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Yugoslavia's Hidden History: Partisan-Ustashi Collaboration in the World War II (1941−1945)

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Yugoslavia's Hidden History: Partisan-Ustashi Collaboration in the World War II (1941−1945) History Research 2015; 3(1): 9-24 Published online April 13, 2015 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/history) doi: 10.11648/j.history.20150301.12 ISSN: 2376-6700 (Print); ISSN: 2376-6719 (Online) Yugoslavia’s Hidden History: Partisan-Ustashi Collaboration in the World War II (1941 −1945) Vladislav B. Sotirović Mykolas Romeris University, Faculty of Politics and Management, Institute of Political Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania Email address: [email protected] To cite this article: Vladislav B. Sotirović. Yugoslavia’s Hidden History: Partisan-Ustashi Collaboration in the World War II (1941−1945). History Research. Vol. 3, No. 1, 2015, pp. 9-24. doi: 10.11648/j.history.20150301.12 Abstract: The aim of this article is to give a significant contribution to both Balkan and South Slavic historiography in clarification of the question of direct and indirect military-political cooperation between the Partisans of Corporal and Marshal Josip Broz Tito and the Ustashi leader (Poglavnik) Ante Pavelić on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia during the World War II (1941−1945) and to highlight the ideological and political roots and objectives of this cooperation. The article is mainly based on the primary archival documents housed in Belgrade, but never used by the official state’s Titoist historiography, and on the testimonies of participants in historical events from the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland (the so- called Chetniks) who were after 1945 in exile. Keywords: Partisans, Ustashi, Josip Broz Tito, Ante Pavelić, Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks, World War II, Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland, Serbs, Croats quislings”, the truth about the true character of this struggle 1. Titographic “History“ Against the and the World War II in the areas of the Independent State of Scientific Historiography Croatia from 1941 to 1945 is becoming re-researched by a critical Serbian historiography. As more time passes after the death of “the greatest son of During Tito's Yugoslavia and, unfortunately, long time our nations and nationalities” − Josip Broz Tito (1892−1980), after 1991 the Yugoslav history of the World War II was, and and as more and more are fading the tapes of the feature still in many cases is, treated only as a „history“. However, films about “heroic and patriotic combats” of Tito’s Partisans we believe it is a time for the real science to deal with this made by his regime propaganda (such as “Battle of Neretva”, period of the Yugoslav past, what means that finally a “Battle of Sutjeska”, “Republic of Užice”, “Battle for the „historiography“ has to replace a quasi-science of politicized Southern Railway”, “Red Land”, “Walter Defends Sarajevo”, „Titography“. A phenomenon of the revolutionary taking “Raid on Drvar”...)1 against the “occupiers and domestic the Fatherland (named by Germans, Tito’s Partisans and the Croats as the 1 The feature film “Battle of Neretva” was the most expensive film ever made in Chetniks) simply are attributed to Tito's Partisans. According to some experts, the Socialist Yugoslavia. It was extremely important for the Yugoslav regime that in Yugoslav state invested more money for making such kind of “war-Partisan” those films will starring well-known Hollywood and other foreign actors in order films than to all other films together for the very simple reason: the “war-Partisan” to give to the regime more moral and political credibility from historical films were the most effective public lessons of history of the Yugoslav peoples in perspective. This credibility was important concerning both and the people of the World War II. They have been shown in primary and secondary schools and Yugoslavia and the international community, especially regarding the Western the students were taken to the cinemas to watch them as a part of history class countries of the liberal democracy. For instance, in the movie “Battle of Neretva” curriculum. The contents of the films, of course, have been properly matched with together with the Yugoslav actors, the most important roles are given to Orson the contents of the compulsory school history teaching program. Moreover, these Welles, Franco Nero, Yul Brynner and Sergei Bondarchuk. In the film “Battle of films had even the function of the textbooks. However, not one of these “war- Sutjeska”, the role of J. B. Tito, as a Partisan military leader, plays Richard Partisan” feature films is made according to the real historical events so that they Burton. However, all of these films are based on invented stories rather than on all remain in the realm of political propaganda of a totalitarian one-party system historical facts. Some of them are based on a pure falsification of historical truth and the regime (see more in: Самарџић М., Фалсификати комунистичке like the film “Battle for the Southern Railway”, directed by Zdravko Velimirović, историје , 79−121). Recording of these films was directly supported by the in which the destructions of the railways in Serbia and other sabotage actions Yugoslav People’s Army as it is noticed at the beginning of the film “Republic of committed by the forces of General Dragoljub Mihailović – the Yugoslav Army in Užice”. 