ar- [email protected] chives. There are marked differences between the styles and the levels of service in different archives and in different kinds of archives. The author’s experience is not comprehensive—it is based on five years of writing of the history of socialist Hungary in light of the archives is a work (including three and a half years of continuous work) in six Buda- serious task. Nevertheless the comments here are designed to provide a pest-based and four provincial archives. One might divide the various starting point for any researcher seeking information on the issues that archives into several different types. need to be confronted when planning research on Hungary in the post- The first would be that of the major Budapest-based national collec- 1945 period. tions, of which perhaps the most significant is the Hungarian National Archive. The Budapest City Archive would fall into this category. These Notes: are bureaucratic but relatively efficient in their operation. The researcher 1. Hungarian Workers’ Party (Magyar Dolgozok Partja), the ruling party has limited contact with the archivists themselves and generally deals from 1948 to 1956, and the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (Mag- with the reading room staff. yar Szocialista Munkaspart), the ruling party from 1956 until 1989. The provincial county archives are very different. They have a large 2. On a research trip this summer (1999) the author was told that the Pest number of nonacademic researchers, or the academic researchers they County Archive had requested the Pest County Committee materials from do get tend to make short trips. The academic researcher who spends the National Archives. considerable time in a provincial archive is seen by the archivists as exceptional, in some cases, unusual. County archives tend to be divided Mark Pittaway is Lecturer in European Studies, Department of His- into those that are researcher friendly and those that are not. The cat- tory, Faculty of Arts, The Open University, England. ❖ egory into which a given archive can be placed can only be ascertained through extensive preresearch. This kind of preresearch is essential, be- cause a researcher-friendly archive can help enormously. One can be Kneucker from page 5 bogged down with bureaucratic obstacles in a researcher-unfriendly in- affairs or funding a center for Austrian studies or Central European stitution. The best county archives are extremely helpful and informal. studies,we do have to answer questions: Where is this all going? What The archivists are a mine of information about the collections for which problem is being solved? One has to understand that the ministry is ac- they are responsible and often have good links to librarians, other local countable to Parliament, and we are asked not only where we want to archives, and the local community. If, for example, a given research spend money but also why. Why should the Austrian government con- project requires the use of oral history methods, the local archive is a tribute to a center for Austrian studies? Is it not enough that various good place to go to identify potential interviewees. American and Austrian universities cooperate with each other? If the Private collections are very different. Because of their small staffs state provides extra funding, it must also have an extra purpose. they are even more informal, and research here can entail a considerable amount of negotiation. It is something of a generalization, but it can be DP: What you want is a mixture of meadows and wheat fields. said that such archives are friendly, helpful, but inefficient. RK: Exactly. Basic research remains necessary and must be funded. That, to return to the metaphor, is the rich meadow of flowers to come. But on Conclusion the other hand, when the state gets into the question of extra funding, Though this survey has been brief and impressionistic, it sheds light watering outside the meadow, then you have to ask if universities or on some of the key issues that relate to doing archival research in Hun- other institutions of research have an institutional program with defin- gary on the post-1945 period. The issues of access should be of tremen- able goals, and you have to ask some questions that are unrelated to the dous concern for those who believe, like the author of this paper, that the delight of basic research. ❖ 20 WINTER 2000 News from the North How do you spell ambition? CCAuCES

