ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORT: MCLAUGHLINS QUARRY PRIVATE PLAN CHANGE REQUEST

Prepared for Stonehill Property Trust

January 2019

By

Rod Clough (PhD) Simon Bickler (PhD)

321 Forest Hill Rd, Waiatarua, Auckland 0612 Telephone: (09) 8141946 Mobile 0274 850 059 www.clough.co.nz

Contents Introduction ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Methodology ...... 1 Archaeological Background ...... 4 Archaeological Landscape ...... 4 Previous Archaeological Work ...... 5 Matukutureia Pa and Surrounds (Site R11/25) ...... 6 Effects of European Settlement ...... 10 Recorded Sites in the Vicinity of the Project Area ...... 12 Archaeology at the McLaughlins Quarry ...... 15 Physical Environment ...... 23 Field Assessment ...... 25 Field Visit 2015 ...... 25 Discussion and Conclusions ...... 28 Summary of Results ...... 28 Maori Cultural Values ...... 28 Survey Limitations ...... 29 Archaeological Value and Significance ...... 29 Effects ...... 32 Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements ...... 33 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements ...... 34 Conclusions ...... 35 Recommendations ...... 36 Bibliography ...... 37 Appendix A: Site Record Forms ...... 39

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INTRODUCTION

Project Background Clough & Associates Limited has been commissioned to prepare an Archaeological Assessment Report to inform the McLaughlins Quarry Private Plan Change Request to the Auckland Unitary Plan (Operative in Part). The Plan Change Request relates to land near McLaughlins Hill in Wiri, South Auckland (Figure 1, Figure 2). The proposed Plan Change area is divided into two sub areas, A and B (Figure 3). Area A was previously assessed by Clough & Associates (Clough 2007a) to inform the Assessment of Environmental Effects for the resource consent application for the development of this area. Area A has been substantially earthworked and developed as part of the Stonehill subdivision. This report provides an archaeological assessment for Area B (Figure 3). It has been prepared both to support the Private Plan Change Request and to identify any requirements under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA). Recommendations are made in accordance with statutory requirements.

Methodology The New Zealand Archaeological Association’s (NZAA) site record database (ArchSite), Auckland Council’s Cultural Heritage Inventory (CHI), the Auckland Unitary Plan Operative in Part 2016 (AUP OP) schedules and the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga (Heritage NZ) New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero were searched for information on archaeological sites had been recorded on or in the immediate vicinity of the property. Literature and archaeological reports relevant to the area were consulted (see Bibliography). Early plans held at Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) and historic aerial photographs were checked for information relating to past use of the property. The area has been surveyed in detail on a number of previous occasions, particularly during the work for the earlier stages of the Stonehill development (see Bickler et al. 2004, 2013). A brief visual inspection of the property was conducted on 28 October 2015. The ground surface was examined for evidence of former occupation in the form of shell midden, depressions, terracing or other unusual formations within the landscape, or indications of 19th century European settlement remains. Sites were photographed and GPS readings taken.

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Figure 1. General location of proposed Plan Change Area

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Figure 2. Proposed Plan Change area

Figure 3. Sub Areas within the Plan Change Area. This report relates to Area B

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

Archaeological Landscape1 The project area was once part of an extensive pre-European landscape relating to former Maori occupation of the area centred on Matukutureia Pa (McLaughlins Mountain) and Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa (Wiri Mountain) (Figure 4). Gardens and habitation areas once surrounded the volcanic cone pa, and the plentiful surface volcanic stone was used to create structures in the form of garden walls, earth and stone garden mounds and stone walled houses within which cooking and storage sites were interspersed. The landscapes created by Maori around the cones, and added to by early European farmers who built their own stone walls, are known as stonefields (Sullivan 1975, 1989a, b; Lawlor 1981b; Clough and Plowman 1996; Clough and Turner 1998).

Figure 4. Showing the locations of Matukutureia Pa (McLaughlins Mountain), McLaughlins Quarry and Matukurua Stonefields. Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa (Wiri Mountain) is to the east, Puhinui Reserve to the west, and the Wiri Oil Terminal and Wiri Railway sites to the northeast. Archaeological sites (stars) recorded in the vicinity including R11/47 (arrow) (source: NZAA ArchSite Database 2018 - locations only accurate to within c.100m)

1 The background material is summarised from Bickler et al. 2013.

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Previous Archaeological Work Agnes Sullivan’s work in the early 1970s (e.g. Sullivan 1975) has been fundamental to archaeological research in the region. This included detailed mapping of the stonefield features in the area that is now Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve. As Lawlor (2002:32) notes: ‘Subsequent work within Matukurua stonefields has built on and expanded on the pioneering work of Sullivan’. 2 Archaeological survey and excavations during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s (including Lawlor 1981a, b; Bulmer 1983, 1986; Veart 1986; Clough and Turner 1998) have considerably enhanced our understanding of Maori agricultural practices in volcanic environments, and have shed light on aspects of Maori social structure and patterns of land use. The majority of archaeological remains seen in the Matukurua Stonefields date from the 15th century onwards, after settlements on the coast became less sustainable (Clough and Turner 1998). The potential of the fertile Matukurua Stonefields for intensive horticulture, combined with access to the extensive estuarine shellfish beds and marine resources of the inner Manukau Harbour, provided Maori with a viable alternative and a more stable environment than the one they had initially selected. Surface stone was utilised for various forms of stone walls, rows and alignments, and stone boundary markers, which served to divide the landscape and demarcate garden boundaries (Veart 1986). Earth and stone mounds were constructed both for land clearance purposes and to extend the growing season by creating a micro-environment with elevated temperatures, better moisture retention and mineral concentration, while volcanic depressions and sinkholes, where deeper soils accumulated, were utilised as discrete gardening areas (Coates 1991; Veart 1986; Albert 1987). Evidence for habitation is found throughout the stonefields, in the form of hearths and cooking remains and stone or earth and stone walls indicating both short-term field shelters, used while tending crops, and more substantial whare (Lawlor 1981b; Veart 1986; Sullivan 1974). The areas that have been surveyed in detail and investigated include the Wiri Oil Terminal site to the northeast of the McLaughlins Quarry property (R11/1187). Detailed archaeological mapping of the features there was carried out prior to the construction of the terminal (Cramond et al. 1982), and an extensive investigation was carried out, but unfortunately no investigation report was completed (some information can be found in Rickard et al. 1983; Bulmer and Lilburn 1982; Veart 1986). Investigations around Wiri Mountain (R11/32) prior to quarrying revealed a sequence of initial settlement concentrated on the uppermost terraces with slope gardens below. As settlement expanded the lower area was also used for habitations with gardening in the volcanic fields below (Sullivan 1974, 1975; Foster 1988). Limited archaeological excavations of the Matukurua Stonefields (R11/25) were carried out in 1978/79, in the area that is now historic reserve on the eastern side of the Puhinui

2 The Matukurua Stonefields have been referred to as the Matukutureia or Matukuturua Stonefields,and included the neighbouring area around Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa /Wiri Mountain (site R11/32, previously referred to as Matukutururu). There are a number of names associated with the area and some research has been undertaken regarding these. The Auckland Council CHI record (no. 11730: see https://chi.org.nz) includes the results. The names used by historian Graeme Murdoch (ibid.) are those used in this report, except for the stonefields reserve adjacent to the project area, which has been named the Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve.

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Creek, as part of the Southwestern Interceptor project (Lawlor 1981a, b). Evidence of stone heaps, a C-shaped enclosure, an L-shaped enclosure (with associated obsidian and other material) and a possible field shelter was recovered, and several radiocarbon dates were obtained. The Wiri Railway site (R11/1188) was mapped prior to excavation, and extensive stonefield features, particularly the garden mounds, were recorded (Veart, Foster and Bulmer 1984; Rickard et al. 1983). It was excavated in 1985 by Rickard and Coates (Coates 1992), and in 1986 by Veart (1986). Clough and Turner (1998) also undertook some excavation in the Puhinui Reserve on the western side of Puhinui Creek, a contrasting environment of poorer clay soils as opposed to the rich volcanic loams of the eastern side. This is reflected in the lack of agricultural features on the western side of the stream. Surveys there in recent times (e.g., Clough 2004, 2005; Baquié and Clough 2006) have confirmed the presence of stream-side midden deposits, but little evidence located away from the western stream banks.

