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0 Universidade Do Vale Do Rio Dos Sinos 0 UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS - UNISINOS UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO NÍVEL DOUTORADO GIANCARLO MONTAGNER COPELLI CONSTRUÇÕES ENTRE FILOSOFIA DA LINGUAGEM E TEORIA DO ESTADO: O ESTADO SOCIAL COMO ESTADO DE DIREITO E SEUS DESAFIOS NO BRASIL SÃO LEOPOLDO-RS 2018 0 Giancarlo Montagner Copelli CONSTRUÇÕES ENTRE FILOSOFIA DA LINGUAGEM E TEORIA DO ESTADO: O ESTADO SOCIAL COMO ESTADO DE DIREITO E SEUS DESAFIOS NO BRASIL Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Direito pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jose Luis Bolzan de Morais São Leopoldo-RS 2018 1 C782c Copelli, Giancarlo Montagner Construções entre filosofia da linguagem e Teoria do Estado: o Estado Social como Estado de Direito e seus desafios no Brasil / Giancarlo Montagner Copelli -- 2018. 290 f. ; 30cm. Tese (Doutorado em Direito) -- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, São Leopoldo, RS, 2018. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jose Luis Bolzan de Morais. 1. Teoria do Estado. 2. Estado social. 3. Judiciário. 4. Linguagem pública. 5. Democracia. 6. Judicialização. I. Título. II. Morais, Jose Luis Bolzan de. CDU 321.01 Catalogação na Publicação: Bibliotecário Eliete Mari Doncato Brasil - CRB 10/1184 2 3 Para Carlos Copelli, o começo de tudo. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Direto ao ponto. Os Agradecimentos em uma tese de doutoramento deixam claro que, muito embora sua elaboração pareça um caminho solitário, escrevê-la impõe o compartilhar de um horizonte – ideia, aliás, cara a este texto – que permita não apenas pensar junto, mas deixar sólidas as pontes da travessia, inclusive fora do âmbito acadêmico, para sua realização. Esta tese não se fez sozinha, portanto, e menos ainda se fez com o peso de um requisito obrigatório . Muitos foram os desafios, as angústias e as incertezas sobre os rumos impossíveis de se apreender por um método – o que agora vejo com clareza –, mas também muitas foram as alegrias e os prazeres. Não foram poucas as xícaras de café. Nem poucas as boas companhias desse tempo que, certamente, se coloca como inesquecível . É nesse contexto que agradeço a todos por tornar possível, por incentivar o caminho, por alegrar os dias, por dar sentido ao tempo, por discutir ideias, por partilhar possibilidades de futuro, enfim, por mostrar que uma tese é, antes de tudo, uma linguagem pública – ou melhor – diria Wittgenstein, um novo jogo de linguagem a revelar uma nova possibilidade teórica, mas, acima disso, a por a nu as circunstâncias que se fizeram condição de possibilidade para sua realização. Tudo às claras , agradeço a... Clara Montagner , pela coragem. De novo, pela coragem de mais uma travessia. Carlos Copelli , por estar sempre à minha frente. Você é o começo de tudo. Margarida Fusco , pela presença constante em minha vida. Desconhecemos limites. 5 Clarissa Tassinari , faísca mais brilhante do (novo) pensamento acadêmico, pelos entusiasmados debates sobre este estudo. Olga Copelli , pela alegria da vida. Em você, a linguagem é pública. Alvori Vidal , por ser, na solidão do mundo, o irmão, compartilhando contextos. Milene Sampaio , pelo companheirismo, enquanto foi possível. Serei sempre muito grato. Por tudo. Tarugo Montagner , por encarnar os fundamentos filosóficos do Welfare State . Jose Bolzan , pela generosa orientação, partilhando caminhos possíveis para pensar o Estado e seus desdobramentos. Mas, sobretudo, por interceder junto ao humanismo cristão . Gilmar Bedin , por ser o começo (acadêmico) de tudo . E, claro, por ensinar a verticalizar . Lenio Streck , que, talvez sem saber, fez de um seminário a ideia da tese. José Rodrigo Rodriguez , pelas críticas e sugestões na qualificação desta tese. Aelton Billig e Chico Pereira , por ignorarem o que é uma tese, mas entenderem o que é a amizade. Marcelo Jaques e João Mousquer , por não ignorarem o que é uma tese, e entenderem o que é a amizade. 6 Ziel Lopes , pelo companheirismo, pelas críticas ao texto final e pelo generoso compartilhar de certeiras bibliografias. Luís Rosenfield e Fernando Tonet , por dividirem as angústias e as alegrias de um mesmo tempo de doutoramento. Vera Loebens e Ronaldo César e Paloma Recktenvald, por facilitarem tudo, sempre. Muito obrigado. Mesmo. Duda Klein e o pessoal da iniciação científica vinculado ao gabinete , pela impagável parceria. As terças nunca mais serão as mesmas. Guilherme Brum , pelas breves, mas intensas discussões sobre Mouffe, Lefort e outros caros . Grupo Estado e Constituição/Unisinos , pelos encontros. Vâner Aguiar, Roberta Bressane e equipe da Oncologia de Cachoeira do Sul , pela cirurgia, pelo tratamento e pelo humanizado profissionalismo. É bem possível que, sem vocês, esta tese se restasse abalada. Agradeço, por fim, a todos os professores do Programa de Pós-graduação em Direito da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, a todos os funcionários da Escola de Direito, mas, sobretudo, às moças do café da biblioteca . Não sei como teria sido sem vocês. 