Probing the Ultra-Small and Capturing the Ultra- Fast

Charles Townes

Norbert Holtkamp SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

AAAS Conference San Jose February 14, 2015

http://www.light2015.org/Home.html Light Interaction with Matter- A Short Explanation

Light can: • We see light as color and brightness Pass through • It’s actually electromagnetic radiation:

• Partly electric, partly magnetic • Flows in straight line (radiates) Be reflected

Be scattered

Be absorbed

Be diffracted

AAAS, Feb 2015 2 What matters to understand Matter? Time and size

What are the instruments we us to see different size objects?

What are the timescales accessible to us?

AAAS, Feb 2015 3 Accelerators as microscopes – 100 years of technology development

Storage rings and light sources

ESRF, Grenoble

LCLS, SLAC

Source: symmetry magazine

AAAS, Feb 2015 4 X-ray Interaction with Matter

See through matter Where are the electrons?

Where are the atoms?

AAAS, Feb 2015 5 Just on the side: 20 Nobel Prizes Based on “X-rays”

Chemistry Physics

1936: PETER DEBYE 1901: WILHELM RÖNTGEN

1962: MAX PERUTZ and SIR JOHN KENDREW 1914: MAX VON LAUE

1964: DOROTHY HODGKIN 1915: SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG and SIR WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG 1976: WILLIAM LIPSCOMB 1917: CHARLES BARKLA 1985: HERBERT HAUPTMAN and JEROME KARLE 1924: KARL MANNE SIEGBAHN 1988: JOHANN DEISENHOFER, ROBERT HUBER and HARTMUT MICHEL 1927: ARTHUR COMPTON

1997: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER 1981: KAI SIEGBAHN

2003: PETER AGRE and RODERICK MACKINNON Medicine 2006: ROGER KORNBERG 1946: HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER 2009: VENKATRAMAN RAMAKRISHNAN, THOMAS STEITZ and ADA YONATH 1962: FRANCIS CRICK, JAMES WATSON 2012: ROBERT LEFKOWITZ and and MAURICE WILKINS BRIAN KOBILKA 1979: ALAN M. CORMACK and SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD

Synchrotron Radiation Facilities- An Industry to Develop New Medicine

NSLS-II (2014) SSRF (2009)

MAX-IV (2016) Brightness: The hunt for ever more intense sources

 x

AAAS, Feb 2015

8 Ultra-fast: The New Frontier

Nature Technology

0.001 sec shutter speed

AAAS, Feb 2015 LCLS: SLAC’s X-ray Laser 9 Technology Development is a Decade Long Process

2009 Operation of LCLS

Begin Construction of LCLS

Demonstration of SASE in the mm range

Development of the photocathode rf-gun

First proposal to use the SLAC linac and build a 2-4 nm soft x-ray source

Workshop on Scientific Applications of a Short Wavelength Coherent Light Source “We have no interest in an expensive x-ray laser in the water window. We get all we need by examining cells with cryo-electron microscopy” 1992 statement of an unnamed but famous biologist. Principle of a SASE X-ray Free Electron Laser

•Send dense packets of electrons (bunches) through a 130 meter long array of permanent magnets (undulator) with a period of a little more than an inch

N S N S N S ….

very short photons from back of ordered electrons cloned photons bunch length bunch create order in enhance photon completely in tune, micrometers bunch cloning 10 billion times higher intensity

N: # of electrons 2 2 M: # of magnetic poles Intensity ~ N * M AAAS, Feb 2015 11 The Holy Grail: SLAC’s X-ray Laser

AAAS, Feb 2015 12 Seeing Chemistry in Action

• See atoms and electrons moving on their natural timescale • Watch a chemical reaction step by step

Kok, Forbush & McGloin, Photochem Photobiol 11, 457 (1970)

Photosynthesis: So well known and still a mystery

AAAS, Feb 2015 13 Even better…. Look at this!

AAAS, Feb 2015 14 X-Ray Lasers: The race to ultrashort and ultrasmall

SACLA 2016, 8.5 GeV

LCLS-I, II 2009,14GeV

PAL XFEL 2016, 10 GeV,

SWISS FEL 2017, 5.8 GeV

XFEL 2016, 17.5 GeV, AAAS, Feb 2015 15 Staying at the Forefront – Some Facts about the Office of Science in the Department of Energy

. $5B annual budget . 25,000 Ph.D. scientists, graduate students, under- graduates, engineers, and technical staff at more than 300 institutions in all 50 States and DC through competitive awards . 32 national user facilities serving more than 26,000 users each year . 100 Nobel Prizes during the past 6 decades—more than 20 in the past 10 years

AAAS, Feb 2015 16 What else could we ask for? – What is the next steps

1 meter

Superconducting rf accelertors

AAAS, Feb 2015 17 Accelerator High Tech from US Laboratories to build the next generation

Cornell University FERMI National Accelerator Laboratory

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory

LCLS II: an amazing collaboration to deliver an x-ray laser they won’t turn off any more.

Overview: US DOE Accelerator R&D Task Force 18 LBNL: The electron source and the undulators

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory e source

Undulators

Overview: US DOE Accelerator R&D Task Force 19 FNAL, JLAB, Cornell: the Superconducting RF and the cryogenics

Q0 R&D Cornell University FERMI National Accelerator Laboratory

Cryo systems

Jefferson National Accelerator Laboratory

SC cavities

Helium cryo plants

Overview: US DOE Accelerator R&D Task Force 20 ANL: The Next Generation Undulators

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory

Overview: US DOE Accelerator R&D Task Force 21 ….hey… by the way: Accelerator Technology is Everywhere

VARIAN End then? – What’s after that ?

LCLS II

AAAS, Feb 2015 23 Summary

… and what’s next?

AAAS, Feb 2015 24