Dr. Hubertus Strughold Interviewer
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INSTITUTE OF TEXAN CULTURES ORAL HISTORY PROGRAM INTERVIEW WITH: DR. HUBERTUS STRUGHOLD INTERVIEWER: INGRID KOKINDA DATE: May 23, 1982 PLACE: Lobby of the Menger Hotel Interview 7 IK: Good morning, Dr. Strughold. HS: Good morning. IK: Dr. Strughold, I 'd like to go back now to the 1940's when you f i rst joined the Department of, the School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph. You joined this school in your capacity as a researcher in vision in the Department of Opthalmology. Is that correct? HS: Not in vision; generally Aviation Medicine. Flight physiology. The people had no place ready for me. They put me in this ... IK: In the department ... HS: of Opthalmology. IK: Your chief in those days was Gene ral Armstrong. HS: Ja. General Armstrong was the Commander. IK: Of the School of Aviation Medicine. HS: Yes. IK: You discussed with him already, the possibility of space medicine, did you, in those days? STRUGHOLD 2. HS: Yes. One day I suggested that we should have a Depart ment of Space Medicine in addition to the Department of Op thalmology and other departments. And he was very much for it and started it immediately. And made me chief, then , of the Department of Space Medicine. IK : And that was in February, 1949. HS : Yes. IK: And the first symposium was held that same year. HS: Ja. IK : Do you remember how many people attended this symposium? HS : ' 49. The first symposium, rather small , was held November 10, 1949, in the t heater at Randolph Field. Six other prominent scientists f rom other Air Force insti tutions and universities were invited for a panel discussion. The papers from this symposium, were published in a survey article, "Ivl.edical Problems in Space Travel" by Harry Armstrong, Conrad Buettner, Heinz Haber, and me. And published in the Journal of Aviation Medicine, 1949. After we had worked on it for a number of months in various fields in space medicine, I had the idea we shou ld have a contract with engineers who had worked in t he field of rocketry. The pioneer man in this field was Werner Von Braun. So I made a trip with my co-workers to Fort Bliss to Werner Von Braun and met also Kraft Ericke. And we made some plans with them and to put the first monkey into space. Werner Von Braun was very much interested in this medical aspect and so I invited him to come to Randolph Field . He came one day and STRUGHOLD 3. HS: gave a talk in a room to the students over there. Then in the afternoon we went to a ranch and he was very much interested in riding horses. And he did this. It was a pleasure to see him. He was very pleased and carne back. IK: Dr. Strughold, when you were out on the farm, was this a farm, ranch, around San Antonio? With Werner Von Braun? HS: It was a ranch in the neighborhood of this area. IK: Out in Schertz? HS: Not very far from it. IK: Werner Von Vraun knew now to ride horses? He was very fond of horses? HS: Yes, he was an expert in this field. He rode the horse ... IK: He must have looked handsome on ... riding around there. Did he? HS: Ja. IK: And he had a good time in Texas. HS: Ja. It was really something. He enjoyed just sitting on the horse ' and he went around some ... roads, and carne back and waved to us and mentioned again, the trip, he was interested in horse riding. IK: Dr. Strughold, I know that the planet Mars was your fa vorite of all of the planets. If you had your choice today to go into space, to take a journey, where would you go? HS: Only to the planet Mars. IK: Can you explain why you have this preference? HS: First of all the planet Mars is very well known 1n the STRUGHOLD 3. HS: s ky and I have visited several astronomers in Arizona who were expert on this planet and also, I wanted to make some comparison with the earth and the planet Mars about t h e pos sibility of life. I published a book, "The Green and Red Planet." Usually Mars looks only red i n t he sky but I did not like to use the word red p lanet and they would accuse me that it is the planet of the Russians . Red Planet. So I use d the word green and red planet--Mars. IK: And the publication of this book preceded some experi ments you did in Randolph? HS: No. This was the result of i t, so to speak. IK: The book was the result of these experiments . (Mrs. S: Struggie , why don 't you tell Mrs . Kokinda about your experiments that you all made at Randolph? Your Mars j ars ... do you r e member about the Mars jars ~ HS: Ja. We had in the department some jars i n which we could simulate the environment on Mars with regard to the water con tent and the air. We put bacteria in it and a lso some lower plants, very low algae and so on and find out if they could live on Mars. And we changed also the temperature accordi ng to the day and night cycle on Mars. It was for certain time, several hours, ou tside; and certain hours inside in the refrig erator. We came to the conclusion that some of these lower bacteria and micro-organisms could survive on Mars . That was the story. (Mrs . S: Struggie, you simulated t he same conditions i n your jars a s you t heore tically thought it would be on Mars.J STRUGHOLD 4. HS: So we had to simulate, so to speak, conditions as on Mars. And we came to the conclusion some of the lower micro organisms or bacteria could live on Mars. END OF TAPE IV, Side 2, few minutes only. TAPE V, Side 1 fMrs. S: ...... papers on the subject of Mars and given many ...J HS: The planet Mars always fascinated me very much; more than the other planets. Especially we could see Mars from time to time in the sky very clearly. For this reason, I have published a number of papers which deal to some extent with the planet Mars as compared with the earth and other planets. And I gave a number of lectures to the students in this field . The students always enjoyed it . .. to hear something about some other planet than the earth. IK: I know that you wrote many papers, Dr. Strughold. Do you remember about how many you wrote? HS: Yes. I wrote a little more than 180, perhaps 185 papers on space medicine and environment and so on and comparative physiology. IK: All scientific papers. HS: Yes. (Mrs. S: On various subjects.) HS: In addition to my interest in the planet Mars, I got interested in the situation in the flight on earth, especially STRUGHOLD 5 . HS : if they cross more than on e or two time zones. And I got interested in this field and published a book with t he n ame , Your Body Clock, wh ich deals with j et lag . How people 's mind is changed and the physiology is changed with the change of time at another p lace. This was very important, especiall y for diplomats. Some of the diplomats when they crossed more than 4 time zone s they were not at thei r real mind when t hey were at another place with a different time zone . And some of t hem made a mistake. By this reason, this paper attracted great interest. It was published by Scribners in New York. All the first ladies r ead this book . When t hey made a trip to Moscow and to Peking and when they had at t h e evening a party they were sleepy at their own time . I got letters from Betty Ford, a letter from Patricia Nixon, and a number of diplomats who read t his paper. And I have also published a paper in t he compendium in which I do not use the word body clock; I use the word rhythmostat. "Stat" means a steady state of the rhythm... into rhythmostat. IK : Dr. Strughold, this is ver y interesting. Can you explain it a little bit f urt h e r; how t his works? HS : Yes. This circad i an rhythm is very important ... as I mentioned already, for diplomats . The word c i rcadian rhythm was coined by Franz Halber in Wisconsin. I t means circa ... around, a day. A rhythm aroun d the day , circadian rhythm. One day a visitor at Randolph Field wanted to talk to me about this rhythm. Circadian rhythm and s o on . And he i n sisted to talk to me . Secr e t ly . I n a closed door . Nobody STRUGHOLD 6. HS: should be present. And then he told me that they had read my papers and the importance of it for diplomats and so on. He wanted to know what President Eisenhower could do if he would make a trip to Russia to meet with Nikita Kruschev. We discussed this whole matter, secretly, in a closed room. Since he was to travel to the east, I suggested for him that the President should go to bed an hour earlier for about five days before he would fly over there.