DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Parental Care

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Parental Care The Auk 109(4):828-846, 1992 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF AVIAN PARENTAL CARE MARY C. MCKITRICK Museumof Zoologyand Departmentof Biology,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan48109, USA ABsTRACT.--Phylogeneticpatterns can be usedto generatedetailed historical hypotheses about the evolution of charactersystems, including parental-carebehavior. Phylogenetic analysisof 60 taxa usingparental-care data (15 characters)in combinationwith anatomical data (69 characters)shows that biparental care is primitive for birds, and that biparental incubationarose from an ancestralcondition in which neither parent incubated.Components of parentalcare may be decoupled,such that incubationand feedingof nestlingsis biparental, but postfledgingcare is uniparental;the patternof decouplingvaries across taxa. Behavioral plasticity,environmentally induced variation, and quantitativevariation in charactersthat are codedqualitatively are someof the problemsinherent in suchan analysis.Nevertheless, historicalanalysis offers a goodvehicle for obtainingrigorous hypotheses about the coevo- lution of avian charactersystems. Received 5 July 1991,accepted 29 October1991. THEUSE of phylogeneticpattern to elucidate phylogeny(one of the "topthree heinous 'crimes questionsabout other evolutionaryand ecolog- againstphylogenetics' "; Brooksand McLennan ical patternsor processeshas becomeincreas- 1991). Looking at numerousspecies from the ingly commonin the last 15 years.Several rig- same taxonomic family actually may be quite orous attemptsto incorporatebehavioral data valid, dependingon phylogeneticrelationships into phylogeneticanalyses or to comparesuch amongthose species. What mattersabove all is datawith existingphylogenies have beenmade the number of times the trait in questionarose, in the lastfive years.Clutton-Brock and Harvey rather than how many genera or families show (1977) recognized the pitfalls of comparing the trait; this can only be determined by a de- closely related speciesto study the origin of tailed phylogeny of the organismsand traits. ecologicalphenomena, and this has been fur- The trait could well have arisen numerous times ther emphasizedby Clutton-Brockand Harvey within the family, in which caseit is not only (1979), Ridley (1978, 1983), Harvey and Mace meaningful but necessaryto include members (1982), Felsenstein(1985), Dobson (1985), Pagel of the samefamily in the study. With such in- and Harvey (1988), H/Sglund(1989), and Bj/Srk- formation, one can ask appropriate questions lund (1990). Coddington (1988) outlined a about the adaptive significanceof that trait. It method for using cladistichypotheses of rela- is not profitable to begin the investigationby tionship to test hypothesesof adaptation,and determiningwhether one shouldcount genera, this kind of approachhas been fruitfully ap- families or orders in which the trait occurs. plied in a numberof recentstudies (Prum 1990, Rather, one should begin with a detailed phy- B. N. Danforth unpubl. data,R. J.Smith unpubl. logeny and determine whether the trait arose data). once or many times, and the pattern of origin A historicalapproach is a profitable one, as and loss. Adaptive explanationscan only be it attemptsto find the correcthierarchical level tested with convergent cases,not with homol- at which hypothesesof adaptationare mean- ogousones. In other words,two speciesshow- ingful. It is not enough simply to dismiss"ad- ing the trait can only serve as two data points aptations"as artifactsof phylogeneticpropin- in supportof an adaptiveexplanation of origin quity; rather, one mustdissect out the effectsof if they did not inherit the trait from a common phylogeny so that adaptive explanationsmay ancestor. be viewed in the appropriatecontext. Clutton- McLennan et al. (1988) lamented what they Brockand Harvey's (1979) concernabout bias- perceivedas a declinein the use of behavioral ing investigationsof ecologicalphenomena by data to constructphylogenetic hypothesesin examining closely related specieswas appro- the last three decades,citing work by Lorenz priate. However, they may have been some- (1941) in which this was done successfullyfor what tyrannizedby taxonomyin their view of ducks(Anatidae) and work by later authorsin the problem--that is, equatingtaxonomy with which phylogeny was ignored. A noncladistic 828 October1992] PhylogenyofAvian Parental Care 829 attempt to extend Lorenz's work was made by Cracraft's (1981) classification, which lacks Johnsgard(1961), for example.McLennan et al. characterdata and explicit hypothesesof phy- (1988) were remarkablysuccessful in