Precocial Spectrum for Social Complexity in Mammals and Birds – a Review Isabella B
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Sloth Bear Zoo Experiences 3000
SLOTH BEAR ZOO EXPERIENCES 3000 Behind the Scenes With the Tigers for Four (BEHIND THE SCENES) Head behind the scenes for a face-to-face visit with Woodland Park Zoo’s new Malayan tigers. This intimate encounter will give you exclusive access to these incredible animals. Meet our expert keepers and find out what it’s like to care for this critically endangered species. You’ll learn about Woodland Park Zoo and Panthera’s work with on-the-ground partners in Malaysia to conserve tigers and the forests which these iconic big cats call home, and what you can do to help before it’s too late. Restrictions: Expires July 10, 2016. Please make mutually agreeable arrangements at least eight weeks in advance. Participants must be 12 years of age and older. THANK YOU: WOODLAND PARK ZOO EAST TEAM VALUE: $760 3001 Behind the Scenes Giraffe Feeding for Five (BEHIND THE SCENES) You and four guests are invited to meet the tallest family in town with this rare, behind-the-scenes encounter. Explore where Woodland Park Zoo’s giraffe spend their time off exhibit and ask our knowledgeable keepers everything you’ve ever wanted to know about giraffe and their care. You’ll even have the opportunity to help the keepers feed the giraffe a snack! This is a tall experience you won’t forget, and to make sure you don’t, we’ll send you home with giraffe plushes! Restrictions: Expires April 30, 2016. Please make mutually agreeable arrangements at least eight weeks in advance from 9:30 a.m.–2:00 p.m. -
Baby Giraffe Rope-Pulled out of Mother Suffering from Dystocia Without Proper Restraint Device
J Vet Clin 26(1) : 113-116 (2009) Baby Giraffe Rope-Pulled Out of Mother Suffering from Dystocia without Proper Restraint Device Hwan-Yul Yong1, Suk-Hyun Park, Myoung-Keun Choi, So-Young Jung, Dae-Chang Ku, Jong-Tae Yoo, Mi-Jin Yoo, Mi-Hyun Yoo, Kyung-Yeon Eo, Yong-Gu Yeo, Shin-Keun Kang and Heon-Youl Kim Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon 427-080, Korea (Accepted : January 28, 2009 ) Abstract : A 4-year-old female reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), at Seoul Zoo, Gwacheon, Korea had a male calf with no help of proper restraint devices. The mother giraffe was in a danger of dystocia more than 7 hours in labor after showing the calf’s toe of the foreleg which protruded from her vulva. After tugging with a snare of rope on the metacarpal bone of the calf and pulling it, the other toe emerged. Finally, with two snares around each of metacarpal bones, the calf was completely pulled out by zoo staff. After parturition, the dam was in normal condition for taking care of the calf and her progesterone hormone had also dropped down to a normal pre-pregnancy. Key words : giraffe, dystocia, rope, parturition. Introduction giraffe. Because a giraffe is generally known as having such an uneventful gestation and not clearly showing appearances Approaching the megavertebrate species such as ele- of body with which zoo keepers notice impending parturi- phants, rhinoceroses and giraffes without anesthetic agents or tion until just several weeks before parturition. A few of zoo proper physical restraint devices is very hard, and it is even keepers were not suspicious of her being pregnant when they more difficult when it is necessary to stay near to the ani- saw the extension of the giraffe’s abdomen around 2 weeks mals for a long period (1,2,5). -
Altriciality and the Evolution of Toe Orientation in Birds
Evol Biol DOI 10.1007/s11692-015-9334-7 SYNTHESIS PAPER Altriciality and the Evolution of Toe Orientation in Birds 1 1 1 Joa˜o Francisco Botelho • Daniel Smith-Paredes • Alexander O. Vargas Received: 3 November 2014 / Accepted: 18 June 2015 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Specialized morphologies of bird feet have trees, to swim under and above the water surface, to hunt and evolved several times independently as different groups have fish, and to walk in the mud and over aquatic vegetation, become zygodactyl, semi-zygodactyl, heterodactyl, pam- among other abilities. Toe orientations in the foot can be prodactyl or syndactyl. Birds have also convergently described in six main types: Anisodactyl feet have digit II evolved similar modes of development, in a spectrum that (dII), digit