10 Vladislav B. Sotirović: Yugoslavia’s Hidden History: Partisan-Ustashi Collaboration in the World War II (1941−1945) power in Yugoslavia during the World War II by Tito's compromise the Supreme Staff and other subordinated Communists and Partisans, provoking for that purpose a civil commanders of the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland war, still remains incompletely explained in the Yugoslav under the leadership of General Dragoljub Draža historiography due to a number of circumstances. The most Mihailović.3 important are in our opinion the next two: 1) a lack of original and authentic archival material; and 2) unwillingness and fear of the home Yugoslav historians to reveal the truth. 3 There are documents (i.e., the letters) with forged signatures of the commander of the Royal Mountain Guard – Nikola Kalabić, who was under direct command What concerns the lack of relevant (original and authentic) by General Mihailović (as for example, the letter from December 19−20 th , 1945), historical sources for the period of the civil war and violent and retouched photos of the “Chetnik” commanders, but mostly of Kalabić, who Communist revolution in Yugoslavia during the World War II, was attributed by the Communists to false betrayal of the Supreme Commander the main reasons for such de facto state of affairs are: of the Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland. According to the Communist version, only due to this betrayal General Mihailović became located and arrested by the Revolutionary winners in the civil war, Tito's Partisans Titoist security service (led by Aleksandar Ranković - Leka) in March 1946. The (officially called by themselves as the People's most insidious Titoists’ arson against General Mihailović is allegedly his, but in Liberation Army of Yugoslavia) and the Communist fact forged letter, (however in two versions and typed in the Latin alphabet), Party of Yugoslavia, organized a deliberate and well- which is supposedly Draža Mihailović sent to “Dr. ALOIS STEPINAC, the orchestrated policy of removal, and even physical Archbishop of Zagreb and the Croatian Metropolitan” („d-ru ALOJZIJU th destruction, of the archival material of both their own STEPINCU, nadbiskupu zagrebačkom i metropoliti hrvatskom“) on April 15 , 1945. In the letter General Mihailović was asking Archbishop Stepinac for close documents and the documents of their political enemies. cooperation with the “Croatian people” (i.e., with the Ustashi and Home Guard The Titoists succeeded in short period of time after their soldiers) with Stepinac's blessing in order to halt “the victory of the Communist military occupation of Belgrade and Serbia in October- high tide”. If nothing else, to avoid the discussion of originality and authenticity November 1944 to eliminate almost all compromising of the letter from the technical point of view, it would be absolutely illogical that authentic and original documents, which could before the very end of the war, General Mihailović required close cooperation with the Croat Nazi Ustashi and Croatia’s Home Guard soldiers (“domobrani”) challenge to a greater or lesser extent, politically against whom he was fighting during the whole war and who (especially Ustashi, coloured Titoist propaganda within the framework of composed by the Croats and Bosnian-Herzegovinian Muslim Bosniaks) the official (quasi)-historiography about the war years committed terrible crimes of genocide against the Serb Orthodox inhabitants in of 1941−1945. Thus, for example, in the Yugoslav Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Herzegovina, Srem and Bosnia (i.e., on the territory archives the researcher can not find the key documents of the Independent State of Croatia). Moreover, it was a time when the Ustashi and Home Guard detachments were preparing to leave Yugoslavia in order to of Tito's Partisans open cooperation and collaboration surrender to the American and British military authorities in Austria or Italy. with the Croat-Bosniak Ustashi, Albanian (Shquipetar) Finally, General Mihailović was from the very beginning of the war absolutely Fascist detachments and the German Nazi occupation aware that Pavelić’s Ustashi and the Partisans of Josip Broz Tito are of the same forces, as well as an open anti-Serbian policy and anti-Serb army fighting for the Croat national interest. However, in this case it is military actions by Tito's Supreme Command of his of extreme surprising the sloppiness of the Titoist forgers who made the letter of the same matter in two different variants, but forgot to destroy the first (older) one, revolutionary the People's Liberation Army of or at least to move it to safety. Specifically, in the shorthand notes to the Yugoslavia and its subordinated operational command Communist called the “process of the century”, i.e.
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