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Sources/ Credits How Life Is Organised the Four Elements of Evolution A A progression of “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” EVOLUTION (Theodosius Dobzhansky, 1973) 4thC BCE 9th-13thC 18th-19thC 1859 1860s 1880-1920 1900-1960 1960s-present 2000-present onwards Middle-Eastern With the Enlightenment in Europe, science Charles Darwin’s 'On the origin of Gregor Mendel proposes the unit of The eclipse of Darwinism: The modern synthesis and its consequences: The flowering of evolution: Evolution as universal explanation: Why sex? Functional genomics: scholars outline looks for naturalistic explanations for the species' is first published, becoming the heredity now called the gene – but Evolution largely accepted, Theorists formulate mathematical descriptions Theories proliferate as scientists Evolutionary concepts expand into the Evolutionary Science mines the genome Ancient evolution-like diversity of life. Evolution is first mentioned. cornerstone of evolutionary theory. doesn't make the link with evolution. but no-one sure yet exactly of evolution combining ideas from both Darwin dig deeper into evolutionary mechanisms. study of behaviour with implications for biology turns its for answers to a wide range philosophers theories centuries how it works. and Mendel. understanding human nature. collective head of questions. speculate on before Darwin – to this fascinating the origin of life. but lack evidence. question. Epigenetics The study of inherited, but non-genetic, Embryo changes to the Mendel’s peas Recapitulation observations Hox gene expression of Crossing white- Ontogeny recapitu- “The embryo of a paradox genes. Lamarck and purple- lates phylogeny: an vertebrate is already may have been organism’s devel- a vertebrate” – so more right produces 3 times opmental path to are very different, ontogeny does not yet some of our than we thought. as many purple adult-hood retraces recapitulate plants. Why? the evolutionary genes are phylogeny. remarkably similar. Genomics of Because heredity path of its species. (Karl Ernst von Baer) (Ernst Haeckel) Struggle for units occur in Except Although Part of the adaptation dominant- Hopeful Punctuated existence Is adaptation mainly recessive pairs. monster theory equilibrium due to mutations in “Environmental Where present – Mendelian Macromutation New species arise Evolution proceeds genes very similar Earth is old Lamarckian 75% of time – the inheritance due to large Ploidy Evo-devo among species, or organisms dominant purple theory Evidence from evolution Offspring inherit mutations – New species can with long periods of synthesis due to genes that to develop new Variation emerges rocks shows the Giraffes stretch their one genetic variant ’hopeful monsters’ form when stasis between The great diversity characteristics to earth is more than recessive white via mutations. Large necks striving to from each parent, (Richard Goldschmidt) genomes double. bursts of speciation. of life forms is proteins? ensure survival, thus a few thousand mutations result in Fisher’s reach higher leaves. independently for But also The majority For example the based on similar By means of transforming into Uniformitarian- (Gregor Mendel) new species. years old. Their offspring each gene, if they horseshoe crab has new species. (Hugo de Vries, microscope developmental (James Hutton) ism inherit longer Led to theory of are not linked. remained the same Animals that survive Otto Schindewolf) As the population have undergone genes that are Extraordinary We now know the The earth as a necks. for millions of years. to breed can pass moves towards the Ecological some genome expressed earth was formed whole is subject (Jean Baptiste Lamarck) Or was he? duplication. (Niles Elredge and differently in sex ratios Functional on their successful Mendelism optimum genetics Stephen J. Gould) 4.54 billion years to gradual change. (V. Grant, after Linnaeus) Why most species Arrows characteristics But Lamarck was “The most important phenotype, Genetics goes out distantly related Genomics ago. (Charles Lyell) wrong because have a near-1:1 sex to offspring.” mutations get organisms. What do different between theories factor of evolution of the lab and into ratio, but some (Al Jahith, Book of Animals, is the occurrence smaller and smaller, genes do? For 9thC) insects and reptiles example, the OCA2 all types, from direct Sounds a lot like of advantageous observe evolution Trade-off have many more mutations [...] microscope. in action. For gene encodes a (R. A. Fisher) theory males or females. Contrary to example, when the protein involved in intellectual Monkey Man natural selection is Because resources (W. D. Hamilton) Darwinian Principle of merely a sieve to environment producing a kinship. Tested in the wild are