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Home , Akmal Ikramov, Alash Autonomy, Bolshevism, History of Kazakhstan, Turar Ryskulov

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020

MUSTAFA SHOCKAY ON THE POLICY OF RUSSIAN BOLISHEVIST CHAUVINISM IN IN 20-30TH OF XX CENTURY

1Sapanov S. Zh, 2Hamidullina D. U. PhD, 3Shugaipova G, 4Sh. Bazargaliev G. B, 5Zhumabayeva K.Zh, 6Tolesheva A.B

1Doctor of historic science, Director Research Center «History, Archeology and Ethnography of Region», Atyrau University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, , e-mail: [email protected] 2Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan e-mail: [email protected] 3Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, e-mail: [email protected] 4PhD. in pedagogical science, Atyrau, Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan, e-mail: [email protected] 5Master of pedagogy, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Department of pedagogy and educational management, , Kazakhstan, e-mail: [email protected] 6Magistr, Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, e-mail: [email protected]

Received: 28.03.2020 Revised: 21.04.2020 Accepted: 27.05.2020

Abstract After the establishment of Soviet power on the national outskirts of the , including Kazakhstan, the and the central Soviet were faced with a practical question of the formation and national statehood of the peoples of the former colonies in accordance with the 's policy provisions on national issues. The basic principles of national policy of the Communist Party in theory were formed by Lenin prior to the victory of the October . The main condition of this policy was the demand of the right of nations to self-determination up to separation and formation of an independent state. This way of posing the question contributed significantly to the fact that the peoples of the colonial margins generally supported the Bolsheviks in their struggle for power during the October coup. However, after the Bolsheviks seized power, Lenin did not absolutize the rights of nations to real self- determination, which implied the separation of this or that nation from and the formation of an independent state, but strongly emphasized the idea that the solution of this issue should be based primarily on the interests of workers in the struggle for . And this meant that the national statehood was not a state for all strata of the population, but a state of workers and peasants, i.e. a class state. Mustafa Shokay and party figures did not recognize the Bolshevik authorities. Mustafa Shokay saw the state form of resolving the national issue in the creation of the Turkestan (modern ). Being in exile, he sharply criticized the Soviet transformations and neocolonial policy of the Bolsheviks in Turkestan.

Key words: nationalism, bolshevism, chauvinism, socialism, Turkestan Republic, right of nation, Alash Autonomy, natives, reforms.

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.136

INTRODUCTION Russian revolutionary chauvinism of Bolsheviks had a strong One of the actual tasks of the historical science of modern influence on the political views of the national intelligentsia of Kazakhstan is to study the policy of Russian - Bolshevik Turkestan. chauvinism on the outskirts of Russia in the early XX century, particularly in Turkestan. Characteristic feature of this period is The Bolsheviks succeeded in splitting the united national the rise of national consciousness and struggle for national liberation movement of Turkestan. Some remained adherents of independence on the basis of autonomy under the dictatorship of ideas of the Autonomy and full National Independence of the . Turkestan (headed by M. Shokay), another part saw the Independence of Turkestan in the creation of "Independent We have chosen politics of Russian-Bolshevik chauvinism in Soviet Republic" of Turkic nations (, Kirghiz, Tatars, Turkestan in 20-30th of XX cenury as the theme of our study Bashkirs, etc.) and adopted the of Bolshevism. But the because, during these years, the Soviet authorities mobilized the program of "Moslem Communists" - unification of Turkic entire punitive system to suppress everything national in peoples, in opinion of Bolsheviks, contradicted ideas of Kazakhstan and Turkestan. the international revolutionary movement. Geopolitical position of Turkestan has always been a favorable There is no doubt that nowadays writing any historical work on base for economic and political influence of Russia in relation to the territory of the former is obviously a very Central Asian countries, Iran and Afghanistan. This policy of difficult task. Especially if this work is focused on the Еsarist Russia was continued by Soviet Russia. For this purpose, interpretation of history. This is largely due to the fact that the Bolsheviks needed "political weapons", which were in the virtually any such interpretation has a pronounced ideological hands of Moscow "Muslim Communists". It should be noted that character. This is largely due to the fact that the new the colonial policy of Tsarism, of Turkestan and independent states formed in the place of the USSR still have

