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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83823-8 - The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries Edited by Chase F. Robinson Index More information

Index

NOTE. Locators in italics refer to the Figures.

Aachen 281 genealogies 188, 270 Aban ibn Saq¯dı ibn al-qA¯ s. 416 see also individual caliphs, and individual Abarishtjan, yazdanfadhar of 463 topics throughout index Abarw¯z,ı Damawand aristocrat 480 al-qAbbasiyya (palatine complex near Abarw¯z,ı marzban of S¯stı an 453 Qayrawan) 604–5 qAbbad ibn qAbd ibn al-Julanda 431–2 qAbd (or qAbbad) ibn al-Julanda 431 qAbbad al-Ruqayn¯ı 418 qAbd Allah ibn qAbd al-Madan 419 qAbbadan 324 qAbd Allah ibn qAbd al-Malik 548 al-qAbbas, uncle of the Prophet 167, 188, qAbd Allah ibn Ab¯ı Sarh. 583 206, 270 qAbd Allah ibn qAl¯ı xxiv, 264, 265, 528–9 al-qAbbas ibn Ah.mad ibn T. ul un 560 and al-Mans.ur 266–7, 269, 528–9 al-qAbbas ibn Bukhara Khuda 296 qAbd Allah ibn qA¯ mir 167n, 453, 454, 500 al-qAbbas ibn H. asan 349 qAbd Allah ibn qA¯ mir ibn Kurayz Pl. 16.7 al-qAbbas ibn al-Mapmun 290, 291 qAbd Allah ibn Bayhas 286, 287 qAbbas ibn al-Wal¯dı I 248 qAbd Allah ibn Marwan II 260 qAbbasid period 684–5 qAbd Allah ibn Muqawiya 260–1, 265, 470 qAbbasid revolution xxiv, 261–5, 469–71, qAbd Allah ibn al-Mubarak 278 550, 645; daqwa (clandestine phase) qAbd Allah ibn Muh.ammad ibn qAbd 261–3, 266, 302, 464; dawla al-Rah.man, Umayyad ruler of (public uprising) xxiv, 206, 255, al-Andalus 597, 612 261–5, 527 qAbd Allah ibn al-Muqtazz see Ibn al-Muqtazz; early caliphate (763-861) 269–304; see also caliph individual caliphs qAbd Allah ibn Saqd ibn Ab¯ı Sarh. 547 middle caliphate (861-945) 305–59, 528–35; qAbd Allah ibn T. ahir 287, 491, 492–3 ninth-century dynastic states 313–22; in Egypt 492, 553 ‘revolt of Islam’ 322–32; qAbbasid Mazyar and 482–3 restoration 332–9; tenth-century qAbd Allah ibn Ubayy ibn Salul al-Khazraj¯,ı regional powers 339–48; end of king of Yathrib 169–70 independent qAbbasid caliphate xxv, qAbd Allah ibn Yah.ya al-Kind¯(Tı . alib al-H. aqq) 348–56 260, 407, 418–19 late caliphate (945-1050) 11, 360–93, 535–40, qAbd Allah ibn al-Zubayr see Ibn al-Zubayr 694–5; Sunn¯ı–Sh¯ıqite divide 387–93; see qAbd Allah al-Akbar (qAbd Allah the Elder) 327 also successor states descendants 327, 328, 329

784

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83823-8 - The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries Edited by Chase F. Robinson Index More information

Index

qAbd Allah al-Mahd¯ı (Saq¯dı ibn al-H. usayn, qAbd al-Rah.man ibn Samura 464 qUbayd Allah), Fat.imid caliph 265, 562 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn Yusuf al-Fihr¯ı 593 path to power 329–31, 337, 338, 536, 563, 614–15 qAbd al-Wahhab ibn qAbd al-Rah.man ibn proclamation as caliph xxv, 330, 613, 615 Rustam 597–8 reign 340, 341, 563, 567 qAbdan (Qarmat.¯)ı 328, 337 qAbd al-qAz¯zı ibn Marwan I 213, 227, 548 Ab¯ı qAbda, Banu 594 qAbd al-qAz¯zı ibn Mus a ibn Nus.ayr 232 Ab¯vardı 379, 454 qAbd al-Jabbar ibn qAbd al-Rah.man al-Azd¯ı Abnap 274, 283, 284–5, 286, 290, 416, 472 273, 473 of Yemen 415, 417 qAbd al-Jabbar ibn Khat.t.ab 586–7 abnap al-dawla (Khurasan¯ı troops) 530 qAbd al-Maj¯dı al-H. afiz. 429 Abnun, inscription of 99–100 qAbd al-Malik ibn qAt.iyya 419 Abraha, king of Ethiopia 179, 180, 183–4 qAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan, caliph xxiii, 213, Abraham 156, 177, 189 214–15, 217–21 qAbs tribe 430 accession and establishment of power 216, Abu ’l-qAbbas see al-Mustaq¯nı 217, 519 Abu ’l-qAbbas ibn al-Muwaffaq see al-Muqtad.id building 210–11, 520–1, 666; Dome of the Abu al-qAbbas al-Saffah., caliph xxiv, 264, 266, Rock 221, 520–1, 655 270, 471–2 centralisation 210–11, 220 Abu qAbd Allah al-Sh¯ıq¯,ı daq¯ı 328–9, 340, 341, coinage 208, 220, 589, 655, 657, Pl. 16.11 615–16 and Kharijites 253, 519 military campaigns 319, 330, 615–16 military campaigns 218, 432, 519, 583–4 AbuAh .mad al-Musaw ¯ı 392 palaces 210, 666 Abu qAl¯ı al-S. aghan¯ı 499, 500–1, 504 and provinces: S¯stı an 485–6; Yemen 417 Abu qA¯ s.im 486 religious beliefs and policies 175, 221, 525, 655; Abu Ayyub al-Muryan¯ı 274 and Christianity 520–1, 522 Abu al-Bahlul 446 succession disputes after death 227 Abu Bakr, caliph 169, 194, 196, 203, 391 taxation 208, 519, 520 conquest of Arabia 399, 416, 431 weights and measures reform 208, 220 conversion to Islam 186, 194 qAbd al-Malik ibn Nuh .,Samanid ruler 504 Sh¯ıqa and 205–6, 388, 389, 391 qAbd al-Malik ibn Qat.an 591–2 and wars of apostasy, ridda xxiii, 431, 440 qAbd al-Malik ibn S.alih. 529 Abu BarapqA¯ mir ibn Malik 160 qAbd al-Malik al-Muz.affar 621 Abu ’l-Barakat 578 qAbd al-Qays tribe 164, 439, 446, 447 AbuD awud Khalid ibn Ibrah¯mı qAbd al-Rah.man I ibn Muqawiya ibn Hisham, 472–3 Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus 213, 303, Abu Dulaf 336, 502 586, 592, 593–4, 597, 602 Abu ’l-Fad.l al-Balqam¯ı 345, 503 qAbd al-Rah.man II, Umayyad ruler of Abu ’l-Faraj al-Is.fahan¯ı 369 al-Andalus 303, 343, 597, 602 Abu ’l-Fath. Dapud, ruler of Multan 376 qAbd al-Rah.man III al-Nas.ir, Umayyad caliph Abu ’l-Fidap 628 of al-Andalus 597, 605, 613 Abu Firas 537 caliphate 342–3, 613–14 Abu Fudayk 441 coinage 618 Abu al-Futuh .,H. asan ibn Jaqfar (al-Rashid and Fat.imids 613, 616–17 bi-Allah) 412 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn Ah.mad 286–7 AbuH . amza ibn qAwf 260, 418 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn qAwf 405 AbuH . an¯faı 278, 501 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn H. ab¯bı al-Fihr¯ı 234, 590, 593 AbuH . arb al-Mubarqaq 528 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn Khayr 665 Abu ’l-Hayja ibn H. amdan 355 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn al-Mans.ur ibn Ab¯ı qA¯ mir AbuJa qfar al-Mans.ur see al-Mans.ur (Sanjul) 621 Abu ’l-Khat.t.ab al-Maqafir¯ı 596 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn Muh.ammad ibn Abu ’l-Khat.t.ar al-Kalb¯ı 593 al-Ashqath 464 Abu ’l-Muhajir D¯nı ar 583 qAbd al-Rah.man ibn Rustam 596–7 Abu Muh.ammad ibn Mukram 436

785

Index

Abu Muslim al-Khurasan¯ı embezzlement investigations (mus.adara) and qAbbasid revolution xxiv, 261, 469 334, 349–50, 351, 357 eliminates qAbd Allah ibn Muqawiya 261 historians work in 6 fall xxiv, 269, 340, 472, 478 iqt.aqat for oﬃcials 354 fusion of religious and local identity 470–1 kinship networks 209, 242, 244, 274–5 as governor of east 471, 476, 478, 480, 486 languages see under Arabic; Greek; and and Hashimiyya xxiv, 255, 261, 262 Persian languages as messianic ﬁgure 269, 550 local: bishops’ role 43, 515; gentry and 79–80, movements associated with 269, 476, 243–4 478, 480 mawal¯ı in 219, 419, 620 revolt against Marwan II xxiv, 261, 469 military element 12, 241, 306, 332; and civil Abu ’l-Najm qImran ibn Ismaq¯lı 486 element 323, 335, 338, 660 Abu ’l-Qasim Muh.ammad ibn qAbd Allah al- Umayyad 219, 220–1, 548–9, 684; Marwanid Qapim, Fat.imid caliph of Ifr¯qiyaı 340, 219–21, 241–4, 267 342, 564–5 see also centralisation; d¯wı ans; governors, Abu Rakwa (‘the man with the goatskin provincial; provinces; scribes; waterbottle’) 575 vizierate; and under individual states; AbuSa q¯dı al-Jannab¯ı 337, 443–4 provinces and rulers Abu ’l-Saj 320 Adrianople, battle of (378) xxii, 83 Abu Salama al-Khallal 471, 472 Adriatic region 29 Abu ’l-Saraya 285, 407–8 qAd.ud al-Dawla, Buyid ruler xxv, 366–7, 368, Abu Sufyan 166, 167, 169, 191, 213, 513 384, 386 Abu Taghlib, H. amdanid ruler 368 religious policies 388, 391 AbuT . ahir Sulayman (Qarmat.¯)ı 351, 444–5 adversarial culture of early Islamic world 690–2 AbuT . alh.a of the Kharaj 162 Afghanistan 28, 109, 214n, 216–17, 455 AbuT . alib (uncle of the Prophet) 184, 187, economic activity 29, 662 188, 270 Ghaznavid rule 372, 376, 380, 505 AbuYaz ¯dı Makhlad ibn Kaydad (s.ah.ib al-himar, Afrasiyab see Samarqand ‘the man with the donkey’) 342, 567, 617 Africa, East 57, 284, 681 AbuY usuf 278 Oman¯ı connections 432, 434, 437 Abyssinia, negus of 192, 250–1 pottery imports 679–80, 682 accessions, royal 142n, 310 Africa, North 581–621 Achaemenids 99, 145, 146 qAbbasid rule 275, 302, 599–600 Acre 517 Christianity 584, 609–10 Acton, 1st Baron 2, 3 cities 44, 601–2, 671–2 Adana 28, 529, 538–9 coinage 652, 681, 694, Pl. 16.4 Adata 28 dynastic states: 14–15, 593–600; see also Aden 20, 58, 421, 424, 427, 429 Aghlabids; Fat.imids; Idr¯sids;ı Adhriqat 536 Midrarids; Rustamids Adiabene 124 economy 64, 600–1, 678; agriculture 32, 61, administration 63, 246, 684; gold trade 572, 595, 604, qAbbasid 299, 332, 333–5, 349, 361; 618, 662; pottery production 600–1, centralisation 241, 274, 276, 283, 284–5, 678; stock-raising 30, 35 659, 684; factionalism 323, 333–4, and Egypt 209, 541; raids mounted from 547, 349–50; location within Baghdad 7; 548 model for later states 333, 345–6, 364 Islamisation 604, 609–10 booty distribution 199–200, 208, 209, 255 Kharijites 302–3, 318, 342, 594–8 Christians and Jews barred from 334, 522 landscape 19, 20 cities and 41, 47, 48, 50–2; location of map xxxvii structures within 7, 674 Muslim conquests xxiii, 197, 218, 227, 548, civil/military distinction 323, 335, 660 581–5; preliminary campaigns 547, core provinces 242–4, 275 582–3, 590 of early caliphate 208 population 39, 604

786

Index

pre-conquest period 581–2; see also Vandals yields 35 Roman and Byzantine rule 61, 63, 581–3, 584 see also individual crops; grain; irrigation; Sh¯ıqism 325, 598 land; livestock; and under individual society 581–2, 600–2, 603–7, 609–10 regions and taxation Umayyad rule 209, 242, 244, 593, 595 ahl al-bayt (People of the Household see also Berbers; Ifr¯qiya;ı Maghrib; Vandals; (of the Prophet)) 261 and individual dynasties Ah.mad ibn qAbd al-qAz¯zı ibn Ab¯ı Dulaf 336, Africa, sub-Saharan 32, 679–80 Pl. 16.26 gold trade 572, 595, 604, 618, 662 Ah.mad ibn Ab¯Duı pad 298, 308 Africa Proconsularis 582 Ah.mad ibn Ab¯Khı alid 492 Afr¯ghidsı 500 Ah.mad ibn qAl¯ı ibn Muh.ammad ibn T. ughj, Afsh¯n,ı ruler of Ushrusana 289–90, 295, 296, Ikhsh¯didı ruler 562, 568 297, 301, 482, 553 Ah.mad ibn Asad, Samanid ruler Aftak¯nı 570, 573 289, 498 Agapius of Manbij 535 Ah.mad ibn Buya see Muqizz al-Dawla Agathias 101 Ah.mad ibn H. anbal 295, 531–2 Aghlabids 303, 304, 318–19, 599–600 Ah.mad ibn Ibrah¯mı al-D. abb¯ı 389 and qAbbasids 11, 318, 599–600 Ah.mad ibn qIsa 422 and army 318–19, 610 Ah.mad ibn Ismaq¯l,ı Samanid ruler 500, capital cities 341, 604–5; extra-urban palatine 502–3 complexes 330, 341, 604–5, 615 Ah.mad ibn Ismaq¯lı ibn Ah.mad, Samanid coinage 604–5 ruler 498 conquests 304; Sicily 318–19, 610–11, 615 Ah.mad ibn Kayghalagh 565 Fat.imids defeat 319, 330, 340, 613, 615 Ah.mad ibn T. ul un, ruler of Egypt xxv, 319–22, Italian operations 615 535, 559–60, 562 and Kharijites 318 building works 321, 559–60 religious orthodoxy 304, 318–19, 606, 607 campaigns and conquests 321–2, 559, 560; style of government 304 Egypt 535;H. ijaz 409; Syria and T. ul unid attack 560 Thughur 321–2, 335, 559, 560, 561 and qulamap 318–19, 606, 607 coinage 660 unrest under 604–5, 610 and learned classes 322, 560 agriculture 12–13, 29–30, 682 and al-Mustaq¯nı 311, 320 and army supply 30, 33, 226 Ah.mad Inal-Tag¯nı 378 Beys¸ehir Occupation Phase 23 Ah.naf ibn Qays 453, 454 cities’ hinterlands 50, 450 Ahnas (Ihnasiyat al-Mad¯na)ı 212, 552 climate and 19, 25, 29 al-Ah.sap 439 crops: cash 30–1; new 31, 670, 682; see also Ahwaz 28, 352, 450, 459 individual crops, especially grain qA¯ pisha 169, 204 on desert margins 385 ajnad (sing. jund, administrative sub-districts dry and wet 29 of Syria) 242, 517 household plots 32 Ajnadayn, battle of 196, 512 iqt.aqat aﬀect 354 Akhbar al-dawla al-qAbbasiyya 262n market in produce 30–1, 32, 246 al-Akhd.ar, Jabal 435 Muh.ammad’s and contemporaries’ Akhu Muslim 570 involvement 166–7, 168n, 404–5 al-Akhzar ibn Suh.ayma 154 and pastoralism 30, 385 Aksum see Ethiopia and political power 382 al-qAlap ibn al-H. ad.ram¯ı 440, 450–1 qus.ur and 667–9 Alamanni 75 regional variation 31, 32–3, 34–5 Alamund, son of Witiza 585, 586 self-suﬃciency, near- 32 Alans 83 and warfare 167, 277n, 360, 512 Alaric (Gothic leader) xxii, 83 workforce 33 Albania, Caucasus 88, 139 writings on 127 alcάzar of Cordoba 602

787

Index

Aleppo 28, 196, 266, 536, 538 popular support in east 388, 472, 484 coinage 663, Pl. 16.41 tombs venerated 389–90 culture 537–8, 694 see also individual family members Fat.imids and 539, 573–4, 578, 579 Allah (pre-Islamic high god) 161 mosque 521 allegiance, proclamation of 386 T. ul unid rule 321, 561 see also khut.ba see also H. amdanids; Mirdasids; Sayf Almanzor see al-Mans.ur, Muh.ammad ibn al-Dawla Ab¯Aı¯mir Alexander the Great, king of Macedon 74 Almería 618–19, 621 in Iranian tradition 147, 149, 150 alms-tax 402, 425 Alexandria 138, 514, 559, 579 Alptegin (Alftak¯n),ı ruler of Ghazna 371–2, Andalusian occupation 552–3, 611 446, 504 Coptic patriarchate 541–3 Altunt ash, khwarazmshah 379 Fat.imid occupation 340, 564, 565, 567, 568–9 Alvarus (Cordoban Mozarab) 608–9 Muslim conquest 196, 543, 546, 581 Ama ibn H. aram, king in Yathrib 168 Alftak¯nı see Alptegin A¯ majur 321, 560 Algeciras 231, 592 Amida (Diyarbakr) 27 qAl¯,ı son of Ibn al-Waz¯rı al-Jaraw¯ı 552, 553 Byzantine–Sasanian wars 82, 85, 134–5 qAl¯ı ibn Ab¯ı al-Hayjap see Sayf al-Dawla Marwanid principality xxv, 381, 382, 383 qAl¯ı ibn Ab¯Tı . alib, caliph xxiii, 204, 405 al-Am¯n,ı caliph 270, 284–5, 302, 407, 420 administration 208, 455 civil war against al-Mapmun xxiv, 284–6, assassination xxiii, 204, 516 474, 528, 552–3; and al-Rash¯dı ’s civil war against Muqawiya see fitnas(first) covenant of succession 282–3, 407, conversion 186 473–4 genealogies 188, 265, 270 coinage 285, Pl. 16.17 and Kharijites 207, 418, 516 death 285, 474, 491 and Kufa 400, 459 qA¯ mir, Banu 430, 438, 443, 444 Sh¯ıqite beliefs about 194, 205–7, 254, 326, 389 qA¯ mir ibn S. aqs.aqa, Banu 160 qAl¯ı ibn Buya (qImad al-Dawla) 347, 348, 356, am¯rı s 241, 315, 325 364–5, 366 al-h.ajj see pilgrimage (leadership) qAl¯ı ibn al-Fad.l 422, 427 al Muh.ammad,Abu Muslim as 471 qAl¯ı ibn al-Furat 333, 349, 350, 351 al-umarap, power of 355–6 qAl¯ı ibn qIsa ibn Dapud ibn al-Jarrah. 333, 350, 351, see also governors, provincial 352, 488 qAmman 674 qAl¯ı ibn qIsa ibn Mahan 283, 285, 473, 474 Ammianus Marcellinus 90–1, 100 qAl¯ı ibn qIsa al-T. ulayt.ul¯ı 619 qAmmuriya (Amorion) 302, 529 qAl¯ı ibn Jaqfar ibn Falah. (Dhu ’l-Riyasatayn) 576 amphorae 678 qAl¯ı ibn Mahd¯ı 422 al-amr bi-l-maqruf wa-l-nahy qan al-munkar qAl¯ı ibn Mazyad al-Asad¯ı xxv (Commanding of Right and qAl¯ı ibn Muh.ammad (leader of Zanj revolt) Forbidding of Wrong) 425 324, 443 qAmr ibn al-qA¯ s. 167, 195, 590 qAl¯ı ibn Muh.ammad ibn T. ughj, ruler of Egypt conquest of Egypt 196, 543, 547, 581 564, 566 Mosque of, Fust.at. 546, 548, 564, 575 qAl¯ı ibn Muh.ammad al-S. ulayh¯ı 412, 427–8 qAmr ibn H. azm, letter of Prophet to 174–5 qAl¯ı ibn Mus a al-Rid.a 286, 390, 420, 475 qAmr ibn al-It.naba, king of Yathrib qAl¯ı al-Jarawiyy 286, 287 165, 168 qAl¯ı Teg¯nı 378–9 qAmr ibn al-Layth, S. affarid leader 316, 336–7, qAlids 262, 272, 558 496, 497 and qAbbasids 269–72, 277, 279–80, 282; defeat by Samanid Ismaq¯lı ibn Ah.mad 336–7, al-Mapmun 285, 286–7, 474 344, 497, 499 H. asanids and H. usaynids 405, 411–13 and ideal of jihad 317 in H. ijaz 405; economic activities 405; qAmr ibn Maqdikarib 416 rebellions 407–9, 410 qAmr ibn Saq¯dı 215, 216

788

Index

qAmrus, Banu 612 palatine city, Mad¯natı al-Zahraq 605, 620, 621 ams.ar (sing. mis.r) see garrison towns religious views 594, 606–7, 613, 619, 620 A¯ mul 238, 480, 482, 484 society 600–3, 605, 606–9 qAmwas, Plague of 512, 513 sources 587, 588 Anahita; shrine at Is.t.akhr 143 Syrian junds 234, 591–2, 619, 620, 621 A¯ nandpal, raja of Wayhind 376 T. apifa kingdoms 621 Anastasius, Roman emperor 43, 65, 134–5 taxation 586, 588–9, 592, 619; administration Anastasius of Sinai 534 586, 588, 589, 592; census 589; revolts Anatolia 19 603, 612–13 Beys¸ehir Occupation Phase 22–3 trade 618, 682 cities 44, 45 qulamap 606–7 climate 23, 25 Visigoths 231–2, 250–1, 585, 608; breakdown economic activity 25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 64 of administration 581, 585–6; Muslim frontier with Islamic world 199 conquest 231–2, 581, 585; under Muslim Kurds see Marwanids (Kurdish) rule 581, 585–8, 612–13 landscape 19, 21–2 UMAYYAD STATE 213, 303, 318, 342–3, 597 Muslim campaigns xxiii, 234–6, 278–9, 290, qAbbasid enmity 281, 303 296, 514, 529, 530 administration 594, 602, 605, 619, routes 28–9 620, 621 Sasanian campaigns 138, 139 caliphate 303, 342–3, 613–14, 618–21 settlement pattern 38, 45 coinage 605, 612, 618 Anbar 386 culture 303, 613 Ancyra 235 emirate 302, 303, 593–4 al-Andalus (Spain, Iberian Peninsula) 303, 318, fall 605 342–3, 581–621 and Fat.imids 343, 616–17 administration 589; Umayyad 594, 602, 605, graves of am¯rı s 602 619, 620, 621 land and revenues 588–9 agriculture 618, 670 rebellions against 612–13 Alexandria brieﬂy held by Andalusians religious aﬀairs 303, 606, 607, 613 552–3 taxation 592, 605, 619 army 234, 591–2, 620, 621 warfare 605, 611–13 Berbers in 233–4, 594, 608, 621; revolts 233–4, see also individual rulers 589–93, 594 al-Andar¯nı 666–7 and Carolingians 281, 303, 589 andarz texts 125, 127–8 Christians 587, 608–9; wars against 318, Andegan, Lords of 121 342–3, 611–12, 620 Andrae, Tor 630 cities 601–2, 618–19, 670 Aneran (non-Iran) 143–4 coinage 588–9, 652, 657, 681 angels 176, 190 corruption 620 animal husbandry 27, 35 exiles in Fez 603 see also pastoralism as frontier society 318, 342–3, 587 qAnjar 248, 249, 526 irrigation 670 plan 671, 672, 674 Islamisation 607–9, 619 Ankara 235 justice 619 qAnnazids 381, 383 land 588, 618 ans.ar (‘Helpers’) 159, 168, 187, 188 languages: Arabic 608–9; Latin 587, 608–9; Antalas, Berber chieftain 582 Spanish 608 anthropomorphism (tashb¯hı ) of God 293 Malik¯ı school of law 619 Antioch 28, 199, 508, 517, 532, 540 map xxxvii Sasanian–Byzantine wars 76, 86, 108, 135, 569 Marwanids and 231–2, 234, 244 Anti-Taurus mountains 22, 28, 382 mining 36 Anushirw an, Sasanian ruler 127–8 Muslim conquest 12, 231–2, 547, 581, 584–9 Apamea 28, 64, 508, 540 muwalladun 588, 612–13 apocalyptic 219, 264, 617, 644–5

789

Index

apologetics ISLAMIC PERIOD 397–447 Christian 523 under qAbbasids 306, 361 Islamic 175 and caliphate 7–8, 209, 397, 416–17, 686 apostasy 463–4 central and eastern 438–47; see also wars of, see ridda wars Bah.rayn; Najd; Yamama aqueducts, renovation of Roman 669 Christians 398–9, 417, 439, 532 aqrab; use of term 324–5 governors 440, 441, 442 Arabia 397–447 Jews 173, 189, 398–9, 439 agriculture 30, 32, 57–8, 441, 447, 670 Kharijism 260, 407, 418, 419, 422–3, 430, irrigation 57–8, 670 441; see also under Oman; Yemen landscape 20 lawlessness 389 regional diversity 182–3, 397 Muslim conquests and influence 174, 192, resources 20, 57–8, 174, 670; mineral 35, 36 399, 416, 431, 684 routes 28, 57, 389, 420, 442 Nizar¯sı 694 social environment 57–8, 153, 154, 155–6, 157, political instability 20 397, 686 S. affarids and 409, 435 PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD 9, 153–70, 177–8, scholarship 447 398–9 society 397, 686 fortified dwellings 678 sources 397 genealogies 153, 154–5, 157 trade 398–9, 643, 678 historiography 153–6 see also Arabs; Bedouin; and individual jahiliyya ethos 177–8, 224 places, particularly Bah.rayn; H. ijaz; Jews 161, 178–80; see also under Medina; Mecca; Medina; Najd; Oman; Yemen Yamama; Yemen law 157 Arabia, Roman province of 28, 57, 89 militarisation of society 96, 97 Arabic language nomadic and settled populations’ administrative use 242, 333, 361, 470, 520, relations 157–61 549, 684; tax documents 208, 219 oral tradition 157 in al-Andalus 608–9 and origins of Islam 20, 177–83, 643, 683–4 dialects 161 poetry 96, 161, 180 in Egypt 541, 549, 555 political instability 20 Ghaznavid use 375 religions 643; Allah as High God 161; high culture 161, 361, 369, 375, 494 Arab monotheism 177–83, 223–4; hijra and associated terms 187–8 Christianity 92–3, 138, 157, 161, 178–80; inscriptions, and Muslim identity 682 idol worship 161–3, 177, 178; Judaism in late qAbbasid period 13, 14, 361 161, 178–80; Manichaeism 131 of Qurpan 181–2, 187 resources 57–8 Samanid use 345 Roman relations 57, 58, 96–7, 163–4, 183, Spanish assimilation of definite article in 223; Arab clients 89–93, 96–7, 135, 164 loanwords 608 Roman–Sasanian conflict involves 73, in Syria 507, 508, 509, 520, 534–5 88, 97 translation into 208, 291, 638 Sasanians and 57, 66–7, 73, 113, 137, 163–6, Arabisation 224, 355, 534, 553–6, 604 182, 223; allies 90–1, 92; see also see also Arabic language Lakhmids; control of southern xxii, 58, Arabs, in Islamic period (for pre-Islamic period, 111, 136, 162, 164, 439, 440 see Arabia (PRE-ISLAMIC)) social environment 57–8, 153, 154, 155–6, 157 banditry 90 sources 5, 153–4, 155–6 and Berbers, in Sicily 319 trade 20, 57, 399; Meccan role 20, 27, 60, cavalry 538 166, 182, 399, 643; and origin of Islam Christian 510, 532 20, 182, 643 conquests as Muslim rather than Arab 645–6 see also under H. ijaz; Mecca; Medina; in east 458–61, 469, 470–1, 477 Yemen in Egypt 546, 550–3, 557

790

Index

elites 31, 205, 214–15, 224, 383, 521–2; Arethas (al-H. arith ibn Jabala, Ghassanid) al-Mans.ur and 274, 275, 302, 528 xxii, 92 and Iranian culture 282, 289, 301–2, 645 qArfaja ibn Harthama 196 migrations 447, 557 arh.ap al-qarab (‘millstones of the Arabs’, nomadic, semi-nomadic and settled nomads) 157 populations 153 aristocracy northern and southern 153, 156 and anti-qAbbasid revolts 478–9 oral tradition and writing 153–4 idol worship by Medinans 162, 163 sources’ bias 153, 154, 155–6 Visigothic 585–8 in Syria 512, 513 see also under Sasanian empire tactics 197 arithmetic 333 taxation 219 Armenia 467 wealth as motive for expansion 96 Christianity 531, 533 and Zanj revolt 324–5 coinage 656, Pl. 16.17 see also Bedouin and Kurds 382 Aramaic language 507, 509, 510 literature 102 in Palmyra 76, 77, 78 Marwanid rule 218, 236–7, 244 Qurpan uses terms from 181 minerals 36 Arbela, Chronicle of 101 Muqawiya’s attacks 514 arbitration 174 rebellions 102, 236, 299; Khurramiyya 287–8 Arcadius, Byzantine emperor 133–4 Roman–Sasanian wars 75, 88, 148; third/ archaeology and material culture 4, 6, 641, fourth-century xxii, 82–3, 84, 664–82 108, 109; sixth-century 135, 136 cities 670–8, 682 šah (petty kings) 128 continuity from Late Antiquity 664, Shaddadid power 382 666, 682 Armenian language 533 countryside 666–70; see also qus.ur armies Muslim identity in 665–6 discipline in tribal states 363 and trade 678–81, 682 ethnically mixed, in Egypt 559, see also under individual places 577, 579 archers, mounted 129, 130, 363, 538 factionalism, in Egypt 552, 573, 579 architecture finance 60, 61, 68–9, 107, 363 decoration 667 household regiments 567, 569 inscriptions 682 supply 30, 33, 35, 60, 226 Samarran style 297–8 see also army, caliphal; cavalry; ghulam; Visigothic 608 mercenaries; warfare; and under slaves see also individual types of building; building and slavery and individual states and construction; and under individual army, caliphal regions and rulers in qAbbasid restoration 332, 333, 335 Ardab¯lı 236, 237, 458 administration; d¯wı an al-jaysh 332 Ardash¯r,ı king of Adiabene 124 and caliphal office 232–3, 301 Ardash¯rı I, Sasanian ruler xxii, 75, 108, 151 donatives 310, 349 bas-reliefs 76, 104–5 ethnic composition 290, 296, 309, 470–1, 530, court 124 584–5, 590 cult of 115 factionalism 301, 302, 313, 573; see also Qays; in historical tradition 147–8 Yaman (tribal faction); and under Syro- palaces 105–6 Jaz¯ranı tribal below and taxation 52 finance 310, 311, 313, 332, 333 title 114 governmental role 306, 309, 332, 335, 352 Ardash¯rı II, Sasanian ruler 118, 151 iqt.aqat 312, 313, 352–4, 577 Ardash¯rı III, Sasanian ruler 152 local levies 238 Ardash¯rı Khwarrah (Gur) 105 Marwanid reforms 217–19, 228–9 Ardash¯rı romance 125 mawal¯ı in 465