Matukutureia Pa and Surrounds (Site R11/25) Site R11/25 includes both the Matukurua stonefields and Matukutureia Pa (the latter now largely destroyed by quarrying). The approximate extent of the archaeological features prior to quarrying is shown on a 1959 aerial view (Figure 5 and Figure 6). On Matukutureia Pa archaeological terracing was clearly visible around the main peak and along the ridge running to the southwest in the 1959 aerial (Figure 6). This ridge has since been completely quarried away. The stonefield features were also clearly visible surrounding the pa in 1959 (Figure 5), including within the area to the west of the pa. It is likely that much of the area between R11/25 (Matukutureia Pa) and R11/32 (Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa/Wiri Mountain) was utilised by Maori for gardening. Now, however, extensive quarrying has destroyed a substantial portion of the stonefield features, and only a small area of stonefield remains survive in the southern part of the area, most of the remains being located within the Matukurua Historic Reserve next to the current McLaughlins Quarry property. No complete plan of the entire extent of the site is available today. A 1952 photograph (Figure 7) reveals the scale and complexity of the former pa site (Matukutureia) prior to quarrying. The recently removed water reservoir was already in place, but quarrying had not begun. Numerous terraces can be observed (particularly on the western side) and these were used for the construction of living and storage houses. The northern side, although not visible in the photograph, would have been similarly sculpted, while the south facing slope below the water reservoir has few visible features. The mountain would have afforded strategic views of the Manukau and other pa around the Tamaki isthmus (for example Maungarei, Mangere, Maungakiekie). In the fields on the southern lava flow, stone features such as mounds and walls can be discerned and many of these features can still be identified today. Today, the only section of the mountain still standing is the small cone shown beneath the water reservoir in Figure 8, and even this remnant has been extensively benched during quarrying. Prior to that, the top had been levelled for the construction of the water reservoir and two deep pipe trenches were excavated to carry water to and from the reservoir. As a result of this activity the mountain is heavily modified, with active erosion. Only small parts of the eastern slopes may retain some of their original contour. The reservoir was

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removed in 2010, but no surviving archaeological evidence was found under the concrete structure (Foster in NZAA Site Record Form R11/25).

Figure 5. View of Matukutureia Pa and stonefields (site R11/25) and Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa (R11/32) in 1959 in relation to the project area. Approximate extent of features identified (dotted lines)

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Project Area

Figure 6. View of Matukutureia Pa (part of site R11/25) in 1959 (from Auckland Council GIS Viewer)

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Current project area

Figure 7. Aerial view of the Puhinui Creek and Matukutureia prior to quarrying (Air Logistics 1952). Looking north

Proposed Wiri aerodrome site, Auckland. Whites Aviation Ltd :Photographs. Ref: WA-30923-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23261191 (see also http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23261113 )

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Figure 8. Remnant Matukutureia Pa to the east of McLaughlins Quarry zone (photo: 2001)

Effects of European Settlement European farming of the Puhinui area began in 1845 when T.M. McLaughlin purchased over 1000 hectares of the Clendon Grant (Figure 9). Prior to 1840 it had been part of the extensive Fairburn Claim (Lawlor 1981b). The stony nature of the ground – its rocks and lava outcrops – prevented the use of the plough (Sullivan 1975). Although the Europeans cleared surface rocks for convenience and for the construction of stone walls, the earlier archaeological features were relatively well preserved, apart from stock damage. The historic European stone walls are also archaeological features. By 1960 large scale quarrying of the two cones (Maunga Matukutureia/ McLaughlins and Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa/ Wiri Mountain) was underway, although this process had started in 1915 at Wiri (Lawlor 2002:6). This quarrying has destroyed most of the archaeology on the pa at Maunga Matukutureia, most of the archaeology on the pa at Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa, and over 80% of the associated agricultural field systems.

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Figure 9. Part of SO 1122E dated 1897

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Recorded Sites in the Vicinity of the Project Area The archaeological remains previously recorded around Matukutureia/ McLaughlins Mountain logically all fall within a single archaeological landscape and could have been recorded as one site. However, historically they have been recorded as a number of sites which combine to cover the settlement on the lava flow of Matukutureia. The sites recorded on the former McLaughlins Quarry Trust (MQT) property (Figure 10), much of which has now been developed during previous stages of the Stonehill development, comprised: • R11/25 (Matukutureia Pa and the associated stonefields settlement), a dense complex of archaeological features relating to gardening and occupation, which can be observed on the adjacent Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve. • R11/47, recorded as a settlement site (ploughed out/destroyed according to the site record) and relating to much of the former MQT property. New features recorded during surveys of the property undertaken by Clough & Associates in 2001 and 2007 (Clough 2007a) were recorded under this number. • R11/910, four possible terraces recorded in 1972, but not relocated in 2013. This is probably the same site as R11/1632. • R11/1632, a collection of pits, terraces and midden recorded on and above the banks of the Puhinui Creek and within the project area. This probably also included the area of site R11/910 recorded previously, but not subsequently re-identified in later surveys. • R11/2810, a midden site in the northwest of the property noted during the 2001 and 2007 surveys, but mistakenly associated with R11/1631. It was on the southern side of the stream and outside of the quarry zone. • R11/2811, a midden site on the eastern bank of the Puhinui Creek identified during the investigations in 2008, just to the north of the project area. The assessments carried out prior to extending the quarry noted that the main part of Matukutureia Pa that was in the McLaughlins Quarry zone had been quarried away (Figure 12) and that the lava flows on the western side between the former mountain and the Puhinui Creek did not appear to have the complexity of stone features visible on the adjacent historic reserve to the south of the mountain (Clough 2007a). It was considered likely that stone features also occupied the western paddocks, but that they had been removed by farming activities.3 The site record for R11/47 reported this area as ‘ploughed out’ and had been stamped ‘destroyed’. However, the 2000 and 2007 surveys (Clough 2000, 2007a) indicated that while the bulk of the pasture had had most surface rock removed and had undoubtedly been disc ploughed, a number of archaeological features were still visible around the periphery of the area. Consequently, the site record for R11/47 was updated to record settlement remains observed during those surveys. In addition to the sites listed above, there is a recorded site (R11/911, stone fish traps) located within the Puhinui Creek to the southeast of the project area. This site has been

3 Ian Wedding (former quarry owner) advised that a great deal of surface rock had been removed using cheap labour during the war.

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scheduled on the AUP OP as a Historic Heritage Place (Schedule 14.1 ID 02163), and the scheduled Extent of Place extends into the southern corner of the project area as shown in Figure 11. The site consists of stone fish traps and includes several (originally 12) lines of basalt blocks across the stream bed, forming pools in the channel, a possible bag-shaped trap and two stone causeways. There are two Sites and Places of Significance to Mana Whenua immediately adjacent and to the northeast of the project area: the Matukuturua Stonefields and Maunga Matukutureia/McLaughlins Mt (Schedule 12 ID 034 and 036) (see Figure 11). The sites referred to are listed in Table 1. Only three (R11/47, R11/1632 and R11/910) are located within the project area, but R11/910 appears to be the same site as R11/1632, making two sites in all.