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active processes of state building. They show an increased (INALCO). The second stage, 1940-1950th. During these years, demand for an ideology of which history is an integral part. It is the study of the history of Bolshevism and the policy of Soviet important to note that such demand is formed simultaneously by power in Kazakhstan became purposeful, especially after the both the state and society, which under the new conditions feels Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). Nevertheless, most of the an acute need for self-identification. Accordingly, the need for works published on the problems in 40-50th were of a historical knowledge is being formed. It is connected not so much fragmented nature. with the receipt of any new, previously unknown information, as with the interpretation of history in the interests of national and Third stage 1960-1980th. During this period, historians of state construction and self-identification of society. Kazakhstan investigated mainly the history of the revolution and civil confrontation, as well as complex and controversial The Bolshevik state absolutely dominated society and controlled processes of establishing and strengthening the Soviet power in all social processes, the aspiration of society to self-identification Kazakhstan as a whole. In this connection, the monographs of S.Z. was completely subordinated to the tasks of the national Zimanov (1970) and T.Ye. Yeleuova (1961) should be named first ideology. In the USSR, the issues of forming the state ideology of all. History of 1960-1980th in the analysis and assessment of and self-identification of society were under strict control of the Russian-Bolshevik policy in Turkestan was guided by the state. Leninist party concept, the most distinctive features of which are the primacy of communist ideology and class approach in the The relevance of this article lies in the fact that the political study of national policy. In the Soviet period, the works of Alash situation in the USSR in 20-30th and the causes of political Autonomy, primarily the leaders of the national liberation repression Mustafa Shokay analyzes through the prism of great movement, fell out of the historiography in the first place. power chauvinism and colonization . For Bolsheviks Meanwhile, the analysis of socio-political development and the national revolution is esteemed only when it becomes on a prospects of the national and Muslim movement in Kazakhstan at way of perfect destruction of idea of the nations (S.Zh. Sapanov, the beginning of the century were covered in the works of M. 2000). Shokay, A. Bukeykhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov and others.

