Archaeology in Turkey MARIE-HENRIETTE GATES This year's report, on archaeological activities A?ikli, in now in their seventh season, and in the Konya Turkey (fig. 1) during the 1994 excavation season and Plain at Qatalh6yiik and related Pinarbali, reopened the 1995 findings that have made their way into on pub-an ambitious scale in 1993. These multidiscipli- lic view, illustrates the extent to which long-term nary projects at lastjoin the long-term investigations projects can become invigorated by new directions, around Burdur. They will encourage others to enter and old issues can be revitalized by new discoveries.* this important field, where questions can as yet be While such developments could be seen as indepen- framed only in the most elementary terms (where, dent trajectories, in the case of Anatolian research for example, is the Cappadocian side of the PPNA they are certainly encouraged by the annual meet-obsidian network?). On the Aegean coast, the sec- ings of the Turkish Ministry of Culture's General ond millenniumDi- B.C. is also receiving renewed atten- rectorate of Monuments and Museums. These schol- tion. Together with Troy, Liman Tepe, and Panaztepe, arly forums serve not only as an opportunity for thethe remarkable Minoan finds from the new investi- directors of each project to present the season's gations at Miletos and the Mycenaean level en- findings. Far more significantly, they offer archae- countered in 1995 below the Ephesos Artemision ologists the chance to perceive and,assess their own promise a future reevaluation in perspectives on both research within the broader context of the region sides of the Aegean. and cultural period. Finally, the need to compress The neighboring Hittite kingdom also continues a season's results into a 15-minute presentation may to achieve a sharper focus. In a pattern set by the also be responsible for the precise articulation past of few years, two new excavations started up at Hit- the well-defined research goals that now character- tite sites in 1994: at Kinik, source of the Kastamonu ize the majority of these projects. Archaeology metal in hoard, and at Kilise Tepe in the G6ksu valley, Turkey is proceeding on all fronts toward the end on of the route between the plateau and the "Lower the century with an energy inspired and coordinated, Lands." At Ortak6y and Kugakli, researchers recov- to no small degree, by these meetings. Indeed, the ered more local color, together with their ancient large-scale projects that are celebrating centennials place-names, Sapinuwa and Sarissa, over the course this decade-Ephesos in 1995, Miletos in 1999- of the year. These two projects seem fated to pro- illustrate these trends toward wider inquiries into ceed in tandem despite their geographic distance: the environmental and cultural background for their their Storm-Gods were invoked in immediate se- urban centers, and are providing excellent but by quence in, for instance, Suppiluliuma's treaty with no means unique models. Specialists in all periods Kurtiwaza (KBo 1.1- the first tablet in the Keilschrift- are proving themselves responsive to the challenge texte aus Boghazk6i series, published 80 years ago). To of expanding the scope of their investigations. these can be added another new city, Tikunani, men- In this light, several cultural areas are reemerging tioned in a recently published letter from the Great from a long sleep as dynamic centers for research. King Hattu'ili I to his vassal, its king Tunija/Tunip- Neolithic central Anatolia, for example, long iden- Tel'up (M. Salvini in SMEA 34 [1994] 61-80). This tified with a few isolated and independent sites, can letter would represent the earliest-known document be expected to take on a decidedly fuller personal- attributable to the first named Hittite king. Accord- ity in the coming years thanks to the excavations at ing to Salvini's reading, the tablet was written in * This newsletter was written in large part from notes cially helped with Byzantine and bibliographical matters. taken at the 17th Annual Archaeological Symposium C.W.in Gates attended most of the survey sessions, and it is Ankara (29 May-2 June 1995), organized by the Turkish because of his careful notes that the survey projects can Ministry of Culture's General Directorate of Monuments be summarized here. It is a pleasure to express my warm- and Museums. I am very grateful to the speakers, to the est thanks to all of them, as well as to Tracey Cullen and many colleagues who sent me summaries and photographs, the AJA office for their encouragement and patient sup- and to Scott Redford, who wrote up the separate entries port. I am also grateful to Danielle Newland for revising for the Islamic sites (included here in their own section the map of Turkey (fig. 1), originally drawn by Liesbeth for the first time). Among my Bilkent colleagues, all of whom Wenzel. provided assistance, A. Ricci, N. Karg, and I. Ozgen espe- American Journal of Archaeology 100 (1996) 277-335 277 - rSINOP Su PiAnar/A Demirc S