Figure 10. Recorded archaeological sites around the quarry (NZAA ArchSite 2018)

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Figure 11. AUP OP Historic Heritage overlay (purple hatching, arrowed) and Sites and Places of Significance to Mana Whenua overlay (purple stipple)

Table 1. Recorded archaeological within or near the project area (excluding those to the south and west of Puhinui Creek); those shaded are located within the project area (source: NZAA ArchSite)

NZAA CHI AUP OP Site Type Grid No. No. Schedule Reference R11/25 11730 12 ID 034 Pa and stonefield gardens (Matukutureia E 1764061 & 036 Pa and associated stonefields) N 5902027 R11/47 4190 Terraces, stone faced terraces, stone E 1763794 mounds, midden N 5901723 (Maori settlement site, McLaughlins Quarry, much destroyed by quarrying; some areas investigated – Bickler et al. 2013) R11/910 4298 Terraces E 1763602 (Same site as R11/1632) N 5901616 R11/911 10465 14.1 ID Fish traps E 1763778 2163 (Stone fish traps and bag shaped trap; N 5901485 site extends for 855m within the Puhinui creek; bordered by two historic stone causeways) R11/1632 4535 Pits, terraces, midden E 1763601 (On banks of Puhinui Creek) N 5901716

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NZAA CHI AUP OP Site Type Grid No. No. Schedule Reference R11/2810 - Midden E 1763719 (On grassy flat E of Puhinui Creek N 5902236 between quarry and creek; also an old concrete drain) R11/2811 19888 Midden E 1763574 (Small scatter c.4m x 4m on E bank of N 5901872 Puhinui Creek)

Archaeology at the McLaughlins Quarry In 2007, McLaughlins Quarry Trust (MQT) obtained consent to extend their Wiri Quarry. An assessment of effects carried out by Clough & Associates (Clough 2007a) determined that several archaeological features relating to recorded archaeological site R11/47 (settlement remains including terraces, middens and gardening features) would be impacted on. An Authority to modify part of site R11/47 was subsequently applied for and granted by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust (NZHPT) to MQT on 19 October 2007 (No. 2007/351). The Authority was conditional on preservation of some zones of archaeology and the investigation of specified areas of R11/47, including Zone A and parts of Zones B and C (Figure 12), as described in the Research Strategy provided with the application (Clough 2007b, 2008). Archaeological monitoring of earthworks that might affect archaeological sites was also a requirement. The final report for the Authority and included the results of: 1. Investigation of Zone B in 2008. 2. Archaeological monitoring of topsoil stripping for quarry activities in 2008-2009. 3. Investigation of a garden area in Zone C in 2011. Figure 13 shows an overlay of the identified archaeological sites, areas investigated and major earthworks undertaken for the project (from Bickler et al. 2013). The area identified in Figure 13 as ‘Monitoring Areas’ were fully excavated during the project with the archaeological features identified specifically on the plan.

Protected Areas Figure 12 shows a plan of the McLaughlins Quarry and known archaeological features. Site R11/1632, Zone D (R11/2810) and some features of Zone B adjacent to the neighbouring stonefields (R11/47) were excluded from quarrying activities. Machinery was excluded from these areas: 1. The eastern portion of Zone B (stone alignments) was fenced off and the extent of the remains surveyed in on the quarry plan in accordance with Authority condition 3b. 2. The known extent of R11/1632 (pits/terraces/midden) was mapped out in accordance with Authority condition 3d.

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3. Zone D (R11/2180) was fenced off with waratahs and tape.

Zone A, Stone Mounds (R11/47) Immediately to the south of the operational quarry area was a portion of remnant pasture with two, possibly four, stone mounds (see Figure 12). Two of these also had small quantities of shell midden near the surface. The trenches excavated by the quarry operators in this area had not caused damage to any archaeological features, nor was any archaeological evidence visible in their exposed sections or spoil heaps. One of the sections had a concentration of subsurface rocks (Figure 14), but it could not be determined whether this was natural or of cultural origin.

Zone B, Stone Alignments, Terraces, Midden (R11/47) Excavations in in Zone B suggested that a small whare was built on a knoll above a lagoon and an area of cultivation. The pit with a drain and large post hole was only 3m x 1.5m in size and represented either a food storage pit or a field shelter or small whare. The other more vaguely defined pits adjacent to it may also have been food storage pits. If these features do represent food storage, then the facilities here were insubstantial compared with those of nearby sites R11/2810 and R11/1632, where pits are more numerous, larger and deeper. The stone alignments in Zone B, Area B are relatively late in the sequence, overlying both midden and gardening soils, but their association with the deep charcoal rich soils supports their interpretation as gardening features.

Zone C, Stone Aligned Terraces (R11/47) In the southwest, above the stream, was a series of narrow or shallow terraces with apparent stone alignments and some stone mounds (Figure 12, Figure 15). These included a rocky slope overlooking the Puhinui Creek where small terraces could be discerned. Some of the terraces were stone faced, and two stone piles and a low stone alignment were in close proximity. These features had not been specifically recorded in the past, but were considered likely to relate to Maori settlement in the general area recorded as R11/47.

Zone D, Pits and Midden In the northwest of the property, but outside of the area proposed for quarrying, an intact storage pit complex had been observed around 2000 (Figure 12). This was located on a small spur, elevated above and surrounded by the Puhinui Creek and contained the remains of at least 15 kumara pits and two possible terraces located on top of the knoll. At the time this was confused with R11/1631, but that site is located on the western side of the stream, and this group of features was considered to be part of site R11/47. It has since been recorded as R11/2810. The site was avoided by the project.

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R11/1632 (pits/terraces/midden)

Figure 12. Aerial view of quarry in 2003 (source: Auckland Regional Council), with archaeological zones and boundary between quarry and Matukurua Stonefields Historic Reserve indicated. Zone A: stone mounds (R11/47). Zone B: terraces, midden and stone alignment (R11/47). Zone C: terraces, alignments and mounds (R11/47). Zone D: pit complex (R11/2810)

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Figure 13. Location of previous archaeological investigations and archaeological sites within and near the proposed Plan Change Areas A and B (from Bickler et al. 2013)

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Figure 14. Archaeological Zone A (R11/47), subsurface concentration of rocks in quarry trench (photo: 2001)

R11/1632, Pits, Terraces and Midden In the southwestern spur of the proposed quarry area there was a series of features on a spur overlooking the Puhinui Creek (Figure 12, Figure 16, Figure 17). These included two large pits (c.3m x 6m), a smaller vague depression (c.4m x 2m) immediately to the south, a large terrace (c.10 x 5m) and a long narrow terrace (c.14m x 2m) located to the front edge of the spur with dark soil and shell eroding out of the embankment below and to the west. A shallow depression relating to a 20th century pipeline defined the eastern limit of the visible features. Across a small gully to the north of these features two irregular depressions were observed adjacent to a midden site (black soil and shell) eroding out of the stream embankment and a terrace on the embankment. These features were recorded under site record R11/1632. It is possible that the irregular depressions relate to this site, but their characteristics, in particular their irregularity, did not indicate Maori origin and they may relate to tree throws or earlier cattle activity. The terraces, pits and midden are a small, but significant complex of features representing occupation along the edge of the Puhinui Creek. The known extent of the sites was mapped as part of the investigation of the Stages 1 and 2 (Bickler et al. 2013) and shown in Figure 18.

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Figure 15. Zone B, spur from knoll leading into lagoon , stone alignment and possible terrace (photo: 2007)

Figure 16. R11/1632, storage pits immediately south of small gully (photo: 2007)

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Figure 17. R11/1632, terrace overlooking Puhinui Creek (photo: 2007)

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Figure 18. Surveyed plan of R11/1632 (yellow) with R11/2811 to the north (blue – outside the project area)

