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Concepts and the Social Order Robert K CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK Concepts and the Social Order Robert K. Merton and the Future of Sociology Table of Contents The volume offers a comprehensive perspective on knowledge production in the field of sociology. About the Editors Moreover, it is a tribute to the scope of Merton’s work and the influence Merton has had on the work List of Illustrations and Tables and life of sociologists around the world.This is reflected in each of the 12 chapters by internationally Yehuda Elkana Institute of Advanced Study, Berlin Book Concept and Preface Yehuda Elkana acclaimed scholars witnessing the range of fields Merton has contributed to as well as the personal Note to Sound and SculptureAmos Elkana and Alexander Polzin András Szigeti Central European University impacthehashadonsociologists. Introduction György Lissauer Freelance researcher 1. The Paradoxes of Robert K. Merton: Fragmentary Among others, the chapters deal with history and social context, an exploration of sociology in three Reflections Arnold Thackray very different countries; the relationship between science and society; the role of experience and the 2. Looking for Shoulders to Stand on, or for a Paradigm for the Sociology of Science Anna Wessely conceptual word; the “Matthew effect” and “repetition with variation.”The contributors consider a 3. R. K. Merton in France: Foucault, Bourdieu, Latour and number of Mertonian themes and concepts, re-evaluating them, adapting them, highlighting their Edited by Yehuda Elkana, and the Invention of Mainstream Sociology in Paris Jean-Louis continuedrelevanceandthusopeningawellofpossibilitiesfornewresearch. Fabiani 4. Merton in South Asia: The Question of Religion and the Modernity of Science Dhruv Raina 5. The Contribution of Robert K. Merton’s Key Concepts to the Analysis of Gender Differentiation in Society Cynthia Fuchs Epstein 6. A Tribute to Robert Merton: Protestant and Catholic András Szigeti György Lissauer Ethics Revisited Rivka Feldhay 7. The Concept of Ambivalence in the Relationship Edited by between Science and Society Helga Nowotny Central European University Press András Szigeti 8. Re-evaluating the Place of Science in Evaluating György Lissauer Modernity Gabriel Motzkin Budapest–New York Yehuda Elkana, 9. Democracy and the Normative Structure of Science after Modernity Yaron Ezrahi Sales and information: [email protected] and 10. The Matthew Effect Writ Large and Larger: A Study in Sociological Semantics Harriet Zuckerman Website: http://www.ceupress.com On the Cover: "Hommage an Robert Merton" 11. Repetition with Variation: A Mertonian Inquiry into a by Alexander Polzin (2009) Lost Mertonian Concept Charles Camic 12. Robert K. Merton and the Tansformation of Sociology of Knowledge and Possible New Directions Shmuel Noah Concepts and the Social Order 615-5053-41-2 Eisenstadt 90000> Robert K. Merton and the Future of Sociology Bibliography List of Contributors Index consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page i Concepts and the Social Order consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page ii consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page iii Concepts and the Social Order Robert K. Merton and the Future of Sociology Edited by Yehuda Elkana, András Szigeti, György Lissauer Central European University Press Budapest–New York consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 4:02 PM Page iv © 2011 by Yehuda Elkana, András Szigeti, György Lissauer Published in 2011 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978-615-5053-41-2 cloth Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Concepts and the social order : Robert K. Merton and the future of sociology / edited by Yehuda Elkana, András Szigeti, György Lissauer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-6155053412 (hardbound) 1. Merton, Robert King, 1910-2003. 2. Sociology--United States--History. I. Elkana, Yehuda, 1934- II. Szigeti, András. III. Lissauer, György. IV. Title. HM477.U6C66 2011 301.092--dc23 2011028616 Printed in Hungary by Akaprint Kft., Budapest consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page v Table of Contents List of Illustrations and Tables . vii Book Concept and Preface Yehuda Elkana . ix Note to Sound and Sculpture Amos Elkana and Alexander Polzin . xi Introduction . 1 1. The Paradoxes of Robert K. Merton: Fragmentary Reflections Arnold Thackray . 9 2. Looking for Shoulders to Stand on, or for a Paradigm for the Sociology of Science Anna Wessely . 19 3. R. K. Merton in France: Foucault, Bourdieu, Latour and the Invention of Mainstream Sociology in Paris Jean-Louis Fabiani . 29 4. Merton in South Asia: The Question of Religion and the Modernity of Science Dhruv Raina . 