LITERATURE REVIEW The fourth stage, from 1991 to the present. Since 1991, a new Soviet-Kazakh historiography. The Soviet-Kazakh historiography stage in the study of the history of Russian Bolshevik politics in on studying the history of Bolshevism and politics of the Soviet Turkestan begins. At the same time, it becomes obvious that the power in Kazakhstan can be divided into several stages to a methodological imperatives that have prevailed up to now are certain extent. not scientific, it is necessary to master the new theoretical apparatus and better conceptual tools. In scientific works of the The first stage is the 1920-1930th. Soviet historiography of that Kazakh authors various aspects of history of national policy of time paid much attention to the national issue and policy of the Bolsheviks and Alash movement were covered. The personalized Bolsheviks in Turkestan. Such categories of works include the character of the majority of publications allowed by means of works of Soviet historians from Central Asia M. G. Safarov covering the unknown pages of life and activity of M. Shokay, A. (1921), S. Ginsburg (1925, 1926), P. Alekseenkov (1928). In the Bukeykhanov, Sultanbek Khodzhanov and others to reveal the 1920s, research works were carried out by institutions of the social nature of the national movement, its political orientations Academy of Sciences. Among such scientific institutions are the and possibilities. Turkestan and Siberian departments of the Commission for the Study of the National Composition of Russia, which were engaged The works of M.K. Kozybayev, Zh.B. Abylkhozhin, K.S. in the study of the number and resettlement of Kazakhs, the Aldazhumanov (1992); K.N. Nurpeysov (1995), K.L. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the State Academy of History of Esmagambetov (2013); M.K. Koigeldiev (2008), B. Koyshubaev Material Culture and others. Thus, in the 20-30th of the XX (2007), and others are among the domestic researchers. century the main scientific and organizational principles of studying the history of the Kazakh Krai were laid down. This In the works of academician M.K.Kozybayev (2000) attention process had a clearly expressed class-ideological, party was drawn to the positive aspects of the February bourgeois- character, as it was closely connected with the formation of the democratic revolution and, in particular, the activities of the party organization in Kazakhstan. Provisional Government. M.K.Kozybayev in his works tried to reinterpret the path taken by the historical science of Kazakhstan The works of M. Shokay "Pofrom in Sergiopol", "Russian-Chinese during the Soviet power. conflict", "Bolsheviks in Afghanistan", "The question of interethnic relations in Turkestan", "On a modern situation of Research work by K. L. Esmagambetov about M. Shokay, where Turkestan are devoted to a policy of Russian-Bolshevik the author first published personal archive data of M. Shokay in chauvinism in Turkestan during the considered period. Report", full (12 volumes) received high academic appraisal. "Around the national issue", etc. (INALCO). М. Koigeldiev and T. Omarbekov (1993) took part in writing a In these works, M. Shokay notes that the further strengthening of joint work on political and socio-economic life of the republic the Soviet administrative policy in Turkestan caused a sharp and collectivization. dissatisfaction of the indigenous population, the spokesman of Monographic researches of the Kazakh authors after 1991 testify the increasingly infringing on the interests of which were the to a qualitatively new stage of studying of the given problem and most visionary representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia, who mark, new approaches to history of national - liberation saw in Bolshevism a threat to the existence of Kazakh identity movement, a policy of Bolsheviks in Turkestan, definition of a and statehood with far-reaching consequences. role and a place of the Kazakh intelligentsia at crucial stages of The works of outstanding political figures of Soviet Kazakhstan development of the Kazakhstan society. in 20-30th T. Ryskulov "From the history of revolutionary Western historiography. The modern foreign historiography of struggle in Kazakhstan" (1935) and S. Asfandiyarov " is presented by the general works on the theory and Kazakhstan since ancient times" (1935) are devoted to the key practice of the Soviet national policy, researches on history, qustions of revolutionary struggle in Kazakhstan. At the same ethnography and culture of the peoples of Central Asia and time, S. Asfandiyarov edited a 2-volume work "Kazakhstan's past Kazakhstan, including doctoral dissertations, and also diaries and in sources and materials". He also edited the "Proceedings of the memoirs of foreign witnesses of events in the region. Its Kazakh Scientific and Research Institute of National Culture" important component are the publications devoted to the critical