The Canadian Centre for Austrian and Central European Studies is Europe and North America to work on different aspects of the project. only moving into its second year of operation, but it is already show- An agreement was also reached with the American Center for Aus- ing signs of being one of the most active institutes at the University of trian Studies at the University of Minnesota to undertake a series of Alberta. In addition to being focused on its own university, however, joint activities, including a major international symposium, “Nation- the Centre is also aggressively pursuing outreach programs to local, alist Myth and Pluralist Reality in Central Europe.” national, and international communities. The Centre has also been busy on the national level in Canada. On At the international level, the broader Central European engage- the occasion of a major Albertina exhibition to be held at the Art Gal- ment of the Centre is increasingly being strengthened. From 24-26 lery of Ontario this winter, CCAuCES has arranged to make the ben- September, the Centre sponsored an international symposium, “Cen- efits and pleasures of this great graphic art collection available to other tral European Culture Today,” which was held in Edmonton and in parts of Canada through a touring facsimile exhibition that begins in Banff, Alberta. The symposium brought together a wide variety of Edmonton on 9 December. CCAuCES also acts as the administrator European and North American scholars to examine what the much- of the Austrian Canadian Council’s annual dissertation prize and as discussed “Central European identity” actually entails from the per- the country’s main nerve center of a new Austrian-Canadian student spective of their many different disciplines. These papers demonstrated exchange program, which is about to be introduced in the wake of the that the much broader definitions of culture that prevail in modern state visit to Austria by Canadian Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien. scholarship required casting a much broader analytical net than has The Centre’s efforts at community outreach are also being contin- heretofore been customary. They also showed that while the concept ued. Past joint activities with the local Austrian, Hungarian and Slo- of a “Central Europe” was gaining in strength and currency, precise venian communities will be followed this year by a number of activi- geographic and cultural delineation was becoming more elusive. ties with the Czech and Slovak societies, including a special photo- Among the special guests at this symposium were the Hungarian graphic exhibition marking the tenth anniversary of the so-called Velvet Secretary of State from the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, the Honor- Revolution of 1989. Last year’s critically acclaimed film festival, able Attila Várhegyi, the Austrian Deputy Minister from the Ministry “April in Austria,” has led to plans for similar festivals focusing on of Science and Transport, Dr. Raoul Kneucker, and the famed Slovak Polish, Czech, and Hungarian cinema. An ambitious program of lec- novelist and former Slovak ambassador to Canada, Mr. Anton Hykisch. tures and recitals rounds out the Centre’s community and campus- On the occasion of this conference Mr. Várhegyi and Dr. Kneucker oriented activities. agreed to launch an international initiative among Central European Signs of positive community response are also evident. A willing- ministers of education and culture to add a formal multilateral, minis- ness by each of the ethnic societies involved to cofinance activities terial level of sponsorship to the Canadian Centre. was an important initial development. The endowment of scholarships In September 1999 negotiations were also concluded with the new and prizes brings this community involvement to the heart of the Slovak ambassador to Canada, Mr. Miroslav Mikolá•ik, by which Slo- university’s activities. For example, Dr. Joseph and Mrs. Melitta vakia will join the other central European countries currently support- Kandler, who have long benn leading members of Edmonton’s Aus- ing the Centre. Formal support for the Centre by these countries gen- trian community and are now residents of B.C., have endowed a gen- erally has been signaled by various visits and presentation ceremo- erous graduate fellowship, which will permit recipients to undertake nies the respective ambassadors have made. Ambassador Sándor Papp extended research in Central Europe, while the Canadian Hungarian of Hungary and Ambassador Bo¥o Cerar of Slovenia visited last aca- Cultural Society of Edmonton has endowed an important undergradu- demic year, and Czech Ambassador Vladimír Kotzy visited in No- ate prize for Hungarian and Central European studies. vember 1999. Detailed information on the Centre’s activities in the 1999-2000 A strong international emphasis also marks the scholarly activities academic year can be gleaned from its website: http://www.arts. of the Centre. The “Central European Culture Today” Research Project, ualberta.ca/CCAuCES/ sponsored by the Austrian Ministry for Science and Transport, is en- Franz Szabo, Director gaging an interdisciplinary network of scholars throughout Central Canadian Centre for Austrian and Central European Studies