generat- logeneticrelationships, is of limited utility for ing phylogenies for gasterosteidfishes using the purposeof understandingthe evolutionof data on reproductivebehavior, and argued that character systems(e.g. behavior). Without a behavioral data are extremely useful for con- phylogeny,van Rhijn was limited to making structing phylogenies. hypothesesbased on statistical probabilities The evolution of parental care was an early rather than historical evidence. focus of the phylogenetic approach. Ridley In this study, I use characterdata from the (1978) reviewed the circumstancesof paternal hindlimb musculature (from McKitrick 1991) in care in a broad array of taxa to consider the combinationwith published behavioral data to effectsof fertilization mode, territoriality, fe- test van Rhijn's hypothesisthat male-only pa- male choice and other factors on the evolution rental careis primitive in birds,and to generate, of paternal care.He recognizedthe possibility in effect,phylogenies of avian parental-carebe- of phylogeneticbias in formulatinghypotheses havior. In doing so, I also was able to test some about the evolution of the phenomenon. Git- of the hypothesesof Silver et al. (1985) about tleman (1981) used phylogeny to test predic- the causalnature of associationsamong certain tions about probabilities of transition among aspectsof parental care. In considering the typesof parentalcare in bony fishes(i.e. among question of what aspectsof parental care are states of uniparental [male], uniparental [fe- primitive for birds,however, it shouldbe borne male], biparental, and no parental care). He in mind that there is nothing magical about foundthat the mostcommon evolutionary tran- statementsregarding the primitive or derived sition was from no parental care to uniparental nature of these character states. A character state care by males, but pointed out possiblestatis- that is derived for birds is primitive within birds. tical problems with the conclusion that this A statemay be derivedfor birds,but showearly transition had the highest likelihood. transitions to a different state, such that the ma- Van Rhijn (1984, 1985, 1990) proposed that jority of birds show a different state from the pure male parental care is the primitive con- one that aroseat the baseof the avian lineage. dition in birds. His hypothesisis basedupon These terms are relative, and the hierarchical the premise that "monogamouspaternal care level to which they refer shouldalways be con- systemscan easily evolve towards all recent sidered. mating systemsin birds" (van Rhijn 1984:103), Phylogeniesare hypothesesabout character whereasbiparental caresystems cannot. This is evolution and, as such, they allow the refine- in contrastwith the suggestionby Emlen and ment of ecologicalquestions such as, why does Oring (1977:220)that "complete male parental speciesX exhibit biparental care?With a phy- care is most likely to develop in groups with logeny, one can go beyondthe proximatean- ... a phylogenetic history of shared incuba- swer to this question,namely, "Becauseits an- tion." If van Rhijn's hypothesisis correct,then cestors exhibited biparental care," and seek complete male care would probably have ultimate answersby examiningthe ecological evolved from a condition where incubation was parametersthat may have contributed to the lacking,as in crocodiliansand possiblynonavi- origin of biparentalcare in the variouslineages an dinosaurs;van Rhijn, however, limited his in which it arose.My study is not an attempt discussion to birds. to poseand answer suchquestions, but rather Van Rhijn (1990) attempted to support his to begin to constructa historical framework view primarily by using Cracraft's(1981) clas- within which suchquestions may be explored. sificationof birdsand Strauch's(1978) phylog- The hindlimb musculature of birds has been eny of the order Charadriiformes (shorebirds usedeffectively to generatecladistic hypotheses and allies). Testing van Rhijn's intriguing hy- for restrictedlineages (e.g. Old World subos- pothesis was somewhat hampered at the time cines;Raikow 1987), and has recently been an- by the unavailabilityof cladisticanalyses of avi- alyzed for a large and diversegroup of birds an character data, with which the behavioral (McKitrick 1991). The latter data set was chosen data could be either comparedor combined to to complementthe behavioraldata summarized generatea detailed hypothesisabout the evo- here becauseit is the most taxonomicallycom- lution of parental care in birds. Furthermore, prehensiveset of characterdata available for 830 MiddyC. MCKIT•CK [Auk,Vol. 109 birds. No assumptionsare made here about the number of trees and thereby reduce the number of independenceof the hindlimbmusculature and assumptionsthat were necessaryfor formulatinghy- parental-carebehavior. potheses about character evolution, I examined each of thesegroups of "same"taxa and arbitrarily elim- METHODS inated all but one of the taxa in each group.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Altriciality and the Evolution of Toe Orientation in Birds