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analysis of methodology and techniques of researches of the development of the concept of "proletarian ", based Kazakhstan authors, the reference and bibliographic manuals on such facts and phenomena as social, economic and political containing extensive scientific comments and descriptions of backwardness of the region, where in many of its areas works and personal archives of A. Bukeyhanov, A. Baitursynov, patriarchal-feudal relations prevailed. In the following years, the M. Shokay, A. Zaki Validi Togan, T. Ryskulov and other leaders of concept of "proletarian colonialism" was presented with new liberation struggle of Turkic-speaking peoples of the former arguments through an in-depth study of some of its aspects (the Russian empire, and also texts of programs, resolutions and clarification of the general and special, international and decisions of political parties. These include the program national, social and ethnic in the revolution) in the works of H. documents of the First and Second All-Russian Congresses of Seton-Watson (1967), Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (1967, 1987, Muslim Peoples of Russia (May and July 1917), the Muslim 1975), G. Simon (1979), F. Bennixon (1979, 1982), A. Kappeler Military Congress, the Mladobukhar party, the Musavat party (1992) and others. (Azerbaijan), the Turkic party of federalists, the Milli-Firqa party (Crimea), the Erk party (Turkestan), and the Alash party With the transition at the turn of 60-70th of XX century of a (Kazakhstan). number of historians to a more dynamic historical and sociological concept of modernization, as well as other theories Till the beginning of 90th of XX century the traditional direction of social development, primarily coming from the French Annales of the western historiography was studying of problems school, significantly expanded the thematic and geographical connected with comprehension of a role and a place of October framework of foreign research on the history of Kazakhstan. revolution in historical destiny of the non-Russian peoples of the Russian Empire, the relation of local Muslim society to social- Thus, the representatives of the "new historical school" J. Keep political and economic institutes and value orientations imposed (1968), R. Paiky Bridge (1972), R. Suny (1972, 1983, 1988), M. from the outside, "intellectual fermentation" in the environment Ferro (1967, 1976, 1981), T. Hasegawa (1981), R. Pierce (1975) of the Kazakh leaders in 20-30th of XX century. D. Raleigh (1986), D.Geyer (1985) in their works addressed to deeper reasons (social, political, professional, ethnic and other The sources of a foreign historiography of a theme of an factors) of the historical process. establishment of the Soviet authority on national suburbs, including in Kazakhstan, take the beginning in the numerous However, new conceptual approaches to the problem have not materials published in the periodic press of the USA, the Great made significant adjustments in the assessment of foreign Britain, Germany, France and other states, statements of the authors of the social nature of the in the statesmen and public figures in which were reflected collision of national suburbs, including Kazakhstan, as evidenced by one of the various points of view on events in Russia in 20-30th years of the latest generalizing studies - the work of Professor M.B. Olcott, XX century. Colgate University (USA) "Kazakhs" (1987). The main components of modern foreign historiographical She categorically disagrees with the official version of the concepts of the problem are contained in the works of the French traditional Historiography about the mass enthusiasm of the diplomat and historian Joseph Castagnet (1922). He was an Kazakhs who allegedly welcomed the news about the victory of eyewitness to the events of 1917-1918 in . M. Shokay, the Russian Bolsheviks in the region during the exhausting Civil who was in exile in Paris in 1920-1930th, had an influence on War. formation of views of the French scientist. The similar point of view on the relation of local population of In a considerable part of the publication of those years have a Turkestan and Steppe Krai to October revolution of 1917 is descriptive, empirical character, but nevertheless it is possible to argued also in article "Mustafa Chokay-ogly (Shokay)", published allocate in them separate estimation moments and tendencies in magazine "The Society for Central Asian Studies" in 1986, and which have received the further development, having played a also the works published by this scientific center in 1985 certain role in formation of historiographical concepts of a "Kazakhs on Russians till 1917" and "The Revolution as seen by problem. The above mentioned first of all refers to the works of Muslim Bolsheviks " (Olcott. 1985, 1986). the American publicist William Chamberlin (1935, 1934.). In the subsequent periods the western scientists mastered new Distinguished by the wide coverage of sources, interest to the plans of history of Kazakhstan of 20-30th, first of all at the topic of participation of masses in the revolution. Analyzing expense of attraction of new sources the subjects of their events in Russia in the period from February till October, 1917, researches considerably expanded. In addition to traditional he for the first time specifies four powerful movements: finally Soviet sources (G. Safarov "Colonial revolution". 1921; Yu. destroyed both Tsarism, and after the February regime; a giant Kozlovsky "The Red Army in Central Asia". 1928, etc.) ferment in army; aspiration of peasants to receive the earth and researchers turned to publications withdrawn from scientific struggle of workers for increase of a salary and reduction of circulation, such as "Basmachestvo in Lokai". (M.-L., 1929), "The working day, installation of the control over manufacture; Red Army as covered by contemporaries, White Russians and struggle of non-Russian nationalities for achievement of foreigners, 1918-1924". (M.-L., 1925), "National parts of the Red autonomy. Guard and the Red Army in Central Asia" (Tashkent, 1933). Thus, after J. Castaña Chamberlin managed to substantiate the thesis about the anti-democratic nature and essence of the Soviet RESEARCH METHODS power on the national outskirts, about the abyss of lies between Methodological and theoretical basis. the main flows of the revolutionary process in Russia in 1917- Fundamental in the theoretical and methodological terms are 1920. conceptual developments in relation to national public policy and political system. In the 50th of the XX century, historians who adopted the concepts formed on the basis of assessment of the political The methodological and theoretical basis of this problem was the system of the USSR as totalitarian are brought to the forefront. It scientific developments of Kazakh, Russian and foreign schools of was accompanied by process of formation of new scientific research, studying the national history in 20-30 years of XX discipline - council science, including, in particular, complex century. Separate articles of the state and political figure of studying of of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan in 20-30th of XX century Mustafa Shokay written by him in emigration in Paris were used in this work. The scientific contribution of the consultants to the historiography of the problem was a comprehensive In the course of the research, the authors were guided by general