Mozart in Revolt from p. 12 in his letters, Mozart effectively derailed and destroyed his father’s ennese comedy. And yet the portrait is both richer and oddly unfinished, project, thus projecting his own personality and independence. Later, for Schroeder himself states that the many masks Mozart wears in all of Schroeder convincingly demonstrates that Mozart was capable of effec- his correspondence—whether throwing his father off his trail by telling tively using the Enlightenment model himself, particularly when he dedi- him of operas he never intended to begin, let alone finish, or posing cated his string quartets to the father of the genre (and the most famous himself for posterity in the best possible light—frequently obscure our composer of Mozart’s time), Franz Joseph Haydn. vision of Mozart more than they clarify it. However, Schroeder has done Mozart in Revolt presents a fascinating new portrait of Mozart: part an admirable job of showing the letters in new light and suggesting sub- “child-angel,” beloved of God, who dictated directly from the divine stantially more refined conclusions on this interesting body of work. onto paper those miraculous notes; part dirty-minded Harlequin, as ex- Daniel Rieppel hibited in Mozart’s love of Carnival; and part Hans Wurst, perpetual Department of Music favorite Viennese son and stock character in nearly every pre-1850 Vi- Southwest State University at Marshall, Minnesota 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER ANNOUNCEMENTS

INTERNATIONAL The Netherlands. Third European Social Science culture will get special attention. The topic will be CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA History Conference, 12-15 April, Amsterdam. The examined contextually and not with focus on a single ESSHC aims at bringing together scholars interested language or culture of the region. Contact: Steven in explaining historical phenomena using the meth- Totosy. Tel: 780-438-6486; fax: 780-492-9106; e- Germany. Research Seminar. 4th Münchner ods of the social sciences. The conference is charac- mail: [email protected] Bohemisten-Treffen (presentation of ongoing re- terized by a lively exchange in many small groups search projects), Munich, Collegium Carolinum, 3 rather than by formal plenary sessions. Conference Wales. Workshop. “Intersecting Times: The Work March. Contact: Robert Luft, Collegium Carolinum, fee: dfl. 300 (about $150). Contact: European So- of Memory in Southeastern Europe,” 25-28 June, tel: 49-89-4488393; fax: 49-89-486196; e-mail: cial Science History Conference 2000, International Clyne Castle, Swansea, Wales, UK. In the second [email protected]; website: http:/ Institute of Social History, Cruquiusweg 31, 1019 symposium of the Centre for South-East Europe /www.collegium-carolinum.de AT Amsterdam, Netherlands. Tel: 31-20-668 5866; Studies at the University of Wales, practitioners of fax: 31-20665 4181; e-mail: [email protected]; web- all disciplines will consider how social memory is United States. Conference. Consortium on Revolu- site: http://www.iisg.nl/ESSHC generated, maintained/consumed, and reproduced tionary Europe, 1750-1850, 2000 Annual Meeting, through texts, images, film, embodied experience, 2-5 March, Huntsville, Alabama. Contact: John Hungary. International Conference. “Zeiten-Orte- monuments, or other forms and the role of material Severn, Department of History, University of Ala- Passagen. Ethnologische Zugänge im neuen culture in shaping past and present-day realities. bama, Huntsville AL 35899. Tel: 256-890-6310; E- Millenium.” Siebter Internationaler Kongress der Contact: Dr. Yannis Hamilakis, Director, Centre for mail: [email protected] Internationalen Gesellschaft für Ethnologie und the Study of Southeastern Europe, Department of Folklore (SIEF), 23-29 April, Budapest. Contact: Archaeology, University of Wales, Lampeter, Austria. Symposium. “Karl V. 1500-2000,” 7-11 Herr Prof. Dr. Konrad Kostlin, Institut für Ceredigion, SA48 7ED, Wales UK. Fax: 44-01570- March, Vienna, Historische Kommission bei der Europäische Ethnologie, Universität Wien, 423669; e-mail: y.hamilakis@lamp .ac.uk; website: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Hanuschgasse 3, A-1010 Wien, Österreich. http://archaeology.lamp.ac.uk/Arch/seeurope.html Contact: Mag. Barbara Haider, Historische Kommis- sion, Fleischmarkt 22, A-1010 Vienna. Tel: 43-1- United States. Conference. “Satchmo Meets Ama- Finland. Sixth International Council for Central and 512-91-84, ext. 92; fax: 43-1-513-38-51; e-mail: deus: New Orleans and