791

Index

army, caliphal (cont.) al-As.bagh, son of qAbd al-qAz¯zı 548 al-Muwaﬀaq’s leadership 314, 323, 335 asceticism 161, 358 professionalisation 217–18, 220, 251–2 al-As.far (qUqayl¯ı leader) 446 quarters in cities 297, 312, 321, 546, 604, 675–8 Asfar ibn Sh¯rawayhı 347 and Samarran crisis 332 Ashqar¯ı colonists of Qumm 459, 463 size and capabilities 197–8 al-Ashqath ibn Qays 416 supply 226 Ash¯rı 617 Syro-Jaz¯ranı tribal 513; under qAbbasids Ashmunayn 554, 566, 571–2 266–7, 275, 279, 290, 528, 530; in Egypt Ashnas 297, 301, 557 546, 549, 550, 552, 553, 558, 592; Ashot Bagratouni 237 factionalism 218, 234, 239–40, 242, 253, ashraf (tribal chiefs) 205, 251–2, 411–13 259, 518–19, 523, 552; see also Qays, of Egypt 569, 570 Yaman (tribal faction); under Hisham under Marwanids 249–50, 251–2, 252–3, 257, 524–5, 527; incompatibility with 258, 259 universal Islamic empire 226–7, 230; Muqawiya’s rule through 209 Marwanid reliance on 217–18, 226–7, violate Holy Cities and pilgrimage 406, 228, 242–3, 251–2, 252–3, 527;Muqawiya 411, 413 and 513, 516; organisation 242, 517; and Yaz¯dı III 257 professionalisation 217–18, 220, 251–2; Asia, Central in west 234, 318–19, 591–2, 594, 599, 619, coinage 662 620, 621 landscape 21 tactics 197 manpower 493, 685 Turkish corps xxv, 296, 297, 310, 685; Muslim conquest xxiii, 227, 456–8 commanders’ political power xxv, Roman–Sasanian conﬂict in 87–8 296, 297, 301, 308, 310; creation 287–8, Samanid geographers on 501–2 290; enmity between commanders trade 49, 67, 684 and men 309, 310; and al-Muqtas.im 296, see also individual places, peoples and states 298, 301; and al-Mutawakkil xxv, 298, Asia, South and South-East 284, 678, 680–1, 682 299, 301, 306, 308, 309 see also individual states see also administration (military element) Asia Minor see Anatolia and under individual caliphs al-qAskar, Fust.at. 550 Arrajan 452 qAskar Mukram 327 qArram al-Sulam¯ı 158 associations, social 356–7 Arran 244, 449, 467 astral cult of H. arran 509 Arsacids 115, 147–8 astrology 273, 296 Artabanus V, king of Parthia xxii, 75, 104–5 astronomy 423 artisans 129, 555, 602–3, 650 Asturias 232, 612 arts see architecture; decorative arts; frescoes; al-Aswad al-qAns¯ı 415–16 history and historiography; Aswan 557, 559 iconography; literature; poetry; reliefs, Athaulf, Gothic leader 83 Sasanian rock-cut; scholarship; visual art Atlantic Ocean 583 Art.ubas, son of Witiza 585, 586 Atlas mountains 20, 30, 599 Artuqids 663 Attila, leader of Huns 83 al-qArus palace, Samarrap 297 Aurelian, Roman emperor 77 Arwa, S. ulayh.¯ı queen 429–8 authority qas.abiyya (tribal factionalism) 253, 346–7 qAbbasids and religious 291–5, 301 Asad, Banu 154, 386 of Sh¯ıqite imams 326 Mazyadid state xxv, 362, 384–5, 386 see also under caliphate Asad ibn qAbd Allah, governor of Khurasan Autun 232 463, 498 Avars 88, 136, 138, 139 Asad ibn al-Furat 611 Averroes (Ibn Rushd) 638 Asad ibn Saman-khuda Avesta 127, 146 asbadhiyyun of Bah.rayn 439 commentaries 102

792

Index

Avicenna (Ibn S¯nı a) 369, 501 in civil wars 6, 310; siege xxiv, 285, 474 al-qAwas.im 279 coinage 657, 681 awqaf (charitable trusts) 619 communications 13, 272 Awraba Berbers 598 congregational mosque 7, 273 Aws, Banu 164–5, 168–70, 169–70 cultural importance 301, 304 idol worship 162, 163 decline under late qAbbasids 6, 11, 386, 694 al-Awzaq¯ı 532 economy 301, 304, 528, 681 Ayla 672–3, 674 foundation xxiv, 1–2, 7, 12, 272–3, 528, qayyarun (popular militias) 316, 317, 489, 493, 494 674, 691 Ayyubids 429, 663 garrison 296, 367, 368 azadan (Sasanian social group) 115, 461 Ibn Rapiq as military governor xxv, 354 Azarmigdukht (Sasanian queen) 118, 152 al-Karkh quarter 388, 390 Azd, Banu 163, 164, 415, 430, 434, 435 as Mad¯natı al-Salam 272, 681 see also Julanda dynasty; Yaz¯dı ibn palaces 7, 273, 492 al-Muhallab qad.¯ı, chief 278, 392 Azerbaijan 21, 28, 467–8 religion: al-H. allaj 350;H. anbal¯sı 307, 350; coinage 656, 660 Sh¯ıqa–Sunn¯tensionsı 388, 389, 390, economic activity 30, 36 391, 393 Khurramiyya revolt 287–8, 477 Round City 7, 272–3, 674, 691; ruin 6, 11 Kurds 381, 383 in Samarrap period 289, 297, 300, 310 under Marwanids 236, 237, 244 scholarship 301, 361, 388, 688–9 Muslim conquest 452 security forces 289, 310, 314, 492 Rawwadid dynasty 381 Baghgh 454 Sasanian–Roman campaign 137 Bahap al-Dawla, Buyid ruler of Baghdad 366–7, Shaddadid dynasty 381, 382, 383 392, 436, 499 Takht-i Sulaiman sanctuary 106 Bahila, Banu 456 al-qAz¯z,ı Fat.imid caliph 570, 571, 573–4, Pl. 16.36 Bahmana, administrator of Ab¯vardı 463 Azraq¯ı principality 460, 487 Bahram see Wahram Bah.rayn, medieval province of 438–47 al-Bab, Bab al-Abwab 236, 452, 458 administration 397, 401, 442, 443 Babak al-Khurram¯ı 287, 477, 482, 492 and conquests 440, 450–1, 452 Babylon, Egypt 543, 546 Kharijism 418 Babylonian Talmud 130 landscape 20 Bactria 29, 109 and Mahdism 614 see also Afghanistan and Oman 431, 432, 434, 435, 436, 440–1 Badajoz 618–19 Qarmat.¯ı state 337, 351–2, 443–7; and Bedouin Badhgh¯sı 316, 455, 476–7, 494 384, 446; and Fat.imids 444, 445, 446, Badr, battle of 190 569–70, 574; and Ikhsh¯didsı 446, 568; Badr ibn H. asanwayh 381 and Mecca, sack and capture of Black Badr al-Jamal¯ı 579 Stone xxv, 351, 410, 445; and Oman 435, Baghdad 436; and pilgrimage caravans 383, 444, archaeology 2, 6, 664 446, 447; Syrian campaigns 446, 568, attacks and threats: Bar¯dı ¯ı 355; Mongol 11; 569–70; state formation 358, 445–6, 447 Muh.ammad ibn qAbd Allah ibn T. ahir ridda 440 315; Qarmat.¯ı 351, 444; Saljuq 369, 579; under Sasanians 58, 164 T. ahir ibn al-H. usayn xxiv, 285, 474; trade 432, 440–1 Yaqqub ibn al-Layth xxv, 495–6 Bajkam 354, 355, 660, Pl. 16.27 Buyid rule xxv, 6, 365, 366–9, 384–5, Bakbak (or Bayakbak) 320, 559 393; see also qAd.ud al-Dawla; Ah.mad al-Bakhrap 247, 257, 666 ibn Buya; Jalal al-Dawla Bakhtiyar, Buyid ruler of Baghdad 366, 384, as caliphal capital 7, 12, 273, 528, 529, 674, 389, 390–1 691; return from Marw 286, 474–5; Bak¯lı tribal confederation 415 return from Samarrap 300, 335 Bakkar ibn Qutayba, qad.¯ı of Egypt 560

793

Index

Bakr tribal confederation 439, 441, 443 egalitarianism 207–8 Bakr ibn Wapil, tribe of 164 garrison founded 196 Baktuzun 505 governors 209, 274, 275, 354, 442, 455 al-Baladhur¯,ı Ah.mad ibn Yah.ya 276, 465, 629 Ibrah¯mı ibn qAbd Allah’s revolt 271, 275 Balas, shah of Persia 85, 152 Kharijites 432, 595, 596–7 Bal¯ı tribe 168 and Oman 431, 432, 436 Balkans Qarmat.¯ı attacks 351, 383, 422, 444, 446 Beys¸ehir Occupation Phase 22–3 scholarship 153–4, 525, 532 economic activity 29, 30, 35, 36, 64 trade 13, 679–80 frontier supply 63 Zanj revolt and 323, 324–5 Goths 83–4 baths and bathhouses 670, 675 landscape 19, 22 Bat.ina 430, 435 routes 29 Sh¯ıqa disparaged as ‘Bat.inis’ 374 settlement pattern 38, 45 bat.ns (small tribal groups) 162–3 Balkh 239, 282, 497 Bawandids 479, 481, 482, 484 coinage 662, 681 Bayakbak (or Bakbak) 320, 559 Ghaznavid rule 372, 374 Bayan al-Nahd¯ı 254 Muslim conquest and government 238, 454, al-Bayd.ap 237 455, 459, 463 Bayhaq 454 routes 28, 468 Bayhaq¯,ı Abu ’l-Fad.l 375, 377–8 Samanids’ possible origin in 344–5, 498 Baysan (Bet Shean, Scythopolis) 248, 671 trade 50, 681 bayt mal al-qamma (public treasury) 334 al-Balkh¯,ı Abu Zayd 448, 502 bayt mal al-khas.s.a (privy purse) 334 Balqap 539, 669 Bedouin Baltic region 284, 662, 681 in Arabian Peninsula 20, 161, 167, 361, 383, Bamm 453 398–9; emigration 400, 447; Bamyan 372 relationships with settled populations Banbhore 673, 680 157–61, 400, 413 banditry 90 in armies of conquest 383 Bar Hebraeus (Gregory Abu al-Faraj) 535 and cities 384, 385–6 barbarians, western 82–4 competition over pasture 386 Barcelona 303, 612 in Egypt 557, 568, 577 Bard-i Neshandeh 48 elite 383 Bargawat.a sect 595–6 genealogies 153 Bari, emirate of 611 in al-H. usayn ibn Zikrawayh’s force 338 Bar¯dı ¯ı family 352, 355, 356 Jewish and Christian 161 Barjawan 573, 575, 576 Kharijism 383 barley 32 migrations 400, 447, 557 Barmakid family xxiv, 281–2, 302, 357 Muh.ammad and 159–60, 190, 438 and Harun al-Rash¯dı 280, 281–2, 283 and power politics 91 provincial governors 289, 419, 473 and Qaramit.a 328, 383, 384, 446 Barqa (Cyrenaica) 20, 30, 559 Roman clients 89–90 and Fat.imids 564, 565, 568, 574, 578 and settled populations 157–61, 384, 385–6, Muslim conquest 230, 541, 544, 582–3, 590 400, 413 barter and payments in kind 61, 245 sources’ emphasis 153, 154 al-Basasir¯,ı Abu ’l-H. arith Arslan al-Muz.aﬀar 579 successor states 383–7; see also individual Basharud, revolt of 553–4 states Bas.ra 288, 366, 418–19, 450, 517, 654 in Syria 361, 412, 507, 512, 513, 577–8 administrative role 431, 467 and Zanj revolt 324–5, 409 archaeology 664 see also individual tribes coinage 657 Beirut 508 conquests by forces from 450, 451, 452–3, al-Beja (Nubian tribal grouping) 302, 557 459, 468, 469 Bela 50

794

Index

Benevento, Lombard ducate of 611 boundaries Benjamin I, Coptic patriarch 543, 544 political; permeability to commerce Berbers 581–3 58–9, 66 Awraba 598 Roman–Persian 58, 66, 110, 135 in Fat.imid state 576, 577 tribal, in pre-Islamic Arabia 157 and Idr¯sı ibn qAbd Allah 280, 304 brass 36 Kharijism 38, 233, 302–3, 342, 594–8, 617 Brett, Michael 331–2 Kutama 340, 573, 617;Abu qAbd Allah’s Bridge, battle of the 107n, 112, 196 following 319, 328–9, 330, 615 Britain 36, 74, 83 Lawata 590 bronze 36 military manpower 231, 319, 577, 582, 584–5, Brown, Peter 643 590, 620, 621 Buqath, battle of 168, 169 Muslim conquest and aftermath 583, 590 bucellarii 87 pre-conquest history 581–3 Buddhism 240, 282 revolts 564, 594, 617;of122/740 xxiv, 233–4, Bugha the Elder (Bugha al-Kab¯r)ı 301, 310, 550, 551–2, 589–93, 595, 596 408, 443 slavery 231, 590 Bugha the Younger 305, 310, 311 Walila confederation 304 BughraKhan, Qarakhanid ruler 504 see also Rustamids; Warfajjuma; and under Bughrachuq, Ghaznavid ruler 372 al-Andalus building and construction Beroea see Aleppo private, encroaching on urban public Bet Shean see Baysan space 670–1 Beth Lapat Roman civic 80 Synod of 134 Sasanians use Roman captive labour 26, see also Jund¯shı apur 106, 129 Beys¸ehir Occupation Phase 22–3 see also individual types of building; Bh¯mpı al, raja of Wayhind 376 architecture; cities and towns (plans); Bihafar¯dı 476 and under individual regions and rulers Bilbays 550 Bukhara 304 bills of exchange (h.awala) 649 coinage 658, 662, Pls. 16.19, 16.32 B¯mandı 453 conquest 238, 456, 457 biographical dictionaries 463, 465, 525, 607, conversion 465; and apostasy 463–4 629, 634 fortiﬁcations 344 birthmark, the man with the (al-H. usayn ibn al-Muqannaq threatens 477 Zikrawayh) 338, 355, 561–2 Qarakhanid occupation 374, 378, 504, 505 Birudh 453 Samanid rule 289, 344, 371, 372, 499–500 Birzal, Banu 620 Bukht, Banu 594 Bishapur (Weh-Shabuhr) 99, 100, 105, Bulghar lands, Ibn Fad.lan’s journey to 502 106, 654 Bulkawara, palace of 297 bishops 510, 515, 609 bullae, Sasanian 106, 679 civic role 43, 95, 515 Bulliet, R. 639 bism allah 654, 665, Pl. 16.7 Bulugg¯nı ibn Z¯rı ¯ı 574, 618 Black Sea 19, 21–2, 27, 35, 36 bureaucracy see administration; scribes Black Stone xxv, 351, 410, 445 bureaux of state see d¯wı ans Bleda, leader of Huns 83 burial practices in al-Andalus 608 Bobastro 612 Burton, John 635 Book of lords see Xwaday-namag Burzoy (Persian physician) 127 booty 199–200, 201, 363 Bushanj 285, 473 distribution systems 199–200, 208, Bushihr 678 209, 255 Bus.¯rı 264–5 Ghaznavid acquisition 371, 376–7 Bus.ra (Bostra) 64, 536 borders see boundaries; frontier districts Bust 316, 372, 464, 486, 494 Bostra (Bus.ra) 64, 536 qayyarun 316, 317, 489

795

Index

Buyid (Buwayhid) dynasty 346–8, and governors 241, 276, 686 364–70, 694 Hisham’s expansion of power 229 and qAbbasids 348, 358, 364, 365, 660 Kharijite beliefs on 207–8 Bedouin polities supersede 383 khut.ba in name of 316–17, 343, 574, 649 coins with honorific titles 660, Pl. 16.28 lands gained after conquests 200 culture 369 military leadership 280, 336, 529 Daylamite origins 346–8, 369 Muh.ammad as inspiration 7–8, 10–11 family ties and politics 364, 365–6, 367 patents of investiture 495 genealogy 366 pilgrimage led by caliphs and family and Ghaznavids 370, 373, 374 members 278, 402 ghulam-based states 363, 368, 370, 386 reasons for establishment 194–5 and H. amdanids 367–8 reformed, movements aiming at and H. ijaz 410, 411 restoration of 322 modern scholarship and 638, 641 ‘rightly guided’ caliphs 392, 690, 692, 693 and Oman 435, 436–7 Sh¯ıqa and 203, 206–7; cursing of early 388, and Persian symbols of sovereignty 694–5 389, 391, 575 and Qarmat.¯sı 444–5, 446 sources on early 307, 628, 630 rise 347–8, 356 statecraft and organisation of early 113 and Saljuqs 379; conquest by 365, 369 titles 210, 216 and Samanids 346, 367, 499, 500–1 and tradition 294–5, 301, 686–7 Sh¯ıqism 356, 369, 370, 388, 389–92, 538, 693 unified; end of sense of 306–7 and qUqaylids 384, 386 universality 273 see also qAd.ud al-Dawla; Ah.mad ibn Buya; see also under al-Andalus (UMAYYAD qAl¯ı ibn Buya; H. asan ibn Buya; Jalal al- STATE); Fat.imids Dawla; and under Baghdad; Fars; Rayy calligraphy 288, 333 Byzacium 582–3 Callinicum Byzantium see Roman/Byzantine empire battle of 85–6, 92 see also al-Raqqa Caesar, C. Julius 74 Camel, battle of the xxiii, 204 Caesarea Maritima 508, 512, 540 camels 27, 507 Caetani, Leone 630 cameos 106, 140 Cahen, Claude 639 camphor 201 Cairo 6, 297–8, 321 canals 34, 248, 276, 354, 669 see also Fust.at.; al-Qahira; al-Qat.apiq defensive value of Sasanian 112 Calder, N. 632 law on 493 calendar xxi, 208 cantonments, military 297, 321, 604, 675–8 caliphate Cappadocia 108, 235 assassinations affect perceptions of 285, 300, captives 26, 106, 400, 512 306–7, 356–7 see also slaves and slavery authority 7–8, 221, 232–3, 686–7; generals caravans 27, 49–50, 190 and 232–3, 301; late qAbbasid loss 301, Palmyrene 76, 90 304, 306–7; al-Mutawakkil and 298, pilgrimage 446, 568; attacks on 351, 361, 383, 299, 301; religious 7–8, 194–5, 280, 406, 444, 568 291–5, 525, 685–6; religious-military– pre-Islamic Arabian trade 160, 165, 166 political fusion 174, 203 caravanserais, Sasanian 66 Byzantine emperors’ letters to 210 Carlyle, Thomas 628 constitutional significance of late Carmathians see Qaramit.a qAbbasid 362 Carolingian empire 281, 303, 589 in context of Late Antiquity 8–9 carpet, ‘Khusrau’s spring’ 125 cultural importance of late qAbbasid 304, Carthage 356–7 Byzantine rule 83, 583 dynastic states share concept of 13–14 Christianity 609 ghaz¯ı-caliphs 279, 335, 342, 529, 531 coinage 652

796

Index

Muslim conquest xxiii, 584, 601 China 49, 102, 284, 501–2 Vandal conquest xxii, 83 elite burials 680 Casanova, Paul 640, 644 Marwanid embassy 238, 240 Casius, Visigothic noble 587 and Muslim advance 239, 454, 457; defeat at Caspian Gates 135 Talas river 457–8, 684 Caspian region 467, 468, 479–84 and Sasanians 67, 454, 679 geography 21, 24; routes 26, 28 trade 680–1, 682 political history 15, 468, 479–84, 493 Chorasmia see Khwarazm Cassius Dio 100 Christians and Christianity castles, desert see qus.ur qAbd al-Malik and 520–1, 522 cattle-rearing regions 30 administrative work: barred from state 334, Caucasus 26, 28, 281, 467 522; bishops’ role in local 43, 95, 515 coinage 663; hoards 603 qAnjar built by 249 Marwanid operations 234–5, 236–7 apologetics 523 mining 36 caliphal authority grounded in Romans and Sasanians in 36, 134, 135 traditions 686 cavalry in cities 42, 43, 44, 670; bishops’ role 43, Arab 130, 538 95, 515 ghulam 363 Coptic 544, 545, 571–2; History of the Coptic Kurdish 364 patriarchs of Alexandria 541–2, 543; Sasanian heavy 86, 129, 130, 164, 451 monasticism 549, 554, 556; patriarchate Turkish 363, 364, 368, 573 542–3, 544, 551 Cave, feast of the 391 councils of Church 134, 587 cemeteries 608, 609–10 and heresy 80–1 census Iconoclast Controversy 522–3 Muslim 243, 520, 549, 589 iconography on coins 517, 652, 653, Pl. 16.2 Roman 79 Jarrah.ids 334 Sasanian 110 justice and 515, 522 centralisation 466 in Khuzist an 105, 132, 460 qAbbasid 241, 274, 276, 283, 284–5, 659, 684 language use: Arabic 535; Greek 533; Syriac minting 211–12, 220, 656–7, 659 510, 533, 535, 540 Sasanian 51 marriage to Muslims 586–7 Umayyad 210–11, 213, 220, 233, 241–4, 684 martyrs 101, 609 cereals see grain millennarianism 575 ceremonial Monophysite 95, 130, 132, 510, 515, 533; see also qAbbasid 275, 280, 298, 308 Coptic above Byzantine imperial 80 Mosul shaharija, local gentry 243–4 Fat.imid 573 Muh.ammad and 184, 223 Umayyad innovations 210, 674 Nestorian 134, 138, 179, 510, 515, 535; Sasanian Ceuta 591, 616 patronage 95, 130, 132, 133, 134 Chaghri Beg 379 persecutions: Muslim 460, 575–6, 609; chain of narrators (sanad, isnad) 630, 636 Roman, of non-Chalcedonians 95, 130, Chalcedon, Council of 134 132, 133, 134, 510; Sasanian 109, 116, 132, Chalkis, Syria see Qinnasr¯nı 133, 134 chamberlain see h.ajib polemic 175 change; early Muslims as accelerating existing prophetic ﬁgures 181 processes 8, 600–1 Qurpan’s Syriac Christian substrate 181–2 charities 277, 619 restrictions under Islamic rule 299, 307, 575 Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor 281, 303 in Roman empire xxii, 78–9, 80–1, 82, 510 Charles Martel, king of Franks xxiv, 232, 589 in Sasanian empire 101–2, 105, 126–7, 130, cheques (suftaja) 649 131–2, 133–4; patronage of anti- chess 126 Chalcedonians 95, 130, 132, 133, 134; chiefs, tribal see ashraf persecution 109, 116, 132, 133, 134

797

Index

Christians and Christianity (cont.) gates 7, 273 as slaves: 611 governors’ residences 54, 673, 674, 682;in symbolic impact of Muslim rule 515–16, Kufa 665–6, 667 520–1 growth of early Islamic 31, 461 wealth 199, 512, 515 industrial zones 675 in Yemen 178–9, 415 irrigation schemes stimulate growth 33–4 see also bishops; Cross; dhimma; under al-Mapmun 482 monasticism; and under Africa, North; Marwanid period 248 al-Andalus; Arabia; Egypt; Islam; Mazyar and 482, 483 Syria; taxation military quarters 297, 321, 604, 675–8 chronicles military role 41; of Sasanian 48, 50, 51 Agapius of Manbij 535 mosques in 673–4, 682 of Arbela 101 plans: 674–8; classical 671, 672, 682; circular Ghaznavid 375 48, 105, (Baghdad) 7, 272–3, 674, 691; History of the caliphs 252 Sasanian 48, 53–4, 105; Syrian 53 Joshua the Stylite 95, 102 regional variation in development 44–5 on Kayanids 115 secondary towns replace cities 45, 64 Latin language, in Spain 587 Sufism in urban life 351 Marwanid period 252 walls 42, 276, 604 scholarly approaches 634, 640 western; relative importance of coastal and of Seqert 101–2 inland 601–2 Sunn¯,ı and Ismaq¯lismı 325 see also under administration; Roman/ Syriac 101–2 Byzantine empire; Sasanian empire; chronology xxi, xxii–xxv water supplies Sasanian 100, 102 citizenship, Roman universal 81 church buildings 199, 522, 608 civil wars see al-Am¯nı (civil war against Egypt 554, 575 al-Mapmun); fitna Late Antiquity 42, 508, 521, 670 classical learning, Graeco-Roman 291, 688 post-conquest construction 179, 515, 530, 554 Claudius I, Roman emperor 74 Syria 508, 514–15, 521, 522, 530 Claudius II, Roman emperor 77 see also Jerusalem (Church of the Holy client states, qAbbasid rule through 685 Sepulchre) climate 19, 22–5, 29, 55, 70 Cilicia 28, 529, 539, 564–5 Coimbra 232 T. ul unid rule 560, 561; ended 561, 566 coinage 648 Cilician Gates 28 absolute price 649, 650, 651 cities and towns 670–8, 682 for army pay 61, 68–9, 107 in Bedouin states 384, 385–6 bronze 36 ceremonial routes through 674 Byzantine 211, 517, 651–3, 657, 663; imitations Church and 42, 43, 44, 670; bishops’ 211, 212 leadership 43, 95, 515 centralisation 211–12, 653, 656–7, 659 classical; decline of structures 41–2, 670–1 copper 652–3, 660, 662, 663; legal status 651, coinage in urban life 648, 650, 653 656, 658 commercial centres 12, 41, 45, 47, 48, 58 dating 648, 654, Pl. 16.7 and countryside 12, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 612–13; debasement of silver 661, 662, 663, Pl. 16.39 agricultural hinterlands 50, 450; fragmentation for small change 660–1 Sasanian transfers of population into gold-based, introduced by Constantine cities 40, 48–9, 53, 54, 55–7 78–80 development processes 41 as historical source 4, 648–51, 658, 660, elites in Late Antique 12, 43, 46, 52, 53 Pl. 16.20; on Sasanians 5, 48, 106–7 food supplies 33, 61, 450 hoards 199, 603, 681, 682 fortified centres replace 42–3, 45 iconography: Christian 517, 652, 653, Pl. 16.2; foundation stories 1–2, 8 Islamic 220, 654–6; Sasanian 106, 118, garrison towns develop into 251–2 211, 653, 654

798

Index

imitations, cast 211, 212, 653, 654, 658,Pl.16.21 armies: composition 383, 399, 416, 432, 512, and law 650–1, 656, 658, 661, 663 645–6, see also Bas.ra and Kufa legends 648–9; bism allah 654, 665; honorific (conquests by forces from); size and titles 660, Pls. 16.28, 16.31, 16.32; capabilities 113, 197–8; see also garrison Islamic 220, 520, 654–6; al-mashriq 448, towns 474; Middle Persian, on Muslim coins booty 199–200, 201, 208, 209 211; risala 656; scripts 659; shahada 217, and Christianity; symbolic impact 515–16 654–5, 656, 665; title am¯rı al-mupminun collaboration of local populations 198, 456, 665; viziers’ laqabs 660, Pl. 16.27; see 457, 462–3; al-Andalus 198, 581, 586–8; also names inscribed on below Iran 461, 462–3 local production 658, Pls. 16.18–21 conquered peoples’ experience of 198–9, metal content 649 201–2, 460–1, 510–11 Muslim, by period: to Umayyad reform continuities from pre-conquest systems 211–12, 651–6; early and middle 198–9, 463, 514, 684 qAbbasid 470, 656–8, 659–61; eleventh- cultural influences on Islam 224–5 century 662–3; eleventh–thirteenth- economic effects 63, 70–1, 167, 198–200, 684 century 663 and elites 70–1, 198, 512, 587–8 names inscribed on: absence 656, 659; events 195–7 governors’ 648, 654, 657; of heirs extent 12, 175, 684 apparent 659; of mints 648;of and Islamic community’ssurvival194–5, 684 Muh.ammad 654–5, 665, Pl. 16.9; rulers’ leadership 113, 512, 684 316–17, 648, 649, 657–8, 659–60, Pls. modern scholarship 631, 636, 643 16.16, 16.17, 16.24 Muh.ammad’s campaigns initiate 192–3, 195 petty 650; see also copper above religious interpretation of success 200–2, 510 precious metal 649–50 religious motivation 113, 174, 175, 645–6 riba (excessive profit) prohibited and settled peoples’ ascendancy over 650, 661 nomads 160 supply and demand 650 sources 197, 628, 629–30 tokens possibly used in place of 662–3, speed 70, 684 Pl. 16.38 treaties 192 validating marks 653, 654, Pls. 16.5, 16.6 see also Muslim conquest(s)under individual value 649; price ratio, high-/low-value 650 regions, and under Roman/Byzantine weight, circulation by 660–1 empire; Sasanian empire see also under individual rulers and states Conrad, Lawrence I. 636 collaboration see under conquests, Muslim consensus 294, 637, 692–4 Cologne Mani Codex 102 Constans II, Roman emperor 210, 514 comitatenses (Roman troops) 87 coinage 211, 652, Pl. 16.2; Muslim imitations Commagene 89 211, 212 commerce Constantia, Mesopotamia 134–5 across boundaries 58–9, 66 Constantine I, Roman emperor xxii, 78–80, 81 cities as centres 47, 58, 674 Constantine IV, Roman emperor 210 in Late Antiquity 47, 58–70 Constantine V, Roman emperor 235, 529, 530–1 see also trade Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Roman commonwealth, Islamic 13–14, 358–9, emperor 124 361–2, 685 Constantinople 28–9, 78–9, 79–80, 279, 302 communications see roads; routes; shipping; failed sieges: Avar/Persian 88, 111, 139; transport Muslim xxiii, 235, 530 Companions of the Prophet 167, 400, 516, 575, food supply 33, 61 689–90 mint 652 high status 404–5, 416, 440 Constantius II, Roman emperor 81–2, 141n2 conquests, Muslim 195–202 Constitution of Medina 157, 188–90 administration of early 200, 209, 214 continuities see under conquests, Muslim; Late ‘Arab conquests’ as misnomer 645–6 Antiquity

799

Index

contractors, state 63 Cyprus 197, 235, 236, 514, 568 contracts, models of notarial documents Cyrenaica see Barqa for 619 Cyrus, bishop of Phasis, Orthodox Melkite conversion to Islam see Islamisation patriarch of Alexandria (‘al- Cook, Michael 632, 641, 643 Muqawqas’) 543 copper 36 see also under coinage al-Daqqar, Banu 427 Copts 249, 546–7, 548, 553–6, 576 al-D. abb¯,ı al-Musayyab ibn Zuhayr 274 demography 553–6, 572, 580 Dab¯lı (Dvin) 236, Pl. 16.17 language 541 Dabuyids 479–80 literature 95, 102 al-D. ah.h.ak ibn Qays al-Fihr¯ı 215, 216, 259–60 revolts 243, 550, 551, 553 al-D. ah.h.ak ibn Qays al-Shayban¯ı 325 see also Christians and Christianity (Coptic) Dahir, ruler of Sind 240 Cordoba 231–2, 602–3, 605 daq¯ıs see Ismaq¯liyyaı (daqwa) Berber revolt and 233–4, 591 Dajjal (apocalyptic figure) 617 Christianity 587, 609 Damascus factional struggles 621 and qAbbasid revolution 265, 266, 528 Mad¯natı al-Zahraq 605, 620, 621 under qAbbasid rule 322, 384, 528, 532, 566; mosque 602, 674 al-Mutawakkil tries to make capital Muslim conquest 585 299, 308; Qarmat.¯ı attacks 336, 338, Umayyad capital 303, 605, 618–19 446, 536 corruption 357–8, 620 archaeology 664 corvées 249 Church of St John the Baptist 521 cosmology 273 coinage: Ayyubid 663; Umayyad/early cotton 31, 572, 670 qAbbasid 653, 656, 657, Pls. 16.6, 16.10; countryside 512, 666–70 Zangid Pl. 16.40 see also agriculture; land; peasants; qus.ur; Fat.imid control 569, 570, 573, 578 villages; and under cities and towns in first fitna 204 courts hinterland and economy 516–17 caliphal 300, 308, 348, 350, 667; ceremonial Islamisation 532 280, 298; move from H. ijaz 400;at jund 242, 592 Samarrap 297, 300 in Late Antiquity 508, 540 in Egypt 548 Muqawiya’s palace 210, 518 Ghaznavid 377–8 Muslim conquest 196, 512 hierarchy 117, 308 routes 28, 516 see also under Sasanian empire qulamap 322 craftsmen 129, 555, 602–3, 650 Umayyad capital 209–10, 400, 516–17, 518, 527 credit 61 Umayyad Mosque 227, 257, 521, 674 Crete 197, 568, 611 wealth 199 Crone, Patricia 632, 641, 643 Damawand, mas.mughan of 479, 480 Cross 178 Damghan plain 49 relic of True xxiii, 94, 111, 139, 193 dams 106, 129, 400, 669 Ctesiphon see al-Madapin Dandanqan, battle of 380, 505 culture, high Daniel, Book of 202 Arabic-language 161, 361, 369, 375, 494 Danube frontier 29, 63 empire building and 12 Daq¯qı ¯ı 503 al-Mapmun ’s synthesis 291 dar al-islam 230 Marwanid 226, 234, 249–53 see also Islamic empire political diversity and 13, 15, 387 Dar al-Mudhahhab palace 548 see also individual genres, and under individual Dara, Kayanid king of Iran 147 states and rulers Dara, Mesopotamia 27, 85–6, 134–5, 136 curial order 43 Darabjird 452 cursus publicus 26, 61 coinage minted at 211, Pls. 16.7, 16.8

