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IN SHAPING NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS: a Comparative Historical Analysis of the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movements

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IN SHAPING NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS: a Comparative Historical Analysis of the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movements Université de Montréal THE ROLE OF ‘SHARED MEMORIES’ IN SHAPING NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS: A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movements par Benjamin Berman Département de science politique de l’Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en science politique Septembre 2012 © Benjamin Berman, 2012 Université de Montréal Faculté des arts et des sciences Ce mémoire intitulé : The Role of ‘Shared Memories’ in Shaping Nationalist Movements: A Comparative Historical Analysis of the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movements présenté par : Benjamin Berman a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Erick Lachapelle Prédisent-rapporteur Pascale Dufour Directeur de recherche Magdalena Dembinska Membre du jury i Abstract The Flemish and Québécois nationalist movements diverge in terms of their structural nature; for example, Flemish nationalism developed as a Christian democratic movement, whereas contemporary Québécois nationalism was galvanized around a secular-leftist ideology. There is also a significant contrast in the socio-demographic, economic, and political realities of Flanders in Belgium compared to those of Québec in Canada. However, despite the differing influences on the Flemish and Québécois nationalist movements, they have developed and maintained very similar nationalist profiles. Both nationalist movements are defined by a sense of ethno-linguistic distinctness, both have a paralleling nationalist discourse focused on the need to preserve and protect the language and culture of the national community, and both have been focused on obtaining a redistribution of cultural and political power through constructing an alternative political structure from that of the federal state. This thesis proposes that the mirroring nationalist profiles of the Flemish and Québécois nationalist movements can be traced to the development of a similar type of ethno- linguistic nationalism of protest, which was initially established by nationalists wanting to rectify the effects of a linguistically based ‘cultural division of labour’. As a means of instrumentalizing and perpetuating this sense of ethno-linguistic nationalism of protest, both Flemish and Québécois nationalists have relied on evocating and shaping key ‘shared memories’ found within the historical narrative of the national community. These shared memories, as well as their symbolic representations, reflect sentiments of struggle, injustice, and victimization, and have been vital for Flemish and Québécois nationalists in maintaining their paralleling expressions of an ethno-linguistic nationalism of protest in Flanders and in Québec. Keywords: Flanders, Flemish, Québec, Québécois, cultural division of labour, ethno- linguistic, nations, nationalism, nationalism of protest, nationalist movement, shared memoires, symbols. ii Résumé Les mouvements nationalistes flamands et québécois divergent en concernant leur structure; par exemple le nationalisme flamand s'est développé comme un mouvement chrétien-démocrate, alors que le nationalisme québécois contemporain s’est galvanisé autour d'une idéologie laïque de gauche. Par ailleurs, il existe un contraste entre les poids sociodémographique, politique et économique portés par la région de Flandres en Belgique, et ceux portés dans la province du Québec au Canada. Cependant, malgré les influences divergentes structurelles et systémiques, les mouvements nationalistes flamand et québécois ont développé et maintenu des profils très similaires. Par exemple, les deux mouvements nationalistes se définissent par une distinction ethnolinguistique, les deux ont un discours nationaliste parallèle axé sur la nécessité de préserver et de protéger la langue et la culture de la communauté nationale, et les deux se concentrent sur l'obtention d'une redistribution des pouvoirs culturels et politiques. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons que le profil nationaliste ressemblant du mouvement nationaliste flamand et québécois puisse être expliqué par le développement d'un « nationalisme ethnolinguistique de contestation », qui était initialement mis en place par les nationalistes flamands et québécois cherchant à corriger les effets d'une « division culturelle du travail ». Ce sentiment d’un nationalisme de contestation ethnolinguistique est instrumentalisé et perpétué par les nationalistes flamands et québécois en évoquant certains « souvenirs partagés », qui sont trouvés dans le récit historique de la communauté nationale. Ces souvenirs partagés, ainsi que leurs représentations symboliques, reflètent les sentiments de protestation, injustice et victimisation, qui sont vitaux pour les nationalistes flamands et québécois dans le maintien de leur expression parallèlement à un nationalisme de contestation ethnolinguistique en Flandres et au Québec. Mots clés : Flandre, Flamand, Québec, Québécois, division culturelle du travail, ethnolinguistique, nations, nationalisme, nationalisme de contestation, mouvement nationaliste, souvenirs partagés, symbolisme. iii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………...