III (dIII) and digit IV (dIV) pointing forward and goes from precocial to altricial. Using the new context pro- digit I (dI) pointing backward. From the basal anisodactyl vided by recent molecular phylogenies, we compared the condition four feet types have arisen by modifications in the evolution of foot morphology and modes of development orientation of digits. Zygodactyl feet have dI and dIV ori- among extant avian families. Variations in the arrangement ented backward and dII and dIII oriented forward, a condi- of toes with respect to the anisodactyl ancestral condition tion similar to heterodactyl feet, which have dI and dII have occurred only in altricial groups. Those groups repre- oriented backward and dIII and dIV oriented forward. Semi- sent four independent events of super-altriciality and many zygodactyl birds can assume a facultative zygodactyl or independent transformations of toe arrangements (at least almost zygodactyl orientation. -
Heraldic Terms
HERALDIC TERMS The following terms, and their definitions, are used in heraldry. Some terms and practices were used in period real-world heraldry only. Some terms and practices are used in modern real-world heraldry only. Other terms and practices are used in SCA heraldry only. Most are used in both real-world and SCA heraldry. All are presented here as an aid to heraldic research and education. A LA CUISSE, A LA QUISE - at the thigh ABAISED, ABAISSÉ, ABASED - a charge or element depicted lower than its normal position ABATEMENTS - marks of disgrace placed on the shield of an offender of the law. There are extreme few records of such being employed, and then only noted in rolls. (As who would display their device if it had an abatement on it?) ABISME - a minor charge in the center of the shield drawn smaller than usual ABOUTÉ - end to end ABOVE - an ambiguous term which should be avoided in blazon. Generally, two charges one of which is above the other on the field can be blazoned better as "in pale an X and a Y" or "an A and in chief a B". See atop, ensigned. ABYSS - a minor charge in the center of the shield drawn smaller than usual ACCOLLÉ - (1) two shields side-by-side, sometimes united by their bottom tips overlapping or being connected to each other by their sides; (2) an animal with a crown, collar or other item around its neck; (3) keys, weapons or other implements placed saltirewise behind the shield in a heraldic display. -
Giraffe Are the World's Tallest Animal, They Can Reach 5.8 Metres Tall
Animal welfare refers to an animal’s state or it’s feelings. An animal’s welfare state can be positive, neutral or negative. An animal’s welfare has the potential to differ on a daily basis. When an animal’s needs - nutritional, behavioural, health and environmental - are met, they can have good welfare. A good life in captivity might be one where animals can consistently experience good welfare throughout their entire life. Understanding that animals are sentient and have cognitive abilities as well as pain perception, reinforces the need to provide appropriate husbandry for all captive animals, to ensure they have good welfare. In captivity, the welfare of an animal is dependent on the physical and behavioural environment provided for them and the daily care and veterinary treatment they receive. It is therefore very important we understand their behavioural and physiological needs, so we can meet those needs in captivity. Giraffe are the world's tallest animal, they can reach 5.8 metres tall. They are found across sub-Sahara Africa in dry forest, shrubland and savannah habitats. The current understanding is there are nine sub-species of giraffe although it is now thought they are separated into four distinct species. The giraffe is classified by the IUCN as vulnerable to extinction. It is estimated there are less than 70,000 giraffe left in the wild and the population is declining. This is due to habitat loss and hunting. Giraffes like to Eat Giraffes are herbivores, they can eat up to 45 kg of leaves, bark and twigs a day. -
Predictors of Juvenile Survival in Birds