800

Index

al-Daraz¯ı 576, 578 Dhuka al-Rum ¯ı 564 Darb Zubayda (pilgrimage road) 280–1, diet 31, 32, 575 669, 680 dihqans 51–2, 54, 122, 344–5, 463, 474, 497, Darband 28, 462 498, 503 D. ariyya 439 as tax-agents 470 Daskhurants’i, Movses 102 Dih.ya ibn Mus.ab 552 Dastgerd 139 Dimashq (sub-province of Syria) 517 dates (fruit) 32, 159 D¯nı ar, ‘king’ of Media 452 dating systems xxi, 654, Pl. 16.7 Dinaric Alps 22 daqwa Diocletian, Roman emperor xxii qAbbasid 261–3, 266, 302, 464 administrative reforms xxii, 78, 79, 81, 82 see also under Ismaq¯liyyaı and Sasanians xxii, 81, 82, 89, 108 dawla Dionysius of Tell Mahré 533, 535 qAbbasid revolution xxiv, 206, 255, 261–5, 527 diplomacy dynasty, element in titles 364, 365, 372, 373 Arab world 174 Fat.imid state 571–2 Roman–Sasanian xxii, 84, 86, 108, 109, 135, Day of Thirst xxiv, 239 136, 140–2, 149 Daybul 28, 240 Western, modern 627 Daylam and Daylamites 28, 280, 388, 452, disasters, natural 31, 55 479, 484 Ditch, battle of the 191 Buyids and 346–8, 368, 369 divinity and Kurds 380, 382 Iranian kings and 104, 105, 114, 118, 273 mercenary infantry abroad 6, 346–7, 364, al-Muqannaq‘s claims to 477, 478 538, 573, 577, 694;inBuyid armies 368, see also God 369; states founded by 347–8 d¯wı ans (administrative bureaux) 208, 332, Dayr al-qA¯ qul, battle of 316, 323, 495–6 333, 334 Decapolis 45 in Egypt 243, 561, 567 decorative arts 667 first, to redistribute conquest booty 199–200 Samarran bevelled style 298 Ghaznavid 375 Sasanian 105, 106, 118, 128, 132, 140 d.iyaq (‘estate’ lands) 312, 352–3 Dedan (al-qOla) 20 Diyala basin 21, 39–40, 49, 64 defences irrigation 34, 48, 55, 64, 669–70 Sasanian 67, 112, 197 Diyarbakr see Amida see also fortifications al-Dizbir¯ı 578 deity see divinity, God Djat people 517 demography 31, 71, 248–9, 686 donatives, caliphal 310, 349 Egypt 553–6, 572, 580 donkey, the man with the (Abu Yaz¯dı Denia 621 Makhlad ibn Kaydad) 342, 567, 617 Denmark 681 Donner, Fred M. 636, 643 deportations Dorylaeum 235 Sasanian 28, 48, 54, 64–5, 66, 105–6, 129, 130 dress, distinctive Jewish and Christian 575 by al-Wal¯dı I 249 droughts 56, 121–2 see also population (transfers) Druzes 578 Déscription de l’Égypte 627 dualism 254 desert castles see qus.ur Dulafids 336, 355, 458, Pl. 16.26 Dhi ’l-Nun, Banu 621 Dumat al-Jandal 192 dhimma (protected status) 464, 571, 686 D. umayr (qas.r) 666–7 Dhu ’l-Riyasatayn (qAl¯ı ibn Jaqfar ibn Falah.) see Dunbawand 462 al-Fad.l ibn Sahl al-Dur 678 Dhu al-H. ijja (the month of the pilgrimage) xxi Dura-Europos 53 Dhu Jibla 428 Dürres (Dyrrhachion) 29 Dhu Nuwas 179 Durzan, Fat.imid queen mother 573 Dhubyan tribe 430 dux Mesopotamiae 134–5

801

Index

Dv¯nı (Dab¯l)ı 236, 382 see also individual products; agriculture; dyeing 129 commerce; craftsmen; land; taxation; dynastic states, on periphery 313–22, 339–48, trade; and under conquests, Muslim; 358, 360–1, 489–505, 685 Late Antiquity; warfare; and individual coinage 659–60 states and regions of Daylam¯ı mercenary commanders 347–8 Edessa (Ruha) xxii, 89, 136, 199 and Islam 295, 325, 361, 466 Christianity 132, 532; great church 515, 521 khut.ba in name of regional rulers 660 routes 27 in Maghrib 593–600 education and towns 384, 385 of Muslim scribes 333 types 358 under Sasanians 116, 132 see also individual states and dynasties, see also schools; universities especially Aghlabids; al-Andalus egalitarianism, radical social 207–8, 476 (UMAYYAD STATE); Buyids; Egypt xxiii, 541–80 Fat.imids; Ghaznavids; S. affarids; qAbbasids and 275, 306, 335–6, 340, 550, 575, Samanids; T. ahirids; T. ul unids 578; governors 287, 321, 542, 557; under Dyrrhachion (Dürres) 29 al-Mapmun 276, 286, 287, 290, 492; religious policies 294, 550–1, 555 earthquakes 198, 278, 515 administration 209, 544–5, 555, 560–1, 567; east, Islamic 448–505 qAbbasid 275, 287, 321, 335, 338–9, 542, administrative structure 242, 467 557;Fat.imid 569, 574, 576–7; language Arab settlers 458–61 use 242, 541, 545, 549, 553–6; Umayyad concept 448–9 242, 243, 548–9 dynamic and defensive frontiers 467–8 agriculture 30–1, 32, 34–5, 246, 541, 572; governors 466, 492, 654; al-H. ajjaj 228, 244; administration 544–5, 556; land-tax 545, T. ahir ibn al-H. usayn 475 549–50; Umayyad revenue from 226, histories 458, 466 319, 360, 684; see also food supply below Islam as domestic cultural identity 295 am. sar 70, 550; see also Fust.at. landscape 21 Arab population 447, 546, 550–3, 557, 568, 577 languages 466 army 233, 234, 331, 546, 577, 579; Coptic map xxxiv conscripts 546–7, 550; factionalism 552, Muslim conquests 449–58, 460–1 573;Fat.imid 573; ghilman 560, 566, 573, political development 466–89 577; Ikhsh¯didı household regiments political history 468, 469–79 567, 569; privileges of jund 546, 549, regional dynasties 489–505; see also S. affarids; 550, 552, 553, 558;T. ul unid 320, 321, 560, Samanids; T. ahirids 563, 573, 577 regionalism 449, 458–67, 475 ashraf 569, 570 religious tendencies 459–60, 484 Barqa (Cyrenaica) annexed to 544 revolutionary movements 475–9 and Byzantium: Christological disputes routes 468, 485, 495 542–3; warfare 514, 547 sources 449–50, 458, 460–1, 466 and caliphate of Medina 547 taxation 466, 473, 474; protests 486, 487, Christianity 541–2, 568, 575–6; church 488, 489 buildings 554, 575; conflict with see also individual regions; peoples, states and Byzantium over 542–3; see also dynasties Christians and Christianity (Coptic); Ebro valley 342–3 Copts economy cities 44; see also individual names coinage as evidence 649–51 coinage 245, 560, 657;Fat.imid 661, 662–3, crisis of tenth century 360, 661 Pl. 16.36 Marwanid 226, 244–9 Copts see separate entry plague affects 63 court life 548 self-sufficiency relatively unusual 59 demography 553–6, 572, 580 and state 12–13, 37–8, 60–2 economy 245, 572–3

802

Index

ﬁnance 335, 338–9; see also taxation below villages 544–5, 557 food supply 29; famines 568, 569, 580;H. ijaz and Yemen 427, 428, 429 supplied from 271, 399, 400, 411;to see also individual cities; Ikhsh¯dids;ı Rome and Constantinople 61, 63 T. ul unids; and under Fat.imids genealogy of rulers 562 Elburz mountains 21, 36, 68 geography 541 electoral conclave see shura and H. ijaz 402, 411–12, 428, 547; food supply elephant, year of the 183–4 271, 399, 400, 411; protection of holy elephants, war 374, 375 places 410, 566, 568 elites Ibn al-Zubayr’s rule 216–17 Buyids and local 370 irrigation 20, 243, 541, 544–5 and empire building 12 Islamisation 243, 319, 541, 550–1, 553–6, 558, 580 Kurdish 381 Jews 572, 575 and local government 79–80, 243–4 justice 571–2 Marwanid period 219, 249–53 landscape 19–20 see also Abnap; aristocracy; ashraf; notables; languages 242, 541, 545, 549, 553–6 and under Arabs; China; cities and Manichaeism 102 towns; conquests, Muslim; H. ijaz; map xxxvi Roman/Byzantine empire; Sasanian mines 302, 557, 559 empire Muslim conquest 196, 542–7 Elvira 592 navy 544, 564–5, 568, 577 embezzlement see mus.adara and Nubia 541, 547, 566, 574; incursions from emerald mining, Aswan 557 302, 568 Emesa see Homs palaces 548 ‘Emigrants’ see muhajirun Palmyrene rule over 77 empire, Islamic see Islamic empire papyri 62, 212–13, 243, 542 enclaves, sacred 423, 425 pastoralism 30 Enlightenment scholarship 626–8 population 39 entertainments, decline of theatrical 670 qad.¯ı 542, 560, 571–2 environment Qarmat.¯ı invasions 336, 338, 444, 445, 446, physical and strategic 10, 19–36; see also 569–70 climate; land; landscape; resources; routes to Indian Ocean 541, 572 roads; routes Saljuqs in 578, 579 social 37–70; see also cities and towns; Sasanian occupation 86, 88, 93–4, 100, 111, 138 demography; exchange; markets; scholars 319 population; taxation; trade; villages Sh¯ıqite revolts 558 Ephesus 28–9 slavery 546 Council of 134 social organisation 243, 544–5 eras sources 325, 331–2, 541–2, 575 Islamic 173 and Sudan 541 Sasanian 100, 143 and Syria 384, 535–6, 541;Fat.imid campaigns eschatology see apocalyptic; Judgment, Final; 384, 569–70, 573, 575, 577–8, (and Mahdism and the mahd¯ı; messianic Aleppo) 539, 574, 578, 579 beliefs; millennarianism taxation 243, 544–5, 548–9, 561; Esna 558 administration 212–13, 219, 551, 558, 559, estates 33, 35, 245–6 577; central government’s use 31, 319, d.iyaq 312, 352–3 340, 517, 524, 551, 557; Copts and 544, H. ijaz¯ı elites’ 57–8 548, 550, 551; farming 557, 563, 572, 577; Roman villa-type 45 revolts 276, 552 Sasanian 46, 119 textiles 572 taxation 312 trade 62, 572, 573, 662, 678 Ethiopia (kingdom of Aksum) 57, 58 under Umayyads 219, 243, 524, 547–50; invasions of Arabia 111, 179, 183, under Marwan II xxiv, 260, 263, 264–5 406, 428

803

Index

ethnicity 177–8, 267–8, 275, 460, 487 religion 361, 465 Berber revolt and 233 revolt (39/659-60) 454–5 religion and 177–8, 534; Islamic 224–5, 267–8, roads 26 460, 470–1 S. aﬀarid control 316, 336, 337, 495, 496, 497 see also Arabs; Iran (cultural identity) Faryab 454 Euchaita 44 Fasa 452 Euphrates river and valley 20–1, 27–8, 34, 112 fasting 189 Europe 44, 341 fatawa (sing. fatwa) 503, 615 see also Carolingian empire; individual Andalusian compilations 619 countries; and under trade al-Fath. ibn Khaqan 305, 308 Eusebius of Caesarea 509 Fat.ima 188 Eutychius (Saq¯dı ibn Bat.r¯q)ı 541–2, 543 tomb of 390 events, table of major xxii–xxv Fat.imids 327–32, 358, 570–2 exceptionalism, Islamic 175–6 caliphate: genealogies 188, 265, 562; hardens exchange 32, 41, 47 sectarian divisions 390, 393; see also markets; trade legitimisation 614–15; origins 329–32; executions, public 338 proclamation xxv, 330, 613, 615; extortion 351 removal to Egypt 574, 618 see also mus.adara daqwa 571, 575, 578 dawla 340–2, 571–2 fables; Panchatantra 127 khut.ba 574 factionalism 370, 456–7 Mahdist aims 570–2, 616 qAbbasid period 313, 333–4, 349–50, 352;in origins and rise 325, 327–32 bureaucracy 323, 333–4, 349–50 state formation 330–1, 358, 694 Marwanid period 227, 241, 253, 256 IN EGYPT 562, 567–80 see also under army; caliphal and ashraf 569, 570 Fadak 20, 160, 399, 405 campaigns and conquest 339, 340–1, al-Fad.l ibn Jaqfar 565 563–5, 567–70, 618 al-Fad.l ibn al-Rab¯ıqa 285 coinage 661, 662–3, Pl. 36 al-Fad.l ibn Sahl (Dhu ’l-Riyasatayn) 285–6, economy 572–3 474, 576 famine 568, 569 Fad.l ibn S.alih. 529 and H. ijaz 402, 411–12, 428 al-Fad.l ibn Yah.ya al-Barmak¯ı 281–2, 289, 473 modern scholarship and 331–2, 638, 641 Fapiq, Samanid chamberlain 372, 503, 504, 505 patrimonial state 574–80 fair at qUkaz. 161 and Qaramit.a 444, 445, 446, 569–70 Fakhr al-Dawla 366, 367 sources 325, 331–2, 575 al-Fallah.¯ı 578 and Sunnism 14–15, 575 famines 121–2, 367–8, 568, 569, 580 Syrian campaigns 384, 569–70, 573, 575, al-Farab¯,ı Abu Nas.r 537–8, 638 577–8; and Aleppo 539, 573–4, 578, 579 Faraghina (free soldiers from Central Asia) 309 taxation 577 Farghana 240, 344, 378, 457, 492, 498 trade 572, 573, 662 Qutayba ibn Muslim’s campaigns 238, 457 and qUqaylids 386 Far¯gı unids of Juzjan 500 women of royal family 576, 578 Faris, A¯ l 427 and Yemen 427, 428, 429 Farrkhusraw family 285 IN IFRIQIYA 340–2, 358, 567–8 Farrukhan, ruler of T. abaristan 452, 462, 479 administration 330–1 Fars 467 and al-Andalus 343, 616–17 qAbbasid rule 275, 336, 337 army 331 Azraq¯ı principality 459–60, 487 caliphate proclaimed in xxv, 330, 613, 615 Buyid principality 348, 364–5, 366–7, 368, 370 conquests: Aghlabid state 319, 330, 340, cities 48, 50 613, 615; Egypt 339, 340–1, 563–5, economy 35, 48, 50, 64 567–70, 618; Rustamids and Idr¯sidsı Muslim conquest 450–1, 452–3 616; Sicily 341

804

Index

legitimisation 614–15 Followers (of the Prophet’s Companions) and Maghrib al-aqs.a 616 689–90 prosperity 341 food supply 33, 160–1, 246, 450 religious groups 341, 342 Rome and Constantinople 33, 61 state formation 330–1, 358, 694 see also famines; grain; and under Egypt; taxation 330–1 H. ijaz trade 341 forests 25, 29, 35 see also individual caliphs fortifications ‘Fat.imids’, al-H. usayn ibn Zikrawayh’s fighters Arabian pre-Islamic dwellings 678 known as 338 Roman 74, 89 fatwas see fatawa Samanid 344 Fayruz, governor of Yemen 417 Syrian northern corridor 27 Fayyum 246, 340 see also fortresses; ribat.s; walls; defensive Fazara tribe 160–1 fortresses Fertile Crescent xxiii, 9, 194, 447 Andalusian h.us.un 612 see also individual regions Cilicia and Taurus 529 Fez 304, 599, 601, 603–4 al-Muqannaq‘s, at Sanam 477 Fat.imid conquest 343, 616, 617 Samanid 344 see also Idr¯sidsı Sasanian 51, 67 festivals, Islamic 388–9, 391 Syrian 27 Fih.l, battle of 196, 512 foundation stories 1–2, 8 Filast.¯nı 228, 257, 259, 517 four-caliph theory 392, 690, 692, 693 al-Ramla as capital 242, 248 Fowden, Garth 643 finance fragmentation of Islamic state 13–15, 306–7, church 199, 512, 515 685, 694–5 coinage; high-value, for state finance 649–50 see also regionalism privy purse 334 France 232, 589, 612 in successor states 363 Fredon (mythical Iranian ruler) 146 see also donatives; iqt.aqat; taxation; and frescoes 250–1, 298 under armies; army, caliphal; Egypt; Friday prayers see khut.ba Ghaznavids; al-Mans.ur, AbuJa qfar; frontier districts 279, 332, 344, 467–8, 695 Roman/Byzantine empire dynastic states 313–22, 358, 493; Ghaznavids fiqh see jurisprudence 379;H. amdanids 355;Samanids 344; see Firdaws¯ı 115, 124, 133, 149, 150 also al-qAwas.im; Thughur; and under F¯rı uz, king of Persia 84–5, 134, 152 al-Andalus; Roman/Byzantine empire Hepthalite wars 109, 121, 134 fruit production 29–30, 32, 159 F¯rı uz, son of Yazdegerd III 454 al-Furat, Banu 333–4, 565, 567 Firuz abad 49, 105 furuq al-fiqh 532 fiscal matters see taxation Fust.at. 196, 243, 546, 556, 569 fitnas (civil wars) archaeology 672–3, 678, 679–80 first 94, 202–5, 214–15, 406, 516; provinces Coptic community 555 during 417, 432, 441, 454, 516; sources Geniza documents 572 and scholarship 629–30, 631 Mosque of qAmr 546, 548, 564, 575 second xxiii, 215–17, 518–19, 547–8; qAbd al- Qaramit.a defeated at 569–70 Malik and 215, 221; and elite 205, religious learning 304 214–15; and H. ijaz 405; provinces in trade and commerce 304, 679–80 417–18, 441, 456;Sh¯ıqism and Kharijism T. ul unid surrender to qAbbasids 338 in 205, 207 unrest 557, 576 third 229–30, 255–8, 519 Futuh . 569 fifth 310–11 sources on 628, 629–30 Gabriel, angel 185 al-Fit.yawn, Arab Jewish king of Zuhra 168 Galerius, Roman Caesar 81, 82 foederati (Roman troops) 87 Galicia, Spain 232

805

Index

Gallienus, Roman emperor 77 and Buyids 367, 370 games 125, 126 chronicles 375 Ganja 382 coinage 372, 662, Pl. 16.33 Ganzak, sack of 65 court 377–8 gardens 559 culture: Arabic 375; Persian 369, 371, garrison towns (ams.ar, sing. mis.r) 70, 205, 512, 375, 505 672–3, 682 finance 363, 371, 376; booty 371, 376–7 cities develop from 196, 251–2 as ghaz¯ıs 370, 375–6 and contacts with non-Arabs 224, 457 ghulam-based state 370, 371, 375, 377–8 in east 455, 456, 458–9 and H. ijaz 411 see also individual cities, especially Bas.ra; Indian conquests 363, 370, 376, 378, 380, 505; Fust.at.;Kufa; al-Rafiqa and Hinduism 370, 374, 376, 377 garum 62–3 jihad 370, 376, 695 Gaul, southern 232 Khurasan under xxv, 378 Gaza, battle of 512 and Khwarazm 378–9 gems, Sasanian carved 118 land 371 genealogy legitimisation 373, 375–6, 377, 695 Arab 153, 154–5, 157, 629 Persian culture 369, 371, 375, 505 Sasanian 121, 132 and Qarakhanids 373–4, 378–9 Geniza, Fust.at. 572 and Saljuqs 379–80, 505 gentry see elites; notables Sunnism 370 geographers 132–3, 501–2, 610, 629 taxation 371, 376 geography, influence of 10, 13, 70, 71 and Transoxania 378–9 George Syncellus 534 Turkish ethnicity 371, 505 Georgia 236 see also Alptegin; Mah.mud of Ghazna; Gepids 83–4 Sebüktegin Gerasa (Jerash) 64, 508, 533 Ghifar tribe 154 Germanikeia 28 ghulam (pl. ghilman, professional soldiers), and Germany 75, 343 ghulam-based states 363 Ghad¯rı Khumm, Sh¯ıqite festival of 389 Buyids 363, 368, 370, 386 Ghalbun, governor of Ashmunayn 566 Egypt 560, 566, 573, 577 Gharchistan 372 Ghaznavids 370, 371, 375, 377–8 Ghassan ibn qAbbad 498 taxation 386 Ghassanids 91–3, 96, 135, 164 ghulat (heterodox) movements 254, 269 Christianity 92–3, 178, 510 Ghur 372, 485 Ghat.afan (tribe) 154 Ghuzz Turkmen 370, 379, 382–3, 387 ghayba see occultation frontier guards for Ghaznavids 379 Ghaylan ibn Salama 166 and Kurds 380–1, 387 Ghaylan al-Dimashq¯ı 257 and qUqaylids 387 Ghaylaniyya 256–7, 258 Gibb, Sir Hamilton 639 ghaz¯ıs(fighters for the faith) 317, 499 Gibbon, Edward 628, 629 on Byzantine frontier 531–2, 538 gifts caliphs 279, 335, 342, 529, 531 from caliphs to elites 209, 405 Ghaznavids 370, 375–6 diplomatic 142, 149, 320 religious scholars 344, 531–2 Giza 340, 564 Sayf al-Dawla 355, 538 glass 106, 246, 675, 676, 680, 682 Ghazna 371–3, 377, 504 Gnosis 254, 272, 327 see also Ghaznavids goat-rearing 30, 35 Ghaznavids 370–80, 505 ‘goatskin waterbottle, man with the’ (Abu and qAbbasids 363, 373 Rakwa) 575 administration 345–6, 363, 371, 372, 375, 507 God and Afghanistan 372, 376, 380, 505 favour and disfavour 175, 200–2, 510 army 371, 374, 375, 377 pre-Islamic Arabian High God, Allah 161

806

Index

tashb¯hı (anthropomorphism) 293 guards see also divinity; monotheism caliphal 210 Goeje, M. J. de 630 Egyptian regiments 567, 569 gold 36, 57, 557 provincial governors’ 241 African trade 572, 595, 604, 618, 662 Gujarat 68, 240, 241, 460 in Late Antiquity 66, 70–1, 106, 129, 201 Gur (Ardash¯rı Khwarrah) 105 pre-coinage use in commerce 245 Gurgan see Jurjan see also under coinage golden era, early qAbbasid period as 283–4, Hadhban¯ı Kurds 381 306–7 al-Had¯,ı caliph 270, 279–80, 284, 481 Goldziher, Ignaz 3, 631, 636 al-Had¯ilı a ’l-H. aqq (Yah.ya ibn al-H. usayn al- Gordian III, Roman emperor 76, 105 H. asan¯,ı Zayd¯ı imam) 327, 424–5, 427 Goths xxii, 75, 82–4 h.ad¯thı and traditionalism 175, 252, 532, 629, governors, provincial 241 689–95 Abnap as 274 qAbbasid caliphs and 283, 292–3, 299, 686–7 caliphal power delegated to 686 in H. ijaz 400, 413 caliphs’ wariness of 241, 276 and rapy 293–4, 686–7, 691–2 civil and military authority 209 in Samanid region 501 coinage bears names 589, 648, 654, 657, on succession to Muh.ammad 194 Pl. 16.14 Sunn¯ı revival and 391–2, 393 hereditary 288–90 tradition-critical approach 631, 634, 636 independence of eastern 466 in Yemen 423 and iqt.aq system 352 Hadramawt 397, 414, 416, 419 residences 54, 673, 674, 682;inKufa Abu Bakr’s campaigns 416 665–6, 667 h.awt.as (sacred enclosures) 423 royal family members 288–90, 401, 408, 410, Ibad.iyya 418, 419, 422–3, 434, 437 419, 442, 528 Najda ibn qA¯ mir’s revolt 441 Sasanian 121, 164 and Oman 423 Sufyanid period 209 Shafiqism 424 see also under individual provinces S. ulayh.¯ı conquest 423, 427 graffiti 210, 665 T. alib al-H. aqq takes 418 grain 30, 32 Yuqfir¯ı control 422 Beys¸ehir Occupation Phase 23 Ziyad¯inı fluence 421 production 29, 32, 34, 50, 63, 271 Hadrian I, Pope 587 Roman 27, 30, 61, 63 H. ad.ur 427 Sasanian 29, 30 H. afs. ibn al-Wal¯dı al-H. ad.ram¯ı 550 transport 26–7, 63 hagiography 341, 463 grammar 688 Hajar, Bah.rayn 158, 439 Granada 621 hajar/hijras (protected areas and protected grapes 29–30 status) 423, 425 Gratian, Roman emperor 81 h.ajib (chamberlain) 308 graves 602, 665 of al-Andalus 620, 621 veneration of qAlid 389–90 H. ajib ibn Zurara, bow of 155 Greek language h.ajj see pilgrimage administrative use 242, 509, 541, 545, 549 Hajjaj, Banu 586 Arabic translations from 638 al-H. ajjaj ibn Yusuf 228, 238–9, 252, 253 in Palmyra 76, 77 coinage 656, Pl. 16.13 in Syria 507, 509, 510, 533; Arabic supplants governorships: Arabia 216, 403, 417, 432, 508, 534–5, 540 657; the east 238, 240, 244, 459, 464, Gregorius, Byzantine exarch 583 486, 487 Gregory Abu al-Faraj (Bar Hebraeus) 535 H. ajr 154, 439 Greuthungi 82–3 al-H. akam I, Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus 597, Guadalete, battle of 581, 585 602–3, 607

807

Index

al-H. akam II, Umayyad caliph of al-Andalus and Arab and Iranian elements 282, 302 597, 620 and army 280 al-H. akim, Fat.imid caliph 386, 412, 573–6 and Barmakids 280, 281–2, 283 al-H. allaj, al-H. usayn ibn Mans.ur xxv, 350–1 and Byzantium 279, 281; campaigns 279, Hama 536, 562 280, 281, 290, 529, 531 Hamadhan 28, 50, 264, 336, 366, 369 capital at al-Raqqa xxiv, 275, 529 Muslim conquest 452, 458 coinage 657, 658, Pls. 16.14, 16.21 H. amdan ibn al-Ashqath (H. amdan Qarmat.) corruption during reign 357 328, 444, 536 and east 283, 473–4, 481, 488, 685 Hamdan tribal confederation 415 foreign policy 281, 284, 434, 599–600, 685; see H. amdanids (rulers of Aleppo) 354–5, 537–9, also and Byzantium above 540, 566 as ghaz¯ı-caliph 335, 529, 531 and Buyids 367–8 religious policies 278, 280–1, 283 cultural patronage 355, 537–8, 694 succession arrangements and crisis 279, as frontier state 358 282–3, 284–6, 407, 473–4 and Ikhsh¯didsı 566 and Syria 529, 531 al-Jaz¯raı under control 352 Yemen under 419, 420 and Mirdasids 384 al-H. asa 439 in Mosul 355, 569, 694 H. asan, Ikhsh¯didı prince 569 power base 382 al-H. asan al-Aqs.am 446 taxation 386 al-H. asan al-qAskar¯,ı eleventh imam 326, 387–8, and qUqayl 384, 386 563, 614 weakening of power 383 H. asan al-Bas.r¯ı 464 see also Sayf al-Dawla al-H. asan ibn Ab¯ı al-Hayjap see Nas.ir al-Dawla H. amdawayh (Ibn Mahan) 420–1 al-H. asan ibn qAl¯ı 188, 265, 405 H. amid ibn al-qAbbas 350 al-H. asan ibn qAl¯ı al-Ut.rush, Zayd¯ı imam of H. ammad al-Barbar¯ı 420 T. abaristan 484, 500 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph Freiherr von 627 H. asan ibn qAmmar 573 H. amza (Iranian preacher in Egypt) 576, 578 al-H. asan ibn Buya (Rukn al-Dawla al-H. asan) H. amza ibn qAbd Allah (H. amza ibn A¯ dharak) 347, 348, 365, 366, 369, 501 316, 325, 487–9, 492 al-H. asan ibn Faraj al-S. anad¯qı ¯ı 426 H. anaf¯ı school of law 346, 424, 460, 501, 606, 693 al-H. asan ibn al-H. usayn ibn Mus.qab 483, 492 H. anbal¯ı school of law 295, 299, 307, 350, 693 al-H. asan ibn Marwan xxv H. an¯fa,ı Banu 439, 442 H. asan ibn Nuqman 548, 584 h.an¯fı s (pre-Islamic ascetics) 161, 180 al-H. asan ibn Qah.t.aba 264 Hannad al-Sar¯ı 486 al-H. asan ibn Sahl 285, 402, 474, 491 Hans¯,ı near Delhi 378 al-H. asan ibn Zayd 327, 484 H. anz.ala ibn S. afwan 592–3 H. asanids and H. usaynids 405, 411–13 Harat see Herat H. asanwayhids 369, 381, 382, 660 H. arb ibn Umayya 166–7, 213 H. ashid tribal confederationn 415 al-H. arith ibn Jabala (Arethas, Ghassanid) Hashim, Banu 169, 184, 206–7, 254 xxii, 92 al-Hashimiyya (al-Mans.ur ’s planned al-H. arith ibn al-Kharaj, Banu 163 capital) 272 al-H. arith ibn Surayj 239, 464, 469 Hashimiyya (Sh¯ıqite movement) 206–7, 254, al-H. arra, battle of 406 255, 261–5, 269–71, 304 H. arran 27, 259, 384, 509, 527, 674 daqwa (clandestine phase of revolution) Harthama ibn Aqyan 283, 473, 474–5, 491, 552, 553 261–3, 266 Harun ibn Altunt ash 379 dawla (public uprising) xxiv, 206, 255, 261–5 Harun ibn Khumarawayh, T. ul unid 336, 561–2 H. assan ibn Malik ibn Bahdal 215 Harun ibn Muh.ammad 409–10 H. assan ibn Thabit 159 Harun al-Rash¯d,ı caliph xxiv, 270, 279, 280–4, H. atim, A¯ l 429 473–4 H. atim ibn Harthama ibn Aqyan 552, 553 and qAlids 282, 599 Hatra, kingdom of 89

808

Index

h.awala (bills of exchange) 649 culture 400, 413, 424 Hawashim dynasty 412 early Islamic history 399–400 Hawazin, Banu 165 economy 30, 57–8, 182–3, 244, 413 Hawdha ibn qAl¯ı 439 elites 57–8, 399, 404–5 H. awran 45, 385, 510 environment, climate and resources 182–3 h.awt.as (sacred enclosures) 423 Fat.imid influence 402, 428, 574 H. awthara 550 food supply 271, 399, 400, 403, 411, 439, Hawting, G. 643 441, 568 H. aydaran, battle of 578 fortified dwellings 678 al-Hays.am ibn qAbd al-S. amad 420 governors 244, 275, 401, 417, 419, 431, 442 heirs apparent 297, 659 graffiti 665 ‘Helpers’ see ans.ar H. asanid–H. usaynid rivalry 411–13 Helwan, summer palace at 548 Islamic origins in 221–5; theory denying Henchir al-Douamis (Uchi Maius) 671, 672 222–3 Hepthalites 88, 454, 455, 468 landscape 20, 398 and Sasanians 84–5, 109, 111, 121–2, 134–5, 454 in Late Antiquity 183, 223 Heraclea 290 Mecca and Medina’s special status 244, Heraclius, Roman emperor xxiii 403–5 coinage 652, Pl. 16.1 Muh.ammad’s rule over 399 and Egypt 93–4, 543 pre-Islamic period 5, 154, 157, 161, 166–70, and Jews 509 177–83, 398–9 Muh.ammad’s letter to, tradition on 192 rebellions and unrest 260, 279–80, 400, and Muslim conquests 94, 511 406–13, 432, 518; qAlid 271, 405, Sasanian wars 65, 88, 93–4, 111, 112–13, 138–9, 407–9, 410 193; Khazar alliance 281;in religious beliefs and groups: Christianity Transcaucasus 94, 139; Turkish 398–9; idol worship, polytheism 161–3, alliance 88, 94, 139 173; Ismaq¯lı ¯sı 429–30; Jews 398–9, see True Cross restored to Jerusalem xxiii, 94, also under Medina; Kharijites 260; pre- 139, 193, 507 Islamic monotheism 177–83;Shafiq¯ı Herakleopolis, Egypt (Ahnas) 212, 552 and 293–4 Herat 28, 468, 662 roads and routes 28, 244, 400, 440 Muslim conquest 453, 454, 468 Roman rule 183 S. affarid occupation 316, 494, 497 scholars 400, 413, 525 under Samanids 372, 497, 498 sources 5, 154, 398, 410, 665 Herbelot, Barthélemy d’ 627 towns 400, 413; see also Mecca; Medina heresy trade 20, 57, 166, 182, 399, 420, 643, 680 Christian concept 80–1, 201 Umayyads and 227, 242, 260, 401, 405, Islamic concept 277 406, 516 Herodian (historian) 100 Zubayrid rule based on xxiii, 216–17, 406–7 Herodian (son of Septimius Odenathus of see also Mecca; Medina; pilgrimage Palmyra) 78 hijra (of the Prophet) xxi, xxiii, 173, 187–8 heroic tradition, Iranian 140 hijra (emigration), Kharijite 208 H. ijaz 398–413 Hilal, Banu 578 qAbbasids and 275, 400, 401, 405, 406–7 H. illa xxv, 386 Abraha’s invasion 183–4 h.imas (pastures) 439, 441 administration 244, 401–3, 442 h.imaya (protection agreement) 382 agriculture 57–8, 166–7, 400, 405, 413 H. ims. 196, 249, 266, 517 Bedouin 160–1, 383, 398–9, 400, 413 coinage 653, Pl. 16.5 Bugha al-Kab¯rı ’s campaigns 443 jund 242, 258, 592 caliphal court leaves 400 revolts 257, 259 and central government 242, 275, 403–5, H. imyar 58, 179, 415, 420, 422, 424 417, 419 Hind bint qUtba 162 conquests by forces from 399 Hinduism 240, 374, 376–7

