38 INFIDELITY INFIDELIT ELITYLINGUA FRANCA OCTOBER 1999 39 IN THEBOOKOFLAUGHTERAND directly from Czech. They sometimes read a critique of Soviet totalitarianism. “The Forgetting, the Czech-born novelist Milan awkwardly; in the circuitous journey from Joke is a love story.” Kundera neatly epitomized what makes Czech to French to English, flavor and If nothing else, Kundera’s experience translation impossible. His specimen was details have been lost, and mistakes have of communism taught him that literary the Czech word lítost. On the one hand, he been introduced. Furthermore, while retrans- stubbornness pays off. In December 1965 writes, lítost means too much: “It desig- lating his novels, Kundera has also been Kundera had submitted to his Prague pub- nates a feeling as infinite as an open accor- rewriting them—sometimes tailoring them lisher the manuscript of The Joke. In the dion, a feeling that is the synthesis of many to his audience. As Allison Stanger, a polit- novel, a young man mails his girlfriend a others: grief, sympathy, remorse, and an ical science professor at Middlebury College, postcard containing ironic praise of Trotsky; indefinable longing.” No word in any other noted in an open letter to Kundera in the failing to appreciate the young man’s sense language casts a semantic penumbra with New England Review, “Your Czech audi- of humor, the Stalinist authorities who the same range and chiaroscuro. But on the ence now reads one version of [The Joke] intercept the postcard ruin his life. other hand, lítost means too little. “Under while your French- and English-language Throughout the following year, censors certain circumstances,” Kundera explains, audiences read quite another.” summoned Kundera to their offices to lítost “can have a very narrow meaning, a Every author has the right to be finicky, request changes in the novel. As Kundera meaning as definite, precise, and sharp as a even ornery, about his masterpieces. But steadfastly refused, the censors became well-honed cutting edge.” And no word in a perfect translation may be a contradic- meeker and meeker, until finally their objec- any other language leaves a semantic foot- tion in terms. Is Kundera damaging his tions vanished altogether. In 1967 The print exactly the same size and shape. books and reputation for the sake of an Joke was published untouched, just as Among his fans, Kundera’s discussion unreachable ideal? Between Kundera and Kundera wanted it. Three editions quickly of lítost is famous. However, if you buy his translators, the air is thick with feelings sold out—120,000 copies, in a country of The Book of Laughter and Forgetting today, of betrayal. Lítost, roughly speaking, is the only fifteen million people. Kundera you won’t find the two sentences just Czech word for “regret,” and Kundera launched his career as a novelist with a quoted. They’ve been excised. They were seems to be learning the hard way that you triumph over editorial meddling. in the Czech original and in the English can’t have translation without it. That triumph was short-lived. In August translation by UCLA professor Michael 1968 Russian military force ended the Henry Heim that appeared in 1980. But MILAN KUNDERA rose to the Czech experiment in “socialism with a in the recent translation by Aaron Asher, world’s attention hand-in-hand with the human face.” Paradoxically, however, the issued by HarperCollins in 1996, the sen- news of his homeland’s political hard luck. capitalist West was first to insult the integrity tences do not appear. Nor are they in the Westerners sympathetic to the Prague of Kundera’s novels. In 1969, while still current French edition, which is the basis Spring—the brief thaw in totalitarian com- in Prague, Kundera received the British of Asher’s work. And you won’t find any munism crushed in 1968—read Kundera edition of The Joke. Chapters had been Czech edition of The Book of Laughter all the more sympathetically because of it. shortened, shuffled, and deleted altogether. and Forgetting in print at all. The novelist seemed to be the world rep- “I was appalled,” Kundera later remem- “To cross out what one has written is resentative of “Czech Fate,” to borrow the bered. In a scorching letter to the Times a highly creative act,” Kundera once told title of a fatalistic essay he wrote shortly Literary Supplement, he denounced his an interviewer. No doubt Kundera himself after the Russians invaded his country. That British publisher for having “merely con- deleted the lines about lítost, perhaps essay infuriated a young dissident named sidered my text as a free basis for bizarre because he no longer stands by them. For Václav Havel, and time proved Havel right: inventions of manipulators.” a decade and a half, Kundera has crusaded Kundera’s moody pessimism made for bad Soon after, as Moscow directed the “nor- against unfaithful translations, and in the politics. But it made