……………………………………………….…..……....................i Résumé…………………………...……………………………………………….……..…....................ii Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................................iii List of Abbreviations…………...………………………………………………….…….…....................v Remerciements…………………………………………………………………….…………................vi Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….……………...1 Part I: Theory and Methodology…..……………….……………………………………….....................9 Chapter 1 – The Study of Nations and Nationalism……………………………………….……….........9 1.1 Approaches to the Study of Nations Nationalism...……………………………….…………..11 1.2 Primordialism and Perennialism… ……………………………………………….….…..........11 1.3 Modernism……………………………………………………………………………………..13 1.4 Ethno-Symbolism……………………………………………………………………………...17 1.5 Shared Memories and Symbols………………………………………………………………..19 1.6 Cultural Division of Labour.......................................................................................................22 1.7 Developmental Process of National Movements………………………………………………24 1.8 Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………….…………......26 Chapter 2 – Methodology……………………………………………………………….……………...29 2.1 Historical Comparative Analysis………………………………………………………………30 2.2 Process Tracing………………………………………………………………….……………..32 2.3 Structure of Approach………………………………………………………….………….......34 Part II: Development of the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movement……………......................36 Chapter 3 – Cross Case Historical Comparative Analysis……………………………….……….........37 3.1 Impact of the First World War and the Flemish Front Movement………………..……….......37 3.2 La Révolution Tranquille: French-Canadian Nationalism to Québécois Nationalism……..….41 3.3 Rise of the Contemporary Flemish Movement and Belgian Federalism…………..………......44 3.4 Political Development of the Flemish Movement…………………………………......…........48 3.5 The Parti Québécois and the Sovereignty Movement………….….…………………..……....50 3.6 Contemporary Profile of the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movements………..……....53 iv Chapter 4 – Structural and Socio-Demographic Differences…………..................................................57 4.1 Structural differences between the Flemish and Québécois Nationalist Movements………….57 4.2 Influence of the Catholic Church and Far Right on the Flemish Nationalist Movement...........59 4.3 The Secularism of the Québécois Nationalist Movement.………………………….................60 4.4 The Flemish Movement’s Economic Liberalism.......................................................................62 4.5 Social Democratic and Statist Nature of the Québécois Nationalist Movement………..…......63 4.6 Socio-Demographic and Political Differences between Flanders and Québec…………..........64 Part III: Influence of ‘Shared Memories’ and Symbols…………………………………………...........72 Chapter 5 – Identity Formation…………….…………………………………………………….…......73 5.1 Process of Identity Formation………………………………………………………….…........73 5.2 Vlaams (Flemish) Identity Formation…………………………………………………..….......74 5.3 Québécois Identity Formation………………………………………………………….….......77 Chapter 6 – Development, Evocation, and Interpretation of ‘Shared Memories’ and Symbols.…........82 6.1 Use of Shared Memories and Symbols within the Flemish Nationalist Movement...…............82 6.1.1 The Battle of the Golden Spurs and the Lion of Flanders……………………..….......83 6.1.2 First World War and the Tower of Yser……………………………………….….......86 6.1.3 The ‘Occupation’ of Flanders and the Cultural Division of Labour…………..….......92 6.2 Use of Shared Memories and Symbols within the Québécois Nationalist Movement…..........94 6.2.1 Trauma of ‘La Conquête’ and the Plains of Abraham……………...…...………........94 6.2.2 Lower Canada Rebellions of 1837-1838 and Les Patriotes…………………………..97 6.2.3 La Révolution Tranquille, Territoriality, and the Cultural Division of Labour………99 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………….103 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………….….........107 Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………….……............vii Appendix B……………………………………………………………………………….……............viii Appendix C……………………………………………………………………………….……..............ix v List of Abbreviations BHV Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde BQ Bloc Québécois CD&V Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams CSN Confédération des syndicats
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