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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Disturbance, Restoration, and Soil Carbon Dynamics in Desert and Tropical Ecosystems a Disser

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Disturbance, Restoration, and Soil Carbon Dynamics in Desert and Tropical Ecosystems a Disser UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Disturbance, Restoration, and Soil Carbon Dynamics in Desert and Tropical Ecosystems A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Biology by Amanda Cantu Swanson September 2017 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Edith B. Allen, Chairperson Dr. G. Darrel Jenerette Dr. James O. Sickman Copyright by Amanda Cantu Swanson 2017 The Dissertation of Amanda Cantu Swanson is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my principal advisor, Dr. Edith B. Allen, for seeing my potential when I was a student volunteer and for encouraging me to be a restoration and plant ecologist. She has been a wonderful mentor, resource, and colleague, and her guidance has enabled me to succeed in graduate school. Working in her lab has been an invaluable experience that will serve me throughout my career. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Michael F. Allen, who informally co-advised me during my Ph.D. He has also been an incredible teacher and supporter, whose wisdom and creativity have further inspired me to ask novel scientific questions and pursue a career in research. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members Dr. G. Darrel Jenerette and Dr. James Sickman for their unwavering support and guidance. Several other faculty and collaborators have generously given their time, resources, and support to help me with my dissertation: Dr. Emma Aronson, Dr. Cameron Barrows, Jon Botthoff, Dr. Diego Dierick, Dr. Mark De Guzman, Mark Fisher, Dr. Rebecca Hernandez, Dr. Liyin Liang, Dr. Allen Muth, Dr. Louis Santiago, and Sunny Saroa. I have also received incredible guidance and friendship from several past and present UCR graduate students including Eleinis Ávila- Lovera, Dr. Michael Bell, Dr. Steven Crum, Dr. Jennifer Eberwein, Cara Fertitta, Dr. Bridget Hilbig, Matthew O’Neill, Dr. Justin Valliere, and Soren Weber. This work would not have been possible without the help of multiple undergraduate students: Dariana Chow, Rachel Baker, Irene Azucena, and Cory Trieu. I would also like to acknowledge all my other collaborators with the Atta Biogeochemistry project, especially Dr. Thomas Harmon, Angel Santiago Fernandez Bou, Dr. Luitgard Schwendenmann, Dr. Nicole Trahan, and Dr. iv Jane Zelikova. The staff at the La Selva Biological Station has been incredible, especially lab managers Bernal Matarrita Carranza and Danilo Brenes Madrigal. I would also like to thank the UCR Center for Conservation Biology, especially Robert Johnson and Debbie Brown for their help and support. Lastly, I am indebted to my good friend and colleague, Quinn Sorenson, whose love for the outdoors and ecological restoration inspired me to pursue a career in ecology. v Dedication To my family, especially my parents, for providing unconditional support and love throughout my life and for giving me the courage to follow my dreams and To the love of my life, Isaac Ostmann, who has been by my side during this journey as an incredible partner and friend. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Disturbance, Restoration and Soil Carbon Dynamics in Desert and Tropical Ecosystems by Amanda Cantu Swanson Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Plant Biology University of California, Riverside, September 2017 Dr. Edith Allen, Chairperson Disturbances, natural or anthropogenic, alter ecosystem functioning by changing the biotic composition, biogeochemical cycling, or the physical structure of an environment. As carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major contributor to global climate change, disturbances to different components of the carbon (C) cycle may further affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Soils store vast amounts of C and have the potential to sequester or release CO2. Two of the most extreme ecosystems, deserts and tropical forests, play an important role in the global C cycle, storing C in soils and vegetative biomass. The overarching objective of this dissertation is to quantify changes in soil C cycling after a disturbance in desert and tropical ecosystems. My first chapter addressed how soil inorganic C cycling changes with vegetation removal in a Colorado desert ecosystem. Through manipulative field and lab experiments, I explored changes in C pools after vegetation removal by measuring changes in the isotopic composition of C pools and effluxed CO2. I found that there were significant changes in C cycling after the vegetation was removed; there were fewer newer C inputs and that a greater proportion of CO2 becomes soil inorganic C in unvegetated soils. For my second chapter, I looked at soil C recovery with revegetation of vii Larrea tridentata, finding that there was some recovery of the water extractable organic and microbial biomass C pools. Although the isotopic composition of soil carbon pools did not change with restoration, I also found some seasonal patterns such that changes in soil C pools may have been linked to timing of shrub and microbial activity. My third chapter addressed spatial differences in root and hyphal dynamics and production associated with soil disturbances created by leaf cutter ants (LCA). I collected continuous soil data and automated minirhizotron images to assess belowground dynamics, finding that LCA altered their soil environment and increase root and hyphal production in LCA nests. Overall, my dissertation work demonstrates that disturbances impact various components of the C cycle and that changes to C cycling processes may change how relevant those processes are at different temporal and spatial scales. viii Table of Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................1 References............................................................................................................7 Chapter 1: The role of plants in soil carbonate dynamics in a California desert ecosystem Abstract................................................................................................................10 Introduction..........................................................................................................11 Methods................................................................................................................15 Results..................................................................................................................22 Discussion............................................................................................................25 References............................................................................................................33 Tables and Figures...............................................................................................38 Chapter 2: Shrub restoration facilitates soil carbon recovery in a California desert ecosystem Abstract................................................................................................................49 Introduction..........................................................................................................50 Methods................................................................................................................54 Results..................................................................................................................61 Discussion............................................................................................................63 References............................................................................................................68 Tables and Figures...............................................................................................73 ix Chapter 3: Leaf cutter ants influence root and mycorrhizal hyphal production by changing soil characteristics in a lowland tropical forest Abstract................................................................................................................84 Introduction..........................................................................................................85 Methods................................................................................................................89 Results..................................................................................................................94 Discussion............................................................................................................98 References............................................................................................................103 Tables and Figures...............................................................................................107 Conclusions.....................................................................................................................119 References...........................................................................................................124 Supplementary Tables and Figures.................................................................................126 x List of Tables Table Page Table 1.1 38 Study sites in the Colorado Desert. Table 1.2 43 13 δ C from C3 versus CAM plant tissue, SOC, and SIC, showing mean, standard deviation (SD), sample number (n), and p-value for a t-test comparing C3 and CAM-associated material. Table 3.1 113 Multiple regression coefficients run for biomass, soil water content, temperature, and CO2 at 16cm depth. Values represent coefficients with standard
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