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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The current physical environment of the project area is dominated by overgrown pasture. The area is part of the lower volcanic field associated with McLaughlins Hill. Part of a swamp is located at the eastern side of the property extending into the neighbouring Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve. The swamp is within the remains of a small volcanic tuff ring. Basalt stones are scattered on the land with a concentration north of the swamp in the northeast corner of the current block. The land was grazed prior to quarrying in the 1960s. Immediately to the north of the project area are the previous stages of the Stonehill development, along McLaughlin Road, Stonehill Drive and Harbour Ridge Drive, which defines the northern boundary of the project area. The land immediately adjacent to the Harbour Bridge Drive has been excavated and re-contoured as part of the work there, and there is also a large silt pond located in the northwest corner. The land is gently undulating before dropping sharply to the Puhinui Creek running along the southern and western boundaries of the property. The Creek runs southeast and eventually into the Manukau Harbour. The swamp and nearby features have been the focus of previous palaeo-ecological research allowing for some vegetation reconstruction of the pre-settlement landscape. Horrocks et al. (2007) sampled a number of stone features near the project area and also a detailed core from the swamp (Figure 19). The results suggest that during the Mid to late Pliocene (over 3 million years ago) the area was covered in a broad-leaf beech forest growing under warm temperate conditions. Subsequently, around about 15,000 years ago, vegetation in the maar wetland was dominated by podocarp-hardwood forest with scrub species in the surrounds. Holocene changes to the climate ushered in a relatively stable time with a more closed forest canopy prior to Maori settlement. Human occupation is indicated by the increase in charcoal in the upper levels of the core as vegetation clearance in the area increased. The results above were supported by the recent analysis on soil samples by Mark Horrocks from archaeologically excavated contexts (see Horrocks 2013 in Bickler et al. 2013; see also Bickler et al. 2008). All contained a high concentration of microscopic fragments of charcoal, reflecting human activity around site R11/47. These activities include burning of vegetation and cooking fires. The samples were dominated by grass pollens (Poaceae) and bracken spores (Pteridium). Bracken, hornworts and the grass phytoliths all confirm the pattern of vegetation clearance. Other pollen from European-introduced pine (Pinus) trees and plantain (Plantago) weeds reflected the changes during the European era. Nikau (Rhopalostylus), kumara (Ipomoea batatas) and corm of taro (Colocasia esculenta) were all identified in the samples. The kumara and taro were grown in the garden areas, with nikau probably planted and managed as another food resource. Today the vegetation coverage is long grass with a few trees along the banks of the Creek, outside the current Stage 5 project area. Ground visibility is poor in those areas in long grass, but most of the known archaeological sites are still visible close up. Survey in the swamp was not possible.

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Figure 19. Diagram of Matukutureia core (Horrocks et al. 2007:10 Figure 3)

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FIELD ASSESSMENT

Field Visit 2015 A brief visit to the project area was made in October 2015 to determine the condition of the recorded archaeological sites on the property and the potential effects of the project. The previous work on the block has meant that the majority of the northern part of the project area has previously been quarried and then reconstituted. However, a patch of basalt stones in the northeast corner of the project area (Figure 20, Figure 22) may contain either evidence of Maori gardening or habitation, or be remnants of European farming. There is little discernible pattern visible in the long grass, but clearance and excavation might be productive to investigate this. South of the rocks is the swamp in the tuff ring (Figure 22). The swamp and previous excavations nearby have been discussed earlier and it remains possible that archaeological features are associated with this area, although there is little visible at present. Evidence of the previous earthworks were still visible across the landscape and the large pond towards the south was still in use (Figure 23), whereas the other large silt pond dug during the earlier stages of development had been infilled. The border with the Puhinui Creek was in long grass (Figure 24), reducing visibility from when surveyed previously, but the pit features associated with R11/1632 were still easily found on the ground during the walkover. There has been little change to this part of the project area in recent years.

Figure 20. View of rocky outcrop in NE corner of project area (looking towards McLaughlins Hill)

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Figure 21. Location of rocky outcrop

Figure 22. View across swamp in tuff ring

Figure 23. View of pond

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Figure 24. View across area of R11/1632

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Summary of Results Previous archaeological work on the former McLaughlins Quarry block has identified a number of archaeological sites including some of the gardening and habitation features present on the lower slopes of McLaughlins Mountain. Midden, stone heaps and some stone alignments were identified and excavated during previous work on the property (Bickler et al. 2013). The archaeological evidence from the previous investigations of R11/47 suggest that occupation within this area was more dispersed than the more intensive settlement evident in the adjacent Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve (R11/25). The results suggested at least three phases of occupation or use from the end of the 14th century onwards (and perhaps during the 14th century), through to the 16th and 17th centuries. From archival sources, we know that settlement of the stonefields extended into the 19th century. This shifting usage has continually overwritten some (but not all) of the previous signs of human occupation. Repeated use of the area through history makes the archaeology in the stonefields difficult to decipher. In archaeological zone B, located within the project area, habitation and likely gardening features were overlaid, suggesting shifting use across the area through time. The main indicators of food storage appear to be located in the easier clayey soils near the Puhinui Creek (e.g., R11/1632 within the project area, and R11/2810 and R11/2811 further upstream) and the flat terracing near the stream would have offered good locations for whare and cooking facilities. The shell midden deposits found across the landscape demonstrate the benefits of the location of the stonefields – an area which combined good gardening conditions with access to inland and coastal waterways and was centred on a defendable volcanic cone. There are two recorded archaeological sites within the project area: R11/47 and R11/1632. R11/910, a midden, has not been relocated in recent years and is almost certainly part of site R11/1632, which is more extensive and defined. Another archaeological site, R11/911 (stone fish traps) is located within the Puhinui Stream, outside the project area; however, its scheduled Extent of Place in the AUP OP planning maps (Figure 11) extends into the southern corner. Most of the archaeological remains of R11/47 within the current project area (Sub Area B) have been excavated previously, but some areas in the northeast corner and near the swamp/tuff ring may contain some additional archaeological features. Previous earthworks west of the swamp were investigated during the earthworks for previous stages of the development and some limited archaeology in the form of shell midden was found in those sections. R11/1632, a small habitation site near the Puhinui Creek was identified and remains intact.

Maori Cultural Values This is an assessment of effects on archaeological values and does not include an assessment of effects on Maori cultural values. Such assessments should only be made by the tangata whenua. Maori cultural concerns may encompass a wider range of values than those associated with archaeological sites.

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The historical association of the area and Matukutureia Pa and neighbouring stonefields with man whenua is evident from the recorded sites, traditional histories and known Maori place names. Mana whenua groups have identified their long-standing genealogical connections with the area (see e.g., Te Ākitai Waiohua 2012; Boffa Miskell 2010).

Survey Limitations It should be noted that archaeological survey techniques (based on visual inspection and minor sub-surface testing) cannot necessarily identify all sub-surface archaeological features, or detect wahi tapu and other sites of traditional significance to Maori, especially where these have no physical remains. The stone in the northeast corner of the block was in long grass and there appears to have been a lot of rock moved around, making archaeological features difficult to decipher.

Archaeological Value and Significance The Auckland Regional Policy Statement (RPS) in the AUP OP (B5.2.2) identifies a number of criteria for evaluating the significance of historic heritage places. In addition, Heritage NZ has provided guidelines setting out criteria that are specific to archaeological sites (condition, rarity, contextual value, information potential, amenity value and cultural associations) (Heritage NZ 2006: 9-10). Both sets of criteria have been used to evaluate the value and significance of the archaeological site R11/47 within the former McLaughlins Quarry, and R11/1632 (see Table 1 and Table 2). The archaeological value of sites relates mainly to their information potential, that is, the extent to which they can provide evidence relating to local, regional and national history through the use of archaeological investigation techniques, and the research questions to which the site could contribute. The surviving extent, complexity and condition of sites are the main factors in their ability to provide information through archaeological investigation. For example, generally pa are more complex sites and have higher information potential than small midden (unless of early date). Archaeological value also includes contextual (heritage landscape) value. Archaeological sites may also have other historic heritage values including historical, architectural, technological, cultural, aesthetic, scientific, social, spiritual, traditional and amenity values. The archaeological values and significance of R11/47 and R11/1632 are summarised in Table 1 and Table 2. Note that while R11/47 comprises stonefield features relating to the Matukurua stonefields, its extent is confined to the former McLaughlins Quarry property and it does not include the stonefields within the Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve – those are part of site R11/25. Based on the criteria set out in Table 2 and Table 3, it is considered that: 1. R11/47 is heavily modified, and its context altered through the loss of much of the original pa site R11/25 from previous quarrying. Its information potential is limited but it has moderate contextual value. 2. R11/1632 has a range of features associated with Maori occupation including midden and storage pits and is probably a small settlement. It is considered to be of moderate archaeological value in terms of the information it could provide relating to Maori settlement, and its contribution to the archaeological landscape.