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methodological principles that allowed them to scientifically and documents of M. Shokay was the pogrom in Sergiopol (now the objectively approach the study of the set tasks, among which city of Ayagoz in the East Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan) in should be named: historical method, retrospective method, December 1929. M. Shokay notes: methods of synthesis and analysis, empirical research. "And yet, I repeat, I couldn't believe it, I just didn't want to Problem description believe that it could come to a pogrom, i.e. to that animal state M. Shokay about the great power chauvinism and with which a man's conscience couldn't tolerate in any way. The pogromists beat everyone who was caught in front of their eyes colonization bourgeoisie of the Soviet power in Turkestan as long as he was Kazakh or Kyrgyz. They smashed the stalls of The ideological foundations of the policy of Tsarist Russia on the Kazakh and Kyrgyz traders and threw away flour. Individual outskirts of the empire were based on the works of ideologists of Communists and Komsomol members not only did not take Russian chauvinism, such as P. I. Kovalevsky (1912) and A. measures against the pogromists, but, on the contrary, indulged Budilovich (1906), and others. These works promoted national them. After the pogrom, some party members tried to convene a xenophobia and could be found on the shelves of bookshops in meeting of workers to pass a resolution in favor of the Tashkent and St. Petersburg. pogromists. Judicial investigation establishes that the events The policy of Russian chauvinism continued with the began with the defeat of stalls in the bazaar and turned into a establishment of Soviet power in Turkestan. Thus, at the X massacre of Kazakh and Kyrgyz. The pogromists disarmed the Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (b), police, broke into the police building, beat up the guards and which was held from 8 to 16 March 1921 in Moscow, Stalin, released the detained criminals. People's Commissar for Nationalities, concerning complaints Of those 18 brought to trial 10 people were convicted, of which about the ugly behavior of Russian Bolsheviks in the suburbs, in three - Ilya Galkov, Vasily Soloviev and Nikolai Rybin - were particular in Turkestan, explained it as "a manifestation of sentenced to execution. legitimate pride of the representatives of the Great Russian tribe, the first to raise the banner of the world " Yes, the pogromers were punished, but the pogrom mood (INALCO). remains" (INALCO). This mood is fed by Stalin's words above about the legitimate As M. Shokay notes in his works this "legitimate pride" was pride of the Great Russian tribe, the first to raise the banner of manifested in different forms, in different years on the outskirts the world social revolution. It feeds on the impunity of the of the USSR. authorities who brought the Uzbeks to their knees. It feeds on In Turkestan it was manifested in 1925. When the Uzbek impunity of those who forcibly take lands from the Kazakh and population of Tashkent was brought to its knees by the order of Kyrgyz for 200 thousand "representatives of the Great Russian the Soviet power on the anniversary of Lenin's death. tribe". It feeds on daily bullying and frequent beatings to which 'natives' are subjected", says M. Shokay. In Kazakhstan, in 1927, against the will of Kazakhs, land was allocated for 200 thousand unauthorized Russian settlers only Stalin and the beginning of political repression in Turkestan because Kazakhstan does not have its own armed forces (F.I. Mass political repressions of the Stalinist period caused Goloshekin). irreparable damage, when