    Evol Biol DOI 10.1007/s11692-015-9334-7 SYNTHESIS PAPER Altriciality and the Evolution of Toe Orientation in Birds 1 1 1 Joa˜o Francisco Botelho • Daniel Smith-Paredes • Alexander O. Vargas Received: 3 November 2014 / Accepted: 18 June 2015 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Specialized morphologies of bird feet have trees, to swim under and above the water surface, to hunt and evolved several times independently as different groups have fish, and to walk in the mud and over aquatic vegetation, become zygodactyl, semi-zygodactyl, heterodactyl, pam- among other abilities. Toe orientations in the foot can be prodactyl or syndactyl. Birds have also convergently described in six main types: Anisodactyl feet have digit II evolved similar modes of development, in a spectrum that (dII), digit III (dIII) and digit IV (dIV) pointing forward and goes from precocial to altricial. Using the new context pro- digit I (dI) pointing backward. From the basal anisodactyl vided by recent molecular phylogenies, we compared the condition four feet types have arisen by modifications in the evolution of foot morphology and modes of development orientation of digits. Zygodactyl feet have dI and dIV ori- among extant avian families. Variations in the arrangement ented backward and dII and dIII oriented forward, a condi- of toes with respect to the anisodactyl ancestral condition tion similar to heterodactyl feet, which have dI and dII have occurred only in altricial groups. Those groups repre- oriented backward and dIII and dIV oriented forward. Semi- sent four independent events of super-altriciality and many zygodactyl birds can assume a facultative zygodactyl or independent transformations of toe arrangements (at least almost zygodactyl orientation.
    [Show full text]
  • Predictors of Juvenile Survival in Birds
    Ornithological Monographs Volume (2013), No. 78, 1–55 © The American Ornithologists’ Union, 2013. Printed in USA. PREDICTORS OF JUVENILE SURVIVAL IN BIRDS TERRI J. MANESS1,2,3 AND DAVID J. ANDERSON2 1School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA; and 2Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, USA ABSTRACT.—The survival probability of birds during the juvenile period, between the end of parental care and adulthood, is highly variable and has a major effect on population dynamics and parental fitness. As such, a large number of studies have attempted to evaluate potential predictors of juvenile survival in birds, especially predictors related to parental care. Lack’s hypothesis linking body reserves accumulated from parental care to the survival of naive juveniles has organized much of this research, but various other predictors have also been investigated and received some support. We reviewed the literature in this area and identified a variety of methodological problems that obscure interpretation of the body of results. Most studies adopted statistical techniques that missed the opportunities to (1) evaluate the relative importance of several predictors, (2) control the confounding effect of correlation among predictor variables, and (3) exploit the information content of collinearity by evaluating indirect (via correlation) as well as direct effects of potential predictors on juvenile survival. Ultimately, we concluded that too few reliable studies exist to allow robust evaluations of any hypothesis regarding juvenile survival in birds. We used path analysis to test potential predictors of juvenile survival of 2,631 offspring from seven annual cohorts of a seabird, the Nazca Booby (Sula granti).
    [Show full text]
  • The Triumphs, Challenges and Failures of Young North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx Mantelli): a Study of Behaviour, Growth, Dispersal and Mortality