Ornithological Monographs Volume (2013), No. 78, 1–55 © The American Ornithologists’ Union, 2013. Printed in USA. PREDICTORS OF JUVENILE SURVIVAL IN BIRDS TERRI J. MANESS1,2,3 AND DAVID J. ANDERSON2 1School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA; and 2Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, USA ABSTRACT.—The survival probability of birds during the juvenile period, between the end of parental care and adulthood, is highly variable and has a major effect on population dynamics and parental fitness. As such, a large number of studies have attempted to evaluate potential predictors of juvenile survival in birds, especially predictors related to parental care. Lack’s hypothesis linking body reserves accumulated from parental care to the survival of naive juveniles has organized much of this research, but various other predictors have also been investigated and received some support. We reviewed the literature in this area and identified a variety of methodological problems that obscure interpretation of the body of results. Most studies adopted statistical techniques that missed the opportunities to (1) evaluate the relative importance of several predictors, (2) control the confounding effect of correlation among predictor variables, and (3) exploit the information content of collinearity by evaluating indirect (via correlation) as well as direct effects of potential predictors on juvenile survival. Ultimately, we concluded that too few reliable studies exist to allow robust evaluations of any hypothesis regarding juvenile survival in birds. We used path analysis to test potential predictors of juvenile survival of 2,631 offspring from seven annual cohorts of a seabird, the Nazca Booby (Sula granti). -
The Triumphs, Challenges and Failures of Young North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx Mantelli): a Study of Behaviour, Growth, Dispersal and Mortality
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. The triumphs, challenges and failures of young North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli): a study of behaviour, growth, dispersal and mortality Stephanie Walden A thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Alexandra Louise Wilson 2013 i ii Abstract North Island brown kiwi (NIBK, Apteryx mantelli), an endemic New Zealand species, are estimated to have declined by 90% from pre-human colonisation numbers. Currently, at least 60% of mortality is attributed to introduced mammalian predators, namely stoats (Mustela erminea) preying on chicks. Therefore, conservation effort focuses on predator trapping/killing, and hatching and rearing NIBK chicks in captivity and releasing them back into the wild. These efforts are resulting in increased recruitment of chicks into populations. However, little is known about the biology and behaviour of NIBK chicks in the wild and how this may affect management of these populations. Consequently, the aim of this study was to examine the ecology of young wild NIBK in a natural high density population with reduced predator diversity on Ponui Island. More specifically, the goal was to determine their growth rates, behaviour around the natal nest, dispersal and mortality, and how these factors may be influenced by environmental variables. During the 2010 - 2011 and 2011 - 2012 breeding seasons 29 young NIBK were observed from hatching until mortality or the end of 2012. -
The Evolution of Indiscriminate Altruism in a Cooperatively Breeding Mammal
vol. 193, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2019 The Evolution of Indiscriminate Altruism in a Cooperatively Breeding Mammal Chris Duncan,1,2,*,† David Gaynor,2,3 Tim Clutton-Brock,1,2,3 and Mark Dyble1,2,4,† 1. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom; 2. Kalahari Research Centre, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa; 3. Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, South Africa; 4. Jesus College, University of Cambridge, Jesus Lane, Cambridge CB5 8BL, United Kingdom Submitted August 31, 2018; Accepted December 21, 2018; Electronically published April 17, 2019 Online enhancements: appendix. Dryad data: https://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r01cq00. abstract: Kin selection theory suggests that altruistic behaviors can ners. High local relatedness can result from either limited increase the fitness of altruists when recipients are genetic relatives. dispersal (Queller 1992; Taylor 1992; Cornwallis et al. 2009) Although selection can favor the ability of organisms to preferentially or the sociosexual characteristics of a species, with traits such cooperate with close kin, indiscriminately helping all group mates may as polytocy, monogamy, and