Salzburg—Two Cities and East European Studies Congress, 29 July-3 August, [email protected] Their Sounds of Music,” 9-11 May, New Orleans. Tampere, Finland. Contact: VI ICCEES World Con- Contact Günter Bischof, University of New Orleans gress Secretariat, Finnish Institute for Russian and United States. Association for the Study of Nation- CenterAustria, tel: 504-280-3223; fax: 504-280- East European Studies, Annankatu 44, FIN-00100, alities (ASN) 5th Annual World Convention, 13-15 7317; e-mail: [email protected] or Reinhold Wagn- Helsinki, Finland. Tel: 358-9-2285-4434; fax: 358- April, Columbia University, New York. “Identity and leitner, University of Salzburg, tel: 43-662-8044- 9-2285-4431; e-mail: [email protected]; website: http:/ the State: Nationalism and Sovereignty in a Chang- 4733; fax: 43-662-8044-413; e-mail: reinhold. /www.rusin.fi/iccees ing World.” The ASN is a multidisciplinary, inter- [email protected] national scholarly organization dealing with issues England. Conference. “The Role of the Romanies: of national identity, nationalism, ethnic conflict and Poland. Conference. “Zwischen Kriegen, Nationen, Images and Self-Images of Romanies/‘Gypsies’ in state building in Central and Eastern Europe, the Nationalismen, und Geschlechterverhältisse in Mit- European Cultures,” 15-18 September, University of former Soviet Union, Central Asia, and adjacent ar- tel- und Osteuropa, 1918-1939,” 11-14 May, War- Liverpool. This conference seeks to address the ques- eas. Contact: Dominique Arel, Program Chair, Wat- saw. Cosponsored by Deutsches Historisches Insti- tions raised by the ambivalent encounter of the “Gyp- son Institute, Brown University, Box 1831, 130 Hope tut Warschau and Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Uni- sies” with European cultures. It aims both to re- St., Providence RI 02912. Tel: 401-863-9296; fax: versität Wien. Simultanübersetzungen in/aus dem examine Gadjo constructions of Romanies/“Gyp- 401-863-2192; e-mail: [email protected] or Gordon Russischen, Polnischen, Englischen und Deutschen sies” in the Orientalist style over the centuries and Bardos, Convention Director, Harriman Institute, werden bei der Tagung gewährleistet sein. Contact: to appraise and compare the contributions made by Columbia University, 1216 IAB, 420 W. 118th St., Dr. Sophia Kemlein, Deutsches Historisches Insti- Romanies themselves to European cultures. Contact: New York NY 10027. Tel: 212-854-8487; fax: 212- tut Warschau, tel: 48-22-656 7182; fax: 48-22693 Nicholas Saul, Department of German, University 666-3481; e-mail: [email protected]; website: 7006; e-mail: [email protected] ; or Dr. Johanna of Liverpool, Modern Languages Building, Liver- http://picce.uno.edu/asn Gehmacher, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Universität pool L69 3BX, UK. Tel: 44-151-794 2351/2; fax: Wien, tel: 43-1-4277 41210; Fax: 43-1-4277 9412; 44-151-794 2307; e-mail: [email protected] Austria. Conference. “Austrian Identity in the Habs- e-mail: [email protected] burg Monarchy,” 27-30 March, Department of Ger- Romania. Call for Papers. Sixth International Con- man Language and Literature, Hebrew University Austria. Fourth Austrian-American Film Associa- ference of the Center for Romanian Studies, “Tradi- (Mount Scopus), Jerusalem. Contact Prof. Hanni tion Symposium, 25-27 May, Filmarchiv Austria, tion and Modernity in Romanian Culture and Civili- Mittelmann, e-mail: [email protected] Vienna. “Vom Kriegsende zum Staatsvertrag. Die zation, 1600-2000,” Ìasi, Romania, 3-7 July. Topics Besatzungszeit im Film—1945 bis 1955.” Kon- of special interest include the Age of Michael the Germany. Conference. Widerstreitende Historio- ferenzsprachen: Deutsch und Englisch. Organ- Brave; the role of Mihai Eminescu in Romanian cul- graphien: Ostmitteleuropas Konfliktgeschichte und isatoren: Gertraud Steiner Daviau, Donald G. ture and history; the role of religion and spirituality die Geschichtsschreibung im 20. Jahrhundert, 27-30 Daviau. Filme aus und über die Besatzungszeit, aus in Romanian civilization and society; and the im- April, Herder-Institut, Marburg. Contact: Dr. Eduard und über Österreich Filmanalysen, Persönlichkeiten pact of modernity on politics, literature, art, and cul- Muehle, Herder-Institut, Gisonenweg 5-7, D-35037 (Entnazifizierung), Filmpolitik der Alliierten, ture. Languages: English and Romanian. Papers pre- Marburg, Germany. Tel: 49-6421-184100; fax: 49- Filmangebot in Österreich, Produktionsfirmen, sented will be published in a volume. Presentations 06421-184139; e-mail: [email protected] Produktionsbedingungen. Contact Prof. Daviau, e- will be limited to 20 minutes; papers submitted for marburg.de; website: http://www.uni-marburg.de/ mail: [email protected], oder [email protected] publication can be substantially longer. Proposals, herder-institut wien.ac.at. including a one-page abstract, should be sent to: Pro- gram Coordinator, Center for Romanian Studies, United States. Midwest Slavic Conference (AAASS Canada. International colloquium.