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The triumphs, challenges and failures of young North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli): a study of behaviour, growth, dispersal and mortality Stephanie Walden A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Alexandra Louise Wilson 2013 i ii Abstract North Island brown kiwi (NIBK, Apteryx mantelli), an endemic New Zealand species, are estimated to have declined by 90% from pre-human colonisation numbers. Currently, at least 60% of mortality is attributed to introduced mammalian predators, namely stoats (Mustela erminea) preying on chicks. Therefore, conservation effort focuses on predator trapping/killing, and hatching and rearing NIBK chicks in captivity and releasing them back into the wild. These efforts are resulting in increased recruitment of chicks into populations. However, little is known about the biology and behaviour of NIBK chicks in the wild and how this may affect management of these populations. Consequently, the aim of this study was to examine the ecology of young wild NIBK in a natural high density population with reduced predator diversity on Ponui Island. More specifically, the goal was to determine their growth rates, behaviour around the natal nest, dispersal and mortality, and how these factors may be influenced by environmental variables. During the 2010 - 2011 and 2011 - 2012 breeding seasons 29 young NIBK were observed from hatching until mortality or the end of 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Sengis (Macroscelidea) in General
    Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Sengis (Macroscelidea) in general and the Postnatal Development of the Short-eared Sengi (Macroscelides proboscideus) in particular Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer.nat. des Fachbereiches Biologie und Geographie an der Universität Duisburg-Essen Vorgelegt von Gea Olbricht aus Leipzig Juli 2009 Die der vorliegenden Arbeit zugrunde liegenden Experimente wurden im Zoologischen Garten der Stadt Wuppertal, im Zentralafrikanischen Museum Tervuren, Belgien, im Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn und in der Anatomischen Anstalt der Universität München, sowie in den südafrikanischen Museen McGregor in Kimberley und Amathole in King Williams Town durchgeführt. 1. GUTACHTER: Prof. Dr. H. Burda, Universität Duisburg-Essen 2. GUTACHTER: Prof. Dr. B. Sures, Universität Duisburg-Essen 3. GUTACHTER: Dr. R. Asher, Universität Cambridge, GB VORSITZENDER DES PRÜFUNGSAUSSCHUSSES: Prof. Dr. D. Hering, Universität Duisburg-Essen Tag der Disputation: 03. 07. 2009 When we try to pick anything for itself, then it turns out that it is linked to everything else in the universe. John Muir Was wir wissen, ist ein Tropfen; was wir nicht wissen, ein Ozean. Isaac Newton Es ist nicht schwer zu komponieren. Aber es ist fabelhaft schwer, die überflüssigen Noten unter den Tisch fallen zu lassen. Johannes Brahms Meiner Familie gewidmet, Dr. Alexander Sliwa mit Leona, Feline und Olivia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Six years came and went in the blink of an eye. Through it all, I´ve had a great deal of fun and it is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge all those who´ve helped me in this endeavour. In 2002 I approached Professor Hynek Burda of the Department of General Zoology at the University of Duisburg-Essen with the idea of initiating a study on the reproductive biology of sengis after I have had the unique opportunity of observing short- eared sengis during my time as curator at Wuppertal Zoo.
    [Show full text]
  • Fully Fledged Enantiornithine Hatchling Revealed by Laser-Stimulated
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fully fedged enantiornithine hatchling revealed by Laser- Stimulated Fluorescence supports Received: 31 July 2018 Accepted: 8 March 2019 precocial nesting behavior Published: xx xx xxxx Thomas G. Kaye 1, Michael Pittman 2, Jesús Marugán-Lobón3, Hugo Martín-Abad3, José Luis Sanz 3 & Angela D. Buscalioni3 Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) is used to identify fully fedged feathering in the hatchling enantiornithine bird specimen MPCM-LH-26189, supporting precocial nesting behavior in this extinct group. The LSF results include the detection of a long pennaceous wing feather as well as cover feathers around the body. The LSF technique showed improved detection limits over and above synchrotron and UV imaging which had both been performed on this specimen. The fndings underscore the value of using a wide range of analytical techniques. Te enantiornithine hatchling MPCM-LH-26189 from the Las Hoyas locality of Spain helped to identify an asynchronous clade-wide pattern of sternal and vertebral osteogenesis in early juvenile enantiornithines, sup- porting variation in their size and their tempo of skeletal maturation1. Tis previous study found no feathers or chemical evidence for plumage (see Fig. 5 caption of1) with faint ribbing visible in a yellowish stain suggested to be more consistent with the morphology of vegetal material than with feathers (see Supplementary Note 1 of1). MPCM-LH-26189 is reasonably well articulated and has some sof-tissue-associated chemistry1. Tese lines of evidence were used to suggest that MPCM-LH-26189 might have been largely featherless when it died (see Supplementary Note 1, Supplementary Figs 2–5 and Supplementary Table 2 of1).