7 “A linguagem é o resultado de acordos”. L. Wittgenstein Investigações Filosóficas . 8 RESUMO Esta tese volta-se ao Estado Social no Brasil, diante de suas consideradas principais crises, a partir da clássica leitura de Pierre Rosanvallon: um problema de caixa – ou uma crise fiscal –, impondo novos e distintos contornos – de viés ideológico e filosófico – que questionam as tomadas de decisão e fragilizam os vínculos de solidariedade que formam a trama do Estado Social, acenando para uma espécie de limite mesmo a essa conformação social e política. Especialmente no Brasil, esse enredo de crises parece agravado por particularidades, como enraizados déficits de republicanismo, como o patrimonialismo, em que grupos dominantes tratam a coisa pública como propriedade privada. Tal cenário projeta o surgimento de uma outra crise: na esteira do descrédito de nossas instituições políticas – e frente a todos os entraves que obstaculizam o Estado Social no Brasil – projeta-se uma crise funcional , em que um poder – o Judiciário – se sobrepõe a outro – o Executivo. Esse contexto – de entraves à concretização do Estado Social, patrimonialismo e sobreposição de poderes – rompe com a linguagem pública que institui um (novo) projeto de sociedade observado na Constituição 1988 – em leitura voltada a aproximar a Filosofia da Linguagem projetada a partir do chamado Segundo Wittgenstein e a Teoria do Estado –, dando margem a um paradoxo: sob o véu de um imaginário de eficácia – maior e mais legítima –, o Judiciário, ao ocupar o espaço da política e sufocar nossas instituições políticas, como o Congresso Nacional, por exemplo, ou, localmente, como as administrações públicas – muito em função de suas próprias crises e do descrédito que delas decorre – é também incapaz de observar os entraves que limitam um Estado de Bem-estar no Brasil. A conclusão é de que o que aqui se observa como uma aposta no Judiciário não considera a crise fiscal-financeira que o limita, uma vez que apenas privatiza a demanda, concretizando esse mesmo Estado Social a quem o provoca (e o próprio Estado aproveita para, ao tornar concreto o direito apenas a quem demanda, diminuir custos). Além disso, as interrogações acerca das tomadas de decisão permanecem, já que a crise ideológica do Estado Social é, em boa medida, decorrente da escassez de recursos e também vinculada a uma crise de representatividade. E, por fim, a fragilidade dos vínculos de solidariedade que formam o Estado Social se agrava, acenando para uma espécie de crise antropológica , à medida que a concretização do Estado de Bem-estar, via Judiciário, ocorre a partir da demanda reclamada. Palavras-chave: Estado social. Judiciário. Linguagem pública. Democracia. Judicialização. 9 ABSTRACT This thesis is about the Welfare State in Brazil, in the view of its so called main crises, from the classical reading from Pierre Rosanvallon: a cash flow (financial) problem – or a fiscal crisis –, imposing new and different outlines – from ideological and philosophical points of view – that question the decision- making and weaken the bonds of solidarity that form the fabric of the Welfare State, waving to a kind of limit to this social and political institution. Especially in Brazil, this set of crises appears to be aggravated by particularities, such as entrenched deficits of republicanism (patrimonialism), in which dominant groups treat public matters as private ones. This scenario projects the emergence of another crisis. Into the mainstream of the discrediting of our political institutions – and considering the obstacles for the Welfare State in Brazil – a functional crisis is projected, in which one power – the Judiciary – overlaps to another – the Executive. This context – of obstacles to the Welfare State, patrimonialism and overlapping of powers – breaks with the public language that establishes a (new) project of society observed in the 1988 Constitution – in a reading aimed at approach the Philosophy of Language projected from the so called Second Wittgenstein and the Theory of State –, giving rise to a paradox: under the veil of an ideal of efficacy – greater and more legitimate –, the Judiciary, by occupying the space of politics and stifling our political institutions, as the National Congress, for example, or, locally, as public administrations – much in the light of their own crises and the discrediting that ensues from them – is also unable to observe the barriers that limit the Welfare State in Brazil. The conclusion is that what is seen here as a bet on the Judicial power does not take into consideration the fiscal-financial crisis that limits it, since it only privatizes the demand, concretizing the Welfare State to those who provoke it (and the State itself takes advantage of it, by making concrete the right only to those who demand, to reduce costs). In addition, the questions about decision- making remain, since the ideological crisis of the Welfare State is largely due to the scarcity of resources and also linked to a crisis of representativeness.
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