809

Index

Hindush ahids of Wayhind 376 Hormizdan see Hurmuzan hippodrome at al-Qat.apiq 559 Hormuz 50, 453 H. ¯raı 157, 164, 165, 179 horse-rearing 30, 35 see also Lakhmids hospital at al-Qat.apiq 559 Hisham ibn qAbd al-Malik, caliph 213, 229, household 523–7 agricultural plots 32 and Berber revolt 233–4, 591 idols, pre-Islamic Arabian 161–2, 163 building 247, 521, 525; market in Baysan 248, Sasanian legal and social unit 117 671; palace at al-Rus.afa 525, 674; Qas.r al-H. udaybiya, treaty of 191, 193 al-H. ayr al-Sharq¯ı 247, 249, 526–7 H. udayj, Banu 552–3 economic crisis 400 h.udud (Qurpanic punishments) 425 and Islamic learning and thought 525 h.ujja (‘proof’, Ismaq¯lı ¯ı title) 328 jihad 235–6, 237, 523–5, 527 al-H. ujr ibn qAd¯ı 215 sons’ revolt against Marwan II 259 Hujw¯rı ¯ı 463 succession to 256, 550 H. umayna, qas.r at 262 taxation under 523 Huns 82–4, 134–5 and tribal army 523, 527 hunting 298 Hisham I ibn qAbd al-Rah.man, Umayyad ruler Sasanians and 114, 125, 126n, 149 of al-Andalus 303, 597 Hurmuzan (Hormuzan, Hormizdan), ruler of Hisham II, Umayyad caliph of al-Andalus 597, Khuzist an 450, 462 620, 621 Hurmuzjan, battle of 104–5 Historia Augusta 100–1 al-H. usayn ibn qAl¯ı (grandson of the Prophet) history and historiography 2–11, 348, 688 188, 265 Arab tribal 153–6 death xxiii, 215, 406 development 2–7, 348, 688 followers in H. ijaz 405, 411–13 dynastic designations 362 line of 206, 405 Egyptian authors 319 Sh¯ıqite devotion to 206, 215, 389–90 eyewitness testimony 348 al-H. usayn ibn qAl¯ı ‘the man of Fakhkh’ H. ijaz¯ı 400, 413 279–80, 407 and inconvenient facts 687–8 al-H. usayn ibn H. amdan 349, 355 Iranian 46–7, 101–2, 140, 145–50; see also al-H. usayn ibn al-Maghrib¯ı 389–90 w legends (Iranian); X aday-namag al-H. usayn ibn Zikrawayh (s.ah.ib al-shama, ‘the Islamic history as concept 7–11 man with the birthmark’) 338, 355, Ismaq¯lı ¯ı 325, 418 561–2 Oman¯ı 430–1 al-H. usayn al-Aft.as 407–8 Persian–Arabic 104 al-H. usayn al-Ahwaz¯ı 328 provincial histories 458 Husraw¯ı kawadan ud redag-e (‘Khusrau and his Qaramit.a denigrated 445 page’) 116, 125–6 salvation history 104, 150 h.us.un (fortresses) in al-Andalus 612 Samanid 501–2 Huzam (Medinan idol) 163 scribes’ education in 333 Syriac 4, 46, 95, 101–2 Iaudas, Berber chieftain 582 traditionalism 692 al-qIbad (tribal federation) 157 Yemenite 418, 423 Ibad.iyya 207, 599 Zoroastrian 460 in Hadramawt 419, 434, 437 History of the caliphs 252 Nizwa and Rustaq schools 435–6, 437, 438 hoards of coins 199, 603, 681, 682 al-Nukkariyya branch 598, 617 Holy Cities see Mecca; Medina Oman¯ı imamate 418, 430, 432, 434–5, 437, holy men 184, 509 443; al-Julanda ibn Masqud as Homs 89, 512, 527, 532, 536, 537 precursor 433 Mahdist state 562 Rustamid imamate 318, 596–8 routes 28 in Yemen 418–19, 422–3 Hormezd IV, king of Persia 111, 136–7, 152 Iberia, Caucasus 135, 139

810

Index

Iberian Peninsula see al-Andalus Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 638 Ibn qAbbad, Ismaq¯l,ı the S.ah.ib 367, 369 Ibn Saqd, Abu qAbd Allah Muh.ammad 629 Ibn qAbd al-H. akam, Abu ’l-Qasim 541, 542, 590 Ibn Sanbar 445 Ibn qAbd al-H. akam family 319 Ibn Shihab al-Zuhr¯ı 400, 525 Ibn Ab¯Duı pad, Ah.mad 298, 308 Ibn S¯nı a, Abu qAl¯ı (Avicenna) 369, 501 Ibn Abi ’l-Saj, ruler of Azerbaijan and Armenia Ibn al-S. uf ¯ı 558, 559 347, 351–2 Ibn T. abat.aba, Muh.ammad ibn Ibrah¯mı Ibn al-qAd¯m,ı Kamal al-D¯nı 525 407, 420 Ibn al-qAm¯d,ı Abu ’l-Fad.l 369 Ibn T. ulun see Ah.mad ibn T. ul un Ibn al-qAm¯d,ı Abu ’l-Fath. qAl¯ı 369 Ibn Ustadh-hurmuz, Abu qAl¯ı al-H. asan 385 Ibn A¯ mir, qAbd Allah 167n, 453 Ibn al-Wal¯dı 559 Ibn al-Arqut. 558, 559 Ibn al-Waz¯rı al-Jaraw¯ı 552, 558 Ibn qAsakir, Abu ’l-Qasim qAl¯ı 525 Ibn al-Zayyat, Muh.ammad ibn qAbd al-Malik Ibn al-Ashqath, qAbd al-Rah.man 218, 486, 524, 299, 308 551–2, 596, 599 Ibn al-Zubayr, qAbd Allah, caliph xxiii, 215, Ibn al-Ath¯r,ı qIzz al-D¯nı 437 216–17, 406, 518–19 Ibn al-qAt.t.ar 619 building programme in Mecca 217, 403 Ibn Baghl, qad.¯ı of Amida 381 civil war against Marwan ibn al-H. akam see Ibn Damna, qad.¯ı of Amida 381 ﬁtnas (second) Ibn Fad.lan 502 coinage 216, 654–5, Pl. 16.8 Ibn al-Furat, Ah.mad 333 H. ijaz¯-basedı empire xxiii, 216–17, 406, Ibn al-Furat, qAl¯ı 333, 349, 350, 351 417–18, 463 Ibn al-Furat, Jaqfar 567, 568, 569, 570 sources biased against 216, 691 Ibn al-H. abh.ab, qUbayd Allah 549, 550, 591 Ibn Zul aq, Abu Muh.ammad 570 Ibn H. allaj, ruler of Oman 436 Ibrah¯m,ı caliph 213, 258 Ibn H. awqal 385, 539, 554, 619 Ibrah¯mı I, Aghlabid 604–5, 610 Ibn H. awshab, Abu ’l-Qasim (Mans.ur al- Ibrah¯mı II, Aghlabid 605, 615 Yaman) 427 Ibrah¯mı ibn qAbd Allah (brother of al-Nafs al- Ibn Hubayra 472 Zakiyya) 271, 275 Ibn Ilyas 576 Ibrah¯mı ibn Adham 531 Ibn Isfandiyar 480, 481, 484–5 Ibrah¯mı ibn al-Aghlab 303, 599–600 Ibn Ish.aq, Muh.ammad ibn Yasar 163, 400, 630 Ibrah¯mı ibn Khumarawayh 563 Ibn Jurayj 400 Ibrah¯mı ibn al-Mahd¯ı 286, 475 Ibn al-Kalb¯ı (Hisham ibn Muh.ammad Ibrah¯mı ibn Muh.ammad (Ibrah¯mı al-Imam) 262 al-Kalb¯)ı 154 Ibrah¯mı ibn Mus a ibn Jaqfar al-S.adiq 286–7 Ibn Khaldun, qAbd al-Rah.man 358 Ibrah¯mı ibn Mus a al-Kaz.im 408, 420–1 Ibn al-Khal¯j,ı or al-Khal¯jı ¯ı 563 Ibrah¯mı ibn S¯mjı ur 504 Ibn al-Khas.¯bı 309, 310 Ibrah¯mı ibn al-Wal¯d,ı caliph 258 Ibn Khurdadhbeh 272 ice cores, polar 25 Ibn Killis, Yaqqub 568, 570, 572–3 Iconoclast Controversy 522–3 Ibn Kundajik 561 iconography Ibn Mahan (H. amdawayh) 420–1 Christian 652, 653, Pl. 16.2 Ibn Mahan, qAl¯ı ibn qIsa 283, 285, 473, 474 Islamic 298; introduced on coinage 220, Ibn al-Mubarak 531 654–6 Ibn al-Mudabbir 320, 556, 558–9, 560 Sasanian 106, 118, 139–40, 143, 211, 653, 654, Ibn al-Muqaﬀaq, qAbd Allah 293 Pl. 16.3 Ibn al-Muqtazz, Abu ’l-qAbbas qAbd Allah xxv, Zoroastrian 76, 106, 654, Pl. 16.3 270, 350 ideology Ibn Naj¯bı al-Dawla 429 Baghdad, and qAbbasid 272–3 Ibn Nubata 537 Islamic universalist 226–7, 230, 273, 322, 616 Ibn al-Qut.iyya 586 Marwanid 221, 226–7 Ibn Rapiq, Muh.ammad xxv, 354, 355, 565, retrospective adjustment 299, 331–2, 690 566, 660 Sasanian 139–41, 142–4

811

Index

idol worship 161–3, 177, 178 imamate Idr¯sı I ibn qAbd Allah, ruler of Fez 280, 303–4, qAbbasid conception 272, 273 598–9, 603 Sh¯ıqite conception 206, 261–2, 269–71, 326, Idr¯sı II ibn Idr¯sı I, ruler of Fez 599, 603 425–6, 571; genealogy 265; see also Idr¯sidsı (rulers of Fez) 11, 304, 343, 598–9, 603–4 occultation coinage 603–4 Imrup al-Qays, Arab phylarch 91, 92 Fat.imid conquest 343, 616 India 21, 109, 250–1, 428, 501–2 Ifr¯qiyaı Ghaznavid conquests 363, 370, 375–7, 378, qAbbasids and 11, 318, 578–9, 599–600 504, 505 administration 330–1 Marwanid campaigns 240–1 coinage 603, 604–5, 657 and Oman 432, 434 creation as wilaya 230–1 Panchatantra 127 governors of al-Andalus appointed from 589 pottery 680–1 jund rebellions 599 routes 376, 485 map xxxvii Sasanian trade 68, 679 religious groups 341, 613;Kharijites 302–3, Indian Ocean 13, 28, 49, 57 318, 342, 594–8; qulamap 318–19, 605–7 Egyptian contacts 541, 572 ribat.s (fortresses) 341 Muslim traders 284, 434, 684 social complexity 613 Sasanian trade 27, 66–7 taxation 330–1, 612 Indus region xxiv, 67 trade 341 industrial zones in cities 675 Z¯ridı dynasty 574, 578–9, 618 infanticide, Prophet opposes female 187 see also individual cities; Aghlabids; Berbers; inheritance 117, 365–6 and under Fat.imids inscriptions ¯ghı ar (ﬁscal immunity) 312, 353 architectural 221, 682 Ihnasiyat al-Mad¯naı (Ahnas, Herakleopolis) early Islamic 665 212, 552 and Islamic identity 672, 682 ih.ram, holy state of 407 of Muqawiya’s titles 210, 665 iqjaz (inimitability of Qurpan) 186 Namara 91 qIjl, Banu 154 Palmyra 76, 77, 78, 90 Ijl¯ı family of Qazv¯nı 370 pre-Islamic Arabian, indicating ijmaq (scholarly consensus) 294, 637 monotheism 179–80 ijtihad (religious interpretation) 294 S. afaitic 90 Ikhmim 568 Sasanian 98–100, 140; of Abnun 99–100; ikhsh¯dı (Muh.ammad ibn T. ughj) 339, 355–6, Bishapur 99, 100; of Kerdir 120; Paikuli 565–6 98–9, 117, 119–20, 124, 148n; Shapur I, origin of title 339, 565 res gestae 98–9, 117, 119, 123–4, 146 Ikhsh¯didsı 339, 446, 562, 563–7, 568 see also coinage (legends); graﬃti coinage 660 iqt.aqat (sing. iqt.aq) 312–13, 352–4, 355, protect holy places 410, 566, 568 367, 368 in Syria 537, 566 in Egypt 338–9, 577 see also Ah.mad ibn qAl¯ı ibn Muh.ammad ibn in Ghazna 372 T. ughj; Kafur, Abu ’l-Misk; Iran Muh.ammad ibn T. ughj and Aneran 143–4 Ikjan 615 Barmakid connections 282 qIkrima ibn Ab¯ı Jahl 162 Buyid states see under Fars; Rayy Ilik-Nas.r, Qarakhanid 504–5 cities 46, 47–8, 50, 461 Ilkhanids 143 cultural identity 142–4, 289, 317, 347, 479; qilm see Gnosis qAbbasids and 282, 289, 301–2, 470, Ilyas ibn Asad, governor of Herat 498 471, 645 qImad al-D¯nı 429 economy 70, 680 imam al-huda (imam of guidance), caliph Ghaznavids and administrative traditions as 203 371, 375

812

Index

historical tradition 46–7, 101–2, 140, resource base for caliphate 275–6, 360, 517 145–50; see also legends (Iranian); scholarship 252, 688–9 Xwaday-namag in second fitna 216, 518 Ibn al-Zubayr’s rule 216–17 Sh¯ıqism 216–17, 325, 474, 538 Kayanid dynasty 115, 118, 146–7, 150 Syriac sources 4 Khazar campaigns 462 taxation 31, 276, 517 literature: heroic tradition 140, 146–7; trade 679–80, 679, 680, 682 Middle Persian 125, 127–8; New Zubayrids secure 654 Persian 345, 502–3, 505; see also see also individual cities and regions Xwaday-namag Irene, Byzantine empress 279, 281 al-Mapmun and 276, 285–6, 288–90 iron deposits 35–6 and Marwanids 239, 260–1 irrigation 29, 33–5, 669–70 Muqawiya’s deportations 517 continuity from Late Antiquity 669–70 Muslim conquest xxiii, 70, 440, 453–4; social Iranian plateau 33, 50 effect 263, 461–3 Maqan 667–9 mythological period 115, 146 Marwanid development 246 and Oman 430, 431 Negev 25, 31 provincial organisation 467 qanats 33–4, 50, 297, 669, 670 regional traditions 148 Sasanian 47, 48, 50, 56–7, 129, 669–70; religion: Christianity 464; Islamisation 263, breakdown, and population 33–4, 40, 55 295, 361–2, 463–6;Kharijism 253–4; see also under al-Andalus; Arabia; Diyala Manichaeism 144;Sh¯ıqite revolts 254–5, basin; Egypt; Iraq; Khuzist an; 260–1; see also Zoroastrianism Mesopotamia; Syria resources and economy: agriculture and qIsa ibn qAl¯ı ibn qIsa ibn Mahan, governor of stockrearing 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 50; S¯stı an 488 climate 24; irrigation 33, 50; landscape qIsa ibn Mus a 275, 284, 472 19, 21; mining 36; oases 21, 32, 50; Is.fahan 28, 50, 347, 369 population 39; routes 28; Buyid principality 348, 366 transhumance on margins 30, 381 coinage Pl. 16.22 tax revolts 276, 454–5 Muslim conquest 451, 458 see also kings and kingship, Iranian; Sasanian Isf¯jı ab 504 empire; and individual places Ish.aq ibn Kundaj 322 Iran ibn Rustam ibn A¯ zadkhu, shah of Ish.aq ibn Muh.ammad ibn qAbd al-H. amid 598 S¯stı an 453 Ishoyahb III, bishop of Rev Ardashir 464 Iraq Islam qAbbasid empire in (763-861) 12, 224, qAbbasids and 280, 291–5, 302–3 269–304, 306, 691 angels 176 administration 228, 242, 243, 244, 467 Arab dominance 224, 652 agriculture 32, 246, 275–6, 277n, 385, 528 Arabic terms associated with 187–8 Buyid rule see under Baghdad caliphal authority based on 7–8, 280, 301, Christianity 249 525, 685–6 cities 46 and Christianity 307, 643; Christians’ coinage 245; see also under individual cities attitude to early 511, 515, 652–3; and rulers contacts and affinities 8–9, 113, 540 garrison towns 70, 205 conquests driven by 113, 645–6 iqt.aqat 367 conversions to see Islamisation irrigation 31, 33, 47, 276, 669–70, 682 core beliefs established 175 Kharijism 218, 253, 259–60 domestication in empire 295, 314, 387 land reclamation in southern marshes 29, and ethnicity 224–5, 267–8, 460, 470–1 276, 323 exceptionalism 175–6 Marwanid subjugation 259–60, 263 formative and classical periods 689 Muslim conquest 196–7, 243, 244, 517; fusion of religion, politics and warfare 14, economic effects 70, 198–9 173–5, 193, 683–4, 691

813

Index

Islam (cont.) motivation 463–4, 465 heresy deﬁned 277 rate and extent 10, 686, 695 history, concept of Islamic 7–11 and regional identity 466 identity 361, 654–6, 665–6, 672; local and social status 295, 463 identities expressed in Islamic terms sources on 458, 463, 465 295, 314, 387 South Asia 284, 377 and Judaism 189, 307, 643 and taxation 252, 463, 464, 465, 522, 523 and kinship traditions 224 truce following 155 Late Antique context 7–11, 93–7, 600–1, 643 see also mawal¯,ı and conversion and Muh.ammad’s experience as core 175 Islamisation under individual regions origins, theories on 20, 221–5, 628–37, 638, Ismaq¯lı ibn qAbbad, the S.ah.ib 367, 369 641, 642–3; monotheistic context Ismaq¯lı ibn Ah.mad ibn Saman-khuda, Samanid 177–83, 643 ruler 344, 345, 497–8, 499–500 orthodoxy: in west 613, 620; see also h.ad¯thı coinage Pl. 16.31 and traditionalism, sunna defeats qAmr ibn al-Layth 336–7, 344, 497, and philosophy 292, 295 499 pillars of 692–3 Ismaq¯lı ibn qAl¯ı 265, 274–5 political culture 14, 690–2 Ismaq¯lı ibn Jaqfar al-S.adiq 326, 614 and polytheism 174 Ismaq¯lı ibn Nuh . 505 rise (600-705) 173–225 Ismaq¯lı ibn Sebüktegin, Ghaznavid ruler 372, ritual 180, 189 373 sources on early period 176–7 Ismaq¯lı ibn Yusuf 408–9 survival of early community through belief Ismaq¯liyyaı 206, 327–32, 575 194–5 and qAbbasid claims 687 and Zoroastrian dualism 113 beliefs 326, 327 see also individual movements and h.ad¯thı daqwa 330;Fat.imid 571, 575, 578; in Salamiyya and traditionalism; imamate; 327, 328, 329; in Yemen 390, 426, 427–8, Islamisation; Qurpan; scholarship 429–30 (ISLAMIC); Sh¯ıqism; sunna; Sunnism historiography 325, 418 Islamic empire (dar al-islam) Indian mission 428 qAbbasid encompassing of non-Arabs 267–8, Kutama Berbers converted to 328–9 470–1 Mah.mud of Ghazna’s persecution 373, 376 building of 8, 11–15, 175, 302 majalis al-h.ikma, proselytising sessions 341 in context of Late Antiquity 8–9 missionaries 390; in Yemen 426, 427–8, extent 12, 175, 302, 684 429–30 fusion of belief and political power 14, 173–5, al-Muktaf¯ı’s rebellion 337–8 193, 683–4, 691 and Neoplatonism 327, 346 Islamic purpose and design 686 occultation of imam 326 Marwanid expansion 217, 227, 230–41, 255–6 revolts in east and 477 universalist ideology 226–7, 230, 273, rise 327–32 322, 616 Samanids and 346, 503 Islamisation sources’ inaccuracy 331–2 qAbbasid policies 295, 550–1, 555 state-building experiments 694 apostasy of Bukhara 463–4 and Zayd¯sı 421 and Arabisation 224, 534 see also Fat.imids; Qaramit.a; Salamiyya; dynastic states 361, 466 S. ulayh.¯ı state; and under Syria; Yemen early Muslims’ unconcern with 521–2, 644 isnad (chain of narrators) 630, 636 by enslavement 251 isotope analysis 23 ﬁrst convert 194 Ist.abl qAntar, qas.r 666–7, 678 and Islamic commonwealth 361–2 Is.t.akhr 26, 48, 50, 143 Kurds 380 Muslim conquest and rule 450, 452, 453–4, language change and religious identity 534 455, 458 Marwanid period 251 al-Is.t.akhr¯,ı Abu Ish.aq Ibrah¯mı 359

814

Index

Itakh 299, 301, 308, 557 Jayy 656 Italy 35, 84, 136 al-Jaz¯raı xxiv, 243–4, 253–4, 352, 506, 520 Aghlabid operations 611, 615 administration 242, 243 Fat.imid campaigns 341 agriculture 385 trade 572, 662, 663 Aramaic language 507 ius primae noctis 168 Buyid principality of Baghdad and 367–8 Ivan-i-Karkhah 49 Kurdish transhumance 381 iwans 132 under al-Mapmun 286, 287, 492 Iyas ibn Qab¯sı.a al-T. ap¯ı 155 routes across 26, 27, 28 T. ul unid power 321, 335–6, 535 Jabal Says, qas.r 669 see also army, caliphal (Syro-Jaz¯ranı tribal) Jabir ibn al-Wal¯dı 558 Jerash 64, 508, 533 al-Jabiya 216, 512 Jerusalem jabr (predestination) 424 al-Aqs.a Mosque 227, 278, 521, 655, 674; ﬁrst Jaén 592, 618–19 phase 196, 518, 665 Jaqfar ibn al-Fad.l ibn al-Furat 567, 568, 569, 570 Church of the Holy Sepulchre 508, 516, 520, Jaqfar ibn Falah. 569 521, 575, 578 Jaqfar ibn al-Had¯ı 284 Dome of the Rock 221, 520–1, 655, 665 Jaqfar ibn Muh.ammad 411–12 grave of St Mary the Virgin 516, 520 Jaqfar ibn al-Muqtamid 320–1, 332 Muqawiya and 516, 518, 520 Jaqfar ibn Yah.ya al-Barmak¯ı 281–2 Muslim conquest 196, 201 Jaqfar al-S.adiq, imam 265, 271–2, 326, 393, 614 palaces 674 Jaqfar¯ı family of Qazv¯nı 370 qibla 189 Jaqfarids in Medina 409, 410 True Cross xxiii, 94, 111, 139, 193, 507 al Jaqfariyya/al-Mutawakkiliyya, Samarrap xxv, Jews and Judaism 297–8, 299, 300, 675, 677 Babylonian Talmud 130 Jafnid dynasty 92–3 Christian 178 jahiliyya (pre-Islamic Arabia) 177–8, 224 H. imyarites and Judaism 179 al-Jah.iz. 301 Islam and Judaism 173, 189, 223, 307, 643, 690 Jahram 452–3 law 690 Jaipal, raja of Wayhind 376 Mishna, interpretation of 130 Jalal al-Dawla, Buyid ruler of Baghdad 366, prophetic ﬁgures 181 368–9, 378 protected status 464, 571 Jalul ap, battle of 196 restrictions and measures against 158–9, 189, jamaq¯-sunnı ¯ı principles 278, 280, 283, 289, 295, 301 299, 307, 334, 575 al-Janad 414, 416, 417, 419, 422, 424 under Roman empire 74, 509 Janah. al-Dawla, qUqaylid ruler Pl. 16.29 Samaritans 509 Jannaba 452–3 under Sasanians 95, 130 al-Jar 399 schools 130 Jarawa tribe 584 in Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia 130, al-Jarjarap¯,ı Fat.imid waz¯rı 576–8 509, 517 al-Jarrah. ibn qAbd Allah al-H. akam¯ı 464 see also under Arabia; Medina; Yemen Jarrah.id faction 333–4, 349, 350, 577–8 al-Jibal 336, 449, 450, 459, 467, 656 al-Jawf 414, 426, 430 qAbbasid governors 275, 288, 336 Jawhar al-S. iqlab¯ı 341, 568, 569, 570, 571, 617, 618 see also Rayy qahd with ashraf 569, 571, 575 Jiddah 399, 407, 408–9, 413 al-Jawsaq (Dar al-Khilafa) palace 297, 298 al-Jifara plain 20 al-Jaww (al-Khid.rima) 439 jihad 192–3, 313, 456–7, 686 Jaxartes river and valley 372–3, 457 Aghlabid in Sicily 610–11 Jayfar ibn al-Julanda 431 in al-Andalus 318, 342–3, 611–12, 620 al-Jayhan¯,ı Abu qAbd Allah 345, 502, 503 against Byzantium 529, 531–2, 569 Jaysh ibn Khumarawayh, T. ul unid leader 336, Ghaznavid 370, 375–6, 377, 504, 695 561, 562 H. amza ibn qAbd Allah and 488

815

Index

jihad (cont.) Jurjanj 500 Harun al-Rash¯dı 529, 531 Justanids 484 Hisham 527 justice 277, 278, 418, 518, 571–2, 619 honoriﬁc titles for 377 Christians and 515, 522 Ibad.¯sı and 437 just rule, debates on 322 Kharijite commitment to 208 Kharijite emphasis on 487 legitimisation of rulers through 332, 375–6, Sasanian priests as experts and judges 116 377, 531, 695 social, revolts in east calling for 478 Muh.ammad and 190, 195 Zayd¯ı imams dispense Islamic 425 S. aﬀarids 317 see also qad.¯ıs Sh¯ıqites as targets 390 Justin I, Roman emperor 135 Turks’ conversion removes possibility 503 Justin II, Roman emperor 86, 136 Zayd¯ı imams call to 425 Justinian I, Roman emperor xxii, 43, 141n, J¯lı an 467, 479 142n, 581 J¯l-Jı ¯lı an 452 and Ghassanids xxii, 92 jinn 166–7 Persian wars 85–6, 135–6, 141–2 Jiruft 453 Justinian II, Roman emperor 235 jizya (poll-tax) 212, 219, 417 Juwayn¯ı 413 John the Baptist, St; Church of, in Damascus 521 Juynboll, G. 636 John Bar Penkaye 202n, 518 Juzjan 454, 500 John of Damascus 186, 522–3, 534 John the Deacon 550 Kaqb ibn al-Ashraf 168 John of Ephesus 93 Kaqba 277, 404, 407 John Malalas 101, 142 Muh.ammad and 184, 187, 190 John Moschos 509 in pre-Islamic period 156, 161, 163 John of Nikiu 543–4 robbing of 406, 408, 411; Qarmat.¯ı capture of John Tzimisces 538–9 Black Stone xxv, 351, 410, 445 Joshua the Stylite 95, 102 Kaqba-i Zardusht, Naqsh-i Rustam 99 Jovian, Roman emperor 82, 108–9 Kabul 28, 316, 495 Judaea, Roman province of 89 kabulshahs 455–6, 485 Judaism see Jews and Judaism Kabyilia, Lesser 615 judges see qad.¯ıs Kafur al-Lab¯,ı Abu ’l-Misk, Ikhsh¯didı ruler 562, Judgement, Final 293 566–7, 568 Judham 512 al-Kahina 584, 591, 593 Juhayna tribe 154 Kakwayyids 369 Julanda dynasty of Oman 431–2, 433, 434 kalam (theological disputation) 252 al-Julanda ibn Masqud 433 Kalb, Banu 160, 384, 532 Julian, Roman emperor xxii, 81–2, 108 and qAbbasids 523, 527, 528 jummap (populations from various tribes) 157 fail to establish state in Damascus Junayd ibn qAbd al-Rah.man al-Murr¯ı 240 and Ismaq¯lı ¯ı movement 337–8, 384, 536–7 jund (pl. ajnad) and Muqawiya 209, 513, 516 administrative sub-districts of Syria 242, 517 rivalry with Qays 518–19, 523, 527 see also army, caliphal (Syro-Jaz¯ranı tribal) al-Kalb¯,ı Hisham ibn Muh.ammad 154 Jund¯shı apur (Weh-Andiyok-Shabuhr, Beth Kandahar 28 Lapat) 49, 105, 132, 496 Kanza, concubine of Idr¯sı ibn qAbd Allah 599 Jur 453 Karaj 336, 347 al-Jurf, qAq¯qı valley 168 Karakhanids see Qarakhanids jurisprudence see law and jurisprudence Karakum 21 Jurjan 21, 347, 467, 494 Karbalap xxiii, 215, 389–90, 406 Muslim conquest 455, 458–9, 460–1, 462, 468 Karin routes 28, 468 Persian noble house 121 under Ruzban S. ul 452, 462 see also Qarin Ziyarid rule 347, 501 Karka, History of 46, 53

816

Index

Karnamag ¯ı Ardaxšı¯ ¯Pı abagan (‘Ardash¯rı Khar¯stı an 457 romance’) 125 battle of 239 Kashka Darya valley 477 al-Khathqam¯,ı governor of Egypt 552 Kashmir 241 Khatt 679 Kas¯laı see Kusayla Khat.t.ab, Banu, of Murcia 586–7 kastra, Byzantine 42–3 Khaybar 20, 159, 191, 399 Kat.ul al-Kisraw¯ı 669 Khazars 137, 250–1, 281, 462 Kawad I, king of Persia 56, 85, 121, 134–5, 152 Marwanid campaigns 235, 236, 237 Khusrau I established as successor 110, 122, 135 Khazim ibn Khuzayma al-Tam¯mı ¯ı 274, 476 and Mazdakite movement 110, 122 Khazraj 162–3, 164–5, 168–70 reforms 52, 110, 122 al-Khid.rima (al-Jaww) 439 Kawad II, king of Persia 139, 152 Khirash ibn Ismaq¯l,ı AbuRa qshan 154 Kayanids 115, 118, 146–7, 150 Khirbat al-Karak; possible location of Kerd¯r,ı Persian mobad 99–100, 105, 120 Sinnabra/Sinnabris 666 Khad¯ja,ı wife of the Prophet 169, 184, 186 Khirbat al-Mafjar, qas.r 250, 526, 667, 669 Khafaja tribe 386 Khok e (Choche), suburb of Ctesiphon 53 Khalid, Banu 594 Khotan 374 Khalid ibn Barmak 274, 281, 481 Khumarawayh ibn Ah.mad ibn T. ul un 335–6, Khalid ibn al-Wal¯dı 27, 192, 196 535, 561, 562 Khalid ibn Yaz¯dı ibn Mazyad 287 Khurasan Khalid ibn Yaz¯dı ibn Muqawiya 486 and qAbbasid revolution 255, 261, 263–4, Khalid al-Qasr¯ı 256, 404 469–71 al-Kham¯sı (idol) 163 Abu Muslim in 261, 262 Khan al-Zab¯bı 247 administration 242, 455, 456 Khaqan qUrt.uj 296, 297 agriculture and stock-raising 30, 32, 33, kharaj 35, 684 land grants to military 352, 353 qAlids’ popularity 472 land-tax 312–13, 353, 371 Arab conquest and settlement 453–4, 456, Kharijism 205–6, 207–8 458–9, 461 qAbbasid-era polities 325 army in 456, 465 and qAl¯ı 207, 516 conversion to Islam 295, 464, 465 in al-Andalus 594 culture and identity 295, 301–2, 449 in Bas.ra 432, 459–60 as dynamic frontier 238, 467–8 Bedouin adherents 383 factionalism 469 beliefs 205–6, 207–8, 487 Ghaznavid rule xxv, 371, 372–3, 378, 504 and coin designs 654, 655, 656 governors 239–40, 242, 275, 287, 289, 455, demise 694 456–7, 463;T. ahirid xxiv, 288–90, egalitarianism 207–8, 487 314–15, 491–2 H. amdanids and 354–5 Harun al-Rash¯dı and 282, 283 H. amza ibn qAbd Allah’s insurgency 492 irrigation 33 imams 206 landscape 21 name, origin of 207 and Mahdism 614 Nukkarite branch 598, 617 al-Mapmun and 284–6, 288, 295 Rustamids and 304 mining 36 Shab¯bı ibn Yaz¯dı al-Shayban¯ı’s rebellion 218 political economy of Islamic 242, 448, 467 Sh¯ıqism supersedes 325, 354–5 political history 468, 469–79 S. ufriyya variety 233, 433 revolutionary movements 269, 273, 302, and Umayyads 205–6, 207–8, 218, 441; 475–9, 488;Hashimiyya 255, 261, 263–4 Marwanids 207, 253–4, 256, 259–60, 519 routes 26, 28, 66, 468 Ustadhs¯sı and 476 S. aﬀarid rule 315, 316, 496 see also Ibad.iyya and under Arabia; Bas.ra; Saljuq takeover 379, 380 Berbers; Ifr¯qiyaı (religious groups); Samanid emirate see separate entry Oman; S. aﬀarids; S¯stı an; Yemen under T. ahirids xxiv, 288–90, 314–15, 491–2