    [Show full text]
  • Egg Size and Bird Evolution
    © The Authors, 2010. Journal compilation © Australian Museum, Sydney, 2010 Records of the Australian Museum (2010) Vol. 62: 207–216. ISSN 0067-1975 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1547 Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution Gareth J. Dyke,*1 anD Gary W. kaiser2 1 School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland [email protected] 2 Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 9W2 [email protected] abstract. It has been suggested that relative egg size in living birds is strongly correlated with the developmental mode of the young; “altricial” (helpless) or “precocial” (independent). Using a data set of extant taxa we show that altricial birds lay relatively larger eggs than their precocial counterparts but that this may be due to the small size of most altricial species. Smaller birds tend to lay relatively small eggs compared to large species. Nonetheless, a predictive egg mass-body mass relationship extends into the avian fossil record. Such a relationship is important to our understanding of avian evolution because relative egg size (and thus available developmental mode) was constrained in many early birds—oviduct diameter was limited by the presence of pubic fusion. Therefore we document the evolution of avian developmental strategies using morphology-based phylogenies for Mesozoic and extant avians and corroborate correlations between developmental strategies, egg weight and female body mass. The sequential loss of precocial features in hatchlings characterises the evolution of birds while altriciality is derived within Neoaves. A set of precocial strategies is seen in earlier lineages, including basal Neornithes (modern birds) and are implied in their Mesozoic counterparts—skeletal constraints on egg size, present in many Jurassic and Early Cretaceous birds (Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornis, Enantiornithes) were lost in later diverging lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • The Platypus Is Not a Rodent: DNA Hybridization, Amniote Phylogeny and the Palimpsest Theory
    The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory John A. W. Kirsch1* and Gregory C. Mayer1,2 1The University of Wisconsin Zoological Museum, 250 North Mills Street, Madison,WI 53706, USA 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha,WI 53141, USA We present DNA-hybridization data on 21 amniotes and two anurans showing that discrimination is obtained among most of these at the class and lower levels. Trees generated from these data largely agree with conventional views, for example in not associating birds and mammals. However, the sister relation- ships found here of the monotremes to marsupials, and of turtles to the alligator, are surprising results which are nonetheless consistent with the results of some other studies. The Marsupionta hypothesis of Gregory is reviewed, as are opinions about the placement of chelonians. Anatomical and reproductive data considered by Gregory do not unequivocally preclude a marsupial^monotreme special relationship, and there is other recent evidence for placing turtles within the Diapsida. We conclude that the evidential meaning of the molecular data is as shown in the trees, but that the topologies may be in£uenced by a base- compositional bias producing a seemingly slow evolutionary rate in monotremes, or by algorithmic artefacts (in the case of turtles as well). Keywords: Chelonia; Crocodilia; Eutheria; Marsupialia; Marsupionta; molecular evolution `Unyielding factualists have so set the style in taxonomy relationships continue to be debated, `everyone knows' and morphology that, if their assertions were accepted, that the latter result cannot be correct. hardly any known type of animal could possibly have The orthodox view of the phylogeny of mammals been derived even from any known past group.' regards monotremes (the living `Prototheria') as the Gregory (1947, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalian Organogenesis in Deep Time: Tools for Teaching and Outreach Marcelo R
    Sánchez‑Villagra and Werneburg Evo Edu Outreach (2016) 9:11 DOI 10.1186/s12052-016-0062-y REVIEW Open Access Mammalian organogenesis in deep time: tools for teaching and outreach Marcelo R. Sánchez‑Villagra1 and Ingmar Werneburg1,2,3,4* Abstract Mammals constitute a rich subject of study on evolution and development and provide model organisms for experi‑ mental investigations. They can serve to illustrate how ontogeny and phylogeny can be studied together and how the reconstruction of ancestors of our own evolutionary lineage can be approached. Likewise, mammals can be used to promote ’tree thinking’ and can provide an organismal appreciation of evolutionary changes. This subject is suitable for the classroom and to the public at large given the interest and familiarity of people with mammals and their closest relatives. We present a simple exercise in which embryonic development is presented as a transforma‑ tive process that can be observed, compared, and analyzed. In addition, we provide and discuss a freely available animation on organogenesis and life history evolution in mammals. An evolutionary tree can be the best tool to order and understand those transformations for different species. A simple exercise introduces the subject of changes in developmental timing or heterochrony and its importance in evolution. The developmental perspective is relevant in teaching and outreach efforts for the understanding of evolutionary theory today. Keywords: Development, Ontogeny, Embryology, Phylogeny, Heterochrony, Recapitulation, Placentalia, Human Background (Gilbert 2013), followed by the growth process. In pla- Mammals are a diverse group in which to examine devel- cental mammals, organogenesis takes place mostly in the opment and evolution, and besides the mouse and the rat uterus, whereas in monotremes and marsupials a very used in biomedical research, provide subjects based on immature hatchling or newborn, respectively, develops which experimental (Harjunmaa et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Pj Edwardes an Anthropological Perspective
    The Origins of Self explores the role that selfhood plays in defining human society, and each human individual in that society. It considers the genetic and cultural origins of self, the role that self plays in socialisation and language, and the types of self we generate in our individual journeys to and through adulthood. Edwardes argues that other awareness is a relatively early evolutionary development, present throughout the primate clade and perhaps beyond, but self-awareness is a product of the sharing of social models, something only humans appear to do. The self of which we are aware is not something innate within us, it is a model of our self produced as a response to the models of us offered to us by other people. Edwardes proposes that human construction of selfhood involves seven different types of self. All but one of them are internally generated models, and the only non-model, the actual self, is completely hidden from conscious awareness. We rely on others to tell us about our self, and even to let us know we are a self. Developed in relation to a range of subject areas – linguistics, anthropology, genomics and cognition, as well as socio-cultural theory – The Origins of Self is of particular interest to MARTIN P. J. EDWARDES students and researchers studying the origins of language, human origins in general, and the cognitive differences between human and other animal psychologies. Martin P. J. Edwardes is a visiting lecturer at King’s College London. He is currently teaching modules on Language Origins and Language Construction.