“Comparative Oficiul Postal I, Casuta Postala 108 6600, Ìasi, Ro- affiliate), The Russian and East European Center Cultural Studies and Central European Culture To- mania. Tel: 40-32-219000; fax: 40-32-219010; e- (REEC) of the University of Illinois, Champaign- day,” 24-31 May, Congress 2000 of the Humanities mail: [email protected]; website: www. Urbana IL, 1-2 April. Contact: Prof. Mark Steinberg, and Social Sciences, Canada, University of Alberta. romanianstudies.ro Deadline: 1 March. Director, REEC, 104 International Studies Building, This conference presents new work about Central 910 S. Fifth St., Champaign IL 61820. Tel: 217- European culture; the study of culture encompasses United States. Call for Papers. “New Perspectives 333-1244; fax: 217-333-1582; e-mail: reec@ any discipline in the humanities and the social sci- in Czech and Slovak Studies,” a series of special ses- uiuc.edu; website: http://www.uiuc.edu/unit/reec ences. Topics about post-1989 Central European sions at the 20th World Congress of the Czechoslo- 22 WINTER 2000 vak Society of Arts and Sciences (SVU), 9-13 Au- as more theoretical explorations of conflict settle- SPOTLIGHT gust, American University, Washington, DC. As part ment. Details about the conference can be obtained of its efforts to support the work of young scholars, from the ISSEI 2000 website at http://www.uib.no/ English language TAs in Austria SVU will organize a special series of panels as part issei2000/ Proposals for papers should be e-mailed of its 20th World Congress in August 2000 in Wash- to both organizers, Ulrich Schneckener (ulrichsr In this program, approximately 90 American ington, DC. Recent Ph.D.s and graduate students in @zfn.uni-bremen.de) and Stefan Wolff (S.Wolff@ teaching assistants are assigned to one or two the humanities and social sciences are invited to sub- bath.ac.uk). Austrian secondary schools and required to assist mit proposals for papers. Panels will include pre- teachers of English in classroom instruction 12 senters from different disciplines and different coun- hours/week. Applicants should have at least a B.A. tries. Themes of the panels will include: Ethnic Re- grants & scholarships degree and be interested in careers in education. lations and Nationalism; Social and Cultural Prospective teachers of German or ESL and/or Consequences of Transition; Czechs, Slovaks, and graduates with a documented interest in Austrian Europe: Past and Present; Modernism in Czechoslo- studies are encouraged to apply. A working knowl- vakia; Creating Democracy: Institutions and Atti- U.S./CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. The National edge of German is required. The Austrian Minis- tudes; Views of the “Former Regime”; Ingredients Council for Eurasian and East European Research try of Education and Cultural Affairs works with in Czech and Slovak Identity. Please send a 250-word (NCEEER) announces the creation of the Ed A. provincial school boards to place TAs at schools paper proposal and a short vita to: Center for Rus- Hewett Policy Fellowship Program. This fellowship in all nine Austrian provinces. Applicants may sian and East European Studies, 106 Lippincott, provides a maximum award of $60,000 for research request a city or region to which they wish to be University of Kansas, Lawrence KS 66045, or via on the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the Former assigned, but teaching positions in larger metro- e-mail to crees@kuhub. cc.ukans.edu Deadline: 13 Soviet Union and/or Central and Eastern Europe politan areas, such as Vienna, Salzburg, Graz, and March. (CEE) conducted under the auspices of and place- Innsbruck, are limited. Applicants should be pre- ment in a U.S. government agency with responsibil- pared to accept positions in smaller communities. Scotland. Call for Papers. “Blueprints for No-Man’s ity for the administration of U.S. foreign policy to- TAs are employed from 1 October 1-31 May and Land: Connections in Contemporary Austrian Cul- ward the NIS and CEE. Applicants must be U.S.