817

Index

Khurasan (cont.) Ghaznavid rule 374, 378–9 taxation 263, 282 Muslim conquest 238, 454, 457 trade 50, 66 al-Khwarazm¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn Mus a 501 Türgesh attacks 239, 457 khwarazmshahs 500 under Umayyads 238, 244, 301–2, 455 Khyber Pass 376 Khurramiyya 287–8, 476, 482 Kilab, Banu 169, 362, 384, 538, 577–8 Khursh¯dı (Dabuyid is.bahbadh) 480 Kinana tribal federation 153 Khusrau I, king of Persia xxii, 110–11, 136, 152 Kinda tribal confederation 415 and Arabia 111, 160, 165 al-Kind¯,ı AbuY usuf Yaqqub ibn Ish.aq 541, 542, and aristocracy 52, 116 570, 638 culture and learning under 111, 125–6, 142n kings and kingship, Iranian 114–15 Kawad establishes as successor 110, 122, 135 and ancestors and forebears 143, 146 and Mazdakite movement 110, 122 and aristocracy 115–16, 121–3, 128–9, 147–8 reforms 49, 52, 110, 116, 122–3; land 117; as ‘brother’ of Byzantine emperor 141–2, taxation 49, 52, 129 142n and Rome: diplomacy 141–2, 143n; wars xxii, consanguineous marriage 119 86, 110, 135–6 display 125 taxation 49, 52, 129 divine qualities 114, 118, 273 Khusrau II, king of Persia 137–9, 152 inﬂuence of traditions on other states 273, and bow of H. ajib ibn Zurara 155 280, 317, 365, 694–5 coinage 211, 652 inscriptions 98–9; see also under Bishapur; culture and learning under 126–8 Paikuli; Naqsh-i Rustam death xxiii, 111, 139 legitimisation 114–15, 118, 143 Egypt under 100, 138 Mardav¯jı ibn Ziyar attempts to restore 347, and Lakhmids xxii, 113, 138 361 res gestae 126 mythical 115, 146 and Rome: friendship 111, 137, 141n; wars 88, representations 105, 106, 114–15; see also 111, 138–9 reliefs, Sasanian rock-cut Taq-i Bustan rock reliefs 105 succession and legitimacy 111–12, 115, 118, 120 and Wahram VI Chobin 111, 137, 148 symbols of kingship 125 Khusrau IV, king of Persia 152 titles 114–15, 118 ‘Khusrau and his page’ (Husraw ¯ı kawadan ud and Zoroastrianism 118–19, 131 redag-e) 115–16, 125–6 kinship 204–5, 216, 224 Khusrawshunum 452 and administrative appointments 209, 242, Khusro see Khusrau 244, 274–5 khut.ba (sermon at Friday prayer); inclusion of Marwanids and 227, 242, 244, 253 ruler’s name 316–17, 649 strength at time of Muh.ammad 173–4, 187 Fat.imids 343, 574 and succession to caliphate 194, 206–8, 271; regional dynastic states 374, 491, 495, 660 fraternal or primogeniture 227, 228, Khuzaqa tribe 156, 164, 289 256, 271 al-Khuzaq¯,ı Malik ibn al-Haytham 274 see also genealogy al-Khuzaq¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn al-Ashqath 274 Kirman 28, 36, 459–60, 467, 654 Khuzist an 21, 324, 367, 496 Buyids and 348, 366 agriculture 29, 32, 33–4, 48, 55, 64 Muslim conquest 453, 458; and revolt (39/ Buyid rule 356, 367 659-60) 454–5 cities 33–4, 48, 49, 50, 324 S. aﬀarid rule 316, 494, 495 economy 29, 32, 50, 64, 129 al-Kirman¯(ı daq¯ı) 576, 578 irrigation 33–4, 48, 55, 64 K¯rmı anshah 381 Muslim conquest 450 al-Kisap¯ı 278 population 33–4, 39–40, 459 Kish, Khurasan 277, 477 Khuzist an Chronicle 460 Kister, M. J. 631 Khwaday-namag see Xwaday-namag Kizilkum 21 Khwarazm 239, 344, 467, 500 Klier, Klaus 631

818

Index

Ko Kho Khao 679–80 grants 321, 352, 353, 517–18; see also iqt.aqat Konya plain 45 law on 588 Koren, Judith 643 marginal, colonisation of 618 Kufa reclamation 276, 323 qAbbasids and xxiv, 261, 264, 272, 275, Sasanian 110, 117, 128–9, 200, 463 276, 288 speculation 528 administration 244, 467 surveying 243, 333, 549 buildings and city plan 276, 674 use 22, 29–35 capital of caliphate 209–10, 400 see also estates and under taxation coinage 656, 657, Pl. 16.13 landscape 19–22, 71 conquests by forces from 451–2, 459, 468, Lane, E. W. 627 469, 484 languages in first fitna 516 H. anaf¯ı legitimisation of non-Arabic 460 founded as garrison, mis.r 196, 672–3 local, persisting in east 466 governors 205, 209, 275; residence 665–6, 667 modern learning of 627, 641 Mazyadid dynastic state in area 384 and religious identity 534 religious and political ethos 205, 207–8, 459, see also individual languages and under 484;Hashimiyya and qAbbasid administration revolution xxiv, 261, 264; Qaramit.a Languedoc 232 328, 444, 446;Sh¯ıqism 206, 254–5, Lapidus, I. 639 260, 326 Laribus 615 revolts under Marwanids 254–5, 260 Lashkar-i Bazar palace 377 scholarship 153–4, 525, 532 Late Antiquity qUqaylid control 386 caliphate in context of 8–9 Kufic script 288 Christian traditions, and authority of al-Kulayn¯,ı AbuJa qfar Muh.ammad 388 caliphate 686 Kulthum ibn qIyad. 591 cities 8–9, 12, 41–2, 43, 46, 52, 53, 670–1 kura (local administrative district) 241 climate 22–3 Kurdish principalities 361, 364, 380–3, 386, 387 commerce 58–70, 678 H. asanwayhids 369, 381, 382, 660 continuity into Islamic period 664, 666, Marwanids 363, 381, 382, 383; and town of 669–70, 678, 682; qus.ur 666, 668 Amida 381, 382 economy 37–8, 58–70, 71, 72, 80, 678 Kusayla (Kas¯la)ı 583–4 end, Pirenne’s thesis on 600–1 Kush, Ras al-Khaimah 679, 680–1 H. ijaz in 223 Kushano-Sasanian coinage 107 Islamic history in relation to 7–11, 93–7, Kutama see under Berbers 600–1, 643 Kwa Gandaganda 679–80 learning 688 political and social structures 37–8 labour 33, 249, 400 resources 58–70 see also artisans; peasants; slaves and slavery Syria in 507, 508–11; see also Roman/ Ladoga, Staraja 681 Byzantine empire; Sasanian empire Laguantan 582–3 Latin language 587, 608–9 Lakhmids 92, 96, 135, 164, 165–6 law and jurisprudence Christianity 157, 179 qAbbasids and 278 Khusrau II abrogates kingship xxii, 93, book-writing, late eighth-century 689 113, 138 and coinage 650–1, 656, 658, 661, 663 Lamak ibn Malik 429 development in H. ijaz 400, 413 Lammens, Henri 639–40 Egyptian authors; Ibn qAbd al-H. akam Lamu archipelago 681 family 319 land emergence after time of Prophet 637 acquired through conquests 200, 588 Ismaq¯lı ¯ı belief on 327 caliphal 200 Jewish influence on Islamic 690 Ghaznavid royal 371 on land 588

819

Index

law and jurisprudence (cont.) literature modern scholarship and 631, 639, 641 Arabic 161, 283–4, 355, 369, 375, 423–4 obligations 117 Persian 100–4, 127–8, 129, 132, 140 pre-Islamic Arabian 157 see also apocalyptic; biographical Roman inﬂuence on Islamic 690 dictionaries; hagiography; history and Sasanian 116, 117, 132–3 historiography; poetry; Qurpan schools of jurisprudence 14, 688, 693; see also livestock 27, 35 H. anaf¯;ı H. anbal¯;ı Malik¯;ı and Shaﬁq¯ı see also pastoralism schools of law locksmiths 129 Sufyanid period 209 Lombards 136, 611 traditionalism 692, 693 Louis I the Pious, king of France 612 on water rights and canals 493 Luplup 321, 560 in west 303, 588, 605–6 Lüling, Günter 635, 642, 643 in Yemen 423, 424 Luristan 49 Zayd¯ı imams and 425 Luxenberg, Christoph 635, 642 Lawata Berbers 590 luxury goods, trade in 27, 33, 65, 66, 182, 678, Łazar of Pharb 102 680 Lazica 88, 135–6 Lydda, church of 521 learning see scholarship leather trade 27, 57, 60 Maqan 667–9 Lebda (Leptis Magna) 582 Macedonia 22 Lecker, Michael 631 al-Madapin (Ctesiphon, Tesfon) xxiii, 33, 111, lecture notes 631–2 386 Leder, S. 632 buildings and plan 47, 53; palaces 106, 125, legends 199, 361 Iranian 103, 115, 144; Alexander traditions Muslim conquest 112–07, 106n, 196, 199, 201 147, 149, 150 Roman attacks 74–5, 76, 82 al-Kahina 584, 591, 593 wealth 125, 199, 201 legitimisation al-Madapin¯,ı Abu ’l-H. asan 630 Sasanians 114–15, 118, 143 Madelung, Wilferd 630 successor states 364 al-Madharap¯,ı Muh.ammad 565, 567 western Islamic states 376, 596, 613–14, al-Madharap¯ı family 335, 560–1, 563–4, 565 621, 695 madhhabs (schools of law) 350–1 see also under Fat.imids; Ghaznavids; jihad see also law and jurisprudence (schools of Leiden, university of 627 jurisprudence) Leo III, Byzantine emperor 235, 522 Madhh.ij tribal confederation 415 León 342–3 Mad¯natı Iyyih (Tolmo de Minateda, Albacete) Leptis Magna 582 608 letters Mad¯natı al-Salam (‘city of peace’, Baghdad) between Muqawiya and Byzantine 272 emperors 210 coinage 657, 681, Pls. 16.23, 16.24, 16.27 by Muh.ammad 164n, 174–5, 192, Mad¯natı al-Zahira 620, 621 439, 440 Mad¯natı al-Zahrap 605 between Sasanians and Roman emperors Maghariba (free soldiers from Islamic west) 141nn 309, 565 Levant, geography of 19–20, 23 Maghrib xxxvii Libanius of Antioch 509 see also west and individual states and library; Sh¯ıqite, in Baghdad 388 dynasties Libya 20, 541 Maghrib al-aqs.a 615, 616, 617 limitanei (Roman troops) 87 Magrawa tribe 616 lineage see genealogy Maharashtra 68 linen 572 al-Mahd¯,ı caliph 270, 277–9, 442–3, 535 Lisbon 232 building works 244, 277–8

820

Index

coinage Pls. 16.16, 16.19 Egypt under 276, 553 as heir apparent 273–4, 284, 473 governors 288–90, 498;T. ahirids 285, 287, and Mecca 244, 277–8 482, 490–1 Mahd¯ı dynasty of Zab¯dı 422 and H. ijaz 402, 407 Mahdism and the mahd¯ı 445, 561–2, 614–15 Iranian and Khurasan¯ı connections 276, see also qAbd Allah al-Mahd¯;ı Muh.ammad 284–6, 288–90, 304; governor and ibn al-H. asan; Muh.ammad ibn Ismaq¯lı caliph in Marw 283, 474–5; leaves for al-Mahdiyya, Ifr¯qiyaı 341, 342, 617 Baghdad 286, 475 al-Mah.fuz.a, near Brahmanabad 240–1 and Mazyar 481–2 Mah.mud of Ghazna xxv, 373–7, 505 political supporters 287, 288–90 army 374, 375, 377 and regionalism 304, 475 coinage Pl. 16.33 religious and intellectual life under 283, 286, honorific titles 372, 377 288, 291–5;Muqtazilism 291–3, 294–5, Indian campaigns 375–7 392–3 and jihad 375–6, 377 reunification and reorganisation of empire in Khurasan 372–3, 504 286–91 and Khwarazm 374, 378 and S¯stı an 488 and Qarakhanids 505 and succession 286, 420, 475 and Samanids 372, 504 taxation 276, 288 Sunnism 373, 374, 376, 391, 393 and Yemen 420–1 Mahuya, marzban of Marw 454, 462 Mapmunids of Jurjanj 500 majalis al-h.ikma (Ismaq¯lı ¯ı proselytising Maqn, Banu 429 sessions) 341 Maqn ibn Zapida al-Shayban¯ı 275, 419, 486, 487 Majd al-Dawla, Buyid ruler of Rayy 374 Manakh¯ı dynasty of Yemen 422, 424 Makan ibn Kak¯ı 347 Manat (Medinan idol) 163 Makhzum clan 409 Manbij Pl. 16.11 Makran 21, 28, 240, 453, 467 Manda 681 Málaga 232 Man¯ıq, Numayrid ruler Pl. 16.39 Malalas, John 101, 142 Mani, religious leader 124–5, 131, 149, 683 Malat.ya (Melitene) 28, 136, 235–6, 529, 566 manpower see army, caliphal (ethnic Malays resettled in Syria 517 composition); labour; mercenaries; Malechus (Podosaces, phylarch) 91 slaves and slavery Malik ibn qAnas 271, 278, 400 Manichaeism 102, 223, 477 Malik Shah I ibn Alp Arslan, Saljuq leader 383, in Sasanian empire 102, 130, 131–2, 133, 144 Pl. 16.34 al-Mans.ur, AbuJa qfar, qAbbasid caliph xxiv, 1, Malik¯ı school of law 424, 693 269–77 in al-Andalus 303, 588, 605–6, 619 and Abu Muslim 340, 472, 491 in Ifr¯qiyaı 341, 342, 590, 605–6, 617; administration 274–5, 276, 278 Aghlabids and 318–19, 606 qAlid challenges 269–72, 407, 528–9 Maqmar ibn Rashid 525 and Arab elite 274, 275, 302, 528 mamlakat al-islam (‘realm of Islam’) 359 Baghdad founded by 1–2, 7, 272–3, 674 mamluks see ghulam choice as caliph 472 al-Mapmun, caliph xxiv, 270, 285–95 consolidation of caliphal power 255, 266–7, and qAlids 286, 474 269–72, 276, 472 army xxiv, 287–8, 290, 296 finances 276–7 and Baghdad 286, 474–5 and Iranian elements in empire 302 and Byzantium 290–1, 302, 529 Khalid ibn Barmak as adviser 281 Caspian region under 481–2 and provinces 278, 442, 472–3, 480, 590; and cities of east 482 Syria 275, 528, 533–4; Yemen 419 civil war against al-Am¯nı xxiv, 282–3, 284–6, religious policies 293 407, 473–4, 528, 552–3 and succession 273–4, 284 coinage reform 288, 474, 659, Pls. 16.22, and Umayyads of al-Andalus 303 16.23 al-Mans.ur, Fat.imid caliph 342, 562, 617

821

Index

Mans.ur, Abu ’l-H. arith, Samanid ruler 372–3 defeat and death xxiv, 264–5, 550 al-Mans.ur, Muh.ammad ibn Ab¯Aı ¯ mir and Egypt 263, 264–5, 550 (Almanzor) 376, 620–1 and T. alib al-H. aqq 407, 418–19 al-Mans.ur ibn Bulugg¯n,ı Z¯ridı ruler 574 widow marries S.alih. ibn qAl¯ı 529 al-Mans.ur ibn al-Mufad.d.al 429 Marwanid period (705–63) 226–68 Mans.ur ibn Nuh .,Samanid am¯rı 503 see also individual caliphs and topics Mans.ur al-T. unbudh¯ı 610 throughout index Mans.ur al-Yaman (Abu ’l-Qasim ibn Marwanids (Kurdish) 363, 381, 382, 383 H. awshab) 427 and town of Amida 381, 382 al-Mans.ura, Sind 240–1, 673, 674 Mary the Virgin, St; grave in Jerusalem 516, al-Mans.uriyya, Fat.imid capital 341 520 Mantai, Sri Lanka 679–80 Masala ibn H. abus 616 al-Maqr¯zı ¯ı 555, 570 Masar, mountain of 427 maqs.ura (enclosure in mosque for caliph) 210 Mashariqa (Egyptian faction) 565 Mar Sabas, monastery of 509 Mashhad; tomb of qAl¯ı al-Rid.a 390 Maragha 382, Pl. 16.30 al-mashriq (‘the eastern lands’) 448, 449, 474 Marajil, mother of al-Mapmun 477 Masjid-i Soleiman 48 Marqash 529 Maslama, Banu 586 Marcomanni 75 Maslama ibn qAbd al-Malik 229, 520 Mardanshah, mas.mughan of Dunbawand 462 campaigns 235, 237, 253 Mardav¯jı ibn Ziyar xxv, 347, 348, 354, 361–2 Masqat. 437 Maprib 414 al-Mas.s.¯sı.a (Mopsuestia) 529, 539 Mar¯nidı dynasty 695 Masts, battle of the 511, 514 Marj Rahit., battle of 216, 519 Masqud al-qAbd¯ı 441 Marj al-Sabalan, battle of 237 Masqud ibn Mah.mud ibn Sebüktegin, ruler of markets 619, 650, 671 Ghazna 377–80 marriage mathematics 423 Arab–Visigothic, in al-Andalus 586–7 al-Matur¯dı ¯,ı Abu Mans.ur 501 Sasanian: law 117; royal consanguineous Maurice, Roman emperor 137, 141n 116, 119 Mavia 91 Martel, Charles, king of Franks xxiv, 232, 589 mawal¯ı (non-Arab converts) 251, 550 martyrs, Christian 101, 609 qAbbasids and 267–8, 419 Marw 28, 51, 53 administrative posts 219, 419, 620 Abu Muslim takes xxiv, 264 in al-Andalus 620 coinage 662 in army 465 conversion of Christians to Islam 464 conditions of conversion 550 Mahuya ’s rule 454, 462 in Iran 263 al-Mapmun in 283, 286, 474–5 resent Syro-Jaz¯ranı troops 252 under Marwan II 260–1, 263 qulamap 606, 688 Muslim conquest 453, 454, 455, 459, 462 qUmar ibn qAbd al-qAz¯zı promotes equality Saljuqs occupy 379–80 522, 523 T. ahirid move of capital to N¯shı apur 493, Mawdud ibn Masqud, ruler of Ghazna 380 499–500 Maximus the Confessor 509 trade 50, 51, 68 Maysara al-Madghar¯ı 591, 595 Yazdegerd III assassinated at xxiii, 112, 454 Mayyafariq¯nı xxv, 363, 381, 382, 537 Marw al-Rudh 453, 454, 455, 459 Mazara 611 Marwa, hill at Mecca 190 Mazdakism Marwan I ibn al-H. akam, caliph 213, 216, 519 in eighth–ninth centuries 477, 483 civil war against Ibn al-Zubayr see ﬁtnas under Sasanians 85, 109–10, 122, 130, 132 (second) Mazyad, Banu, or Mazyadids xxv, 362, Marwan II ibn Muh.ammad, caliph xxiv, 213, 384–5, 386 258–61, 527 Mazyar ibn Qarin, ruler of T. abaristan 289–90, career before accession 237, 257 295, 481–3

822

Index

Mecca pre-Islamic society 154, 157, 167–70 administration 401, 402, 442 revolts 260, 271, 407–8, 409 agriculture 166–7 rulers: Abu al-Futuh . and son 412;H. usaynids buildings 217, 277, 403–4, 428 411; Ikhsh¯didsı 410;Jaqfarids 410;T. alib caliphs and 277–8, 280, 399, 403–4, 410 al-H. aqq 418 decline 409, 413 Sasanian authority in 164–5 excavations not permitted 664 scholars 525 Fat.imid influence 428, 574 sources 154, 398 food supply 399 special status 244, 403–5 hills of Marwa and al-S. afap 190 trade 57 Ibn T. ul un defeated at 409 Umayyads and 227, 260, 401, 406, 516 idol worship, polytheism 161–2, 163, 173 see also under Muh.ammad, the Prophet mosques 277, 403 Mediterranean region pre-Islamic period 154, 161, 166–7, 399 agriculture 30, 34 Qarmat.¯ı sack and theft of Black Stone xxv, climate 24 351, 410, 445 communications 13 qibla 189 landscape 19 rebellions and disorder 260, 279–80, 406–13 trade 27, 600–1, 678 rulers and conquerors: H. asanids 411; Melilla 616 Hawashim 412; Ibn al-Zubayr xxiii, Melitene (Malat.ya) 28, 136, 235–6, 529, 566 216–17, 406–7; Ibrah¯mı ibn Mus a al- Melkites 534 Kaz.im 420; Ikhsh¯didsı 410; Quraysh: Melque, al-Andalus 608 166, 399; Qus.ayy 164; Saljuqs 413;T. alib Menander Protector 101, 124, 141–2 al-H. aqq 418 mercenaries 57, 107, 309 scholars in 413, 525 Turkish commanders xxv, 296, 297, 301, sources on 154, 398 308, 310 special status 244, 403–5 see also under Daylam and Daylamites trade 20, 27, 57, 60, 166, 182, 399, 420, 643 merchants 413, 472, 531 Umayyads executed in 406 Mérida 232, 601, 612 see also Kaqba; pilgrimage; and under Merovingians 678 Muh.ammad, the Prophet Mesene 128 Media 21, 28, 30, 452 Mesopotamia medicine 127, 132–3, 142n agriculture 506; Sasanian 29, 30, 39–40, 56, Medina 64–5, 69; Umayyad period 226, 246, 684 administration 401, 402 Chinese imports 680 agriculture 168 Christianity 514–16 buildings 403–4, 410, 664; mosques 204, 227, cities 46, 47, 48, 49 403 climate 24 caliphate based in 204, 209–10, 399 coinage 655, 657, 658, 663, Pls. 16.11, 16.21 Constitution of 157, 188–90 early caliphs’ direct rule 209 and Fat.imid Egypt 412, 574 irrigation and canals 34, 39–40, 48, 55, 56, 112 first fitna 406, 432 Jewish rabbinic schools 130 food supply 399, 403 Kharijite rebellion (695-6) 218 governors 244, 401, 431, 442 landscape 19, 20–1 Harun al-Rash¯dı ’s endowments 280 Muslim conquest 196–7, 511 idol worship 162–3 population 39–40, 49 Jews 173, 189; before Islam 161, 164–5, 168, Qarmat.¯ı raids 444 169–70; expulsions and executions Roman–Sasanian campaigns 48, 64–5, 136 158–9, 189; and Muh.ammad 173, 184, routes 27, 28, 49, 69 189, 191, 223 Sasanian economy 29, 30, 39–40, 47, 56, location 20 64–5, 69 names 173 Sayf al-Dawla takes western 537 and nomads 160–1 in second fitna 216

823

Index

Mesopotamia (cont.) Egypt 549, 554, 556 taxation 219 ﬁnancial eﬀect of Muslim conquest 512, 515 see also al-Jaz¯ra;ı Sawad stories involving monks 1, 2, 8, 184 messianic beliefs 273, 302, 478 Syria 508–9, 510, 512, 515, 535, 540 and qAbbad al-Ruqayn¯ı 418 taxation 549 and Abu Muslim al-Khurasan¯ı 269 wealth 199, 512, 515 and al-Muqannaq 277 monetisation 59 and Sunbadh the Magian 476 Late Antiquity 30–1, 59, 61, 63, 67 and Zanj revolt 558 Marwanid 245 see also Mahdism and the mahd¯ı; money millennarianism non-physical forms 649 metals, precious 36, 65, 70–1, 94 see also coinage; monetisation see also gold; silver Mongols 11 Mheila 678 monotheism Michael the Syrian 522 Arabian pre-Islamic 177–83, 223–4 Midrarids (rulers of Sijilmasa) 343, 595, 616 relationship of Islam and other monotheist mih.na (doctrine of createdness of Qurpan) beliefs 174, 186, 643, 686 xxiv, 291–3, 294–5, 531–2, 557 see also Christianity; Islam; Jews and abandonment 297, 298–9, 301, 307, 392, 557, Judaism 686–7 months xxi Mihranids of Rayy 452 Mopsuestia (al-Mas.s.¯sı.a) 529, 539 Miknasa 616 Morocco 583, 591, 595–6 Mila 615 see also Fez; Idr¯sidı dynasty milestones 220, 400 mosaics 106, 140, 277, 522 militarisation Moses 189 Arab society, in Late Antiquity 96, 97 mosques ninth-century, of state 13, 332 location and importance in cities 7, 273, Sasanian cities 48, 50, 51 673–4, 682 militias, popular (qayyarun) 316, 317, 489, 493, 494 maqs.ura, private enclosure for caliph 210 milk brotherhood, qAbbasid–Barmakid 282 at places where Prophet had prayed 403–4 millennarianism 272, 340, 528, 575 standard form 210 see also Mahdism and the mahd¯ı; messianic two congregational, at Samarrap 675 beliefs Umayyad 227, 403–4, 521 millet 32 see also under individual cities mineral resources 27, 29, 35–6 Mosul 237, 243–4, 248, 259–60, 274–5, 537 see also metals; precious and individual Buyid rule 366, 368 metals coinage 663 minting see coinage H. amdanid rule 355, 367, 368, 694 Mirdasids (rulers of Aleppo) 362, 383–4, 385–6, Kharijism 253–4 577–8 Kurds in area of 380, 384 Misikhe, battle of 100 Turks occupy 387 Miskawayh, Abu qAl¯ı 348, 354, 375, 390 qUqaylid state 363, 383–4, 385, 386–7 Mis.r (Egypt, or Fust.at.) 546 Mottahedeh, R. 639 mis.r see garrison towns Motzki, H. 636 missionaries Mozarabs 608–9 Kharijite in North Africa 595, 596–7 Mshatta palace 298 see also under Ismaq¯liyyaı Msila 617 Miswar, Jabal 427 Muqadh ibn Muslim al-Dhuhl¯ı 274 al-Mizza 256 Muqawiya I ibn Ab¯ı Sufyan, caliph xxiii, 205, mobads (Zoroastrian priests) 116 209–11, 512–18 monasticism accession 204, 516 Arabia 92, 179 administration 208, 209–11, 401, 517 Cordoba area 609 and Bah.rayn 440, 441

824

Index

building works 518, 526, 665, 666 and Kaqba 184, 187, 190 and Byzantium 210, 514 leadership 174, 175, 224 and Christianity 520 letters 164n, 174–5, 192, 439, 440 civil war against qAl¯ı see fitnas(first) and Mecca: life in, to hijra xxiii, 166, 183–7; coinage 210, 211, 517, 654, 665 campaigns against 190–2; Meccans’ conquest of North Africa 583 surrender 161–2, 190–1, 191–2, 224, 399; conservatism 214 pilgrimage to 191, 389 and H. ijaz 401, 402, 403, 406 in Medina xxiii, 173, 174, 187–93, 399; see also and Jerusalem 520, 665 hijra kinship 209, 213, 214 mosque at each place where Prophet leadership 175 prayed 403–4 and Sh¯ıqism 215, 389 and al-Mundhir ibn Sawa 164n succession to 205, 215, 217 name as postdating Prophetic claims 184 titles 210, 665, 686 and nomads 159–60, 190, 438 and Yemen 417 prophecy, style of 185, 187, 224 Muqawiya II ibn Yaz¯d,ı caliph 213, 215, 518–19 Qurpan addresses problems faced by Muqawiya ibn Hisham 213, 235 186, 190 Muqawiya ibn H. udayj 547 and Quraysh 184, 191–2, 399 al-Mupayyad 298, 309 religious influences on 173, 186, 223 Mubayyid.a 476 revelations 173, 184–7; see also Qurpan Mud.ar faction 253, 434–5, 523 seal of prophethood 184 Mudhaykhira 426, 427 social criticism 187 al-Mufad.d.al ibn Ab¯ı al-Barakat 429 sources on 5–6, 628, 630 al-Muf¯d,ı al-Shaykh 388 stories of recognition as prophet 184 Mugh, Mount 478 succession to 193–5, 205–6, 389, 391 al-Mugh¯raı ibn Shuqba 416 sunna (doctrine of prophetic precedence) muh.addithun see h.ad¯thı and traditionalism 689–90 muhajirun (‘Emigrants’) 159, 187, 188, 204–5 and Umayyads 513 muh.akkim (Kharijite appellation) 207 and umma 189 Muhallab ibn Ab¯Sı . ufra 487 and Yemen 415 al-Muhallab¯,ı Abu Muh.ammad al-H. asan ibn Muh.ammad, ‘the Pure Soul’ xxiv Muh.ammad 389 Muh.ammad ibn qAbbad 275 Muhallab¯ı family of Oman 432 Muh.ammad ibn qAbd Allah ibn T. ahir 310, 315 Muhallabid governors of Ifr¯qiyaı 599 Muh.ammad ibn qAbd Allah ibn Ziyad Muh.ammad, the Prophet xxii, xxiii, 183–93 (Muh.ammad al-Ziyad¯)ı 421 and Abu Bakr 391 Muh.ammad ibn qAbd al-Kan 561 and Abu Sufyan 513 Muh.ammad I ibn qAbd al-Rah.man, Umayyad and qAl¯ı 205–6, 389 ruler of Spain 597, 612 and apocalyptic concerns 644–5 Muh.ammad ibn Abi ’l-Saj al-Afsh¯nı 409 as arbitrator 174 Muh.ammad ibn qAl¯ı 262 and Bedouin 159–60, 190 Muh.ammad ibn Dawud ibn al-Jarrah. 333 campaigns 174, 189–93, 195, 399, 439–40, 684 Muh.ammad ibn al-H. anafiyya 206–7, 216–17 and Christians 184, 223 Muh.ammad ibn al-H. asan, the mahd¯ı 265, coinage with name on 654–5, 655–6, 665 326, 614 commercial dealings 166, 168n Muh.ammad ibn H. umayd al-T. us ¯ı 287 death xxiii, 193 Muh.ammad ibn Ismaq¯lı ibn Jaqfar al-S.adiq, the genealogy 169, 188 mahd¯ı 326, 327, 536, 614 hijra xxi, xxiii, 173, 187–8 Muh.ammad ibn Jaqfar AbuH ashim 412 illiteracy, dogma of 182, 185–6 Muh.ammad ibn Jaqfar al-S.adiq 408 Islam and Islamic state modelled on 7–8, Muh.ammad ibn Khanbash 438 10–11, 175 Muh.ammad ibn Khazar 616 and Jews 173, 184, 189, 191, 223 Muh.ammad ibn Mah.mud ibn Sebüktegin, and jihad 190, 195 Ghaznavid ruler 377

825

Index

Muh.ammad ibn al-Musayyab, qUqaylid al-Mundhir ibn al-H. arith, Ghassanid shaykh 92 ruler 386 al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nuqman, Lakhmid Muh.ammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqaf¯ı 240, 241, 376 shaykh 92, 165 Muh.ammad ibn Sar¯ı ibn al-H. akam 552 al-Mundhir ibn Sawa al-Tam¯mı ¯,ı governor of Muh.ammad ibn Sulayman ibn Dapud 407–8, 410 Bah.rayn 164, 439, 440, 164n Muh.ammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib 338, 562, Mupnis al-Muz.affar, al-Khadim 349, 350, 351, 563, 574 355, 410, 565 Muh.ammad ibn T. ahir 494, 495 Egyptian campaigns 339, 340, 349, 564 Muh.ammad ibn Tak¯nı 565 execution 352, 565 Muh.ammad ibn Thawr, governor of al-Muntas.ir, caliph 270, 298, 300, 305, 308, 309 Bah.rayn 435 and assassination of al-Mutawakkil 300, 305, Muh.ammad ibn T. ughj, al-ikhsh¯dı 339, 355–6, 306, 308 562, 565–6 and Egypt 557, 558–9 Muh.ammad ibn qUbayd Allah 411 Munuza 591 Muh.ammad ibn Zapida, ruler of Oman 433 al-Muqaddas¯ı 448, 501, 502, 539, 554 Muh.ammad ibn Zayd 327 al-Muqallad ibn Muh.ammad, qUqaylid ruler 386 Muh.ammad al-Baqir 254, 265 Muq an 467 Muh.ammad al-Mahd¯ı see al-Mahd¯,ı caliph al-Muqannaq 277, 477, 478, 479 Muh.ammad al-Muntaz.ar see Muh.ammad ibn ‘al-Muqawqas’ (Cyrus, bishop of Phasis) 543 al-H. asan al-Muqtadir, caliph xxv, 270, 339, 349–52, 383, Muh.ammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 265, 271–2, 498, 502 407, 552 coinage 661 Muh.ammad al-Qapim, Fat.imid caliph 562, decline of caliphate 11, 563 565, 567, 617 and Jews and Christians 334 Muh.ammad al-Ziyad¯ı (Muh.ammad ibn qAbd revolts against xxv, 350, 355 Allah ibn Ziyad) 421 Murcia 586–7, 618–19 al-Muh.ammadiyya see Rayy Murjipa theological school 460, 464, 469, 691 Muh.ammira 476 al-Murtad.a, al-Shar¯fı 388 Muhanna, Banu 411, 412 Mus a ibn Abi ’l-A¯ fiya 616–17 Muh.arram, tenth of 189, 388–9 Mus a ibn al-Am¯nı (‘al-Nat.iq bi’l-H. aqq’) 285 al-Muh.asib¯ı 351 Mus a ibn Bugha 310, 311, 320, 321, 323, 560 al-Muh.assin ibn al-Furat 351 Mus a ibn al-Mahd¯ı see al-Had¯,ı caliph al-Muhtad¯,ı caliph 270, 300, 311–13 Mus a ibn Mus.qab 533–4 Muir, Sir William 626 Mus a ibn Nus.ayr 231–2, 548, 584–5, 588 al-Muqizz, Fat.imid caliph 411–12, 567–8, 568–70, Mus a al-Kaz.im 206, 326 617, 618, Pl. 16.37 Mus.qab ibn al-Zubayr 441, 654 Muqizz al-Dawla (Ah.mad ibn Buya) 347, 365, al-Musabbih.¯ı 575 366, 367–8, 389 mus.adara (investigation of supposed as am¯rı al-umarap 348, 356, 365 embezzlement) 334, 349–50, 351, 357 early career 348, 356 Musaylima ibn H. ab¯bı 181 establishes power in Baghdad xxv, 356, 362, music 400 365, 499 Muslim ibn Quraysh, qUqaylid ruler 387 al-Muqizziyya 569, 570 Muslim ibn Saq¯dı al-Kilab¯ı 457 Mujashiq ibn Maqsud al-Sulam¯ı 453 muslimun/mupminunp distinction 571 al-Mukarram Ah.mad ibn qAl¯ı al-S. ulayh.¯ı 428 al-Mustaq¯n,ı caliph xxv, 270, 300, 309–11, 320 al-Mukhtar AbuH . amza 206, 216–17, 254, al-Mustakf¯,ı caliph 270, 356, 362, 365 407, 459 al-Mustaql¯ı bi-Allah 428 al-Mukhtara 324 al-Mustans.ir, Fat.imid caliph 428, 578, 579, Mukramids of Oman 436–7 Pl. 16.38 al-Muktaf¯,ı caliph 270, 336, 337–9, 349 al-Muqtadd, Umayyad caliph of al-Andalus 621 mules 35 al-Muqtad.id, caliph (Abu ’l-qAbbas ibn al- Multan 376 Muwaffaq) 270, 324, 332–7 mupminunp/muslimun distinction 571 and peripheral provinces 332–3, 335–7, 435

