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Mustafa Shockay on the Policy of Russian Bolishevist Chauvinism in Turkestan in 20-30Th of Xx Century

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Mustafa Shockay on the Policy of Russian Bolishevist Chauvinism in Turkestan in 20-30Th of Xx Century Journal of Critical Reviews ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 9, 2020 MUSTAFA SHOCKAY ON THE POLICY OF RUSSIAN BOLISHEVIST CHAUVINISM IN TURKESTAN IN 20-30TH OF XX CENTURY 1Sapanov S. Zh, 2Hamidullina D. U. PhD, 3Shugaipova G, 4Sh. Bazargaliev G. B, 5Zhumabayeva K.Zh, 6Tolesheva A.B 1Doctor of historic science, Director Research Center «History, Archeology and Ethnography of Atyrau Region», Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan, e-mail: [email protected] 2Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan e-mail: [email protected] 3Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, e-mail: [email protected] 4PhD. in pedagogical science, Atyrau, Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan, e-mail: [email protected] 5Master of pedagogy, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Department of pedagogy and educational management, Almaty, Kazakhstan, e-mail: [email protected] 6Magistr, Atyrau State University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 28.03.2020 Revised: 21.04.2020 Accepted: 27.05.2020 Abstract After the establishment of Soviet power on the national outskirts of the Russian Empire, including Kazakhstan, the Bolsheviks and the central Soviet government were faced with a practical question of the formation and national statehood of the peoples of the former colonies in accordance with the Communist Party's policy provisions on national issues. The basic principles of national policy of the Communist Party in theory were formed by Lenin prior to the victory of the October Revolution. The main condition of this policy was the demand of the right of nations to self-determination up to separation and formation of an independent state. This way of posing the question contributed significantly to the fact that the peoples of the colonial margins generally supported the Bolsheviks in their struggle for power during the October coup. However, after the Bolsheviks seized power, Lenin did not absolutize the rights of nations to real self- determination, which implied the separation of this or that nation from Russia and the formation of an independent state, but strongly emphasized the idea that the solution of this issue should be based primarily on the interests of workers in the struggle for socialism. And this meant that the national statehood was not a state for all strata of the population, but a state of workers and peasants, i.e. a class state. Mustafa Shokay and Alash Autonomy party figures did not recognize the Bolshevik authorities. Mustafa Shokay saw the state form of resolving the national issue in the creation of the Turkestan Republic (modern Central Asia). Being in exile, he sharply criticized the Soviet transformations and neocolonial policy of the Bolsheviks in Turkestan. Key words: nationalism, bolshevism, chauvinism, socialism, Turkestan Republic, right of nation, Alash Autonomy, natives, reforms. © 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.136 INTRODUCTION Russian revolutionary chauvinism of Bolsheviks had a strong One of the actual tasks of the historical science of modern influence on the political views of the national intelligentsia of Kazakhstan is to study the policy of Russian - Bolshevik Turkestan. chauvinism on the outskirts of Russia in the early XX century, particularly in Turkestan. Characteristic feature of this period is The Bolsheviks succeeded in splitting the united national the rise of national consciousness and struggle for national liberation movement of Turkestan. Some remained adherents of independence on the basis of autonomy under the dictatorship of ideas of the Autonomy and full National Independence of the proletariat. Turkestan (headed by M. Shokay), another part saw the Independence of Turkestan in the creation of "Independent We have chosen politics of Russian-Bolshevik chauvinism in Soviet Republic" of Turkic nations (Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Tatars, Turkestan in 20-30th of XX cenury as the theme of our study Bashkirs, etc.) and adopted the ideology of Bolshevism. But the because, during these years, the Soviet authorities mobilized the program of "Moslem Communists" - unification of Turkic entire punitive system to suppress everything national in peoples, in opinion of Moscow Bolsheviks, contradicted ideas of Kazakhstan and Turkestan. the international revolutionary movement. Geopolitical position of Turkestan has always been a favorable There is no doubt that nowadays writing any historical work on base for economic and political influence of Russia in relation to the territory of the former Soviet Union is obviously a very Central Asian countries, Iran and Afghanistan. This policy of difficult task. Especially if this work is focused on the Еsarist Russia was continued by Soviet Russia. For this purpose, interpretation of history. This is largely due to the fact that the