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Site R11/911 (historic fish traps) are located in the Puhinui Creek and not within the project area, although their scheduled Extent of Place extends into its southern corner. The site has been scheduled as a Historic Heritage Place on the basis of its Historical, Mana Whenua, Knowledge and Context values (AUP OP, Schedule 14.1 ID 02163). It is scheduled as a Category A item, meaning that it is considered to have outstanding significance well beyond its immediate environs. The project area was part of the archaeological/heritage landscape defined by settlement associated with Matukutureia Pa and its stonefield gardens running down the slopes towards the Puhinui Creek (largely within R11/25). This landscape included the sites in the project area (part R11/47 and R11/1632) as well as nearby midden and other settlement sites. The wider archaeological landscape included Te Manurewa o Tamapahore Pa/Wiri Mountain and other sites identified in Figure 4. Later European farming activities changed the stonefields, adapting the area for a later generation of agriculture. The subsequent quarry activities, Wiri oil terminal construction, light industrial development, prison construction, etc have modified the wider landscape significantly, with those developments destroying much of the pa and the surrounding sites. However, a significant portion remains within the Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve neighbouring the project area. Within the project area, quarrying activity has significantly altered the landscape on the property, with R11/1632 the most intact site.

Table 2. Assessment of the historic heritage significance of sites R11/47 and R11/1632 based on the criteria in the AUP OP (Chapter B5.2.2)

Criterion Comment Significance evaluation a) historical: The place reflects R11/47 and R11/1632 are broadly Little important or representative aspects of representative of former Maori settlement but national, regional or local history, or have no known associations with specific is associated with an important event, historical persons or events and are not known person, group of people or idea or to be associated with the earliest period of early period of settlement within settlement. New Zealand, the region or locality b) social: The place has a strong or The sites have no known social or None special association with, or is held in commemorative values and are not known to high esteem by, a particular be held in high esteem by any community or community or cultural group for its cultural group symbolic, spiritual, commemorative, [NB. This does not include mana whenua traditional or other cultural value values] c) Mana Whenua: The place has a To be determined by mana whenua Not assessed strong or special association with, or is held in high esteem by, Mana Whenua for its symbolic, spiritual, commemorative, traditional or other cultural value d) knowledge: The place has R11/47 is heavily modified and has limited Little potential to provide knowledge archaeological potential given its condition through scientific or scholarly study R11/1632 has good potential to contribute to Moderate or to contribute to an understanding knowledge of Maori settlement in the local of the cultural or natural history of area. New Zealand, the region, or locality

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Criterion Comment Significance evaluation e) technology: The place The sites do not represent any technical None demonstrates technical accomplishment or innovation accomplishment, innovation or achievement in its structure, construction, components or use of materials f) physical attributes: The place is a R11/47 does not have any notable features, Little notable or representative example of and the remnant stones are quite disturbed a type, design or style, method of R11/1632 is a typical settlement site with pits, Moderate construction, craftsmanship or use of midden and possible living terraces, but it not

materials or the work of a notable particularly complex architect, designer, engineer or builder; g) aesthetic: The place is notable or The sites are only visible close up and have no None distinctive for its aesthetic, visual, or aesthetic, visual or landmark qualities landmark qualities h) context: The place contributes to The sites are part of the wider settlement Moderate or is associated with a wider associated with the pa and the surrounding historical or cultural context, stonefields at R11/25 streetscape, townscape, landscape or setting

Table 3. Assessment of the archaeological values of R11/47 and R11/1632 based on Heritage NZ criteria (Heritage NZ 2006: 9-10)

Value Assessment Condition R11/47 has been heavily modified and mostly quarried R11/1632 is in good condition and likely to contain intact features Rarity R11/47 stonefields are relatively uncommon although once associated with many of the volcanic cone pa sites in the Auckland Region R11/1632 is a habitation site with midden, pits and possibly terraces which are relatively common sites both locally and regionally Contextual value R11/47 is associated with the pa site R11/25 and the stonefields that once extended across towards Wiri R11/1632 is part of a broader archaeological landscape that included settlement site R11/47, the pa site and associated stonefields R11/25, and other sites associated with the Puhinui Creek Information potential R11/47 is heavily modified and has limited archaeological potential given its condition. Some components have been previously investigated and the results have been mixed. Additional results would enhance the previous research R11/1632 is likely to have good information potential, being in good condition and having a range of features Amenity value The sites are on private property and not visible unless close up. However, the sites are along the Puhinui Creek and next to the Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve and there may be some future limited access along the Creek Cultural associations The sites identified in the project are of Maori origin. Their cultural values are for mana whenua to determine Other No

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Effects No detailed development plans for Sub Area B are available, but potential effects and constraints on future development can be identified. A significant portion of the project area has previously been subject to earthworks within the original quarry and various temporary ponds (see, e.g, Figure 12, Figure 13 and Figure 18). However, site R11/1632 is relatively unmodified, and some other areas, including the area of stones, the ridge around the tuff ring and the area near R11/1632, may contain some additional unrecorded features. Previous earthworks in the centre of the project area away from those zones have not included much archaeology, suggesting the centre of the block may be relatively free of archaeological features. A preliminary summary showing likely constraints on the property based on archaeological potential is shown in Figure 25. Exact boundaries are subject to additional survey and only broadly indicative only of archaeological potential/constraints. The red zone indicates high archaeological potential/constraints due to the presence of site R11/1632, the relatively unmodified nature of the coastal area, and the fact that archaeological sites are often to be found close to the coast and waterways. This area also includes the Extent of Place of the scheduled fish traps that are located in the Puhinui Creek (see Figure 11). Much of the red zone could be protected within an esplanade reserve, that is wider than 20m in some areas. The orange zone indicates areas of moderate archaeological potential where archaeological features are likely but have either been modified or previous research suggests that the features have limited archaeological values. Previous excavations in the orange zone had mixed results, with archaeological features identified in some areas but not all areas. The green zone indicates areas of limited archaeological potential/constraints. Some features may have survived previous earthworks here, here but the potential is considered low, and if archaeological features are present they are likely to be of limited archaeological value. Any earthworks for future commercial development within Sub Area B would destroy any remaining archaeological features relating to R11/47 and any additional unidentified sites that may be present within the earthworks footprint. However, the areas within the green and orange zones are already disturbed/modified and better examples of stonefield features are preserved in the adjacent Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve. The scheduled fish traps (R11/911) are located in the Puhinui Creek and would not be affected. Although the scheduled extent of place extends into the southern corner of the project area, this could be incorporated into the esplanade reserve and could be avoided by any future development. Site R11/1632 should be avoided and left undisturbed. Provided the site can be avoided, and effects on archaeology elsewhere are mitigated by archaeological investigation and recording to recover information relating to the history of the area, the adverse effects of future development are likely to be no more than minor.

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Figure 25. Showing areas of differing archaeological potential in the project area. Red = high potential/constraints; orange = moderate potential/constraints; green = limited potential/constraints

Resource Management Act 1991 Requirements Section 6 of the RMA recognises as matters of national importance: ‘the relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, waahi tapu, and other taonga’ (S6(e)); and ‘the protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development’ (S6(f)). All persons exercising functions and powers under the RMA are required under Section 6 to recognise and provide for these matters of national importance when ‘managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources’. Archaeological and other historic heritage sites are resources that should be sustainably managed by ‘Avoiding, remedying, or mitigating any adverse effects of activities on the environment’ (Section 5(2)(c)). Historic heritage is defined (S2) as ‘those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and cultures, deriving from any of the following qualities: (i) archaeological; (ii) architectural; (iii) cultural; (iv) historic; (v) scientific; (vi) technological’. Historic heritage includes: ‘(i) historic sites, structures, places, and areas; (ii) archaeological sites; (iii) sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; (iv) surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources’. Regional, district and local plans contain sections that help to identify, protect and manage archaeological and other heritage sites. The plans are prepared under the provisions of the RMA. The Auckland Unitary Plan Operative in Part 2016 (AUP OP) is relevant to the proposed activity. One scheduled Historic Heritage Place is located within Puhinui Creek and its scheduled Extent of Place extends into the southern corner of the project area. This is ID 02163 (Schedule 14.1), Puhinui Fish Traps R11/911. It is scheduled as a Category A item. It has additional rules for archaeological sites or features, and is identified as a place of Maori interest or significance. Any proposed impacts on the scheduled Extent of Place would

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require a Heritage Impact Assessment and consultation with Mana Whenua to be carried out. However, as the scheduled item is located mostly within the proposed esplanade reserve, it should be possible to avoid it in any future development. This assessment has established that future development of the project area has the potential to impact on archaeological features related to R11/47 and R11/1632, and possibly on additional unidentified subsurface remains. Of the two known sites the most intact is R11/1632, which should be avoided in any future development if possible. Some impacts on R11/47 are unavoidable if the project area is to be developed, but the site is already modified and considered to be of low to moderate archaeological value. If R11/1632 can be excluded from development the potential effects on archaeological values are likely to be minor, subject to the recovery of archaeological information to mitigate the adverse effects of development. If suspected archaeological remains are exposed during future development works, the Accidental Discovery Rule (E12.6.1) set out in the AUP OP must be complied with. Under the Accidental Discovery Rule works must cease within 20m of the discovery and the Council, Heritage NZ, Mana Whenua and (in the case of human remains) NZ Police must be informed. The Rule would no longer apply in respect to archaeological sites if an Authority from Heritage NZ was in place Once detailed development plans are available, a final assessment of effects on archaeology should be prepared as part of the resource consent application.

Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 Requirements In addition to any requirements under the RMA, the HNZPTA protects all archaeological sites whether recorded or not, and they may not be damaged or destroyed unless an Authority to modify an archaeological site has been issued by Heritage NZ (Section 42). An archaeological site is defined by the HNZPTA Section 6 as follows: ‘archaeological site means, subject to section 42(3),4 – (a) any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure) that – (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900; and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and (b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1)’5 Authorities to modify archaeological sites can be applied for either in respect to archaeological sites within a specified area of land (Section 44(a)), or to modify a specific archaeological site where the effects will be no more than minor (Section 44(b)), or for the

4 Under Section 42(3) an Authority is not required to permit work on a pre-1900 building unless the building is to be demolished. 5 Under Section 43(1) a place post-dating 1900 (including the site of a wreck that occurred after 1900) that could provide ‘significant evidence relating to the historical and cultural heritage of New Zealand’ can be declared by Heritage NZ to be an archaeological site.

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purpose of conducting a scientific investigation (Section 44(c)). Applications that relate to sites of Maori interest require consultation with (and in the case of scientific investigations the consent of) the appropriate iwi or hapu and are subject to the recommendations of the Maori Heritage Council of Heritage NZ. In addition, an application may be made to carry out an exploratory investigation of any site or locality under Section 56, to confirm the presence, extent and nature of a site or suspected site. As development within both lots would affect remnants of R11/47 and potentially other unidentified subsurface remains, and development within proposed Lot 52 may affect R11/1632 if it cannot be excluded from development, an Authority must be obtained from Heritage NZ under Section 44a before any work can be carried out that may affect the site(s). If R11/1632 can be avoided it would be protected under the conditions of the Authority. The conditions of the authority are also likely to include archaeological monitoring of preliminary earthworks, and procedures for recording any archaeological evidence before it is modified or destroyed. An updated assessment of effects will be required to support an Authority application once detailed development and earthworks plans are available.

Conclusions The previous archaeological investigations and research in the general area have provided evidence of an extensive agricultural settlement with whare or field shelters dispersed throughout a landscape of agricultural features such as stone walls, mounds, terraces and storage features, surrounding the most intensive evidence of settlement on Matukutureia Pa (McLaughlins Mountain). Much of that landscape has been extensively modified over time but the Matukuturua Stonefields Historic Reserve, adjacent to the project area, preserves an extensive representative part of that original landscape. Sub Area B of the Plan Change Area contains areas of archaeological interest including some remnant gardening settlement areas that are part of site R11/47, and a more intact settlement site R11/1632 near the Puhinui Creek. The southern corner also includes part of the scheduled Extent of Place of AUP OP ID 02163 (historic stone fish traps and causeways located within Puhinui Creek). It is recommended that R11/1632 and the defined Extent of Place of the historic fish traps are avoided in any future development. Provided this can be achieved, and any adverse effects are mitigated through archaeological investigation and information recovery, the effects of future development on archaeological values are likely to be minor in view of the modified nature of the property and low to moderate archaeological value of site R11/47.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• The detailed development plans should take account of the locations of the recorded archaeological sites, and ensure that they are avoided to the extent possible. • R11/1632 should be avoided and included in an enlarged esplanade reserve contribution along the Puhinui Creek. • The scheduled Extent of Place of the historic fish traps (AUP OP, ID 02163) in the southern corner of the property should also be avoided and incorporated into the esplanade reserve. • A final assessment of effects on archaeological values should be prepared once detailed development plans are available. • Site R11/1632 and the scheduled area of the fish traps, and any other archaeological features of site R11/47 that can be avoided, should be temporarily marked out or fenced off prior to the start of any earthworks to protect them from accidental damage from heavy machinery. • As it will not be possible to avoid impacts on all features related to R11/47, and there is the potential to expose additional unidentified subsurface remains, an Authority must be applied for under Section 44(a) of the HNZPTA and granted by Heritage NZ prior to the start of any earthworks within the three proposed lots. (Note that this is a legal requirement). • The initial earthworks across the property, including the top of the swamp area/tuff ring, the area with stones in the northeast, and areas near the recorded archaeological sites and features, should be monitored by an archaeologist so that any archaeological remains exposed can be investigated and recorded prior to their removal. • Consideration should be given towards additional mitigation in the form of signage on the property relating to the archaeological history of the block, particularly in the area of the esplanade reserve, if this area is to be accessed by the public. • In the event of koiwi tangata (human remains) being uncovered, work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the remains and tangata whenua, Heritage NZ, the NZ Police and Council should be contacted in accordance with the AUP OP Accidental Discovery Rule E12.6.1. • As the potentially affected sites relate to Maori occupation, the tangata whenua should be consulted regarding the cultural effects of future development (this will be required as part of the authority application and is likely to be required for resource consent purposes).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Auckland Council Cultural Heritage Inventory, accessed at http://maps.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz and https://chi.org.nz Baquié, B. and R. Clough. 2006. Puhinui Reserve, Stages 3 & 4 Walkway Development, Manukau City, Auckland: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Manukau City Bickler, S. 2009. Wiri Oil Service Wetland, McLaughlins Rd, Wiri, Manukau City: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for URS New Zealand Ltd. Bickler, S. and R. Clough. 2004. McLaughlins Road, Auckland, Sewer Line: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Hill Young Cooper Ltd and Manukau Water. Bickler, S. and R. Clough, with M. Horrocks. May 2007. ARWCF Fence and Ramp: Final Report. NZHPT Authority 2006/308 for R11/25. Clough & Associates report prepared for Department of Corrections. Bickler, S. H., R. Clough, Baquié, B., et al. 2013. McLaughlin’s Quarry, Wiri: Final Report on Archaeological Investigations. Report prepared for McLaughlin’s Quarry Trust. Clough & Associates Monograph No. 12. Bioresearches, 1999. Prices Park Training Track Site: Ecological and Archaeological Characteristics. Report Prepared for Projenz Ltd. Boffa Miskell, 2010. Men’s Prison at Wiri, 20 Hautu Drive, Wiri, Manukau: Cultural Impact Assessment. Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment for Department of Corrections. Bulmer, S. 1983. Prehistoric Maori Gardens at Wiri (aka Prehistoric Polynesian Gardens at Wiri) Paper presented to the International Congress of Archaeological and Ethnological Sciences, Vancouver, August, 1983. Bulmer, S. 1985. Reconstructing the Environment of Volcanic Auckland. The last 1000 years at Matukurua. Paper to the Second Archaeometry Conference, Canberra. Bulmer, S. 1986. Gardens in the South: Diversity and change in prehistoric Maori Agriculture. Paper presented to the World Archaeological Congress, Southampton, 1986. Bulmer, S. 1987. Archaeological Investigations of the Stone Field Sites of Taamaki Makaurau (Bibliography). New Zealand Historic Places Trust Auckland. Bulmer, S. and K. Lilburn. 1982. Wiri Excavation. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Campbell, M., J. Harris, C. McCaffrey and G. Gedson. 2013. Puhinui Master Plan: Archaeological Heritage Assessment. Report to Auckland Council. Clough, R. 1999. Craig Downer Quarry: Archaeological Assessment. Clough & Associates report prepared for Winstone Aggregates Ltd. Clough, R. June 2000. Matukutureia Stonefields: Scoping Report for Archaeological Investigation. Clough & Associates report prepared for Winstone Aggregates Ltd. Clough, R. 2007a (updated). McLaughlin’s Quarry: Archaeological Assessment of Unquarried Area within the Quarry Limits Defined in the Quarry Management Plan. Clough & Associates report prepared for McLaughlin’s Quarry Trust. Clough, R. 2007b. McLaughlins Quarry Site Investigation Plan and Research Strategy for Section 11 Authority Application to the Historic Places Trust. Clough & Associates report prepared for McLaughlins Quarry Trust. Clough, R. February 2008. McLaughlin’s Quarry Archaeological Site(s) Management Plan and Protocols for Section 14 Authority from the Historic Places Trust #2007/351. Clough & Associates report prepared for McLaughlin’s Quarry Trust. Clough, R. and M. Plowman. 1996. Independent Comparative Archaeological Study of Stonefields in the North Island, New Zealand. Clough & Associates report to Manukau City (August). Clough, R. and M. Turner. 1998. The Archaeology of the Southwestern Interceptor. Clough & Associates report prepared for Watercare Services Ltd.