826

Index

and Qaramit.a 337, 444 al-Mut.¯ıq, caliph 270, 356, 362, 499 and T. ul unids 336, 561 mutilation, judicial 338, 576 and Zanj revolt 324, 332 al-Muttaq¯,ı caliph 270, 355–7, 566, Pl. 16.27 al-Muqtamid, caliph 270, 311 al-Muwaffad. 559 and Ah.mad ibn T. ul un 320–1, 560; attempts al-Muwaffaq ibn al-Mutawakkil, AbuAh .mad to flee to 322, 323, 560 270, 332, 496 death 332 and army 314, 323, 335 and al-Muwaffaq 314, 320–1, 323, 560 and al-Muqtamid 314, 320–1, 323, 560 and S. affarids 316–17, 495–6 and T. ul unids 322, 335, 560, 561 and Samanids 344, 498–9 and Zanj revolt 321, 324, 335 waz¯rı s 323 muwalladun (Andalusian Muslims of al-Muptamin ibn Harun al-Rash¯dı 279, 322 indigenous stock) 588, 612–13 al-Mutanabb¯,ı Abu ’l-T. ayyib Ah.mad 537 Muzah.im 559 Mut.arrif ibn Shihab and Mut.arrifiyya 426 Muzayna tribe 154 al-Muqtas.im, caliph 270, 289–90, 291, 296 myth see legends Amorion campaign 302, 529 and Caspian region 482–3 Nabataeans 89, 90 coinage 659, Pl. 16.24 Nabhan¯ı dynasty of Oman 438 and Egypt 290, 553, 557 Nad.¯r,ı Banu (Jewish tribe of Medina) 158–9, military emphasis 290, 296, 298, 299, 301, 335 164–5, 168, 169–70, 189 religious policies 294 Nafiq (ruler of Oman) 436 Samarrap as capital xxiv, 296–7, 312, 675; Nafiq (scholar) 400 al-Jawsaq (Dar al-Khilafa) palace 297, 298 Nafiq ibn al-Azraq 459 and vizierate 298 al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Muh.ammad 265, 271–2, mutat.awwiqa (‘volunteers’) 317 407, 552 al-Mutawakkil, caliph xxv, 270, 298–300, 305–8 Nahrawan administration of H. ijaz 401 battle of 207, 418 and qAlids 408 canal 354 and army xxv, 298, 299, 301, 308, 309, 310 Najah., ruler of Zab¯dı 427 assassination xxv, 300, 305–7, 309, 535, 558 Najah.¯ı dynasty of Yemen 421–2, 427, 428, 429 authority 298, 299, 301 Najd 160, 181, 397, 408, 414, 438–47 and Bah.rayn and Yamama 442 Najda ibn qA¯ mir 418, 432, 441 ceremonial 298, 308 Najran 417, 421, 426 coinage 659 Christians and Jews 178–9, 417 extravagance 299–300, 308 Nakhla, raid at 167, 186, 190 Nubian campaign 302 Namara, H. awran 91 patronage of poets 308 Napoleon I, emperor of France; and religious policies 297, 298–9, 301, 307, 557 Déscription de l’Égypte 627 and Samarrap 299, 308, 309, 675; builds al- Naqsh-i Rajab rock-cut reliefs 105 Jaqfariyya/al-Mutawakkiliyya xxv, Naqsh-i Rustam 48 297–8, 299, 300, 675, 677; palaces 297, Kaqba-i Zardusht 99, 143 299–301, 308, 309 res gestae of Shapur I 98–9, 117, 119, 123–4, 146 succession arrangements 298, 308, 310 rock-cut reliefs 76, 105, 143, 146 and Turks xxv, 308, 309, 310 Narbonne 232, 589 al-Mutawakkiliyya/al-Jaqfariyya, Samarrap Narseh, king of Persia 81, 99, 118, 151 xxv, 297–8, 299, 300, 675, 677 Paikuli inscription 98–9, 117, 119–20, 124, 148n Muqtazila 291–3, 294–5, 298–9, 392–3, 598 Narshakh¯ı 463–4 al-Muqtazz, caliph 270, 300, 311 Nasa 454 coinage 659 Nasaf 477 civil war against al-Mustaq¯nı xxv, 310–11, 314 Nas.ir al-Dawla (al-H. asan ibn Ab¯ı al-Hayjap, and succession to al-Mutawakkil 297, 298, H. amdanid) 354, 355, 367, 537, 579 300, 308, 309 Nas.ir al-D¯nı wa-al-Dawla (title of Sebüktegin) and Turks 308, 309, 310 372

827

Index

al-Nas.ir ila ’l-H. aqq 327 Nisibis 27, 132 Nas.ir al-Kab¯rı 500 coinage Pl. 16.29 Nas.ir-i Khusraw 413, 447 in Roman–Sasanian wars 85, 86, 108, 134, 136 Nas.r I ibn Ah.mad ibn Saman-khuda, Samanid N¯zakı T. arkhan 455, 457, 462, 470 ruler 337, 344, 345, 497, 498–9 Niz.am al-Mulk 346, 477 Nas.r II ibn Ah.mad ibn Ismaq¯l,ı Samanid ruler Nizar¯sı 434–5, 694 345, 346, 347, 499, 503–4, Pl. 16.32 Nizwa school of Ibad.ism 435–6, 437, 438 Nas.r ibn Nas.r ibn Ah.mad ibn Saman-khuda Nobles, battle of the 233, 591 499 Nöldeke, Theodor 635 Nas.r ibn Sayyar 239–40, 263–4, 457, 470 nomads 153 Nas.r ibn Sebüktegin 372 in North Africa 30 Nas.r ibn Shabath al-qUqayl¯ı 286, 287, 491 semi-nomads, Arab 57, 153, 324–5, 328, 398–9 Nas.r al-Dawla (Kurdish Marwanid) 381 and settled populations 92–3, 157–61, 383–4, nationalism 385–6, 400, 413 in Islamic east 477, 483, 494 see also Bedouin; pastoralism modern scholars’ articulation 628, 645–6 ‘northern’–‘southern’ rivalry see Qays; Mud.ar; Navasarika, Gujarat 241 Yaman (tribal faction) navies and naval warfare notables 79–80, 243–4 qAbbasid 302, 340 Sasanian dihqans 51–2, 54, 122, 344–5 against Byzantium 235, 511, 514, 568 ummal al-haraj 51–2 Egyptian 243, 544;Fat.imid 340, 564–5, 568, see also elites 577, 617 notebooks, students’ 631–2 Vandals 83 Noth, Albrecht 631, 636 Negev 25, 31, 198 Nubia 302, 557 negotiation and renegotiation, social 356–7 and Egypt 541, 547, 559, 566, 568, 574 Neoplatonism 126, 142n, 327, 346 Nuh . I ibn Nas.r, Samanid ruler 346, 372, 504 Nessana 25, 213 Nuh . II ibn Mans.ur, Samanid ruler 504 papyri 509, 517, 519 Nuh . ibn Asad 289, 498 Nestorianism see Christianity (Nestorian) al-Nukkariyya branch of Ibad.ism 598, 617 Nevo, Yehuda 643 al-Nuqman III ibn al-Mundhir, Lakhmid ruler new men xxii, 138, 165 ninth-century 315 al-Nuqman ibn Ab¯ı qAbd Allah Muh.ammad Sasanian aristocracy 120, 122 al-Maghrib¯,ı Qad.¯ı 331, 341 Ngila, near Tripoli; cemetery 609–10 sons of 571–2 Nicaea 28–9, 235 Numayrids 384, Pl. 16.39 Nicephorus I, Byzantine emperor 281 numerals 333 Nicephorus II Phocas, Byzantine numismatics see coinage emperor 538 Nur al-D¯nı Mah.mud, ruler of Aleppo 663, Niebla 592 Pl. 16.40 Nihawand 196 al-Nushar ¯,ı governor of Egypt 563 battle of 112, 113, 451 nuts 32 Nile Valley and Delta 19–20, 34–5 Nineveh 27, 112, 139 oases N¯shı apur 264, 347, 374, 454, 476, 680 Arabian Peninsula 20, 399 coinage 662, Pl. 16.34 Iranian plateau 21, 32 Ghaznavid rule 374, 380 oaths 132, 356–7 learning 127, 304 occultation (ghayba) of imams 206, 326, 327, Muslim conquest 453, 454 387–8, 614, 693 routes 28, 468 Odenathus, Septimius, of Palmyra 77, 78, 108 S. aﬀarid rule 316, 344, 494, 495 Odessos (Varna) 57n Saljuq occupation 379–80 oﬃcials see administration; governors, under Samanids 344, 499–500 provincial; scribes; vizierate T. ahirid capital 493, 499–500 Ogelos son of Makkaios, of Palmyra 90

828

Index

oil 27, 29, 31, 59–60, 62–3, 246 linear plans of Umayyad 298 al-qOla (formerly Dedan) 20 location within cities 7, 273, 674 olives 29–30, 34 palatine cities and complexes see oil 27, 29, 31, 59–60, 62–3, 246 al-qAbbasiyya; Mad¯natı al-Zahrap; al- Oman 430–8 Qat.apiq; Raqqada administration 401 Sasanian 46, 105–6, 125, 139, 140, 361 Azd tribe 432–3, 434, 435; see also Julanda rule see also individual palaces, and under below; Yaz¯dı ibn al-Muhallab individual cities and rulers Buyids and 436–7 Palermo 319, 341, 611 and central government 397 Palestine 19, 209, 220, 266, 384, 569 conversion to Islam 430–1 agriculture 29 governors 431, 432, 440 Ah.mad ibn T. ul un and 321, 559 and Hadramawt 423 Chalcedonian Church 510 Ibad.¯sı 418, 423, 432, 435–6, 438; imamate 433, cities 44 434–5, 437, 443 economy 57, 64, 65, 198, 532 Iranian influence 58, 164, 430, 431 Islamisation and Arabisation 532, 534–5 irrigation 47 Muslim conquest 192, 196, 198 Ismaq¯liyyaı 427, 429–30; see also Ibad.¯sı above population 39, 509 Julanda rule 431–2, 433, 434 routes 27, 28 Kharijism 418, 423, 432; see also Ibad.¯sı above Sasanian occupation 86, 88, 93–4 landscape 430–1 Palmyra 76–8, 108 mining 35, 36 inscriptions 76, 77, 78, 90 navigation 432 under Marwanids 248, 259 Qarmat.¯ı raids 444 trade 76, 90, 248 riddat ahl qUman 431, 432, 438 palynology 23 Saljuq power in 438 Pamplona 342–3 Sasanian control 58, 164 Panchatantra: 127 society 430–1, 434, 435, 438 panegyric 249 sources’ deficiencies 397, 430–1 Panjgur 50 trade 68, 432, 434, 437, 440–1, 679 papacy 678 tribal culture 430, 434, 435, 438 paper 687 oral tradition 153–4, 157, 185, 224, 631–2 papyrus ordeal 132, 139–40 Egyptian exports to Europe 678 Orientalism see scholarship (MODERN) texts: bism allah on early bilingual 665; Orontes basin 539 Manichaean 102;Muqawiya’s name Ortaias, Berber chieftain 582 and title in protocols 210; Nessana, on Otto I, German emperor 343 taxation 517, 519; as source on Egypt Ottomans 373 62, 100, 212–13, 243, 542 Oxford, university of 627 parchment, texts on 100, 102 Paris, university of 627 Pabag, king of Persia 124 Parsis 460 paganism 509 Parthia 74–5, 129, 139, 145–6, 147 see also idol worship; polytheism Sasanian conquest 75, 99, 108; and Parthian pagarchs (Egyptian tax officials) 243, 544, 545, 551 aristocratic clans 115, 119–20, 144, 148 Pahlavi dynasty of Iran 143 Pass, battle of the 239 Paikuli 143 pastoralism 29, 30, 386, 387 inscriptions 98–9, 117, 119–20, 124, 148n and agriculture 30, 385 paintings, mural 250–1, 298 in Najd 439, 441 palaces variation with environment 19, 29; see also Byzantine empire centred on 80 nomads coups; assassination of al-Mutawakkil as Pate, Lamu archipelago 681 paradigm 300 patents of investiture 472, 495, 496, 499 of heirs apparent 297 patrimonial state, Weberian model of 574

829

Index

patronage Petrus Patricius 142 caliphal 249–50, 276, 283–4, 308, 410, 687 pharmaceutical texts 127 in dynastic states 355, 693, 694; of Bedouin phases of early Islamic history 11 states by settled rulers 384–5; first, rise and consolidation of unitary state H. amdanid 355, 537–8, 694;T. ahirid 289, 12–13 315, 494 second, disintegration of unitary state 13–15 of Holy Cities 403–4, 410 Philip the Arab, Roman emperor 76, 105, 140 of literary Persian 129, 503 philosophy 132–3, 638 of poetry 276, 289, 308, 345, 537, 538 and Islamic religion 292, 295 political 120, 249–50, 320, 384–5 see also Neoplatonism religious 14, 43, 388, 410, 687, 693 Phocas, Roman emperor 138, 142n Roman 43 phylarchs, Arab 90 Samanid cultural 345, 503 see also Ghassanids; Lakhmids Sasanian 120, 129; of Nestorian Church 95, physical and strategic environment 19–36 130, 132, 133, 134 pigs 35 peasants pilgrimage (h.ajj) Egyptian, and administration 545, 549 qAbbasids and 275, 277–8, 280, 361, 442 farming 32, 35 attacks on 389, 406;byashraf 413;by Muslim conquests and 200, 208 Bedouin 361, 383, 568; by Qaramit.a 383, Sasanian 53, 117, 122 444, 447 Pechina 601–2 first 193 Pella, Jordan 64, 671 food supply 568 pepper trade 572 leadership 275, 280, 402, 409–10, 419 perfume trade 57 Muh.ammad and 191, 389 perjury 356–7 pre-Islamic precursors 161 persecutions see under Christians and protection 393, 444, 446, 568 Christianity; Manichaeism; Sh¯ıqism; roads 277–8, 400, 442; Darb Zubayda 280–1, Zoroastrianism 669, 680;wateringplaces280–1, 403, 669 Persepolis 146 to Sh¯ıqite shrines 389–90 Persia see Iran; Persian language; Sasanian qUmar’s works for benefitof403 empire violation of sanctity 406, 407, 413 Persian Gates 28 pillars of Islam, five 692–3 Persian Gulf 27, 28, 50, 66–7, 432, 440–1, 678–81 Pindos mountains 22 Persian language 13, 345, 502–3 Pirenne, Henri 600 administrative use 345, 371, 375, 470, 502–3, Pishdadians (mythical rulers of Iran) 146 505 Pisidia 45 dar¯ı form 502 plague 25, 42, 63, 408–9, 512, 611 dialects 502 of qAmwas 512, 513 in dynastic states 13; see also under pluralism, religious, in early Islamic state 686 Ghaznavids; S. affarids; Samanids; Podosaces (Malechus, Bedouin shaykh) 91, 92 T. ahirids poetry literary: Middle Persian 125, 127–8, 129; New in al-Andalus 613 Persian 345, 502–3, 505; see also history in Arabia 400, 423; pre-Islamic 96, 161, 180 and historiography (Iranian) and under as historical source 629 poetry Persian-language 345, 375, 503 Middle Persian, under Sasanians 99, 102–4, rulers’ patronage 276, 289, 308, 345, 537, 538 125, 127–8, 129, 132 scribes’ education in 333 Qutayba ibn Muslim allows use for prayer Poitiers, battle of xxiv, 232, 589 services 465 policing 110, 518, 551 Peshawar 376 Baghdad 310, 314, 492 Petersen, Erling Ladewig 631 politics Petra, Black Sea 136 adversarial 690–2 Petra, Jordan 509 Arabian influence 7–8

830

Index

climatic change and 22 prisons 165 and disintegration of unitary state 13 privy purse (bayt mal al-khas.s.a) 334 diversity, and cultural flowering 387 Procopius 101 in east 459–60, 466–89 profit, excessive (riba) 650, 661 Islamic fusion with religion and warfare 14, pronunciation xix–xx 173–5, 193, 683–4, 691 prophecy kinship 173–4 Arabian prophets other than Muh.ammad Late Antique influence on Islamic 37–8 181, 189 Sasanian cities’ role 50–2 continuous 254, 269 sources 348 Islam on men’s rejection of 175–6 see also individual institutions, especially Moses and Abraham in Qurpan 189 caliphate; imamate; kings and Muh.ammad’s style 185, 187, 224 kingship, Iranian; kinship Muslim fulfilment of Christian 8 poll-tax veiled prophet of Khurasan see al-Muqannaq Islamic (jizya) 212, 219, 417 protection Sasanian 110, 129 dhimma 464, 571, 686 polytheism 161–3, 173, 174, 177, 178 hajar/hijras 423, 425 Pontic Alps 21–2, 30, 36 h.imaya agreements, Kurdish 382 population of holy places 410, 566, 568 climatic change and 22 see also under pilgrimage irrigation and 33–4 protectionism, Sasanian 65 Late Antiquity 25; Roman and Byzantine 39, provinces 40; Sasanian 38–40, 47–8, 54–7 histories 458 plague and 25 organisation of Islamic 241, 242–4, 279, transfers: by Muqawiya 517–18; Sasanian 40, 288–90, 467 48–9, 53, 54, 55–7; see also deportations see also governors, provincial ports 341, 601 Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus); Almagest 127 Sasanian 50, 67 punishment Portugal 232 divine 176, 510 possession, demonic 186–7 judicial 338, 549; mutilation 338, 576 postal services 26, 35, 61, 200, 277–8 Yemenite opposition to Qurpanic 425 pottery Punjab 376, 380 African and Phocaean red slip 62, 63, 64, Puran, Sasanian queen 118, 152 600–1 amphorae 62–3, 678 Qadariyya 256–7, 258 development 31, 682 qad.¯ıs (judges) 241, 370, 381, 417, 686 Far Eastern trade 678, 680–1, 682; Dusun chief 298, 392 ware 680; Yueh wares 680 of Egypt 542, 560, 571–2 Indian 68, 680–1 institution 208, 637 Iraqi glazed 679, 679–80, 682 al-Qadir, caliph xxv, 373, 402, 412 Marwanid trade 246 religious leadership xxv, 362, 373, 392–3, 402 Palestinian and Transjordanian fine wares al-Qadisiyya, battle of 112, 113, 196, 197–8, 200 64, 66 al-Qahir, Muh.ammad, caliph 270, 351, 352, 355 al-Rafiqa kilns 675 al-Qahira (now Cairo) 569, 571, 573 Roman and Byzantine trade 27, 62–3, 64, Qah.t.aba ibn Shab¯bı al-T. ap¯ı 264, 274 65–6, 600–1 Qah.t.an, A¯ l 156, 427 Sasanian 46, 47, 48, 55–6, 65–6, 68, 69 al-Qapim, Abu ’l-Qasim Muh.ammad ibn qAbd prayer 189 Allah, Fat.imid caliph 342, 564–5 precedence in early Islam 199–200, 204–5 al-Qapim, Muh.ammad, Fat.imid caliph 562, 565, predestination 424, 525 567, 617 pre-Islamic period see Late Antiquity and under qanats 33–4, 50, 297, 669, 670 Arabia al-Qarafa, mosque of 573 prisoners of war see captives Qarakhanids 372–4, 378–9, 503, 504–5

831

Index

Qarin (Persian noble) 454 Qays qAylan tribe 167 Qarin ibn Shahriyar, Bawandid 483–4 Qays ibn Makshuh . 416 Qarin ibn Wandad-Hurmuzd, Qarinid Qays ibn Saqd ibn qUbada 163 ruler 481 Qazv¯nı 336, 337, 370, 458, 465 Qarinids 479, 481–3 qibla (direction of prayer) 189 Qarluq Turks 344, 500 Qinnasr¯nı (Chalkis) 28, 196, 266, 525 Qarmas¯nı (Kirmanshah) 381 jund 242, 517, 592 Qarmat. (H. amdan ibn al-Ashqath) 328, 330, qirapat (various readings of Qurpan) 413 444, 536 Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad al-qUqayl¯ı xxv, 383–4, Qarmat.¯sı see Qaramit.a 386–7 Qaramit.a (Carmathians, Qarmat.¯s)ı Qis.s.a-i Sanjan 460 Bas.ra attacked by 383, 422 Qiwam al-D¯n,ı Buyid ruler Pl. 16.28 and Bedouin 328, 383, 384, 446 qiyas (interpretation through analogy) 294 al-H. allaj and 350 Qom see Qumm historiographical bias against 445 quarters, urban military 297, 312, 321, 546, 604, of Iraq 330, 347, 444 675–8 messianic beliefs 265, 330, 445 Qud.aqa tribal grouping 512, 513 origins 328, 331, 536 Qudama ibn Jaqfar 359 of Syria 337–8, 384, 536–7, 561–2 Quhistan 449, 455, 467 T. ul unid state attacked by 336 Quhy ar, Qarinid ruler 483 use of term 330, 424 Qumis 264, 452, 467, 468 and Zanj 324 Qumm 276, 336, 390, 459, 461, 694 see also Egypt (Qarmat.¯ı invasions) and under Muslim conquest 461, 463 Bah.rayn Qurpan Qaryat al-Faw 678 qAbd al-Malik and 221 Qas¯,ı Banu 587, 612 angels in 190 al-Qasim, governor of Egypt 550 centrality to Islam 175 al-Qasim ibn Ibrah¯mı al-Rass¯ı 326–7, 484 as closed 687 qas.r see qus.ur createdness doctrine see mih.na al-Qat.apiq 321, 338, 559–60, 562 cultural and linguistic inﬂuences on 181–2, Mosque of Ibn T. ul un 321, 338, 559–60, 562 223, 224 Qat.ar¯ı ibn al-Fujapa, Azraq¯ı ruler of Fars exegesis 183, 184, 278, 423, 605 460, 487 inimitability (iqjaz) 186 al-Qat.¯fı 439, 444, 446 and jahiliyya ethos 224 Qatrana 247 language 181–2, 187 Qaynuqaq, Banu 168, 189 modern scholarship 634–6, 641, 642, 643 Qayrawan 231, 304, 599 Muh.ammad’s experience central to 186, 190 Abu qAbd Allah al-Sh¯ıq¯ı captures 330 and oral tradition 185, 224 Aghlabids and 604–5, 606 pre-Islamic monotheism and 180–2, 223 and Berber revolt 233, 234, 592–3 prophets in 189 buildings and town plan 604–5; mosque 604 qUthman and 185, 204 Christianity 609–10 warfare emphasised in 189–90, 201 coinage 657, Pl. 16.4 writing of 185, 665 foundation and early years 583, 584, 601, CITATIONS: 2.61 178–9; 2:217 190; 2:218 190; 604, 671 7:128 195; 8:9, 12, 17, 42 190; 9:19 190; 9:69 Kharijite attacks 234, 303, 342, 617 212; 26:214 185; 34:28 185; 40:15 185; palatine complexes near 330, 341, 604–5, 615 48:18-21 191; 72:2 185; 74:1-5 185; 81:1 185; qulamap 304, 342, 605–6, 610, 611, 615, 617 96:1-5 185, 186; 105 183; 108 181–2 Warfajjuma tribe and 593, 596 Quraysh, Banu 153, 156, 166–7, 169, 188, 430, 512 water supply 604 idol worship 162 Qays (tribal faction) 156, 242, 253, 259 Muqawiya and 214 and Kalb 518–19, 523, 527 Muh.ammad and 184, 191–2, 399 and Yaman 218, 253, 263, 302, 434–5, 550 power and status in Mecca 166, 399

832

Index

and Sulaym 160 al-rah.man as monotheistic marker 180 trade 20, 57; leather 27, 57, 60 rap¯sı (title in Qazv¯n):ı 370 al-Qurayya, near Mecca 166–7 Rajasthan 240 Qurayz.a, Banu 164–5, 168, 169–70, 189 Ramad.an xxi Qurra, Banu 578 Ramhurmuz 450 Qurra ibn Shar¯kı 243, 548 al-Ramla 242, 248, 569, 575 Qus.ayr qAmra 250–1, 526, 667, 669 Ranke, Leopold von 648 Qus.ayy 156, 164, 169, 188 ransom 136 qus.ur (‘desert castles’) 246–7, 250–1, 526–7, al-Raqqa (Callinicum/Kallinikos) 301, 336, 560, 666–9 566, 574, 680 al-Andar¯nı 666–7 aerial view 676 al-Bakhrap 247, 257, 666 Harun al-Rash¯dı ’s capital xxiv, 275, 529 D. umayr 666–7 and al-Rafiqa 1, 6, 275 H. umayna 262 routes 27 Ist.abl qAntar 666–7, 678 al-Raqqada 330, 341, 605, 615 Jabal Says 669 Ras.ad, Fat.imid queen mother 578 Khirbat al-Mafjar 250, 526, 667, 669 Rashid ibn Saq¯dı (‘Ibn Rashid’), Ibad.¯ı imam 437 Maqan 667–9 Rashid ibn Shadhan (or al-Naz.r), ruler of Qas.r al-Bahil¯ı 457 Oman 433 Qas.r al-Bash¯rı 668 Rashid ibn al-Wal¯d,ı Ibad.¯ı imam 436 Qas.r al-Burqup 669 al-Rashid bi-Allah (Abu al-Futuh .) 412 Qas.r al-H. allabat 526 rationalism see al-rapy Qas.r al-H. ayr al-Gharb¯ı 250, 669 Rawar 240 Qas.r al-H. ayr al-Sharq¯ı 247, 249, 526–7 Rawh. ibn H. atim ibn Qab¯saı ibn al-Muhallab 275 Qas.r Ibr¯mı 568 Rawwadids of Azerbaijan 381, 383, 458 Qas.r al-Jaqfar¯ı 299 al-rapy (reasoned argument) 278, 291, 293–4, Qas.r al-Kharana 526, 666, 668, 669 686–7, 691–2 Qas.r al-T. uba 669 Rayy (al-Muh.ammadiyya) Qas.r-i Abu Nas.r 48, 53 Buyid principality 348, 366, 367, 369, 370; see also Qus.ayr qAmra conquered by Mah.mud of Ghazna Qutayba ibn Muslim xxiii, 238–9, 456–7, xxv, 373, 374 468, 485 in civil war 336, 474 conversion policy 464, 465 coinage 274, 657, 681, Pl. 16.16 al-Qut.qut.ana 165 economy 50, 274, 680 Quzdar 50 garrison 458 Ghaznavids and xxv, 367, 373, 374 al-Rabadha 400, 439, 447, 680 governed by future caliphs 273–4, 336, 337 al-Rab¯ıq ibn Yunus 274 Muslim conquest 452, 453 Rab¯ıq ibn Ziyad al-H. arith¯ı 453, 455, 459, routes 28, 468 464, 465 Samanids and 367, 500 Rab¯ıqa tribal federation 154, 259, 523 Sunbadh the Magian seizes treasury 476 al-Rad.¯,ı caliph 270, 339, 354–5 trade 50, 274, 680 al-Rad.iyy, al-Shar¯fı 388, 402 Rayyo, al-Andalus 592 Rafiq ibn al-Layth 283, 289, 473–4, 498 reason see al-rapy Rafid.¯Shı ¯ıqa 194 Recueil des historiens des croisades 639 al-Rafiqa 275 Red Sea 541, 572 coinage Pls. 16.14, 16.20 regional variation in resources 11–12, 31, 44–5 foundation 1, 2 regionalism 13–15, 387, 449, 694–5 imports of Iraqi ceramics 680 ‘commonwealth’ model of state 13–14 industrial zone 675, 676 conversion to Islam and 466 palaces 675 in east 458–67, 475, 489–505; see also plan 674–5, 676 individual regions and dynasties and al-Raqqa 1, 6, 275 hereditary governorships promote 304

833

Index

regionalism (cont.) rice cultivation 29, 32 and high culture 15, 501–3 ridda wars xxiii, 159, 160, 195–6, 440, 442 Iranian eastern and south-western riddat ahl qUman 431, 432, 438 traditions 145–6, 148 rifada (viceroyship) 165–6 al-Mapmun and 304, 475 al-Risalat al-Qadiriyya 392–3 in al-mashriq 449 R¯shahr,ı battle near 452 Roman 143 ritual, early Islamic 180, 189 Sasanian 68, 113, 123, 143, 145–6 Riyadh (H. ajr) 154, 439 Umayyad period 210–11, 213–14, 249 road stations 280–1, 400, 403, 669 see also dynastic states and individual regions roads 26–9, 200, 667, 669 and dynasties see also postal systems; routes; and under reliefs, Sasanian rock-cut 104–5, 139–40, 144 individual regions and pilgrimage see also under Naqsh-i Rajab; Naqsh-i Robinson, Chase F. 636 Rustam; Taq-i Bustan Roderic, Visigothic king of Spain 231–2, religion 250–1, 585 astral cult of H. arran 509 Roman/Byzantine empire 72–97 and caliphal authority 7–8, 194–5, 280, 291–5, administration 73, 78, 212–14 525, 685–6 and Aleppo 538–9, 540, 573 and city plans 674 Andalusian contact 343 coin legends show ruler’s orientation 648–9 army: composition 87, 88, 91; finance 60, 61; divine qualities of rulers 73–4, 104, 105, 114, military roads 26, 29; quality 74, 86–7; 118, 273 size 78, 79; supply 30, 57n, 60 dynastic states and 358 Avar threat 136 and ethnic identity 177–8, 534 building and engineering 26, 80, 106, language change and religious identity 534 129, 669 pluralism in early Islamic state 464, 686 caliph’s personal leadership against 280, and politics and warfare 14, 173–5, 193, 336, 529 683–4, 691 cities 26, 41–5, 71, 79, 80 and state formation 683–4 citizenship 81 sun-worship 476 climate 22–3 syncretism 289, 302, 476, 477–8 coinage 30–1, 59, 61, 63, 78–80, 517, 651–3, tolerance 317, 464, 494, 686 657, 663, 681; copper 61, 651–2, Pl. 16.2; see also individual religions and under Arabia gold 80, 657, Pl. 16.1 (PRE-ISLAMIC); Baghdad; Iran; economy, Late Antique 37–8, 59–64, 71, 72, patronage; Roman/Byzantine empire; 80; monetisation 30–1, 59, 61, 63 S. affarids; Sasanian empire; T. ahirids elites 73, 78, 79–80, 81; and Muslim requisitioning, Roman 79 conquests 70, 78, 94–6, 198 Resafa see al-Rus.afa emperor’s role 80, 141–2, 142n, 210, resources 71 250–1; see also individual emperors competition over 174, 386, 387 food supply 30, 33, 61; see also under grain exploitation of physical 29–36; climatic frontier with Islamic empire 199, 306, 355, change and 22 510–11, 530–2; campaigns 278–9, 507, see also environment and under individual 529, 530–1, 569; Christians in 531, 533; regions ghaz¯ı ethos 531–2, 538; see also Thughur retrospective adjustment of ideology 299, and Goths xxii 331–2, 690 and Islam 93–7, 652–3;influences on Islamic Rev Ardashir 464 empire 8, 690 Rhine, river; barbarian crossing (406) 83 and Jews 74, 509 Rhodes 197, 514 Khurramiyya alliance with 287 Rhodope mountains 22 law 690 riba (illegitimate profit) 650, 661 al-Mahd¯ı exacts tribute: 279 ribat.s (defensive structures) 279, 319, 341, 344, al-Mapmun ’s campaigns 290–1, 302, 529 601–2 Manichaeism 131