- are required to attend an orientation seminar dur- ture,” University of Aberdeen, 29 March-1 April based scholars or researchers holding a Ph.D in any ing the last week of September before beginning 2001. This interdisciplinary conference will investi- discipline of the humanities and social sciences, with their assignments. Current TA salary is öS 15,927 gate the connections between different forms of cul- a concentration and considerable background in the per month, from which deductions for compre- tural production and representation in present-day history, culture, politics, and economics of the coun- hensive health and accident insurance and Aus- Austria. It has two interrelated aims: first, to facili- tries of the NIS and CEE. Scholars will be expected trian income tax are made, resulting in a net sal- tate interaction between theorists and practitioners to demonstrate in application the direct, practical ary of öS 11,700. TAs do not receive additional with an interest in contemporary Austrian culture and value of their proposed projects to those who de- support for travel to Austria. Graduating seniors second, to explore areas of overlap between various velop and implement foreign policy. For further ap- may apply, provided they have their degrees be- forms of cultural representation in contemporary plication details (and there are many, many more), fore assuming the positions. Age limit for appli- Austrian culture. The conference will be accompa- contact: Robert T. Huber, President, NCEEER, 910 cants: 30 years at the time of application. Com- nied by literary readings, an installation, video per- 17th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20006. plete applications should be addressed to: Ful- formances and a concert. We are seeking papers that Tel.: 202-822-6950; fax: 202-822-6955; e-mail: bright Commission, Schmidgasse 14, A-1082 explore the nature of the Zwischenräume between [email protected] Deadline: 15 March. NCEEER Vienna, Austria. They must include: 1 applica- different forms of representation. Papers should ad- will notify successful applicants by 7 May. Place- tion form (1 original plus 2 copies), 1 short biog- dress the connections (historical, existing, potential, ment will occur by 15 June. raphy describing you as an individual and explain- and missed) between various cultural spheres such ing why you want to be a TA in Austria (1 origi- as: literature, art, architecture, music, film, theatre, nal plus 2 copies), 2 letters of reference,1 and cabaret. We are interested in both “high” and certificate or letter by a German program docu- “low” culture, as well as in works which subvert this menting proficiency in German, and 1 current tran- distinction. Papers, either in English or in German, opportunities for script of academic records (including the B.A., if should be 30 minutes long. Please send 200-word study available). Finalists will be informed by begin- abstract to: Dr. Janet Stewart, Dept. of German, Tay- ning of April about their status. The Ministry of lor Building, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen Education makes the assignments to individual AB24 3UB. Tel.: 44-1224272488; e-mail: schools by May, and finalists are notified as soon [email protected]; website: http://www. United States. The Indiana University Summer as possible thereafter. A nonrefundable adminis- abdn.ac.uk/~ger042/conference.html Deadline: 31 Workshop in Slavic, East European, and Central trative fee of US $100 is due to the Fulbright Com- March. Asian Languages (SWSEEL), 16 June-11 August. mission upon acceptance of the position. For ques- Intensive language program offering first- through tions: Tel: 43-1-31339 or 732685; fax: 43-1-408- Norway. Call for Papers. Workshop: “Managing and sixth-year Russian; first-year Czech, Polish, Hun- 7765; website (where forms are available for Settling Ethnic Conflicts.” Part of the Seventh IS- garian, Serbian/Croatian, Romanian, Azeri, Kazak, downloading): http://www.oead.ac.at/Fulbright SEI conference, “Approaching a New Millennium: Turkmen, and Uzbek; second-year Uzbek; and a spe- Deadline: 1 March. Lessons from the Past - Prospects for the Future,” cial four week program in Russian,16 June-14 July. Bergen, Norway, 14-18 August 2000. The escala- If funding from external sources becomes available, United States. The Center for Global Studies and tion of ethnic conflicts across Central and Eastern first-year Slovene and Georgian and second-year Pol- Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Work- Europe and the former Soviet Union has been a ish will also be offered. Applications may be com- shop on the Holocaust and Contemporary Genocide, troublesome issue. The “Western” half of the conti- pleted on-line at the SWSEEL web site: http:// IntR 5900, Section 2, 19-23 June. Residential work- nent has also had ethnic conflicts in the twentieth www.indiana.edu/~iuslavic/swseel.shtml Paper ap- shops for K-12 and postsecondary educators will century, most of which have been resolved (e.g., plications can also be obtained from Deborah familiarize teachers with methodologies, content, South Tyrol), while a few continue to cause strife Kornblau, SWSEEL Secretary. Tel: 812-855-2608; texts, and important issues. Emphasis