millions of innocent people were killed in the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) There is even no need to talk about relations with the "native" walls. As you know, the October Revolution and the civil war in workers notes M. Shokay. For example, in the summer of 1926, the USSR started these historically unprecedented crimes. After Turkmen workers were left without water in the 50-degree heat, the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power, the state and boilers in which food was cooked were lubricated with pig dictatorship of the proletariat with an unprecedented scale fat to supersede Uzbek, Kazakh and Kyrgyz workers out of the deployed persecution of its political and class opponents. As a public canteen. result, thousands of citizens of the Russian Empire found Another manifestation of the great power chauvinism of the themselves in emigration. Among them were citizens of Bolsheviks was the fact that the factories in Ridder (East Kazakhstan and Central Asian countries, forced to leave their Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan) Kazakh and Kyrgyz workers historical homeland during the Civil War, as well as during the were not allowed to live in the same barracks with the Russians. years of forced collectivization and famine at the end of 20-30th. In the Semipalatinsk district, winter barracks without roofs were Therefore, the history of political repression in Turkestan must built for Kazakh and Kyrgyz workers. Workers froze their arms be seen in the context of events that took place throughout the and legs, they were forced to leave work, and their places were Soviet Union. immediately occupied by Russian workers. On the coal mines With the strengthening of the totalitarian regime, the repressive Kzyl-Kiya delegate of the VI Congress of the Comintern T. Dombal policy against the participants of the national liberation saw a poster with this kind of warning on the doors of the movement, as well as against the political parties operating on barracks where the Russian workers live: the outskirts of the Russian Empire on the eve and during the - Comrades who do not keep clean will be sent to Tajik barracks. revolution intensified. This policy was the basis for the program of action of the All-Union Communist Party (b) - the Communist In his works, M. Shokay cited cases of beatings of "natives" by Party of the Soviet Union throughout the existence of the USSR. Russian workers, and pogroms at labor exchanges in different Persecution of the national liberation movement participants and parts of Soviet Kazakhstan. He notes that the authorities and the carriers of this idea later became an integral part of the Soviet press write about them only passingly. the Soviet newspapers state policy. It became especially fierce after the IV meeting of the kept silent фbout the beating at the labour exchanges in Central Committee of the Russian communist party of the Semipalatinsk and Aktyubinsk in 1928, where the victims were Bolsheviks (b) with the participation of responsible workers of only Kazakh and Kyrgyz, beating by Russian workers of Kazakhs national republics and regions, held in June 1923 in Moscow. in Arysa, Chimkent region, on the Turkestan-Siberian railway. Such pogroms and beatings were widespread in the brotherly This is what M. Shokay writes about it: "Stalin, as a vengeful, Central Asian republics. In Tashkent, Bukhara (), insidious man, suffering from megalomania (however, like all , and . other dictators of the XX century: Hitler, Mao, born under "circumstances", as their bibliographers affirm), could not One of the major inter-ethnic conflicts according to the forgive the Turkestan "Communist Muslims" (,