Bolsheviks needed "political weapons", which were in the virtually any such interpretation has a pronounced ideological hands of Moscow "Muslim Communists". It should be noted that character. This is largely due to the fact that the new the colonial policy of Tsarism, Russification of Turkestan and independent states formed in the place of the USSR still have Journal of critical reviews 708 MUSTAFA SHOCKAY ON THE POLICY OF RUSSIAN BOLISHEVIST CHAUVINISM IN TURKESTAN IN 20-30TH OF XX CENTURY active processes of state building. They show an increased (INALCO). The second stage, 1940-1950th. During these years, demand for an ideology of which history is an integral part. It is the study of the history of Bolshevism and the policy of Soviet important to note that such demand is formed simultaneously by power in Kazakhstan became purposeful, especially after the both the state and society, which under the new conditions feels Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). Nevertheless, most of the an acute need for self-identification. Accordingly, the need for works published on the problems in 40-50th were of a historical knowledge is being formed. It is connected not so much fragmented nature. with the receipt of any new, previously unknown information, as with the interpretation of history in the interests of national and Third stage 1960-1980th. During this period, historians of state construction and self-identification of society. Kazakhstan investigated mainly the history of the revolution and civil confrontation, as well as complex and controversial The Bolshevik state absolutely dominated society and controlled processes of establishing and strengthening the Soviet power in all social processes, the aspiration of society to self-identification Kazakhstan as a whole. In this connection, the monographs of S.Z. was completely subordinated to the tasks of the national Zimanov (1970) and T.Ye. Yeleuova (1961) should be named first ideology. In the USSR, the issues of forming the state ideology of all. History of 1960-1980th in the analysis and assessment of and self-identification of society were under strict control of the Russian-Bolshevik policy in Turkestan was guided by the state. Leninist party concept, the most distinctive features of which are the primacy of communist ideology and class approach in the The relevance of this article lies in the fact that the political study of national policy. In the Soviet period, the works of Alash situation in the USSR in 20-30th and the causes of political Autonomy, primarily the leaders of the national liberation repression Mustafa Shokay analyzes through the prism of great movement, fell out of the historiography in the first place. power chauvinism and colonization bourgeoisie. For Bolsheviks Meanwhile, the analysis of socio-political development and the national revolution is esteemed only when it becomes on a prospects of the national and Muslim movement in Kazakhstan at way of perfect destruction of idea of the nations (S.Zh. Sapanov, the beginning of the century were covered in the works of M. 2000). Shokay, A. Bukeykhanov, A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov and others. LITERATURE REVIEW The fourth stage, from 1991 to the present. Since 1991, a new Soviet-Kazakh historiography. The Soviet-Kazakh historiography stage in the study of the history of Russian Bolshevik politics in on studying the history of Bolshevism and politics of the Soviet Turkestan begins. At the same time, it becomes obvious that the power in Kazakhstan can be divided into several stages to a methodological imperatives that have prevailed up to now are certain extent. not scientific, it is necessary to master the new theoretical apparatus and better conceptual tools. In scientific works of the The first stage is the 1920-1930th. Soviet historiography of that Kazakh authors various aspects of history of national policy of time paid much attention to the national issue and policy of the Bolsheviks and Alash movement were covered. The personalized Bolsheviks in Turkestan. Such categories of works include the character of the majority of publications allowed by means of works of Soviet historians from Central Asia M. G. Safarov covering the unknown pages of life and activity of M. Shokay, A. (1921), S. Ginsburg (1925, 1926), P. Alekseenkov (1928). In the Bukeykhanov, Sultanbek Khodzhanov and others to reveal the 1920s, research works were carried out by institutions of the social nature of the national movement, its political orientations Academy of Sciences. Among such scientific institutions are the and possibilities. Turkestan and Siberian departments of the Commission for the Study of the National Composition of Russia, which were engaged The works of M.K. Kozybayev, Zh.B. Abylkhozhin, K.S. in the study of the number and resettlement of Kazakhs, the Aldazhumanov (1992); K.N. Nurpeysov (1995), K.L. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the State Academy of History of Esmagambetov (2013); M.K. Koigeldiev (2008), B. Koyshubaev Material Culture and others. Thus, in the 20-30th of the XX (2007), and others are among the domestic researchers.
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