    [Show full text]
  • The Degree of Altriciality and Performance in a Cognitive Task Show Correlated Evolution
    RESEARCH ARTICLE The degree of altriciality and performance in a cognitive task show correlated evolution 1☯ 2☯ 2☯ Pilar ChiappaID , Suneeta SinghID , Francisco PellicerID * 1 Departamento de EtologõÂa, Instituto Nacional de PsiquiatrõÂa RamoÂn de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de MeÂxico, MeÂxico, 2 Laboratorio de NeurofisiologõÂa Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de PsiquiatrõÂa RamoÂn de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de MeÂxico, MeÂxico ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 Previous comparative research on the evolution of cognition has tested what we call the a1111111111 ªaltricial intelligence hypothesisº. This posits that a relationship between evolutionary a1111111111 a1111111111 changes in the altricial period length and cognition exists across animal species. However, the evidence available thus far either comes from indirect measurements of cognition or has not been conclusive. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of published data from various sources on 31 homeothermic species to test for an evolutionary association between the degree of altriciality and a direct measure of self-control. For each species, the degree of OPEN ACCESS altriciality was determined based on the residual altricial period (i.e., the time from birth to Citation: Chiappa P, Singh S, Pellicer F (2018) The fledging in birds and to weaning in mammals) on lifespan. The percentage of success in the degree of altriciality and performance in a cognitive task show correlated evolution. PLoS ONE 13(10): cylinder task was the measure of self-control. Our results showed that the degree of altricial- e0205128. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. ity covaried positively with the measure of self-control.
    [Show full text]
  • First Species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang Elucidates Skeletal Development in Early Cretaceous Enantiornithines
    Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ISSN: 1477-2019 (Print) 1478-0941 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsp20 First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines Han Hu & Jingmai K. O'Connor To cite this article: Han Hu & Jingmai K. O'Connor (2017) First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 15:11, 909-926, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2016.1246111 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1246111 View supplementary material Published online: 14 Nov 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 284 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 3 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjsp20 Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2017 Vol. 15, No. 11, 909–926, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1246111 First species of Enantiornithes from Sihedang elucidates skeletal development in Early Cretaceous enantiornithines Han Hu a,b* and Jingmai K. O’Connora aKey Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xizhimenwai Street, Beijing 100044, China; bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China (Received 1 April 2016; accepted 19 September 2016; published online 14 November 2016) The Sihedang locality of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation is the only recognized ornithuromorph-dominated locality in the Jehol Group of north-eastern China. Here we report on the first enantiornithine from this locality and erect a new taxon Monoenantiornis sihedangia gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Language and Cognition in Infancy
    PS69CH10_Waxman ARI 8 November 2017 10:34 Annual Review of Psychology Linking Language and Cognition in Infancy Danielle R. Perszyk1 and Sandra R. Waxman1,2 1Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2018. 69:231–50 Keywords First published as a Review in Advance on infancy, language acquisition, conceptual development, categorization, September 6, 2017 developmental plasticity, developmental tuning The Annual Review of Psychology is online at psych.annualreviews.org Abstract https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216- Human language, a signature of our species, derives its power from its links 011701 Access provided by Northwestern University on 04/09/18. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2018.69:231-250. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org to human cognition. For centuries, scholars have been captivated by this link Copyright c 2018 by Annual Reviews. between language and cognition. In this article, we shift this focus. Adopting All rights reserved a developmental lens, we review recent evidence that sheds light on the ori- gin and developmental unfolding of the link between language and cognition in the first year of life. This evidence, which reveals the joint contributions of ANNUAL REVIEWS Further infants’ innate capacities and their sensitivity to experience, highlights how Click here to view this article's online features: a precocious link between language and cognition advances infants beyond • Download figures as PPT slides their initial perceptual and conceptual capacities. The evidence also identifies • Navigate linked references • Download citations the conceptual advantages this link brings to human infants.
    [Show full text]