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Clough, R., S.H. Bickler, B. Thorne, C. Sutherland and J. McClymont. 2009. McLaughlin’s Quarry, Wiri, Manukau City: Interim Report on Archaeological Investigations. Draft Clough & Associates report. Cramond, B., S. Bulmer, and K. Lilburn. 1982. Archaeological Survey of the Wiri Oil Terminal Site (N42/1224). New Zealand Historic Places Trust report. Foster, R. 2003. 131 Roscommon Road, Wiri, Archaeological Assessment. Foster and Associates. Furey, L. 2006. Maori Gardening. An archaeological Perspective. Wellington, Department of Conservation, Science & Technical Publishing. Heritage NZ. 2006. Writing Archaeological Assessments. Archaeological Guidelines Series No. 2. New Zealand Historic Places Trust Pouhere Taonga (now Heritage NZ). Horrocks, M. and I. Lawlor. 2006. Plant microfossil analysis of soils from Polynesian stonefields in South Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (2006) 200-217. Horrocks, M., S.L. Nichol, D.C. Mildenhall and I. Lawlor. 2007. A Discontinuous Late Cenozoic Vegetation Record from a Maar in Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand Geographer, 63: 5-17. Lawlor, I. 1981a. Radiocarbon Dates from Puhinui N42/17, South Auckland. New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter 24 (3): 160-63. Lawlor, I. 1981b. Puhinui (N42/17) excavation report. Auckland: Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland. Lawlor, I. 2002. Statement of evidence by Ian Thomas Lawlor in the matter of the Resource Management Act 1991 and in the matter of a reference pursuant to Clause 14 of the First Schedule to the Resource Management Act 1991 RMA 1645/98 between Auckland Regional Council (Appellant) and Manukau City Council (Respondent). Unpublished statement of evidence, Auckland Regional Council, Auckland. New Zealand Archaeological Association ArchSite Database, accessed at http://www.archsite.org.nz . New Zealand Heritage List, accessed at http://www.historic.org.nz Rickard, V., D. Veart and S. Bulmer. 1983. A Review of Archaeological Stone Structures of South Auckland. NZ Historic Places Trust Auckland 1983/4 Schmidt, M. 1996. The commencement of pa construction in New Zealand prehistory. Journal of the Polynesian Society 105:441-451. Sullivan, A. 1972. Stone walled complexes of Central Auckland. NZAA Newsletter 25(4): 148-60. Sullivan, A. 1974. Scoria mounds at Wiri. NZAA Newsletter 17(3): 128-43. Sullivan, A. 1975a. Slope Gardens at Wiri Mt, Manurewa. Working papers in Anthropology. No.31. University of Auckland, Department of Anthropology. Sullivan, A. 1975b. Radiocarbon dates from Wiri (N42/17). NZAA Newsletter 18: 206-7. Sullivan, A. 1989a. An Archaeological and Traditional Account of the Proposed Stonefield Reserve at Matukurua (Wiri McLaughlins). Unpublished report held at Department of Conservation. Sullivan, A. 1989b. Archaeology and Tradition at Matukurua (Wiri – McLaughlins). Te Ākitai Waiohua. 2012. Cultural Impact Assessment for the Southern Consortium. (Available at http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/districtplanmanukau/changes/pc35/pc35cultu ralimpactassessmentteakitai.pdf). Veart, D. 1986. Stone Structures and Landuse at three South Auckland volcanic sites. Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland. Veart, D., R. Foster and S. Bulmer. 1984. Archaeological mapping of the Wiri Railway Site N42/1225. NZ Historic Places Trust Auckland 1984/7.

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APPENDIX A: SITE RECORD FORMS

Jan 2019 McLaughlins Quarry Private Plan Change: Archaeological Assessment 39 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/25

Site Record Form SITE TYPE: Pa SITE NAME(s): Mutukutureia

McLaughlins Mountain

DATE RECORDED:

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM) Easting: 1764061 Northing: 5902027 Source: CINZAS

IMPERIAL SITE NUMBER: N42/17 METRIC SITE NUMBER: R11/25

Scale 1:2,500

Finding aids to the location of the site 2 km west of Manukau City Centre, adjacent to Puhinui Stream, on edge of Manukau Harbour.

Brief description Pa and stonefield gardens.

Recorded features Midden, Pit, Stone heap/ mound, Stone wall, Terrace

Other sites associated with this site

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SITE RECORD HISTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/25

Site description Updated 03/11/2014 (other), submitted by simonbickler Grid reference (E1764061 / N5902027)

Some additional work undertaken as part of HNZ Authority 2011/216 related to the construction of the Men’s Prison. No new archaeological features identified during monitoring for the prison earthworks.

Updated: 23/09/2010, Visited: 01/09/2010 - NZTM E1764061 / N5902027 (CINZAS - Coordinates retained).

Summit reservoir removed by Watercare Aug/Sept 2010 (NZHPT Authority 2010/205). Archaeological features/evidence present at that time on the southern side of the summit beside the reservoir included shell midden, a remnant portion of a terrace and a single pit (see attached photo). These were not affected by the demolition works. No surviving archaeological evidence present underneath the reservoir structure.

Inspected by: R. Foster.

Updated: 29/09/2010 - Refer to: ARWCF Fence And Ramp: Final Report, Report prepared for Department of Corrections, May 2007.

Fencing on boundary of stonefields and Prison area in south included palynological sampling. Work done under NZHPT Authority 2006/308.

Updated by: Bickler, Simon. Condition of the site Updated 03/11/2014 (other), submitted by simonbickler

Updated: 23/09/2010, Visited: 01/09/2010 - Pa mostly destroyed. Remnants on summit and eastern slopes below.

Statement of condition

Updated: 23/09/2010, Visited: 01/09/2010 - Poor - Visible features are incomplete, unclear and/or the majority have been damaged in some way Updated: 23/09/2010, Visited: 01/09/2010 - Fair - Some intact features, but others may be unclear or damaged

Current land use:

Updated: 17/01/2011 - Reserve/ recreation

Threats:

Updated: 23/09/2010, Visited: 01/09/2010 - Erosion

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SITE RECORD INVENTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/25

Supporting documentation held in ArchSite

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10 of 10 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION NZAA METRIC SITE NUMBER R11/25

SITE TYPE Pa/ stonefield gardens SRF UPDATE SITE NAME: MAORI Matukutureia OTHER McLaughlins Mt

Grid Reference NZTM Easting 1 7 6 4 0 6 1 Northing 5 9 0 2 0 2 7

Landowner: DoC

Date first recorded: September 1961 Date of visit: September 2010

Current site condition: Pa mostly destroyed. Remnants on summit and eastern slopes below.