834

Index

Muslim conquests 70, 78, 94–6, 113, 196, 198; ruling families Byzantine inability to counter 511, 684; governors chosen from 119, 121, 401, 442 economic effect 71; see also Anatolia Sasanian 114, 115, 117–19, 121; cults of (Muslim campaigns) members 114, 115, 118–19; women 116, navy 511, 514 117–18, 142 officials 60–1, 79–80 Rum, in Iranian historical tradition 148, 149–50 and Palmyra 76–8 Ruqiyya, Fat.imid queen mother 576, 578 Parthian campaigns 74–5 Rus people 681 population 39, 40 al-Rus.afa (Sergiopolis) 44, 338, 508, 510, 525, 674 postal service (cursus publicus) 26, 61 Russia 681 religion: Christianity xxii, 43, 78–9, 80–1, Rustam (Sasanian commander) 112, 196 509–10, 515; Christology in Byzantium Rustam ibn Mihr-Hurmuzd al-Majus ¯ı 463 542–3; imperial cult 73–4; and Rustamids (rulers of Tahert) 11, 304, 318, 343 Monophysites 95, 130, 132, 515, 533; see fall 330, 616, 617 also under Syria religion 304, 318, 596–8 requisitioning 79 rustaq (administrative district) 241 roads 26, 29 Rustaq school of Ibad.ism 435–6, 437, 438 as Rum, in Iranian historical tradition 148, Ruzayq (T. ahirid ancestor) 289 149–50 Ruzban S. ul, ruler of Jurjan 452, 460–1, 462 and Sicily 611 social environment 41–5 Sabap ibn Ah.mad 429 sources on 4 Sabur, town of 452 successes in mid-tenth-century 566, 568, 569 Sabur ibn Ardash¯rı 388 taxation 43–4, 60–1, 61–2, 83; of land and sacred enclaves 423, 425 agriculture 30–1, 79; third-century Saqd ibn Ab¯ı Waqqas. 196 increases 73, 78, 79 Saqd ibn qUbada (Companion) 163 trade 27, 62–3; see also under pottery Saqd al-Dawla Shar¯f,ı H. amdanid ruler 539 and Turks 136 S. aqda 419, 421, 422 Umayyad campaigns 66, 218, 232, 234–6, 514 Zayd¯ı imamate 327, 424, 425, 426, 427 western empire 74, 75, 81–4, 135 s.adaqa (alms-tax) 402 Yaqqub ibn al-Layth and 495 saddles, pack-, for camels 27 see also under Africa, North; Arabia; census; S. afaitic inscriptions in Syrian desert 90 estates; fortifications; grain; al-Saffah. see Abu al-qAbbas al-Saffah. patronage; pottery; regionalism; S. affarids 315–18, 336–7, 493–8 Sasanian empire; villages and qAbbasid caliphate 493;Yaqqub ibn al- Rome, city of; Aghlabid sack 611 Layth xxv, 316–17, 323, 325, 495–6; qAmr Rougga 671 ibn al-Layth 496 routes 26–9 Arabian operations 409, 435 capital cities and 13, 28, 272, 516 coinage 659–60, Pl. 16.25 to Holy Cities 420, 440, 442, 447; see also culture 345, 493–4, 503 pilgrimage (roads) as frontier state 358 Idr¯sidı control 603 and jihad 317, 495 overland long-distance 680 and Kharijites 316, 494, 495 Sasanians and 26, 66–7, 200 Mah.mud of Ghazna deposes last 374 shipping 26–7 Persian language 345, 503 transhumance 381, 382 religion; no sectarian bias 317, 494 see also roads and under individual regions and and Samanids 336–7, 344, 497, 498, 499, 500 places T. ahirids overthrown by 315, 316, 494, 495 Rubin, Uri 631 and Zanj 324 Rudak ¯ı 345, 503 see also qAmr ibn al-Layth; T. ahir ibn Rukhkhaj 455–6, 485 Muh.ammad; Yaqqub ibn al-Layth Rukn al-Dawla al-H. asan (al-H. asan ibn Buya) Sagalassos 45 347, 348, 365, 366, 369, 501 šah (Iranian ‘petty kings’) 128

835

Index

Sahara, trade across 572 and Ghazna 372–3, 504 s.ah.ib al-himar see Abu Yaz¯dı Makhlad ibn ghulam army 296, 346, 371, 499–500, 502, Kaydad 503–5; Ghaznavid family 372 s.ah.ib al-naqa see Yah.ya ibn Zikrawayh and H. anaf¯ı school of law 346 s.ah.ib al-shama see al-H. usayn ibn Zikrawayh Persian language and culture 289, 345, 369, Sahlids 285, 286, 295 502–3, 694–5 Šahnameh 124, 133, 150 Qarakhanid pressure in 503 Sah.nun ibn Saq¯dı 606 rise and nature of rule 304 Šahrestan¯hı a ¯ı Eranšahr 50–1 and S. affarids 336–7, 344, 497, 498, 499, 500 Saq¯dı ibn qAbbad, Julanda ruler of Oman 431–2 and scholars 345 Saq¯dı ibn al-qA¯ s. 455, 460 silver mining 662 Saq¯dı ibn Bat.r¯qı (Eutychius) 541–2 Sufism in region 351 Saq¯dı ibn al-H. usayn see qAbd Allah al-Mahd¯ı Sunnism 289, 295, 304, 346, 499–500 Saq¯dı ibn qUthman 456 and T. abaristan 484, 500 al-Saq¯daı (idol) 163 and T. ahirids 289, 497 Salamiyya, Mahdist state of 327, 328, 329, 338, trade with north 662, 681 536, 562, 614–15 Saman-khuda(Samanid ancestor) 498 S.alih. ibn qAl¯,ı governor of Syria 274, 529 Samaritans 509 S.alih. ibn Mirdas al-Kilab¯ı 383–4, 385 Samarqand S.alih. ibn Nad.r (or Nas.r) 489, 494 coins in northern hoards 681 S.alih. ibn T. arif 595–6 fortifications 344 S.alih. ibn Was.¯fı 311, 320 mosque 673, 674 al-S.alih. Ismaq¯l,ı Zang¯dı ruler Pl. 16.41 al-Muqannaq‘s support in area 277, 477 Salim¯ı 430–1 Muslim campaigns and conquest 238, 456, Saljuqs 379–80 457 bureaucracy 345–6, 375 Qarakhanid rule 374, 378 campaigns and conquests: Baghdad 369, Rafiq ibn al-Layth’s revolt 283, 473–4 579;Buyids 365, 369;Fat.imids 578, 579; Samanid rule 497, 498, 499 Ghaznavids 375, 379–80, 505; Kurdish town plan 674 principalities 382–3; Mosul 387; Oman trade 50, 680, 681 435, 438 Turkish threats and attacks 239, 457 coinage 662, 663, Pls. 16.34–35, 16.40–41; Samarrap, caliphate at 296–304, 312, 314, 675 honorific titles on 660, Pls. 16.31–32 anarchy of 308–13, 314, 332, 535 modern scholarship scarce 638 Baghdad during Samarrap period 289, 297, Sunnism 373, 391 300, 310 al-Sallam¯ı 502 court life 297, 298 Sallarids of Azerbaijan 660, Pl. 16.30 distancing of caliph from subjects 297, 300, Salm ibn Qut.ayba ibn Muslim 275 307, 309 Salm ibn Ziyad 456, 459 return to Baghdad 300, 335 Salmas 381, 382 Turks’ political power xxv, 296, 297, 301, salvation history, Islamic 104, 150 308, 310 Sama, Banu, of Oman 434–5 Samarrap, city of 6, 296–8, 312, 652, 675 Samanids 289, 304, 344–6, 498–505 architectural and decorative style 297–8 and qAbbasids 288, 296, 301, 333, 345–6, army quarters 297, 312, 675–8 497, 499 mosques 297–8, 675, 677 administration 333, 345–6, 371 al-Mutawakkiliyya/al-Jaqfariyya xxv, 297–8, Bukhara under 289, 344, 371, 372, 499–500 299, 300, 675, 677 and Buyids 346, 367, 499, 500–1 palaces 297, 299–301, 308, 309, 675–8; al- coinage 345, 499, 660, 662, Pls. 16.31–32 Jawsaq (Dar al-Khilafa) 297, 298 culture 345, 501–3, 505 town plan 297, 675–8, 677 defences 344 water supply 675 fall 372–3 al-Samh. ibn Malik al-Khawlan¯ı 589 as frontier state 344, 358, 493 Samosata 27–8

836

Index

S. anqap 414 reforms 110, 122, 123, 128; quality 86–7, eighth–ninth centuries 418, 419–20, 421, 422, 112–13; supply 30, 68, 69–70, 86; see also 424, 426 siege warfare, Sasanian and under tenth–eleventh centuries 424, 426, 427–8, cavalry 429 Arsacid traditions 115, 147–8 Abnap 415 arts see culture and arts below in first fitna 417 Avar alliance 88 governors 416–17 border controls 58, 66, 110 Kharijite invasion 418 bullae 106, 679 mosque 674 caliphate influenced by 8 Muslim campaigns and conquest 416 centralisation, political 51 Shafiqism 424 cities and urbanism 39–40, 45–57; royal S. ulayh.¯ı dynasty 427–8, 429 foundations 48, 56–7, 65; town plans trade 57, 420 46, 53–4, 105; transfer of rural Yuqfir¯ı dynasty 422, 424 populations into 40, 48–9, 53, 54, Ziyad¯inı fluence 421 55–7 sanad (chain of narrators) 630, 636 climate 55, 56 Sanam 477 coinage 69, 211, 652, 653–5, 656–7; copper al-S. anqan¯,ı qAbd al-Razzaq 629 652; designs copied by Muslim mints Sanbar family 445 211; as historical source 5, 48, 56, 68–9, Sanjar (Saljuq leader) Pl. 16.35 679, 681; iconography 106, 118, 211, 653, Sanjul (qAbd al-Rah.man ibn al-Mans.ur ibn Ab¯ı 654, 656, Pl. 16.3; in Islamic empire 211, qA¯ mir) 621 653–5, 658; monetisation 30–1, 67; silver Santa María del Trampal (Cάceres) 608 36, 652, 653, 658, Pl. 16.3 Sanutius (Shenute), Duke 544 commerce 64–70 s.aqaliba (North European eunuch slaves) court 123–8, 149; epic literature 102–3; 620, 621 etiquette 116, 125, 128; Khusrau I’s Sara, daughter of Alamund, son of reforms 110, 116; nuclear and extended Witiza 586 119, 122–3, 124 Saragossa 303, 585, 601, 618–19 craftsmen 129 Sarakhs 286, 379, 380, 453 culture and arts 111, 129, 132–3; decorative Sardinia 232 arts 105, 106, 118, 128, 132, 140; Sar¯ı ibn al-H. akam 552 literature 100–4, 127–8, 129, 132; see also Sasanian empire 98–150 architecture above; history and and Achaemenid traditions 99, 145, 146 historiography (Iranian); reliefs, administration 50–2, 116, 122, 128–9, 461, Sasanian rock-cut; and under 462–3 iconography; inscriptions; scholarship; agriculture 20–1, 30, 129, 132–3; see also under seals irrigation economy 37–8, 64–70 ancestors’ symbolic importance 99; kings’ establishment of dynasty xxii association with 114–15, 118, 143, 146 genealogical table 151–2 and Aneran (non-Iran) 143–4 historical events of period 107–13 architecture and building 53–4, 105–6, historiography 46–7, 101–2, 140, 145–50; see 129, 132 also Xwaday-namag aristocracy 52, 115–16, 119–23, 461; after Arab ideology and identity 139–41, 142–4 conquest 70–1, 462–3; four status Islamic tradition influenced by 8, 643 groups 115, 119; Khusrau I’s reforms Khazar threat 137 and 110, 116, 122–3; and kings 51, 110, landscape 20–1 111, 119–20, 121–3, 128–9, 147–8; lower language, Middle Persian 99, 102–4, 125, 110, 122, 461, 462–3; military 76, 122, 127–8, 129, 132 123; symbols of rank 115–16, 120–1 lineage 121, 132 army 107, 129–30, 451; equipment and tactics Muh.ammad’s letter to shah, tradition 129–30; Kawad and Khusrau I’s on 192

837

Index

Sasanian empire (cont.) hunting; inscriptions; irrigation; land; Muslim conquest 65, 111–12, 130, 196, 449–58, law and jurisprudence; legitimisation; 684; reasons for success 73, 94–6, 97, Mesopotamia; Oman; palaces; 112–13, 123 Palestine; patronage; ports; pottery; national traditions 142–50 regionalism; roads; ruling families; notables (dihqans) 51–2, 54, 122, 344–5 scholarship; sciences; seals; siege and Palmyra 78 warfare; silver; succession processes; and Parthia 75, 99, 108; clans 115, 119–20, 144, Syria; textiles; Turks; women 148; Middle Persian supplants Parthian satraps 128 99; traditions 139, 145–6, 147–8 Sawad (‘black land’ of Mesopotamia) 20–1, 29, population 38–40, 47–8, 54–7; transfers 40, 32, 200, 352–4, 360 48–9, 53, 54, 55–7 Sayf ibn qUmar 630 postal system 26, 200 Sayf al-Dawla, title of Mah.mud of Ghazna 372 provincial government 94–6, 121, 128, 164 Sayf al-Dawla qAl¯ibnAbı ¯al-Hayjı ap ibn H. amdan, religion 114, 126–7, 130–2; royal cult 115, ruler of Aleppo 355, 384, 537–9, 566 118–19; see also Zoroastrianism and al-Sayyid ibn Anas 287 under Christians and Christianity; Jews sayyids, Zayd¯ı 425–6 and Judaism; Manichaeism Scandinavia 603, 662, 681, 682 rise of Sasanian dynasty 75–6 Schacht, Joseph 631, 632, 636, 639 and Roman/Byzantine empire 8, 81–8, scholarship 133–9; border controls 58, 66; CHRISTIAN 105, 132, 509 commercial relations 36, 65–6; ISLAMIC 687–9 deportations of captives 26, 48, 54, Ah.mad ibn T. ul un and 321, 322 64–5, 66, 106, 129, 130; diplomacy xxii, and qAlid revolt of 145/762 271, 272 84, 86, 108, 109, 135, 136, 140–2, 149; Baghdad as centre 361, 388, 688–9 economic eﬀect of wars 64–5, 679; in Bas.ra 532 Roman activities elsewhere limited by biographical dictionaries 607 wars 81–2, 83, 93–4, 135, 136; Roman caliphs’ theological 525 payments to 66, 84, 85, 86, 110–11, 134, and classical tradition 291, 638, 688 135, 136, 140;Rum in historical converts and their descendants 606, 688 tradition 148, 149–50; Sasanian raids early qAbbasid period 278, 280, 292–3, 56–7, 66, 138, 139; Sasanians’ view of 294–5, 687–9 the west 142–50; wars 72–3, 75–6, 81–8, in Egypt 319 102, 108, 110, 111, 133–9, see also under in frontier region 321, 358, 531 Armenia; Heraclius; wars facilitate in H. ijaz 400, 413 Muslim conquests 73, 97; see also under in Kufa 532 individual rulers of Persia and Rome Marwanid era 252 social environment and organisation 45–57, and non-Muslim learning 688 114–17, 461–3; see also aristocracy, and religious authority 252, 692 notables above S. aﬀarids and 317 sources 4–5, 46–7, 98–107, 124 in Samanid emirate 344, 345 symbols of rank 115–16, 120–1, 125 Sh¯ıqite, in Baghdad 388 taxation 49, 68, 69–70; cities and 51–2, 53, 54; translation movement 291, 638 independent, great landlords’ 123; land in west 303, 318–19, 605–7, 611, 615, 617 30, 110, 116, 122, 129; poll-tax 110, 129 in Yemen 423–4 trade 27, 49–50, 65, 66–7, 129, 679 see also h.ad¯thı and traditionalism; Qurpan and Tur an 134, 146–7, 148, 150 (exegesis) see also individual rulers and regions;Iran; MODERN 625–47 kings and kingship, Iranian; Xwaday- approaches to sources 2–4, 628–37; namag;Zoroastrianism;and under Descriptive 629, 633, 640–1, 642–3; Arabia; census; China; courts; defences; Sceptical 632–3; Source-Critical 629–30, deportations; education; Egypt; eras; 633–4, 648; Tradition-Critical 630–2, estates; fortresses; grain; Hepthalites; 633–4, 636; conservatism 639–40

838

Index

contacts with Orient 627 Seleucia 53 early, to mid-nineteenth-century 625–8 self-sufficiency 32, 59 and Greek works in Arabic translations Sellheim, R. 632 638 senate of Constantinople 78–9 language studies 627, 640, 641 Septimania 589 and Muslim community 634, 635–6 Sergiopolis see al-Rus.afa number of scholars in field 639 sermon at Friday prayer see khut.ba on origins period 628–37, 638, 641, 642–3 Sétif 615, 671 philological emphasis 640, 641 settled populations 92–3, 153, 442 polemical tradition 625–6, 638, 642 genealogies 153, 157 positivism 3, 6–7 see also nomads (and settled populations) practical and conceptual problems settlement patterns 22, 38–40, 45 637–47; balance 637–9; fragmentation Seveners see Ismaq¯liyyaı of field of study 646–7; grip of Severus ibn al-Muqaffaq, Coptic bishop of traditional origins narrative 642–3; Ashmunayn 571–2 nationalist conceptualisations 628, Seville 232, 585, 586, 592, 601, 618–19 645–6; practical impediments 639–41; Sezgin, F. 632 reductionism 642; secularising Shab¯bı ibn Yaz¯dı al-Shayban¯ı 218 perspective 643–5 son’s revolt 254 on Qurpan 634–6, 641, 642, 643 Shabir 452–3 recent developments 6–7, 641 al-Shaqbiyya 399 source problems 628–9 Shabuhr see Shapur survey texts 629, 633 Shaddadid dynasty of Azerbaijan 381, 382, 383 translation, sources in 627–8 al-Shafiq¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn Idr¯sı 293–4 university chairs of Oriental languages in Shafiq¯ı school of law 424, 693 Europe 627 Shah Malik ibn qAl¯ı Yabghu, Ghuzz leader 379 SASANIAN 111, 126–8, 132 shahada as coin inscription 217, 654–5, 656, 665 Schöler, G. 632 shahanshah;Buyids revive title 365 sciences shaharija (Christian gentry in Mosul) 243–4 Islamic 638 Shahnameh 124, 133, 150 Sasanian 127, 129, 132–3 Shahrak, marzban of Fars 452, 462 scribes (kuttab) 323, 333 Shahrazur 382 see also Barmakid family Shahrbaraz, Persian general 112, 452, 462 scripts shahrdaran (Persian local rulers) 461 H. ijaz¯ı 665 Shahriyar (Bawandid) 481 Kufic 288, 659 Shamul 568, 569 sculpture see reliefs, Sasanian rock-cut Shanga 681 Scythopolis see Baysan Shapur I, king of Persia 105, 106, 108, 114, sea level, rise in 23 118–19, 151 seals court 123–4 pendants, non-Muslim tax payers’ 220 and Manichaeism 132, 144 of prophethood, Muh.ammad and 184 Naqsh-i Rustam inscription of res gestae Sasanian 5, 52, 106, 118, 128 98–9, 117, 119, 123–4, 146 Sebeos 186, 202, 203 and Rome xxii, 76, 100, 105, 108, 140 Pseudo 102 succession disputes after 108 Sebou River, battle of 233, 591 Shapur II, king of Persia 82, 108–9, 141n, 149, Sebüktegin (Ghaznavid) xxv, 371–2, 375, 504–5 151, 678 Sebüktegin (Turk in Buyid service) 390 instability after death 84 security forces (shurt.a) 310, 492 Shapur III, king of Persia 118, 151 sedentarisation see settled populations ‘Shapur Cameo’ 140 ‘Seeker of Justice, the’ (t.alib al-h.aqq, rebel Shapur ibn Shahriyar (Bawandid) 481, 482 Kharijite judge) 260 Shaqq al-Taymara 656 Seqert, Chronicle of 101–2 Shaqunda, Cordoba, revolt of 602–3

839

Index

Shaqya al-Miknas¯ı 594, 598 and Sunnism 10, 15, 194, 203, 387–93, 693–4; Sharaf al-Dawla, Buyid ruler 366, 367 boundaries defined 299, 307;Fat.imids’ Sharon, M. 636, 643 opposition 575; tensions 368, 388, 389, al-sharq (‘the east’) 448 390, 391, 393 Sharw¯nı (Bawandid) 481 and traditionalism 693–4 Shash 238, 239, 240, 467, 498, Pl. 16.31 Twelver see Imam¯ıabove Shayba ibn Rab¯ıqa ibn qAbd Shams 167 and Umayyads 205–6, 215, 254–5, 256, 260–1 Shayban ibn Ah.mad ibn T. ul un (T. ul unid) qUqaylids and 386 561, 562 and Zanj revolt 324 Shayban¯sı 208, 259 see also qAlids; Hashimiyya; Ismaq¯liyya;ı she-camel, the man with the (s.ah.ib al-naqa, occultation; Zaydiyya; and under Yah.ya ibn Zikrawayh) 337–8, 561–2 imamate; state formation; Yemen sheep-rearing 30, 35, 381, 382–3 shipping 26–7, 69, 341, 432, 572 Shenute (Duke Sanutius) 544 Late Antiquity 27, 33, 63, 69 Shibam 422 Mediterranean 13, 63, 572, 601 Shidda, great (Egyptian famine) 580 Sh¯rı az 28, 366, 468, 494 Shih.r 421 al-Sh¯rı az¯,ı daq¯ı 579 Sh¯ıqism 205–7 shirk (idolatry, polytheism) 180 qAbbasids and 206, 255, 325–32 Shirwan 467 qAlid tombs venerated 389–90 Shukr 412 in Baghdad 388, 389, 390, 391, 393 shura (consultative council) 194, 203–4, 262, ‘Bat.ini’ epithet 374 349, 606 cursing of first caliphs 388, 389, 391 Shurah.b¯lı ibn H. asana 196 and eligibility for caliphate 194, 206–7 shurt.a (security forces) festivals 388–9, 391 Baghdad 310, 314, 492 genealogy of imams 188, 265 provincial governors’ 241 ghulat movements 254 Shustar (Tustar) 461 gnostic ideas 254, 327 S¯bukhtı the marzban of Hajar 164 H. amdanids and 354–5 Sicily H. asanids and H. usaynids 405, 411–13 Aghlabid conquest 318–19, 610–11, 615 and al-H. usayn 206, 215 Fat.imids and 341, 574, 615 Imam¯ı or Twelver 14, 206, 326, 350, 390, 392, Marwanid raids 232 538; authority of imams 690; origins Sidonia 231 and early development 387–8 siege warfare, Sasanian 86, 129–30, 136 Kharijite adoption 354–5 S. iff¯n,ı battle of 154, 204, 207 in Kufa 254–5 sigillography see seals library in Baghdad 388 S¯ıqird (Siirt) 382 Mah.mud of Ghazna’s persecution Sijilmasa 303, 595, 616–17 373, 374 qAbd Allah al-Mahd¯inı 330, 615 al-Mukhtar’s rebellion 216–17 Midrarid rule 343, 595, 616 al-Mutawakkil’s measures against 299, 307 Sijistan see S¯stı an name 207 Sikadanj 263–4 observances 388–90 sikka (inclusion of ruler’s name on coin persecution 373, 374, 558 protocol) 316–17, 649, 659–60 pilgrimage to qAlid shrines 389–90 silk 27, 66, 68, 105, 106, 572 Rafid.¯ı 194 Silk Route 67, 102, 131, 314, 679 rise and tenets 205–7 silver 57, 70–1, 199, 201, 245, 663 Sevener see Ismaq¯liyyaı mining areas 36, 662 Shaqya al-Miknas¯ı’s ideology 594, 598 Sasanian 56, 65, 105 shrines 389–90 Simeon Stylites, Church of St 508 sources 325, 369 S¯mjı ur ¯,ı Abu qAl¯ı 372, 504 in successor states 387–93, 538; see also under S¯mjı ur ¯,ı Abu ’l-H. asan 504 Buyid dynasty S¯mjı urids 372

840

Index

Sinai peninsula 19 in Sasanian empire 117 Sind 21, 28 tatooing 590–1 Ismaq¯liyyaı 427, 429–30, 574 Volga and Russian trade 681 Marwanid expansion in 237, 240–1, 261 see also Zanj and under Turks Muslim conquest 12, 218, 227, 249, 456 Smbat Bagratuni 102 pottery trade 68, 680 social criticism, Muh.ammad’s 187 S. inhaja tribe 618, 620 social environment Sinnabra/Sinnabris, caliphal residence at early Islamic period 71, 521–2; in Iran 526, 666 461–3 Siqlab¯sı in Fat.imid government 576 Late Antiquity 37–70; Arabian 57–8, 153, 154, s¯raı (Prophetic biography) 191, 223, 400 155–6, 157; Roman 41–5; Sasanian 45–57, S¯rı af 50, 68, 674, 678, 679–80, 681 114–17, 461–3 S¯rjı an 453, 680 Marwanid period 251–3 S¯stı an (Sijistan) 237–8, 316, 448, 467, 484–9 negotiation and renegotiation among qayyarun 316, 317, 489, 493, 494 groups 356–7 Bas.ran settlers 459 western Islamic societies 600–10 coinage 655, 658, Pl. 16.9 see also cities and towns; demography; conversion to Islam 464, 465 Islamisation; population; villages as frontier province 467–8 social mobility 219, 295 governors 463, 464, 465, 486; see also social status 174, 219, 295, 463 T. ahirids below precedence and kinship models 204–5 histories 458, 468 Socotra 680 independent spirit 485–6, 494 Sogdia 467, 497 Kharijites 316, 325, 486–9, 494 diplomacy 238, 454, 455, 457 Mah.mud of Ghazna’s rule 374, 377 and Hepthalites 109, 455 Muslim conquest 453, 455–6, 461 Muslim conquest 238, 454, 455, 461; counter- political history 468, 484–9 oﬀensives 239, 457 Qutayba ibn Muslim and 457, 485 trade 27, 65 routes 28, 485, 495 Turkish alliance 238, 239, 457 S. aﬀarids and 337, 435, 493–4, 496, 498, 500; see also Samarqand Yaqqub ibn al-Layth 316, 317, 494, 495 soil erosion in Asia Minor 25 Samanid rule 498, 500 Somnath, Hindu temple of 376–7 T. ahirids and 316, 488–9, 493 Sophronius 509 Turkmen take from Ghaznavids 374 sources 2–7 Zubayrid rule 654, 655, Pl. 16.9 contemporary documentary 6, 628–9, Sitt al-Mulk 576 648; see also inscriptions Siyawakhsh ibn Mihran 452 on early period 176–7, 307 slaves and slavery literary, secondary 176–7, 216, 629, 648; African 559, 563, 572, 595, 604 retrospective adjustment of ideology in armies 331, 343, 363, 500; qAbbasid xxiv, 299, 331–2, 690 287–8, 290, 296, 306;Samanid 346, 500, see also archaeology; coinage; history and 503;T. ul unid 320, 321, 559, 563; see also historiography; inscriptions; papyrus; ghulam; and under Turks (slaves) reliefs, Sasanian rock-cut; scholarship Berbers 231, 590 (MODERN; approaches to sources); Christians 343; s.aqaliba 620 seals; and under individual topics coastal cities develop through trade in 601 Sousse 601, 611 conversion through enslavement 251 ‘southerners’ see ‘northern–southern’ rivalry; in Egypt 546 Yaman (tribal faction) freed slaves form Aghlabid guard 605 Spain see al-Andalus Hindus 377 spice trade 20, 572 Marwanid period 231, 249, 251 Sri Lanka 679–80, 682 Muslims enslaved 231 stable isotope analysis 23 plantation-style 323 Staraja Ladoga 681

841

Index

state S. ulayh.¯ı state of Yemen 421–2, 427–9, 447 qAbbasid, founded on Marwanid and Fat.imids 428, 429 precedent 267 and Najah.¯sı 428, 429 commonwealth model 13–14, 358–9, and Zayd¯sı 426, 428, 429 361–2, 685 Sulaym, Banu 158, 160, 165, 408 early Islamic unitary 6, 11; rise and Sulayman ibn qAbbad, Julanda ruler of Oman consolidation 12–13; disintegration 431–2 13–15, 306–7, 685, 694–5 Sulayman ibn qAbd Allah al-Kind¯ı 486 and economy 13, 37–8, 60–2, 68 Sulayman ibn qAbd al-Malik, caliph 213, 228, Muh.ammad and community as model 235, 239, 248, 521 10–11 Sulayman ibn qAl¯ı 274 state formation 11–15, 397, 683–7 Sulayman ibn Hisham 256, 257, 258, 259, dynastic states; types 358 260, 261 Marwanid 215, 229 al-S. ul ¯,ı Abu Bakr Muh.ammad ibn Yah.ya 357 Qarmat.¯ı 445–6, 447 sult.an, title of 373 see also under Bah.rayn; Fat.imids; S. affarids; Sunbadh the Magian 476, 480 Sh¯ıqism sunna (doctrine of prophetic precedent) 298–9, steppes 21, 30, 88 637, 689–90 stereotyping of the Oriental 627 Sunnism Strata Diocletiana 669 qAbbasids and 362, 373, 391–3 Subkara (Turkish general) 498 definition of doctrine 392–3 subsidies, Roman and Sasanian 66, 91, 96–7 in east 460 succession processes festivals 391 conclave (shura) 194, 203–4, 262, 349, 606 Ghaznavids and 370, 373, 374, 391, 393 designation 205, 215, 272 al-Qadir’s leadership 362, 373, 392–3 kinship principles 194, 271; fraternal vs. Samanids and 289 primogeniture 227, 228, 256, 271 in successor states 387–93 to Muh.ammad 193–5 Turks’ association with 373, 390–1 Sasanian 115, 118, 120 Umayyads of al-Andalus and 303 see also under individual rulers veneration of first four caliphs 392 successor states (945-1050) 360–93, 694–5 in Yemen 421, 422 Bedouin 383–7 see also Sh¯ıqism (and Sunnism) finance 363, 386 sun-worship 476 Sunnism and Sh¯ıqism in 387–93 Suren, Persian noble house of 121 tribal-based 363, 382 surveying, land 243, 333, 549 typology 362–4 Sus, Khuzist an 450 see also Buyids; Ghaznavids; ghulam; Sus al-Aqs.a, North Africa 232, 599 Kurdish principalities Susa 48, 53, 54, 673–4, 680 Sudan 541, 557, 595 Susiana plain 24, 49 soldiers in Muslim armies 538, 559, 573 Suwariqiyya 158 Suevi 83 Syncellus, George 534 Sufetula 583 syncretism 289, 302, 476, 477–8 Sufism 14, 295, 351, 463 Syracuse 319, 611 S. ufiyya (zealot group) 552–3 Syria 469, 506–40 S. ufriyya (Kharijite group) 233, 433 qAbbasid revolution 265, 527 suftaja (cheques) 649 qAbbasid rule 266–7, 275, 306, 528–40; early Sufyan ibn Muqawiya ibn Yaz¯dı ibn al- Umayyad-led resistance xxiv, 266; Muhallab 275 al-Mapmun and 286, 287, 529; and tribal Sufyanid period xxiii, 208–15, 456 identities 279, 301–2 see also individual caliphs administration 242–3, 512, 517 sugar 31 agriculture 29, 31, 32, 34, 246, 385, 506, 512, S. uh.ar 68, 430, 431, 437, 468, 670, 679 528; balance with pastoralism 539, 540; al-S. ulayh.¯,ı daq¯ı 423, 579 late Roman 59–60, 508