for good novels. In malization” of Czech culture, Kundera lost course of that campaign, his own gener- the 1980s, The Book of Laughter and his job teaching at a film school, and his alizations about untranslatability may have Forgetting and The Unbearable Lightness books were pulled from libraries and stores begun to sound too much like a sloppy of Being became international best-sellers in Czechoslovakia. It would be a decade translator’s excuse. “He began to be thanks to the dark gifts that, in Kundera’s before Kundera was at liberty, economi- obsessed,” explains Asher, Kundera’s long- opinion, the Czechs’ political destiny had cally as well as politically, to take his trans- time American editor and new French-to- bestowed on them—a melancholy thought- lations personally in hand. But the seeds had English translator. “Maybe that’s too strong fulness, a taste for existential paradox, and been sown: Kundera had won an early a word; maybe I shouldn’t use it; but there a talent for sexual libertinage. victory over editorial tampering, and wit- are good obsessions.” But despite the push that political nessed outrageous infidelities in the trans- The crusade has been effective, but at a history gave him, Kundera has always lation of his first novel. When at last Kundera cost. In America, Kundera’s most famous stoutly defended his novels from politics was able to examine his translations closely, novels have been reappearing in brand-new per se. During the Cold War, he even- he would not be inclined to compromise. translations, which follow his Czech origi- handedly loathed both his communist nals more closely in vocabulary, syntax, and censors and the Westerners who saw him IN 1975 Kundera left his homeland even punctuation. But oddly enough, these as a dissident. “Spare me your Stalinism, and took up residence in France, where new versions—all authorized by Kundera— please,” he snapped in 1980 at a TV pan- he has lived ever since. Four years later a are translated from the French, rather than elist who suggested that his first novel was shock revived Kundera’s anxiety about PREVIOUS PAGE: CTK/SOVFOTO 40 INFIDELITY translation. During an interview for the Italian newspaper Corriere della sera, Alain Finkielkraut asked Kundera why his recent novels had moved away from the “florid and baroque” style of The Joke. Kundera had no idea what Finkielkraut was talking about. In Czech, Kundera has always been distinguished by his tempered, almost neutral prose style—a difficult achievement in that language. Thanks to the Counter Reformation, the gap between spoken and written Czech is wider than in most other languages. In 1621 the Czech- speaking nobles, largely Protestant, were decimated; the Catholic Church labeled almost all books in Czech heretical; and for two centuries, Czech survived as a lan- guage spoken mostly by peasants and the urban lower class. Rip van Winkle slept for only one generation; written Czech slept for six or seven. When it was self-con- sciously resuscitated, in the early nineteenth century, it sounded a bit medieval, and that formality has not yet mellowed. Writers like Jaroslav Hasˇek, Bohumil Hrabal, and Josef Sˇkvorecky have taken literary advan- tage of the contrast between written and spoken Czech by reveling in dialect and slang. Kundera, however, has eschewed low and high for a careful middle path. His style is relaxed but always correct, some- what like a medical manual for home use. The night after his interview with Finkielkraut, Kundera read Marcel Aymonin’s French translation of The Joke for the first time. On top of Kundera’s deliberately restrained prose, Aymonin had layered un beau style, the way deca- dents used to drill jewels into living turtles’ shells for ornament. Where Kundera had written “The sky was blue,” Aymonin had translated “Under a sky of periwinkle, October hoisted its showy shield.” Kundera MILAN KUNDERA, 1963 was furious. “Rage seized me,” he later recalled. Spurred by that rage, Kundera FOR A DECADE AND A HALF, KUNDERA HAS revised the French translation, with the help of author Claude Courtot. A more CRUSADED AGAINST UNFAITHFUL faithful French edition appeared in 1980. The rage also triggered a cascade of retrans- TRANSLATIONS. “HE BEGAN TO BE OBSESSED,” lations of The Joke in other languages— English (1982), Spanish (1984), Italian and EXPLAINS HIS LONGTIME AMERICAN EDITOR. Portuguese (1986), German (1987), and Dutch (1988)—as Kundera took advan- Kundera’s was Peter Kussi. (I studied Czech of Kundera’s novel Life Is Elsewhere was tage of his growing prestige to switch to with Kussi at Columbia.) Kundera himself nominated for a National Book Award. more attentive publishers. had solicited Kussi’s help, through Antonín Pleased with Kussi’s work, Kundera In the United States, meanwhile, Liehm, a mutual friend who had edited requested that Kussi also translate his Kundera seemed to be having better luck.