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September: Forskarnas Älsklingsdjur Forskarnas älsklingsdjur Slå inte ihjäl den irriterande bananflugan nästa gång den lilla, 2-3 mm långa bumlingen surrar runt i köket. Den är ett under- verk när det gäller iakttagelseförmåga och flygprecision. Förundras i Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen stället över denna lilla fluga som lärt forskarna så mycket! Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin 1973 tilldelades gemensamt Bananflugan Drosophila( melanogaster) är en favorit för forskare. Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz och Nikolaas Tinbergen ”för deras Redan i början av 1900-talet började man studera bananflugor upptäckter rörande organisation och utlösning av individuella eftersom de är lätta att odla och förökar sig snabbt med en ge- och sociala beteendemönster”. Frisch och Tinbergen studerade insekter, dock inte bananflugor. Läs mer på www.nobelprize.org nerationstid på endast cirka två veckor. Många genetiska varian- Bananfluga (Wikimedia Commons) ter med exempelvis olika ögon- och kroppsfärg har bildats på na- turlig väg eller framkallats med röntgenstålning eller kemikalier. Nobelpristagare som arbetat med bananflugor (se www.nobel- prize.org, Education): Beteendestudier med bananflugor • Thomas Hunt Morgan (1933) beskrev kromosomernas be- Vilda bananflugor massförökas ofta inomhus tydelse för hur egenskaper ärvs. på sensommaren om övermogen frukt får ligga • Hermann Joseph Muller (1946) upptäckte att röntgenstrål- framme. Fånga in dem i en burk med en tuss ning ger mutationer. bomull indränkt med vinäger. Se även www. • Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard och Eric F. bioresurs.uu.se (Inköp/Levande organismer) för Wieschaus (1995) studerade embryonalutveckling. adresser till företag som säljer bananflugor. Odlingsrör med bananflugor och parande bananflugor Klassiska skollaborationer är korsningsförsök med bananflugor Bygg en testkammare av två stora petflaskor. Skär (Wikipedia). för att visa hur egenskaper ärvs, men i det här månadsuppslaget av bottnarna och tejpa ihop flaskorna. Testa olika fokuserar vi på beteendestudier. slag av hushållskemikalier och mat (exempelvis Testa doftämnen i en testkammare byggd av två hoptejpade petflaskor. Placera frukter) genom att bitar av mat eller en bom- odlingskärlet med bananflugor i kyl under cirka 15 minuter för att lättare kunna Att göra ullstuss fuktad med några vätskedroppar place- hantera flugorna. Knacka ner flugorna mot bordsytan. Vänd snabbt odlingskärlet och skaka ner flugorna genom en av petflaskornas öppningar via en tratt. • Lyssna på hur hanar spelar för honor i samband med par- ras i den ena kapsylen. Livsmedel med vinäger ning och testa kunskapsspelet Bananflugan Dating & Mating är särskilt attraktiva. Ta liten mängd för att be- Håll testkammaren lodrät för att flugorna ska krypa uppåt. Placera snabbt (http://nobelpriskampen.se/2008.) en bit mat eller en bomullstuss fuktad med en vätska som ska testas i gränsa spridningen av doften i testkärlet. Extra den nedre kapsylen. Vänd flaskan vågrät och se till att ingen ljuskälla lyser • Se filmen om bananflugans flygkonst (www.svt.se/nyheter/ kapsyler behövs till försöken för att inte blanda specifikt mot någon av testkammarens ändar. vetenskap/flugornas-flykt). ihop dofterna. Se även bildtext till vänster. Efter fem minuter i testkammaren fanns 24 flugor i del A där en bomullstuss • Läs mer om försök som visar aggressivt beteende, effekter Faktorer att ta hänsyn till för att testen av ett fuktats med vinäger och sex flugor i del B där inget doftämne fanns. av alkohol och sexuell stimulans hos bananflugor. ämne inte ska påverkas är att flugor alltid rör sig uppåt och mot ljuset. Referenser finns på www.bio- resurs.uu.se, se Tidningen Bi- Försöksidéer och utförliga beskrivningar finns i lagan till vänster på startsidan AP Biology. Investigative Labs: An Inquiry-Based B och Bi-lagan nr 2 2014. Approach (använd sökfunktion på Internet). A Bomull med vinäger Nationellt resurscentrum för biologi och bioteknik • Bi-lagan nr 2 augusti 2014 • Får fritt kopieras i icke-kommersiellt syfte om källan anges • www.bioresurs.uu.se September 2014 BANANFLUGA (WIKIMEDIA COMMONS) Måndag Tisdag Onsdag Torsdag Fredag Lördag Söndag Att göra Sam, Samuel Justus, Justina Alfhild, Alva Gisela Adela, Heidi Lilian, Lilly Kevin, Roy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bananflugepraktik v. 36 Bananflugor kan matas med över- mogen frukt. Mat finns även att köpa i pulverform. Till odlingskärl brukar små raka rör med plan botten användas, förslutna med bomull Alma, Hulda 8 Anita, Annette 9 Tord, Turid 10 Dagny, Helny 11 Åsa, Åslög 12 Sture 13 Ida 14 eller skumgummipropp. Genera- tionstiden för flugorna är temperatur- v. 37 beroende och omfattar cirka 12 dagar i 25°C. Flugorna måste sövas om de ska sorteras i hanar/honor eller efter olika kroppsliga defekter. Sövning Valdag görs med koldioxid (undvik eter). Sigrid, Siri Dag, Daga Hildegard Orvar Fredrika Elise, Lisa Matteus 15 16 Magnhild 17 18 19 20 21 Honor är något större än hanar. De har en spetsig bakkropp med sju seg- v. 38 ment, medan hanarna har en rundad bakkropp med fem segment som av- slutas med ett tydligt svart fält. Ha- narna har svarta strukturer på främre Maurits, Moritz Tekla, Tea Gerhard, Gert Tryggve Enar, Einar Dagmar, Rigmor Lennart. Leonard benparet, så kallade könskammar. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Hanens könsorgan på bakkroppens undersida syns som en mörk fläck. v. 39 Mer om bananflugor finns på Bio- resurs hemsida i anslutning till ka- lendern. Höstdagjämning Mikael, Mikaela 29 Helge 30 1 2 3 4 5 v. 40 Wikimedia Commons.
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