high reproductive skew associ- yield comparable fitness returns if relatedness within groups is very high. ated with high group relatedness (Hughes et al. 2008; Boomsma Here, we show that meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are largely indiscrim- 2009; Lukas and Clutton-Brock 2012, 2018; Davies and Gard- inate altruists who do not alter the amount of help provided to pups ner 2018). or group mates in response to their relatedness to them. We present a model showing that indiscriminate altruism may yield greater fitness Some of the most conspicuous instances of altruism come payoffs than kin discrimination where most group members are close from eusocial or cooperatively breeding species (Wilson 1975; relatives and errors occur in the estimation of relatedness. -
Map Legend 10001 W
Map Legend 10001 W. Bluemound Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226 414-771-3040 www.milwaukeezoo.org Milwaukee County Zoo Bluemound Rd. Legend Key Buildings Auto teller 8 Animal Health Center Walk-In Entrance Zoofari Change Machine 9 Aquatic & Reptile Center (ARC) Drive-in Exit Animal Health Entrance Conference Center Center First Aid 0 Australia Sea Lion Birds Food - Dairy Complex Show g s Gifts = Dohmen Family Foundation Special Hippo Home Exhibit Handicap/Changing Macaque Island Zebra Station q Family Farm & Public Affairs Office Flamingo Parking Lot Information Swan w Florence Mila Borchert Lost Children’s Area Big Cat Country Fish, an Frogs & angut Mold-a-Rama e Herb & Nada Mahler Family Expedition Snakes Or Primates Apes Aviary Welcome Penny Press Dinosaur Center Summer Gorilla r Holz Family Impala Country 2015 Penguins j Private Picnic Areas ARC Bonobo t Idabel Wilmot Borchert Flamingo Theatre Rest Rooms Siamang Exhibit and Overlook Small Mammals Ropes Courses h Strollers sponsored & y Karen Peck Katz Conservation Zip Line by Wilderness Resort Education Center Giraffe Tornado Shelter u Kohl’s Cares for Kids Play Area Parking Lot i Northwestern Mutual Zoo Rides Family Farm Carousel sponsored African e Briggs o A. Otto Borchert Family Waterhol & Stratton by Penzeys Spices Special Exhibits Building a Zoo ebr Terrace Z Safari Train sponsored B. Jungle Birthday Room Lion by North Shore Bank Cheet Family p Peck Welcome Center Big African Kohl’s Farm Cats Savanna Wild ah Theater Sky Safari sponsored Sky JaguarT [ Primates of the World iger Safari South Live alks by PNC* Prairie America Grizzly Bear Snow Animal T Dairy Elephant ] Small Mammals Building Caribou Dogs Leopard Bongo Barn SkyTrail® Explorer Black Parking Lot Elk Bear Red Hippo Butterfly \ Stackner Animal Encounter Panda Garden Butterfly Ropes Courses & Zip Garden Camel W Line sponsored by a Stearns Family Apes of Africa arthog Bee Pachyderm Hive Exhibit Tri City National Bank* Tapir Pachyderm s Taylor Family Humboldt Penguins d Zoomobile sponsored Education d U.S. -
Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Sengis (Macroscelidea) in General
Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Sengis (Macroscelidea) in general and the Postnatal Development of the Short-eared Sengi (Macroscelides proboscideus) in particular Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer.nat. des Fachbereiches Biologie und Geographie an der Universität Duisburg-Essen Vorgelegt von Gea Olbricht aus Leipzig Juli 2009 Die der vorliegenden Arbeit zugrunde liegenden Experimente wurden im Zoologischen Garten der Stadt Wuppertal, im Zentralafrikanischen Museum Tervuren, Belgien, im Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn und in der Anatomischen Anstalt der Universität München, sowie in den südafrikanischen Museen McGregor in Kimberley und Amathole in King Williams Town durchgeführt. 1. GUTACHTER: Prof. Dr. H. Burda, Universität Duisburg-Essen 2. GUTACHTER: Prof. Dr. B. Sures, Universität Duisburg-Essen 3. GUTACHTER: Dr. R. Asher, Universität Cambridge, GB VORSITZENDER DES PRÜFUNGSAUSSCHUSSES: Prof. Dr. D. Hering, Universität Duisburg-Essen Tag der Disputation: 03. 07. 2009 When we try to pick anything for itself, then it turns out that it is linked to everything else in the universe. John Muir Was wir wissen, ist ein Tropfen; was wir nicht wissen, ein Ozean. Isaac Newton Es ist nicht schwer zu komponieren. Aber es ist fabelhaft schwer, die überflüssigen Noten unter den Tisch fallen zu lassen. Johannes Brahms Meiner Familie gewidmet, Dr. Alexander Sliwa mit Leona, Feline und Olivia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Six years came and went in the blink of an eye. Through it all, I´ve had a great deal of fun and it is a great pleasure for me to acknowledge all those who´ve helped me in this endeavour. In 2002 I approached Professor Hynek Burda of the Department of General Zoology at the University of Duisburg-Essen with the idea of initiating a study on the reproductive biology of sengis after I have had the unique opportunity of observing short- eared sengis during my time as curator at Wuppertal Zoo. -