Current Site use: Reserve

Threats Erosion

Comments

1. Summit reservoir removed by Watercare Aug/Sept 2010 (NZHPT Authority 2010/205)

2. Archaeological features/evidence present at that time on the southern side of the summit beside the reservoir included shell midden, a remnant portion of a terrace and a single pit (see photo). These were not affected by the demolition works

3. No surviving archaeological evidence present underneath the reservoir structure

R Foster September 2010

R11/25, Matukutureia summit during demolition of reservoir. Surviving features indicated

R11/25, Matukutureia summit: surface under reservoir floor slab

R11/25, Matukutureia summit: reservoir footings R11/25, Matukutureia summit: final profile after reservoir removed removal

NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/47

Site Record Form SITE TYPE: Pit/Terrace SITE NAME(s): Matukutureia Stonefields

Matukurua Stonefields

DATE RECORDED:

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM) Easting: 1763794 Northing: 5901723 Source: Handheld GPS

IMPERIAL SITE NUMBER: N42/39 METRIC SITE NUMBER: R11/47

Scale 1:2,500

Finding aids to the location of the site The site is located at McLaughlins Quarry, Mclaughlins Road, off Roscommon Road, Wiri. A number of features are located on volcanic soils adjacent to the Puhinui Stream and on the Matukutureia lava field.

Brief description Maori settlement site with stone faced terraces, stone mounds, midden and other terraces.

Recorded features Midden, Stone heap/ mound, Terrace, Terrace - stone faced

Other sites associated with this site R11/2810, R11/25, R11/2811, R11/1632

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SITE RECORD HISTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/47

Site description Updated: 30/08/2012, Visited: 04/08/2011 - NZTM E1763794 / N5901723 (Handheld GPS - 2006 coordinates retained). Maori settlement site with stone faced terraces, stone mounds, midden and other terraces. Much of the site has been destroyed by quarrying activity. Parts of the site have been excavated under NZHPT Authority No. 2007/351 and 5 radiocarbon dates obtained. Soil samples also analysed. See Clough and Associates report for Authority, September 2012. Inspected by: Baquie, Barry; Bickler, Simon. Condition of the site Part of the site is in good condition but most removed by quarrying. Refer to Clough 2007, Mclaughlins Quarry. Report for Mclaughlins Quarry Trust (2006/7).

Updated: 30/08/2012, Visited: 04/08/2011 - Additional quarry in 2008-2011 of the sites.

Statement of condition

Updated: 08/10/2012, Visited: 04/08/2011 - Fair - Some intact features, but others may be unclear or damaged

Current land use:

Updated: 08/10/2012, Visited: 04/08/2011 - Road reserve, Industrial/ commercial

Threats:

Updated: 08/10/2012, Visited: 04/08/2011 - Property development, Services/ utilities, Quarrying

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SITE RECORD INVENTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/47

Supporting documentation held in ArchSite

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NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/910

Site Record Form SITE TYPE: Pit/Terrace SITE NAME(s):

DATE RECORDED:

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM) Easting: 1763602 Northing: 5901616 Source: CINZAS

IMPERIAL SITE NUMBER: N42/956 METRIC SITE NUMBER: R11/910

Scale 1:2,500

Finding aids to the location of the site

Brief description Four possible terraces, recorded in 1972.

Recorded features Terrace

Other sites associated with this site

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SITE RECORD HISTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/910

Site description Updated: 11/06/2013, Visited: 24/05/2013 - NZTM E1763602 / N5901616 (CINZAS - Coordinates retained). Could not relocate. Inspected by: McCurdy, Leah; Tanner, Vanessa. Condition of the site

Statement of condition

Updated: 28/06/2013, Visited: 24/05/2013 - Not visible - Site obscured by vegetation or other material, condition not observable

Current land use:

Threats:

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SITE RECORD INVENTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/910

Supporting documentation held in ArchSite

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NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/911

Site Record Form SITE TYPE: Fishing SITE NAME(s):

DATE RECORDED:

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM) Easting: 1763778 Northing: 5901485 Source: Handheld GPS

IMPERIAL SITE NUMBER: N42/957 METRIC SITE NUMBER: R11/911

Scale 1:2,500

Finding aids to the location of the site Puhinui Stream, Puhinui Reserve, Manukau, Auckland.

Brief description Stone fish traps and a bag shaped trap in Puhinui Creek.

Recorded features Fish trap

Other sites associated with this site

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SITE RECORD HISTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/911

Site description Updated 08/05/2015 (other), submitted by ianlawlor Grid reference (E1763778 / N5901485)

The true extent of site R11/911 has not been appreciated to date (cf. last ArchSite update) because only limited attention has been given to the complete published archaeological record. The alignments can be found down a 855m length of the Puhinui Stream and they are bordered by two historic stone causeways. I believe their position is directly related to the freshwater springs and seepages (some of these being originally derived from the old explosion crater lake prior to the wholesale lowering of the water table during quarrying). On a low tide they would have functioned as freshwater ponds in what was an otherwise brackish water environment; I have observed large quantities of mullet in these traps on high tides as well as black snapper (parore). I would however offer a word of caution about the 'traps' at the northern end of the system; these sit adjacent to a large pit on the western side of the stream (with middens etc) and I have been informed by Dave Simmons (pers. comm. 2008) that there was a timber milling camp in the vicinity. If this oral history has substance some of the deconstructed nature of the stone alignments here may be related to the carting out of logged timber from the catchment in the early historic period (e.g. 1836 to 1846). The dams however if used for this purpose would have acted as holding ponds.

Updated: 25/06/2013, Visited: 22/05/2013 - NZTM E1763778 / N5901485 (Handheld GPS). Grid reference has been updated with GPS coordinates. Site located immediately south east of concrete bridge/causeway. Site extends from E1763709 / N5901538 to E1763805 / N5901462. Site was viewed at low tide. Observed six of the 12 originally recorded fish traps and what was presumed to be the bag shaped trap. There were piles of rock in the creek bed which may have originally been lines, but they are no longer intact. Inspected by: McCurdy, Leah; Tanner, Vanessa. Condition of the site Updated 08/05/2015 (other), submitted by ianlawlor

Updated: 25/06/2013, Visited: 22/05/2013 - Major threats include stream erosion, particularly in heavy rain or flood events or increased stream flow as a result of upstream stormwater disposal etc.

Statement of condition

Updated: 28/06/2013, Visited: 22/05/2013 - Good – Majority of visible features are intact, but some minor loss of definition and/or damage

Current land use:

Updated: 28/06/2013, Visited: 22/05/2013 - Reserve/ recreation, Coastal margins

Threats:

Updated: 28/06/2013, Visited: 22/05/2013 - Erosion

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SITE RECORD INVENTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/911

Supporting documentation held in ArchSite

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NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/1632

Site Record Form SITE TYPE: Pit/Terrace SITE NAME(s):

DATE RECORDED:

SITE COORDINATES (NZTM) Easting: 1763597 Northing: 5901660 Source: Handheld GPS

IMPERIAL SITE NUMBER: METRIC SITE NUMBER: R11/1632

Scale 1:2,500

Finding aids to the location of the site Site is located east of R11/47 on the flat area above the creek. Industrial development comes out near to the site.

Brief description PITS/TCES/MIDDEN

Recorded features Midden, Pit, Terrace

Other sites associated with this site R11/910, R11/47, R11/2811

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SITE RECORD HISTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/1632

Site description Updated 16/05/2018 (Field visit), submitted by simonbickler , visited 05/09/2007 by BIckler, Simon Grid reference (E1763597 / N5901660)

A series of features on a spur overlooking the Puhinui Stream. These included two large pits (c.3m x 6m), a smaller vague depression (c.4m x 2m) immediately to the south, a large terrace (c.10 x 5m) and a long narrow terrace (c.14m x 2m) located to the front edge of the spur with dark soil and shell eroding out of the embankment below and to the west. A shallow depression relating to a 20th century pipeline defined the eastern limit of the visible features. Across a small gully to the north of these features two irregular depressions were observed adjacent to a midden site (black soil and shell) eroding out of the stream embankment and a terrace on the embankment. These features were recorded under site record R11/1632. It is possible that the irregular depressions relate to this site, but their characteristics, in particular their irregularity; they may relate to tree throws or earlier cattle activity. Condition of the site

Statement of condition

Current land use:

Threats:

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SITE RECORD INVENTORY NZAA SITE NUMBER: R11/1632

Supporting documentation held in ArchSite

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4 of 6 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION View of features in September 2007. Simon Bickler

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5 of 6 NEW ZEALAND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Oblique satellite view showing area of defined features from 2007 survey. Simon Bickler

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