Kanligegit* .KASTAMONU ikiztepeK . a EDIRNE aKaracakbyr Heraclea Pontica Gazkman Te Silivri Amasya TRABZO ArsAraanep GUMOSHA AiTnos cus.B ao emBAYBURT ,, SnhoBGA .BURDURandir sKiRkLARELI Byktepe n SosHykKes..o L u BRSA Alaca. *ERZURUM *Troy Daskyleion Payalar ESKi$EHiR ANKARA .Bo?azk y DemircihajySk Sayosk .KARAKerkenes Da K SmintheioDn Seyda Assos Ln merS. Bahggehisar. *rkeHY u anvurkalese?ordionaAliKar K me Balbura zano KAKHISAR AmoriumKItepe agndz Klazomenai Panaztepe *Ulubey Liman Te aAcemhyk Arsantepe eOrnma aciAe GAZANTEP KaURFA.. gBodrum. lOdemniz*AKSARAY . Su ie 'KOTAHra FAkhisar sHi .Kaman 0daALATYa .KeKuKraan/Ia LHallaem PaNysa Hierapolis nad KOenYA A riRANAKYAI SlaosDidymA.;?, LaginacePorsukAk 4Stratorla GAZANTEP URFAm*c Ti Kndos FHiyek Karat-- Hacimusaar Y-SKENDERUN 0 2040/6 806 Tr s X a n th o s De re a z- U y r a .n e .., Fig. 1. Map of archaeological sites in Turkey discussed in the text 1996] ARCHAEOLOGY IN TURKEY 279 Tikunani while Hattu'ili saved engaged from in the a militaryclandes paign at the southeastern of Qanakkale's reaches ofmuseum his ki Unfortunately, the tablet excavated on which them it withwas w e together with several child's others, marble emerged chambe fro London antiquities market table, aand lyre not with in ivorythe of formal excavations. itemsInstead that of wouldrescuing not a hasit anonymity and presenting The secondit with isa historicala large m this significant text all has sides merely with complicat reliefs d difficult puzzle of Hittite on thegeography tomb of with Achilles yet query. quet. Whether this sa The number of antiquities to the tornearly fromfifth centurtheir texts and transformed, one within question a second, that will into n of time and place, increases context. Conservation at of allsuch the finds wasa carriedrate th subject has become familiar out by the Troia projectin thein an exemplary general spirit of pr cently Archaeology 48:2 cooperation. [1995] 44-56). Perhap alarming is the escalation Finally, of 1994 stealingappears to have been from the Year of theknow texts. Six directors reported Horse: Miocene hipparion during at Ozlfice and thein the Sinap 1995 posium that their sites, formation, among Neolithic horse the at Apikli, most late Middle visib sical ones, were the targets Bronze Age horses ofat Troy, clandestine Medieval horses at Kinet. dig The archaeological team The results at obtained Perge, from faunal alerted analysis, together to u cial activities in the with necropolis, archaeobotany, trace element found analysis, dendro- not smashed sarcophagus chronology, but and othershovels, techniques, have assumed hamme their picks abandoned in the place beside haste basic archaeological of dataflight to be reported by t The Turkish Ministry as ofa standard Culture component of ahas season's findings.just repa at great expense and after long negotiation BIBLIOGRAPHY large, inventoried sculptures from the gardens Erdek and Canakkale Museums, Conferences. The pieces 1992 and that 1993 annua ca have been removed with on excavations heavy given atequipment. the 15th and 16th one who participates inlogical this symposia illegal (May 1992 market and 1993) were be guilt: the scholars who as XV agree Kazz Sonuglarz to validate Toplantzsz I-II this(Ankara chandise; the dealers and XVI. Kazztheir Sonuglarz staff Toplantzsz who I-II conce(Ankara ugliness of their transactions breviated here with as KST 15:1elegant and 15:2 (1994),sho and high-society auctions; 16:2 (1995). and The 1993the reports buyers, on survey no and how small they imagine research, their XII. Arahtzrma purchases Sonuglarz Toplantz to It is against this backdrop 1995) and X. that Arkeometri the Sonuglarz resurfac Toplantz "Priam's Gold," after 1995),a disappearance appear here as Ara?ST lasting 12 (1995) an 50 years in the storerooms 10 (1995). Reports of forMoscow's the 1994 season, Pu t Museum and St. Petersburg's of this newsletter, Hermitage, were presented onshou 29 M considered (for bibliography, 1995 at the 17th see archaeological below). symposium The c stances of its discovery not appearin 1873, in print untilthe later photogra this year. Sophie Schliemann wearing Turkish itsmuseum finest personnel pieces, also convene th name given to what actually to present the representsresults of their work, at primari lea hoards excavated over and two conservation decades projects. - all Their belong 1994 re Romantic 19th-century Miize perspective.Kurtarma Kazzlarz Semineri Disputes (Ankara the ultimate ownership abbreviated of these here as objectsMKKS 5 (1995). shoul be understood as stemming The Phrygians fromtook center this stage atout two approach to the past. ences. Better, Participants then, from Balkan to countriesdevo passion and energy toAnatolian more archaeologists pressing in Ankara oblig on 3-6J Another Homeric connection, to discuss "Thracians this andtime Phrygians: appro Pr came to light in 1994 Parallelism,"during asalvage session organized excavatio by Mid a necropolis near Biga, Technical ancient University Granikos.