limited, ancestry descended Mendel’s peas: becomes more pigment that affects medicine variation save advantageous organisms must Ethology Humans developed mutations and polluted, pepper hair and eye colour. Tailor-made medicine from primates The least resurrected make compromises. The study of animal Two-fold cost from “the world of Natural eliminate moths with the based on personal Ape is “brother Transmutation well-adapted Mendel’s pea For example, they instinct and Useful for the monkeys”. selection deleterious genetic variant for of sex of man”. The fossil record individuals are experiments can’t be both behaviour: social (Ibn Khaldun, (Lord Monboddo) Any advantageous mutations.” dark colour survive, A sexual organism Muqaddimah, 1377) shows gradual “most liable to unearthed and fast growers and dominance, tool adaptation (T. H. Morgan) reproduce only passes on half Evidence? change from earlier perish”. replicated. Quantitative good competitors. manufacture, and (James Hutton) Disagreed with and become its genes to its into later species Blending (Hugo de Vries, (W. D Hamilton) transmission of Genomics woodpecker’s beak) Carl Correns) genetics more common. offspring. What part of (Robert Grant) Inheritance theory cultural traits. causing an organism Variations in (Bernard Kettlewell) (Maynard-Smith) of plasticity Daoism One generation (Konrad Lorenz, our genome a) via a mysterious to leave more Offspring are a phenotype are the Criticised in How can some Nature is in constant Natural passes on its Nico Tinbergen) makes us ’internal force’ offspring than others result of blending Biometrics result of genes + individuals adapt to transformation or characteristics Gemmules (Jean Baptiste Lamarck) selection: of parents’ body The statistical environment. Paved different human? will become more Charles Darwin’s ‘Dao’. Species can Change over to the next. How? types. 1 tall parent Germ plasm study of continuous the prequel common over time. the way for modern environments change in response b) as a direct result hypothetical generations Erasmus Darwin, Gradually, the whole + 1 short parent = theory characters like evolutionary theory without being to the environment. of the environment heredity particles, Natural changes grandfather of population changes. medium height August Weismann height and weight and population Genetic load The spandrels Why do genetically distinct? (Laozi) (Etienne Geoffroy St-Hilaire) found in the blood. accumulate over Charles Darwin and (Charles Darwin) offspring. cut the tails off 1500 to understand the genetics. Shifting Some genetic of San Marco organisms generations, (Charles Darwin) Unit later found in rats, but after 20 link between genes (R. A. Fisher) Francis Galton: “The Eureka! But by what means? balance theory variants are bad, Not everything is an have sex? producing new strongest and most How does this work? But generations all were (genotype) and the resulting in lower Evolution can adaptation. Like the races and species. active animal still born with tails. way something produce different spandrels of a (Pierre Louis Maupertuis) should propagate Conclusion: only looks (phenotype). of bad variation in a a) Red Queen Tree of Life solutions to the cathedral dome, the species, which special ‘germ plasm’ (Francis Galton, Raphael population is the parasite Weldon, Karl Pearson) same environmental evolution can web project should thence cells are responsible genetic load, and Principle of challenges. be constrained by hypothesis All the world’s for heredity, not natural selection Ladder of life become improved”. (Sewall Wright) structural factors or living diversity, now homology (Zoönomia, 1794) normal body cells. acts to get rid of it. Life forms are historical genes, making it chronicled online at and analogy However (Hermann Joseph Muller But how do we explain hierarchically Social and J.B.S Haldane) circumstance. easier to adapt to tolweb.org/tree/. Organisms share such high variation? organised – (Stephen J. Gould and pathogen attacks – But can we similarities and Survival of Darwinism Richard Lewontin) complex organisms Molecular until the pathogens conserve it? evolve naturally The application of are nearer the top bite back. along these lines. Principle of evolutionary ideas evolution of the ladder. Dobzhansky- Paleontology (J. Jaenike, W. D. Hamilton) (Richard Owen) divergence Galton’s to welfare. Inspired Including: (Plato, Aristotle) are those most Described in rabbits eugenics – the idea Muller model meets evolution Price’s Christians: God able to survive. b) The Hill- Darwin’s Rabbit experiments that the human race Genetic changes Did species on a) Neutral equation is at the top. Taxonomy (Herbert Spencer, could be genetically built up in different different continents Robertson after reading
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