45 5. The Contribution of Robert K. Merton’s Key Concepts to the Analysis of Gender Differentiation in Society Cynthia Fuchs Epstein . 61 6. A Tribute to Robert Merton: Protestant and Catholic Ethics Revisited Rivka Feldhay . 77 7. The Concept of Ambivalence in the Relationship between Science and Society Helga Nowotny . 87 consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/25/11 10:54 AM Page vi vi Concepts and the Social Order 8. Re-evaluating the Place of Science in Evaluating Modernity Gabriel Motzkin . 101 9. Democracy and the Normative Structure of Science after Modernity Yaron Ezrahi . 111 10. The Matthew Effect Writ Large and Larger: A Study in Sociological Semantics Harriet Zuckerman . 121 11. Repetition with Variation: A Mertonian Inquiry into a Lost Mertonian Concept Charles Camic . 165 12. Robert K. Merton and the Tansformation of Sociology of Knowledge and Possible New Directions Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt . 189 Bibliography . 203 List of Contributors . 231 Index . 233 consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page vii List of Illustrations and Tables Illustrations (Illustrations have been provided by Arnold Thackray to accompany Chapter 1) 1. Robert K. Merton circa 1970, Courtesy of Harriet Zuckerman. Robert K. Merton Papers; Box 348, Folder 6; Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Library, New York, New York. 11 2. Children on a street nearby Merton’s childhood home, circa 1918. Temple University Libraries, Urban Archives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 14 3. Meyer Schkolnick dressed like Little Lord Fauntleroy. Courtesy of Harriet Zuckerman . 15 4. Merton’s neighborhood. By permission of Bill Marsh . 16 5. Bob’s business card as a magician. Courtesy of Harriet Zuckerman. Robert K. Merton Papers; Box 314, Folder 12; Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Library, New York, New York . 16 6. Merton as a Harvard University graduate student clad in white linen suit. Courtesy of Harriet Zuckerman . 17 consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page viii viii List of Illustrations and Tables Tables (The tables listed below accompany Chapter 10.) 1 Number of Citations to “The Matthew Effect in Science” Science, 199; 3810, 1968: 55-63 in Thomson Reuters Web of Science. 136 2 Number of Google Results: Selected Mertonian Terms-and-Concepts, December 27, 2009. 139 3 Number of Google Results: Selected Terms-and- Concepts associated with Talcott Parsons and Pierre Bourdieu, February 7, 2010. 164 consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page ix Book Concept and Preface In June 2008, the 38th World Congress of the International Institute of Sociology was held in Budapest at Central European University. Dur- ing the conference, very many high-level lectures were imbued with ideas that originate in the work of Robert K. Merton, yet Merton’s name was seldom mentioned. I considered this phenomenon a case of “obliteration by incorporation” (OBI), and was looking for ways to counteract this, probably, inevitable trend. In the meantime I learned that Craig Calhoun is editing a very impressive volume of essays about the work of Merton, as is also Peter Hedström in Oxford. Together with Craig Calhoun, Harriet Zuckerman, Helga Nowotny and Björn Wittrock, we decided to orchestrate a book, dedicated to the work of Robert K. Merton. Instead of choosing a restricting focus from among the many areas of the Mertonian oeuvre, like Sociologi- cal Theory, Sociology of Science, Sociology of Knowledge, Intellectu- al History and more, we thought of asking contributors to write about an idea or concept which influenced their work, but one that in addi- tion to the personal, also points to future importance in the way Soci- ology in general is moving. Harriet Zuckerman, in her paper in this volume, has convincingly shown what we observed may have been a purely local and incidental occurrence, and that actually Merton’s name is mentioned very often, and his work much cited, in the case of the Matthew effect, but also in general. This may have disproved our generalization, but the results were surely worthwhile and intellectually rewarding. Reading through the whole volume in one go now, I feel very gratified and happy with the outcome. The usual task of the Preface might have been to mention other important publications dedicated to the Mertonian oeuvre in the past thirty years, the last being Craig Calhoun (ed) “Robert K. Merton: Sociology of Science and Sociology as Science” Columbia UP 2010, consept 0:Whats minta 1 7/21/11 3:07 PM Page x x Concepts and the Social Order but this task has been obviated by the fact that Arnold Thackray, Rivka Feldhay and S.N. Eisenstadt thoughtfully mention all these events and books.
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