will be placed (e.g., the Basque country). The workshop will ex- fax: 812-855-2107; e-mail: [email protected] A on the background, development, and systematic ex- amine ethnic conflict regulation across the European limited number of Foreign Language and Area Stud- termination of European Jewry by the Nazis, as well continent, including minority rights, territorial au- ies and Social Science Research Council fellowships as other historical and contemporary genocides. tonomy, federalism, and power sharing, as well as will be awarded to eligible students. Visit website Enrollment is limited to 25 participants. Workshop bi- and multilateral conflict management involving for application instructions. Deadline: 20 March. may be taken for three U of M graduate credits. Most ethnic minorities; analyze how and why some settle- fees, including living expenses at the U of M during ments have provided a lasting and stable framework Poland. Summer program. “Auf den Spuren des the week of the workshop, are included thanks to a in which parties can reach mutually agreeable solu- jüdischen Erbes in Galizien.” 2-15 August, Krakow, US Dept of Education Title VI Grant. Registration tions; and assess the future of ethnic conflicts and Stiftung Judaica. Zentrum für jüdische Kultur, ul. fee of $150.00 and $80.00 worth of books will be their management in Europe. The organizers wel- Rabina Meiselsa 17, PL-31-058 Krakow. Tel.: 48- required; the latter will be available for purchase at come proposals on any of these aspects, case studies 12-4235587; fax:48-12-4235034, e-mail: uwrussek the university bookstore. Contact Laura Sayles at (historical or current, single or comparative), as well @cyf-kr.edu.pl (612) 624-7326 or [email protected] 23 WORKING PAPERS IN AUSTRIAN STUDIES

The Center for Austrian Studies serves scholars who study the politics, society, economy, and culture of modern Austria and of Habsburg Central Europe. It encourages comparative studies involving Austria or the Habsburg lands and other European states, stimulates discussion in the field, and provides a vehicle for circulating work in progress. It is open to all papers prior to final publication but gives priority to papers by affiliates of the Center and scholars who have given seminars or attended conferences at the Center. If you would like to have a paper considered for inclusion in the series, please contact Gerhard H. Weiss or Daniel Pinkerton at the Center for Austrian Studies.

95-1. Edward Larkey, Das Österreichische im Angebot der heimischen Kulturindustrie 95-2. Franz X. Eder, Sexualized Subjects: Medical Discourses on Sexuality in German-Speaking Countries in the Late Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries 95-3. Christian Fleck, The Restoration of Austrian Universities after World War II 95-4. Alois Kernbauer, The Scientific Community of Chemists and Physicists in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 95-5. Stella Hryniuk, To Pray Again as a Catholic: The Renewal of Catholicism in Western Ukraine 95-6. Josef Berghold, Awakening Affinities between Past Enemies: Reciprocal Perceptions of Italians and Austrians 96-1. Katherine Arens, Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm 96-2. Thomas N. Burg, Forensic Medicine in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 96-3. Charles Ingrao, Ten Untaught Lessons about Central Europe: An Historical Perspective 97-1. Siegfried Beer, Target Central Europe: American Intelligence Efforts Regarding Nazi and Early Postwar Austria, 1941-1947. 98-1. Dina Iordanova, Balkan Wedding Revisited: Multiple Messages of Filmed Nuptuals 98-2. Christopher Long, The Other Modern Dwelling: Josef Frank and Haus & Garten 99-1. Peter Thaler, “Germans” and “Austrians” in World War II: Military History and National Identity 99-2. Adi Wimmer, The “Lesser Traumatized”: Exile Narratives of Austrian Jews

Working Papers 92-1 through 94-4 are still available. See previous issues of the ASN, the CAS website, or contact the Center for authors and titles. The price per paper is $3.00 ($4.00 for foreign addresses). To order, send your name, address, and paper numbers requested along with payment to Center for Austrian Studies, Attention: Working Papers (address on page 2). Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank in U.S. dollars and should be made out to “Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota.” We also accept MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards. To pay by credit card, indicate the card used and include your card number, expiration date, and signature on the order. Most Working Papers are also available on our website and may be downloaded for free. The URL is http://www.cas.umn.edu

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