842

Index

Arab migration and settlement 361, 412, 507, religion: late Roman 509–10; see also 512, 513, 577–8 Christianity; Islamisation; Jews above and Byzantium 510–11; frontier zone 199, religious and political influence in east 460 531, 533, 538; wars 507, 514, 529, 569 Roman province 57, 65, 89, 196, 508–11 Christianity 508, 511, 514–16; under routes 27–8 qAbbasids 530, 531, 532–5, 540; Sasanians and 65, 86, 136; occupation (620s) Chalcedonian 510, 533, 535;effect of xxiii, 48, 88, 93–4, 138 conquest 512, 517; late Roman period Sh¯ıqism 325, 538 508–9, 511, 515; monasteries 509, 510, taxation 31, 514, 517, 519–20, 533–4 512; under Umayyads 514–16, 518, 520, tribes 518–19, 537, 539; see also army, nomads 521–3 above church buildings 508, 514–15, 521, Umayyads: caliphate 199, 226–68, 516–27; 522, 530 counter-revolts against qAbbasids xxiv, cities 44, 508, 512, 540, 671 266; Marwanids 218, 226–7, 233, 242–3, coinage: Late Antique 212, 652, 657, 663; 255–68, 533;Muqawiya’s reign 512–18 seventh-century 211, 212; Marwanid see also army, caliphal (Syro-Jaz¯ranı 245, 655, Pl. 16.10; local qAbbasid tribal); and individual cities and copper Pl. 16.21 dynasties culture 224, 506–8, 509 Syriac language ‘desert castles’ see qus.ur ecclesiastical use 510, 533, 535, 540 early Islamic period 209, 511–27 literature 4, 46, 95, 101–2 economy 198, 199, 512, 516–18, 539; sixth- replacement by Arabic 535, 540 century 64, 65; stock-raising 35, 507; see also agriculture above al-T. abar¯,ı AbuJa qfar Muh.ammad ibn Jar¯rı 2, Egyptian invasions and occupation 541, 573; 6, 629 Fat.imid 569–70, 573, 575, 577–8; on caliphate up to earlier qAbbasids 307, 359 Ikhsh¯didı 537, 566;T. ul unid 321–2, 335, distance from events 2, 359 535–6, 559, 560 fictional and embellished material 2, 271, fortifications 27 282–3 geography 506–7 on founding of Baghdad 1–2 governors 275, 290, 512–16, 528, 561, 566 and al-H. allaj 350 Harun al-Rash¯dı and 529, 531 and Ismaq¯lismı 325 Hisham and 523–7 on Oman 397 irrigation 29, 33 Persian material 150, 502, 503 Islamisation 508, 511, 532–3, 534, 540 on political events 348, 359 Ismaq¯liyyaı 337–8, 536–7 as salvation history 150 and al-Jaz¯raı 506 on Zanj 323, 324 Jews 130, 509, 517 T. abaristan 21, 28, 467, 468, 494, 685 landscape 19, 22 coinage 658, Pl. 16.18 languages 507, 509, 534–5; Arabic 507, 508, histories 458 509, 520, 534–5, 540; Aramaic 507, 509, under Makan ibn Kak¯ı 347 510; Greek 507, 508, 534–5, 540; see also under Mazyar 289–90, 295 Syriac language Muslim conquest 452, 455, 460, 461, 462; limestone massif of northern 59–60, 80 local rulers at time of 452, 462, 479 manpower 512, 524–5 Samanids and 484, 500 map xxxv T. ahirids and 289–90, 493 mining 35, 36 Zayd¯ı state 327, 336, 500 Muh.ammad’s campaigns 192 Ziyarid rule 347 Muslim conquest 12, 195–6, 457;effects 198, T. abasayn 453 459, 510–12 tabiqun, in North Africa 594–5 nomads 361, 507, 512, 513, 577–8 Tabr¯zı 383 population 39, 40, 506–8 Tabuk 192 Qaramit.a 384, 446, 536–7, 561–2, 569–70 Tadmur see Palmyra

843

Index

al-T. aff 401 T. alh.a ibn qUbayd Allah 167n, 169, 204, 405 Taghlib, Banu 154, 165–6, 354, 532, 538 T. alib al-H. aqq (qAbd Allah ibn Yah.ya al-Kind¯)ı Tahert 303, 604, 609–10 260, 407, 418–19 Fat.imid conquest 330, 616, 617 talion, law of 157 location and plan 601, 604 Talish mountains 21 see also Rustamids Talmud, Babylonian 130 T. ahir ibn qAbd Allah, governor of Khurasan Tam¯m,ı Banu 155, 157, 158, 165–6 315 distribution 430, 438, 441, 443, 486;in T. ahir ibn al-H. usayn ibn Mus.qab al-Bushanj¯ı Bah.rayn 164, 439 490–1 religion 161, 208 in civil war 285, 474 and Sasanian caravan 160, 165 death 475, 502 Tangier 233, 591, 601 Epistle to son on ideal government 492 Tanukh, Banu 512, 532 governorships xxiv, 288, 475, 490–1 Taormina 319 in Yemen 420 Taq-i Bustan; bas-reliefs of Khusrau II 105, T. ahir ibn Muh.ammad, S. affarid ruler 337, 497–8 126n T. ahirids, governors of Khurasan xxiv, 288–90, T. araz 500 314–15, 490–3 Tar¯kh-iı Bukhara 465 and qAbbasids 285, 288, 301, 314, 482; loyalty Tar¯kh-iı Qumm 461 287, 314–15, 490 Tar¯kh-iı S¯stı an 464, 465, 468, 484–5, 486, 498 Baghdad security forces controlled by Tar¯kh-iı T. abaristan 484–5 314, 492 Tarim plain 109 and Caspian region 483, 493 T. ariq ibn Ziyad xxiii, 231–2, 585 coinage 491 Tarragona 601 and culture 289, 315, 503; bridge between Tarsus 28, 291, 529, 531, 539 Iranian and Arabic 289, 345, 494 Ah.mad ibn T. ul un and 320, 321–2 decline 315, 344 religious and intellectual life 320, 321, 531–2 hereditary rule 288–9, 475 T. ul unid occupation 335, 336, 535, 561 al-Fad.l ibn Sahl alienates 286 Tash, Abu ’l-qAbbas 503, 504 and Khuzaqa 289 tashb¯hı (anthropomorphism) of God 293 Mazyar and 482 Taurus mountains 22, 28, 529 religious orthodoxy 289, 295, 304, 316, 494 mining 35, 36 rise and nature of rule 304, 314–15 Tawwaj 452, 458 and Samanids 289, 497 taxation and S¯stı an 316, 488–9, 493 alms-tax 402, 425 and taxation 482 Arabic language used 208, 219 overthrown by Yaqqub ibn al-Layth 315, 316, Bedouin dynastic states 386 494, 495 of Berbers 590 Zayd¯ı opposition to 484 central government’s reliance on provincial see also individual family members 31, 319, 517, 524, 551, 557, 588–9 Tahuda 583 and Christians 464, 520, 533, 584; Coptic 544, al-T. ap¯,ı caliph 362, 499 548, 550, 551; Visigothic 586 Tapif 166, 167, 399, 413, 441, 444 cities and 12; Sasanian 51–2, 53, 54 administration 401, 402, 442 coinage for 649–50 T. apifa kingdoms of al-Andalus 621 continuity from pre-conquest systems 466, Takht-i Sulaiman 106 514, 684 Tak¯n,ı governor of Egypt 339, 564, 565 contracting out of (muqat.aqa) 312, 353 T. alaqan 454 converts’ exemption 252, 463, 464, 465, Talas 344 522, 523 battle of 456, 457–8, 684 dihqans as agents 470 T. alh.a ibn qAbd Allah al-Khuzaq¯ı 289 farming 312, 331, 353; in Egypt 557, 563, T. alh.a ibn T. ahir ibn al-H. usayn (T. ahirid) 488–9, 572, 577 491–2 fiscal districts 333

844

Index

ﬂexibility of qAbbasid 276 Thrace 22, 29, 32 immunity (¯ghı ar) 312, 353 Thughur 306, 336, 530, 531, 533, 537 Islamic; religious nature 175 ghaz¯ı mentality 531–2, 538 of land and agriculture 219, 306, 312–13, T. ul unids and 321, 335, 560, 561 352–3, 488, 684; assessment systems see also Tarsus 277, 288; in Egypt 219, 319, 544, 545, Tiberias 242, 259, 569, 653 549–50; in Iraq 360; kharaj 312–13, 353, Tiberius II, Roman emperor 136–7 371; Muslims pay 219, 549–50;on Tibet 455, 501–2 reclaimed land 323; Roman 30–1, 79; Tigris river 20–1, 34, 112 Sasanian 30, 110, 116, 122, 129 Tihama 414, 416, 420, 426 of Muslims 243 S. ulayh.¯sı and 427, 428 protests and revolts 276, 302, 454–5, 519, 552; Ziyad¯ı dynasty 422, 424 in east 263, 481, 486, 487, 488, 489;in see also Zab¯dı west 233, 603, 612–13 Tilak (Indian commander in Ghaznavid reforms: al-Mapmun ’s 288; Marwanid 208, army) 378 213, 219, 220–1, 228–9, 237, 519, 523 timber trade 681 scribes’ expertise 333 Timothy I, Nestorian Catholicos 535 seal pendants worn by non-Muslim tin mining 36 taxpayers 220 Tinnis 555 tithe (qushr) 312, 352–3 tithe (qushr) 312, 352–3 see also poll-tax and under individual states, titles regions, rulers and dynasties caliphal 210, 216, 357, 686 Tayma 20, 669 dawla element 356, 364, 365, 372, 373 T. ayyip, Banu 384, 512, 577–8 ikhsh¯dı 339 al-T. ayyib 429 for jihad 375–6, 377 Tchalenko, Georges 59–60 Justinian’s 141n Tell Baruda, Ctesiphon 53 rap¯sı , in Qazv¯nı 370 Tervingi 82–3 Sasanian kings’ 118 Tesfon see Ctesiphon shahanshah revived by Buyids 365 textiles 512, 555, 572 sult.an 373 Sasanian 106, 129, 132 Tlemcen 233, 599 see also individual types tokens, Egyptian glass 662–3, Pl. 16.38 Thailand; import of Iraqi glazed pottery 679–80 Toledo 601, 607, 612, 618–19 thaman mut.laq (absolute price) 649, 650, 651 Berber attack 234, 591 Thanesar, Hindu temple of 376 Muslim conquest 231–2, 585 al-Thaqaf¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn al-Qasim 240, tolerance, religious 317, 464, 494, 686 241, 376 tolls, local 26 Thaq¯f,ı Banu 166, 399 Tolmo de Minateda (Albacete, Mad¯natı theatres 670 Iyyih) 608 Theodomir, Visigothic dux 586–7 tombs see graves Theodore Abu Qurra 534–5 toreutics, Iranian 132 Theodoric the Amal 84 torture 334, 338 Theodosiopolis 85 Toulouse 232 Theodosius I, Roman emperor 81, 84 towers, Sasanian 143 Theodosius II, Roman emperor 80 towns see cities and towns theology see Qurpan (exegesis); scholarship trade (ISLAMIC) archaeological evidence 678–81, 682 Theophanes 96–7, 522 bills of exchange and cheques 649 Theophilus, Byzantine emperor 290 Black Sea 27 Theophylactus Simocatta 101 cities and 33, 48, 601 Thessaly 32 and coinage 649, 650 Thirst, Day of xxiv, 239 cost of overland 26–7 Thousand and One Nights, The 284 and cultural development 12

845

Index

trade (cont.) Oman 430, 434, 435, 438 European 36, 341, 662, 663, 678 partisanship (qas.abiyya) 253, 346–7 foodstuffs 33, 246 Syria 537, 538, 539 former qAbbasid domains linked by 361 tribal federations 153, 415 Idr¯sidı control 603 see also army, caliphal (Syro-Jaz¯ranı tribal); luxury goods 27, 33, 65, 66, 182, 678, 680 Bedouin; and individual tribes Parthian 129 Tribunus (doctor) 142n across political boundaries 58–9, 66 Tripoli, North Africa 234, 615 protectionism 65 Tripoli, Syria 517 qus.ur and 667, 669 Tripolitania 20, 582–3 Scandinavian 662, 681 Tudm¯rı 592 state contractors 63 T. ughj ibn Juff 336, 338, 562, 563 Umayyad long-distance 684 T. ughril Beg 379, 579 see also individual commodities; barter and T. ukharistan 239, 372, 457, 462 payment in kind; merchants; roads; Muslim conquest 238, 454, 455 routes; shipping; and under individual T. ul unids 11, 304, 319–22, 335–6, 557–62 regions and Fat.imids army 321, 560, 563 traditionalism see h.ad¯thı and traditionalism establishment of dynasty xxv, 319–22, 535 Trajan, Roman emperor 74–5 fall 338, 340, 355 Transcaucasus 87–8, 94, 139 Ibn al-Khal¯jı ’s attempted restoration 563 transhumance 381, 382 Qarmat.¯ı attack 336, 338 Transjordan 28, 64, 65, 385 and Syria 321, 535–6, 561 translation 208, 291, 638 see also Ah.mad ibn T. ul un; Khumarawayh transliteration xix–xx Tunis 234, 341 transmigration of souls 254 Tunisia 12, 20, 600–1 transmission of texts 630, 631–2 see also Aghlabids; Qayrawan Transoxania 21, 28, 448, 467, 468, 469–79 T. ur qAbd¯nı 535 qAbbasids and 685 Tur an 134, 146–7, 148, 150 conversion to Islam 295, 464 Türgesh confederation 238, 239, 457 Day of Thirst xxiv Turkic, Old; Manichaean texts 102 Ghaznavid campaigns 378–9 Turkmenistan 12 Marwanid expansion in 238–40 Turks Muslim conquest xxiii, 227, 456–8, 460 cavalry and mounted archers 364, 368, 538 political economy 467 conversion to Islam 500, 503, 505 political history 468, 469–79 depiction at Qus.ayr qAmra 250–1 Qarakhanid rule 374 diversity of peoples designated as 296 regional identity 295, 497 Hepthalite alliances against Muslim revolutionary movements 475–9 conquests 455 S. affarids and 336–7, 497, 659–60 in Jurjan 460–1 Samanid emirate 289, 336–7, 344–6, 497, 498–9 al-Mapmun ’s campaigns 492 trade 50, 284 al-Mustaq¯nı loses support 310–11 see also Bukhara; Samarqand al-Mutawakkil and xxv, 308, 309, 310 transport see caravans; roads; routes; shipping al-Muqtazz and 308, 309, 310 treasury 334 Samanids and 344, 499–500, 502; in armies treaties, form of 192 500, 502, 503–5 Trebizond 28 and Sasanians 88, 111, 113, 137, 454 tree ring analysis 23 sheep rearing 382–3 tribal culture and society slaves 344, 489, 493, 503;inqAbbasid army Arabia 397, 442, 686; historiography 153–6 xxiv, 287–8, 290, 296; in other Muslim cities develop from tribal centres 41 armies 368, 500, 502, 503–5, 577, 579 in dynastic and successor states 358, Sogdian alliance against Muslim 363–4, 382 conquest 457 eponyms 153, 154 Sunnism 373, 390–1

846

Index

Western, in Late Antiquity 88, 94, 111, 136, qUmar ibn Nabhan 436 137, 139 al-qUmar¯ı (Egyptian rebel) 559 see also army, caliphal (Turkish corps); qUmayr ibn Sulmiyy 441 Ghaznavids; ghulam; Ghuzz Turkmen; Umayyads Qarakhanids; Qarluq Turks; Saljuqs; of al-Andalus see under al-Andalus Türgesh confederation; Ushrusana caliphate 226–68, 516–27; qAbbasids T. us 283, 390, 454 compared with 301–2; extent of al-T. us ¯,ı Muh.ammad ibn al-H. asan 388 empire 684; see also individual caliphs Tustar 450 genealogies 169, 188, 213, 597 al-Tustar¯,ı AbuSa qd 578 in H. ijaz 401, 405, 406; and Medina 401, 406; Tutush ibn Alp Arslan 387 and Muh.ammad 513 Tuz un 354, 355–7, 365 in Syria 226–68, 516–17, 527 Tyana 235 see also individual caliphs, and topics Tyre 517 throughout index Umm al-Ras.as.; Church of St Stephen 530 qUbayd Allah, Fat.imid see qAbd Allah al-Mahd¯ı umma (community) 189 qUbayd Allah ibn al-H. abh.ab 233, 243, 549, 550, 591 ummal al-haraj (notables) 51–2 qUbayd Allah ibn al-Sar¯ı ibn al-H. akam 286, unitary state 6, 11 287, 552, 553 rise and consolidation 12–13 qUbayd Allah ibn Sulayman ibn Wahb 332 disintegration 13–15, 306–7, 685, 694–5 qUbayd Allah ibn T. ahir 411 universalism 226–7, 230, 273, 322, 616 qUbayd Allah ibn Yah.ya ibn Khaqan 309, 323 universities qUbayd Allah ibn Ziyad 456 modern 627 Uchi Maius (Henchir al-Douamis) 671, 672 Nestorian, of Jund¯shı apur 105, 132 Uh.ud, battle of 190–1 al-qUns.ur¯,ı Abu ’l-Qasim H. asan 375 Uh.ud, Mount; cult of al-Saq¯daı 163 Unuj ur ibn Muh.ammad ibn T. ughj (Ikhsh¯did)ı qUkaz. fair 161 562, 566 Ukhayd.ir, palace of 298 Uq 487–8 Ukhayd.ir dynasty 409, 443, 444, 446–7 qUqaylids of Mosul 363, 383–4, 385, 386–7 qUkkasha ibn Ayyub al-Fazar¯ı 592 coinage 660, Pl. 16.29 qulamap see h.ad¯thı and traditionalism; external relations 384, 386, 387, 446 scholarship (ISLAMIC) religious stance 384, 386, 444 qUman see Oman al-qUqayr 446 qUmar I ibn al-Khat.t.ab, caliph xxiii, 208, 229, qUqba ibn Naf¯ıq 197, 583, 604 403, 431, 439 descendants 593 administration 199–200, 208 Uqhuwana, battle of 577–8 assassination 453 al-Urdunn 242, 517 conquests xxiii, 194, 196, 450–1; and booty qUrwa ibn al-Zubayr 400 199–200, 208 qushr (tithe) 312, 352–3 genealogy 169 Ushrusana 240, 289–90, 344, 467, 492, 500 and non-Muslims 299, 417 see also Afsh¯nı Sh¯ıqa and 205–6, 388, 389, 391 ustadh (title) 568 and succession procedures 194, 203–4 Ustadhs¯s,ı revolt in Badgh¯sı area 476–7 and Yemen 416–17 Utamish (Turkish commander) 310 qUmar II ibn qAbd al-qAz¯z,ı caliph xxiv, 213, qUtba son of Rab¯ıqa ibn qAbd Shams 167 228–9, 418, 432–3, 525, 589 al-qUtb¯,ı Abu ’l-H. usayn (vizier) 504 Byzantine campaigns xxiii, 235 qUthman ibn qAffan, caliph xxiii, 169, 203–4, justice and reforms 228–9, 418 205, 208 and religion 228–9, 464, 522, 525 assassination xxiii, 204, 400, 516, 547; see also and Transoxania 239, 464 fitnas (first) qUmar ibn qAbbas, governor of S¯stı an 486 H. ijaz under 399, 403 qUmar ibn al-qAlap 480, Pl. 16.18 and Qurpan 185, 204 qUmar ibn H. afs.un 612 Sh¯ıqite and Kharijite rejection 205–6, 391

847

Index

qUthman ibn al-H. uwayrith 164n and Christianity 522, 587 qUthman ibn Nah¯kı al-qAkk¯ı 274 and Egypt 230, 548 Uwal 446 and governors’ independence 232, 585 qUyayna ibn H. is.n 160–1 mosques 227, 257, 403, 521, 674 taxation 519–20 Vaballathus, ruler of Palmyra 77 al-Wal¯dı II ibn Yaz¯d,ı caliph 213, 229–30, 234, Valencia 601 236, 250, 256–7 Valens, Roman emperor 43, 82–3 accession 229, 255–8 Valentinian, Roman emperor 43, 81 assassination 247, 257, 593 Valerian, Roman emperor xxii, 76, 105, 108 succession dispute after death 256–7; see Vandals 83 also fitnas (third) conquest of North Africa xxii, 83 al-Wal¯dı ibn al-Wal¯dı ibn al-Mugh¯raı 167 kingdom 27, 83, 581, 582, 671 Wal¯laı (Volubilis) 598 Varna (Odessos) 57n Walila confederation 304 vegetable production 29, 32, 34 walls, defensive 42, 276, 604 Veh-az-antiok-Khusrau 65 Walwal¯jı Pl. 16.35 Via Egnatia 29 Wanda-Um¯d,ı Qarinid ruler 481, 482 Vikings 681 Wandad-Hurmuzd, Qarinid ruler 481 villages Wansbrough, John 632, 635, 641, 643 cities’ relationship with 41, 45 al-Waqid¯,ı Abu qAbd Allah Muh.ammad 156, in Egypt 544–5, 557 400, 630 late Roman empire 45, 59–60 Waq¯la,ı son of Witiza 585, 586 vindices 43 Waraqa ibn Nawfal 186 Visigoths see under al-Andalus Warfajjuma (Berber tribe) 593, 596 visual art 106, 250–1, 298 warfare see also architecture; decorative arts; economic effect 31, 63, 71, 167, 360, 512, 309n frescoes; iconography; reliefs, elephants used in 374, 375 Sasanian rock-cut forbidden months 190 viticulture 34 Islamic fusion with religion 14, 173–5, 193, vizierate 274, 281–2, 298, 369 683–4, 691 laqab on coins 660, Pl. 16.27 Qurpanic emphasis on 189–90, 201 and mus.adara procedure 334, 349–50, 351, 357 see also armies; army, caliphal; mercenaries; see also individual viziers’ names navies and naval warfare; siege Volga region 237, 662, 681 warfare Volubilis (Wal¯la)ı 598 warner-prophet, Muh.ammad as 185, 187, 224 volunteer fighters 317, 341, 344–5, 358, 376 warriors for the faith see ghaz¯ıs vows 356–7 Was.¯f,ı chamberlain 309, 310, 311 Wasit. 324, 354, 367, 393, 657 Wad¯ı al-Qura 20, 399 garrison 218, 264 Wad¯ı Sirh.an 669 mosque 673, 673, 674 Wahb ibn Munabbih 418 al-Mustaq¯nı ’s death at 311, 320 Wahram I, king of Persia 124–5, 132, 151, 683 wasiyya (designation of succession) 272 Wahram II, king of Persia 132, 151 water supplies Wahram III, king of Persia 99, 118, 151 in cities 41, 42, 50, 604, 670;Samarrap 300, 675 Wahram V Gor, king of Persia 84, 134, 151 law on water rights 493 Wahram VI Chobin, king of Persia 111, 137, on pilgrimage roads 280–1, 403, 669 148, 152, 498 at qus.ur 667–9 al-Waht., estate of qAmr ibn al-qA¯ s. 167 see also irrigation; qanats Waj al-Rudh 452 al-Wathiq, caliph 270, 294, 297, 298, 408, 443 Walakhsh, king of Parthia 145 Watt, W. Montgomery 630, 639 al-Wal¯dı I ibn qAbd al-Malik, caliph xxiii, 213, Wayhind, Hindush ahid rulers of 376 227–8, 249, 403–4 waz¯rı s see vizierate campaigns 218, 238–9, 249 Weber, Max 574

848

Index

Weh-Andiyok-Shabuhr see Jund¯shı apur Yah.ya ibn Zikrawayh (s.ah.ib al-naqa, ‘the man Weh-Shapur, chief priest 127 with the she-camel’) 337–8, 561–2 weights and measures 208, 220, 245 Yaqla ibn Umayya 416 Weil, Gustav 629 Yamama 159, 181, 438–47 welfare institutions, Qarmat.¯ı 445 governors 417, 431, 442 Wellhausen, Julius 630, 640–1 religious groups 161, 418, 427, 441 west 242, 581–621 trade routes 439; security 160, 165, 420 qAbbasid rule 234, 599, 685 Ukhayd.ir dynasty 409, 443, 444, 446–7 caliphates 613–21 Yaman (area) see Yemen eastern ideologies and dynasties 593–600 Yaman (tribal faction) 156 landlocked landscape, medieval 600, 601–2 and qAbbasids 523, 528 in Late Antiquity 74, 75, 81–4, 135, 600–1 and Qays 218, 253, 263, 302, 434–5, 550 map xxxvii and Yaz¯dı III 256–8 Marwanid rule 230–4, 260 Yanbuq 405 Muslim conquests 581–9, 600–1 Yaqqub ibn Killis 568, 570, 571–3 societies after conquests 600–10 Yaqqub ibn al-Layth al-S. aﬀar 315–18, 336, see also individual states; dynasties and rulers 494–6, 497 wheat 32, 167n, 246 challenge to qAbbasid caliphate 316–17, 325, wilaya/wilayat see provinces 495–6; defeat at Dayr al-qA¯ qul xxv, 316, wine 27, 62–3, 246 323, 495–6 wisdom literature, Middle Persian (andarz coinage 659–60 texts) 125 and H. ijaz 409 Wistahm 118 and jihad 317, 495 Witiza, sons of 585, 586 plebeian origins 493, 494 Wizarišn ¯ı čatrang ud nihišn ¯nı ew-ardaxšı¯r 126 T. ahirids overthrown by 315, 316, 494, 495 women 187, 259, 404, 445 al-Yaqqub ¯,ı Ah.mad ibn Ab¯Yaı qqub 272, 414, royal: Fat.imid 576, 578; Roman 142; 492, 501–2 Sasanian 116, 117–18, 142 Yaqut, ruler of Fars 364–5 woodlands 25, 29, 35 Yarjukh 559 workforce see labour Yarmuk, battle of the 95, 196, 511, 512 world system theory 59n Yathrib (pre-Islamic name of Medina) 167, writing 153–4, 157, 185 173, 399 see also inscriptions; scripts Yawm al-Mushaqqar, battle of 158 Wushmg¯rı ibn Ziyar 347 Yazd 28 Yazdegerd I, king of Persia 84, 133–4, 151 Xwaday-namag (Middle Persian ‘Book of Yazdegerd II, king of Persia 84, 151 lords’) 103, 115, 127, 133, 145–50 Yazdegerd III, king of Persia 111–12, 152, 451, xwarrah (Middle Persian; ‘divine grace’ of 453–4 kings) 114, 118 assassination xxiii, 112, 196, 455, 461, 653–4 son’seﬀorts to restore monarchy fail 461–2 Yabghu Khan, ‘viceroy’ of Turkic empire 139 Yaz¯dı I ibn Muqawiya, caliph 205, 213, 215, 456, Yah.mad tribal confederation 434 517, 518, 525 Yah.ya IV, Idr¯sidı ruler 616 and H. ijaz 402, 406, 518 Yah.ya ibn qAbd Allah (al-Daylam¯)ı and al-H. usayn xxiii, 215, 406 280, 484 Yaz¯dı II ibn qAbd al-Malik, caliph 213, 228, 229, Yah.ya ibn qAbd Allah al-Sabbaq 419 239, 256, 522 Yah.ya ibn Asad, Samanid ruler 289, 498 Yaz¯dı III ibn al-Wal¯d,ı caliph 213, 256–8 Yah.ya ibn al-H. usayn al-H. asan¯ı (al-Had¯ilı a Yaz¯dı ibn qAbd Allah al-Turk¯ı 559 ’l-H. aqq) 327, 424–5, 427 Yaz¯dı ibn Ab¯ı Muslim 590–1 Yah.ya ibn Karib 419 Yaz¯dı ibn Ab¯ı Sufyan 513 Yah.ya ibn Khalid al-Barmak¯ı 281–2 Yaz¯dı ibn H. atim al-Muhallab¯ı 275, 303, Yah.ya ibn Yah.ya al-Layth¯ı 606 551–2 Yah.ya ibn Zayd ibn qAl¯ı 255 Yaz¯dı ibn Jar¯rı 420

849

Index

Yaz¯dı ibn al-Muhallab xxiv, 253, 432–3, Zabulistan 237–8, 316, 494 460–1, 480 Zadhuya, marzban of Sarakhs 462 Yazman, governor of Tarsus 321–2, 335 Zagros region 21, 28, 49, 467 al-Yazur ¯,ı Abu Muh.ammad al-H. asan 578–9 economic activity 30, 36, 450 Yemen 414–30 foothills 30, 450 qAbbasid rule 419–21 Kurds of 380; dynastic states 381, 382 Abnap 415 Muslim conquest 450, 451 administration 244, 397, 401, 440 natural frontier 112, 450 Christianity 161, 178–9 al-Z. ahir li-iqzaz D¯nı Allah, Fat.imid 576, 578 dynasties, independent: non-sectarian Z. ahira or Jawf, Oman 430 421–2; sectarian 15, 421, 422–30; see also zakat (alms-tax) 402, 425 Ibad.iyya and Ismaq¯liyyaı below, and Zam 454 Najah¯ı dynasty; S. ulayh.¯ı state; Yuqfir¯ı al-Zamakhshar¯,ı Abu ’l-Qasim Mah.mud 413 dynasty; Zaydiyya (in Yemen); Zamasp, shah of Persia 85, 152 Ziyad¯sı Zam¯ndı awar 455–6, 485 Ethiopian invasions 428 Zanata Berber tribal confederation 342, 620 and Fat.imids 427 al-Zanat¯,ı Khalid ibn H. umayd 591 geographical divisions 414–15 Zand-i Vohuman Yasht 460 H. imyarite dynasties 424 zandaqa (heresy) 277 Ibad.iyya 418–19, 434, 436 Zangids; coinage 663, Pls. 16.40–41 import of Iraqi glazed pottery 679–80 Zanj revolt xxv, 317, 323–5, 443, 559 Islamisation 415–16 Arab supporters 324–5, 409 Ismaq¯liyyaı 421–2, 424, 426–30, 614; see also defeat xxv, 332 S. ulayh.¯ı state messianism 558 Jews 161, 415, 417 al-Muwaffaq and 321, 335, 560 Kharijism 407, 414, 418 Sh¯ıqism 324, 325, 558 landscape 20, 414 al-Zara 164 Marwanid conquest and rule 244, 418 Zarafshan valley 477 modern scholarship lacking 638 Zaranj 374, 458, 485, 486, 487, 488 Muh.ammad and 415 qayyarun 316, 317 Muslim conquest 418; and role in further Muslim takeover 453, 455, 468 conquests 416, 546 routes 28, 468 pre-Islamic period 414, 417, 423 Samanids capture 498, 500 Rashidun and 416–17 Yaqqub ibn al-Layth and 316, 494 Sasanians and Romans and 58, 87–8, 160, Zaw¯laı 559 164, 165 Zayd ibn qAl¯ı 254–5, 303 scholars 423, 424 Zaydiyya 206, 255, 260, 326–7, 424–6 Sh¯ıqism 15, 286–7, 414, 422–3; see also Ibad.iyya; in Caspian region 336, 346, 347, 356, Ismaq¯liyyaı above 483–4, 500 social structures 414, 415, 417, 423 historiography 418 Sunn¯ı dynasties 421, 422 in Yemen 265, 327, 418, 421–2, 424–6; and Yuqfir ibn qAbd al-Rah.man al-H. iwal¯ı 422 S. ulayh.¯sı 426, 427, 428, 429 Yuqfir¯ı dynasty of Yemen 422, 424, 427 Zaynab, wife of Muh.ammad 186 Yunus ibn Ilyas 596 Zenobia, queen of Palmyra 77 Yusuf ibn qUmar al-Thaqaf¯ı 244 Zikrawayh (or Zikroye) 337, 536–7 Yusuf ibn al-Waj¯h,ı ruler of Oman 436 sons of see H. usayn ibn Zikrawayh; Yah.ya Yusuf al-Fihr¯ı 303, 593–4 ibn Zikrawayh Z¯nabı ¯,ı marzban of Rayy 452 Zab, Greater 381 Z¯ridsı battle of the Zab 264, 527 in al-Andalus 620, 621 Zab, Lesser 381 in Ifr¯qiyaı 574, 578–9, 618 Zab¯dı 421–2, 424, 427, 428, 679–80 Ziyad ibn Ab¯ı Sufyan 665–6 Zabul 464 Ziyad ibn Ab¯hiı 209, 440, 455, 464, 490

850

Index

Ziyad ibn S.alih. 456, 457–8 priests 99–100, 105, 116, 120, 128, 462 Ziyadat Allah I, Aghlabid ruler 604, 606, 610 Sasanian kings and 85, 114, 118–19, 126–7, Ziyadat Allah III, Aghlabid ruler 330, 615 131, 143 Ziyad¯sı of Yemen 304, 421, 422, 424 see also Mazdakism Ziyarids of Jurjan 347, 501 Zosimus 101 Zoroastrianism 130, 131–2 Zubala 157 in Arabia 161, 415, 439 Zubayda, wife of Harun al-Rash¯dı 280–1, in Caspian region 479, 480 282, 442 conversions to Islam 465 al-Zubayr ibn al-qAwwam 169, 204, 216, 405 ﬁre worship 46, 106–7, 114, 118–19, 143, 200 Zubayrids 405, 406–7 historiography 460 Zuhayr ibn al-Musayyab 474 iconography 76, 106–7, 654, Pl. 16.3 Zuhra 157, 168 and Iranian identity 144 al-Zuhr¯,ı Ibn Shihab 400, 525 Islamic aversion to dualism 113 zunb¯lı of S¯stı an and Zabulistan 237–8, Mardav¯jı ibn Ziyar attempts to restore 347, 485–6, 494 361–2 Zurara, Banu 155 persecution, allegations of 460 Zurayq, Banu 429 post-conquest 347, 361–2, 460, 464, 465, 686 Zut.t. peoples 249, 451

851