Fully Fledged Enantiornithine Hatchling Revealed by Laser-Stimulated
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fully fedged enantiornithine hatchling revealed by Laser- Stimulated Fluorescence supports Received: 31 July 2018 Accepted: 8 March 2019 precocial nesting behavior Published: xx xx xxxx Thomas G. Kaye 1, Michael Pittman 2, Jesús Marugán-Lobón3, Hugo Martín-Abad3, José Luis Sanz 3 & Angela D. Buscalioni3 Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence (LSF) is used to identify fully fedged feathering in the hatchling enantiornithine bird specimen MPCM-LH-26189, supporting precocial nesting behavior in this extinct group. The LSF results include the detection of a long pennaceous wing feather as well as cover feathers around the body. The LSF technique showed improved detection limits over and above synchrotron and UV imaging which had both been performed on this specimen. The fndings underscore the value of using a wide range of analytical techniques. Te enantiornithine hatchling MPCM-LH-26189 from the Las Hoyas locality of Spain helped to identify an asynchronous clade-wide pattern of sternal and vertebral osteogenesis in early juvenile enantiornithines, sup- porting variation in their size and their tempo of skeletal maturation1. Tis previous study found no feathers or chemical evidence for plumage (see Fig. 5 caption of1) with faint ribbing visible in a yellowish stain suggested to be more consistent with the morphology of vegetal material than with feathers (see Supplementary Note 1 of1). MPCM-LH-26189 is reasonably well articulated and has some sof-tissue-associated chemistry1. Tese lines of evidence were used to suggest that MPCM-LH-26189 might have been largely featherless when it died (see Supplementary Note 1, Supplementary Figs 2–5 and Supplementary Table 2 of1). -
Egg Size and Bird Evolution
© The Authors, 2010. Journal compilation © Australian Museum, Sydney, 2010 Records of the Australian Museum (2010) Vol. 62: 207–216. ISSN 0067-1975 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1547 Cracking a Developmental Constraint: Egg Size and Bird Evolution Gareth J. Dyke,*1 anD Gary W. kaiser2 1 School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield Dublin 4, Ireland [email protected] 2 Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 9W2 [email protected] abstract. It has been suggested that relative egg size in living birds is strongly correlated with the developmental mode of the young; “altricial” (helpless) or “precocial” (independent). Using a data set of extant taxa we show that altricial birds lay relatively larger eggs than their precocial counterparts but that this may be due to the small size of most altricial species. Smaller birds tend to lay relatively small eggs compared to large species. Nonetheless, a predictive egg mass-body mass relationship extends into the avian fossil record. Such a relationship is important to our understanding of avian evolution because relative egg size (and thus available developmental mode) was constrained in many early birds—oviduct diameter was limited by the presence of pubic fusion. Therefore we document the evolution of avian developmental strategies using morphology-based phylogenies for Mesozoic and extant avians and corroborate correlations between developmental strategies, egg weight and female body mass. The sequential loss of precocial features in hatchlings characterises the evolution of birds while altriciality is derived within Neoaves. A set of precocial strategies is seen in earlier lineages, including basal Neornithes (modern birds) and are implied in their Mesozoic counterparts—skeletal constraints on egg size, present in many Jurassic and Early Cretaceous birds (Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornis, Enantiornithes) were lost in later diverging lineages.