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Sultanbek Hojanov, and others) their audacious Commissar Industry; Ryzykov - head of the City Council (Sapanov criticism of the colonial policy of the Soviet government in S.Zh., 2000). Turkestan. Let's remind, that in 1923 9-12.06, at IV meeting of This "cleansing", in relation to Turkestan, took on the size of a the Central Committee of the Communist Party with responsible real "political pogrom". workers of national republics and areas a question of practical measures on carrying out in a life of resolutions of XII congress of CONCLUSION parties on a national question and, in particular, about case of In conditions of sovereign Kazakhstan researchers actively Sultan-Galiyev accused of pan-Turkism and ideological support develop various problems of historiography of the Soviet period. of “basmachestvo”, Stalin's report was discussed. Among the In this article we have considered the policy of Russian - speakers were Turar Ryskulov, Sultanbek Khojanov and Akmal Bolshevik chauvinism in Turkestan in 20-30th of the XX century Ikramov. About Turar Ryskulov Stalin says, as about ideologically from new conceptual positions based on archival materials of connected with Sultan Galiev, and that speech of Turar at this personal archive of M. Shokay in Paris. meeting has made a "heavy impression" on Stalin. Speeches of Akmal Ikramov and Sultanbek Khojanov were also sharp, in Based on the analysis of the policy of the Soviet power in particular, they said that between Turkestan and Turkestan Turkestan in 20-30th, it is important to pay attention to the today, there is no difference that only the sign has changed, and following conclusions and the most pressing problems of the Turkestan remained the same as under the tsar" (INALCO). history of Kazakhstan Soviet period: In 1923, neither Stalin nor the Central Committee for responsible Firstly, the establishment of Soviet power and the policy of party figures were not yet untouched and sacred, they could be Bolshevism was a continuation of neocolonial policy of Tsarist criticized. Russia, only with a distinction in the dictatorship of the proletariat; Bolsheviks in Moscow and especially Stalin never believed in "Communist Muslims", knowing the degree of their Bolshevism, Secondly, the Soviet period of Kazakhstan's history in 20-30th of and as soon as the political power in the face of Stalin was the XX century was marked by the attempt of national strengthened and the "repression machine" was launched, consolidation, defeat of the movement of Kazakh autonomists political figures and leaders of Soviet Turkestan were eliminated. and the policy of national humiliation, which became decisive in In 1937-1938 the Soviets of People's Commissars of Turkestan the social, political and economic system of development in the were beheaded and "cleaned up": USSR; In Kazakhstan: T. Ryskulov, Sultanbek Hojanov, Kulumbetov Thirdly, exposing the crime of a totalitarian regime is an urgent Uzakbai - head of CEC; Kaspakbaev - secretary of CEC; Nurpeisov, need today. This is also called for by the Decree of the President 2nd secretary of CC of Communist Party; Zhurgenov Temirbek - of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On declaring 1997 the year of The People's Commissar of Education; Eskaraev - Deputy national consent and memory of victims of political repression". Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and a member Its implementation has contributed to the restoration of of the Bureau of the Central Committee; U. Zhandosov - head of historical justice in full. Oblast administration of Alma-Ata region; A. Topkanov - People's commissar, editor of central party newspaper, researcher; REFERENCES Asylbekov; Koshambayev; Boskanov; Esengeldin; Sultanbekov. 1. Sapanov S.Zh. Mustafa Chokay i bol'shevizm. Sbornik statey (Mustafa Shokay and Bolshevism. Collection of articles). / In Kirghizia: Isakeev - head of Council of People's Commissars; Sost. S.Zh. Sapanov - Almaty, Kazak universitetі publ., 2000, Esenamanov - People's Commissar for Land; Dzhienbaev - after p. 98. the removal of Esenamanov took his post; Temirbekov - People's 2. INALCO. L Arhives de Moustafa Shokay Bey. Carton 5. Commissar for Municipal Services; Sharukov - People's Dossier 2. PP. 48-52. Commissar for Health; Ailchinov - secretary of CEC. 3. Safarov M.G. Kolonial'naya revolyutsiya. Opyt Turkestana (Colonial Revolution. Experience of Turkestan). M., 1921. In Uzbekistan: Faizullah Hodja - head of Council of People's P.79. Commissars; Ikramov Akmal - head secretary of Central 4. Ginsburg S. Basmachestvo v Fergane (Basmachestvo in Committee of Uzbekistan Communist Party; Karimov Abdullah, Fergana) // Novyy Vostok (New East). 1925. No. 10. P. 52. deputy of head of Council of People's Commissars, Islamov R. 5. Ginsburg S. Basmachestvo v Fergane (Basmachestvo in People's Commissar for Land; Taushiev - head of Tashkent City Fergana) /Ocherki revolyutsionnogo dvizheniya v Sredney Council; Khasanov - editor " Vostoka"; Artykov - secretary Azii» (Essays on the revolutionary movement in Central of CEC of the Uzbek Communist Party; Rakhimov - head of Asia). Sb. stat'ey. M., 1926. Tashgorkom; Ibragimov - member of Bureau of Tashkom 6. Alekseenkov P. Kokandskaya avtonomiya (Kokandsky Komsomol; Muhamedov - member of Bureau of Tashkom autonomy // Revolyutsiya v Sredney Azii (Revolution in Komsomol; Yusupov - head of Komsomol Committee in ; Central Asia). Sb. 1. Tashkent, 1928. Avezov - head of Kokand Committee of the Komsomol; 7. Ryskulov T. 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