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Maria Ossowska: Contexts and Inspirations Conference on the 40Th Anniversary of Her Death University of Warsaw, 24–25 October 2014
polish 4()’ 188 14 sociological review ISSN 1231 – 1413 Maria Ossowska: Contexts and Inspirations Conference on the 40th Anniversary of her Death University of Warsaw, 24–25 October 2014 Abstract: The text summarizes the international conference commemorating Maria Ossowska, a distin- guished Polish ethicist, sociologist of morality, and social philosopher on the 40th anniversary of her death. The event gathered numerous outstanding scholars from various countries and continents, who came to debate her contribution to these disciplines in contemporary times. Keywords: Maria Ossowska, sociology of morality, international conference. Maria Ossowska (1896–1976) was a graduate of the University of Warsaw’sPhilosophy Department, where, with the exception of the years 1952–1956, she held the chair of History and Theory of Morality from 1948 until her retirement. In 1921 she graduated as Doctor in Philosophy at the University of Warsaw and in 1932 was awarded the habilitation and began to work at the University of Warsaw Department of Philoso- phy. Her mentor in philosophy was Tadeusz Kotarbiński, one of the leading members in the Lvov-Warsaw Philosophical School, author of the neo-positivist program of reductionist reism, new philosophy of action called praxeology and the independent ethics. In 1933–1935 she took part in the seminars of Bronisław Malinowski and George E. Moore at London School of Economics and got in contact with Bertrand Russell. Returning to Warsaw she began her work on a new academic discipline: the descriptive theory of morality. During the German occupation together with her husband Stanislaw Ossowski, the future co-founder of the International Sociological Association, she took part in the clandestine Warsaw University curriculum, and she also helped to hide the Jewish children from the Nazi persecution. -
The Polish Career of the American Soldier from the Model to the Legend1 Antoni Sułek [email protected]
ARTICLE The Polish Career of The American Soldier 1 From the Model to the Legend Antoni Sułek [email protected] Abstract The study conducted by Samuel Stouffer and his team in the US Army during World War II is gen- erally considered to be a founding study in quantitative empirical sociology. The book The American Soldier (1949-1950) played an important role in the development and institutionalization of empir- ical social research. Joseph Ryan’s monograph Samuel Stouffer and the GI Survey (2013) analyzes the history and reception of the research and book in the United States. This paper investigates the reception and impact of the book far from the United States: in Poland. Keywords The American Soldier; Samuel Stouffer; empirical social research; Polish sociology Introduction In the spring of 1945, divisions of the victorious American army halted at the Elbe, in the center of Germany. This border was to become the demarcation line between communist countries and the “free world.” Many Poles regretted that the American soldiers had not gone further east. However, a soldier of sorts did venture further; The American Soldier, the work of the Research Branch created by Samuel Stouffer. This is the story of its career. The research on the American military by Stouffer’s branch during World War II was intended to provide reliable information to the leadership about soldiers’ attitudes in order to aid decisions re- garding the guidance and management of the armed forces. Generally speaking, the research helped the military—in war conditions—to move from an authoritarian model to a managerial one, replacing an emphasis on obedience with one on morale (Ryan 2013). -
Concepts and the Social Order Robert K
CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK Concepts and the Social Order Robert K. Merton and the Future of Sociology Table of Contents The volume offers a comprehensive perspective on knowledge production in the field of sociology. About the Editors Moreover, it is a tribute to the scope of Merton’s work and the influence Merton has had on the work List of Illustrations and Tables and life of sociologists around the world.This is reflected in each of the 12 chapters by internationally Yehuda Elkana Institute of Advanced Study, Berlin Book Concept and Preface Yehuda Elkana acclaimed scholars witnessing the range of fields Merton has contributed to as well as the personal Note to Sound and SculptureAmos Elkana and Alexander Polzin András Szigeti Central European University impacthehashadonsociologists. Introduction György Lissauer Freelance researcher 1. The Paradoxes of Robert K. Merton: Fragmentary Among others, the chapters deal with history and social context, an exploration of sociology in three Reflections Arnold Thackray very different countries; the relationship between science and society; the role of experience and the 2. Looking for Shoulders to Stand on, or for a Paradigm for the Sociology of Science Anna Wessely conceptual word; the “Matthew effect” and “repetition with variation.”The contributors consider a 3. R. K. Merton in France: Foucault, Bourdieu, Latour and number of Mertonian themes and concepts, re-evaluating them, adapting them, highlighting their Edited by Yehuda Elkana, and the Invention of Mainstream Sociology in Paris Jean-Louis continuedrelevanceandthusopeningawellofpossibilitiesfornewresearch. Fabiani 4. Merton in South Asia: The Question of Religion and the Modernity of Science Dhruv Raina 5. The Contribution of Robert K. -
Science and Its Significant Other: Representing the Humanities in Bibliometric Scholarship
Science and its significant other: Representing the humanities in bibliometric scholarship Thomas Franssen & Paul Wouters (CWTS, Leiden University, The Netherlands) 1. introduction Bibliometrics offers a particular representation of science (Wouters, 1999; Nicolaisen 2007). Through bibliometric methods a bibliometrician will always highlight particular elements of publications, and through these elements operationalize particular representations of science, while obscuring other possible representations from view. Understanding bibliometrics as representation implies that a bibliometric analysis is always performative; a bibliometric analysis brings a particular representation of science into being that potentially influences the science system itself (e.g. Wyatt et al., 2017). The performative effects of bibliometrics have been studied primarily in relation to individual researchers' behavior and how pervasive representations (and particular indicators) might influence this (De Rijcke et al., 2016). How bibliometrics influence the ways we think about, compare and contrast different scientific domains in general has however not been systematically analyzed. The pervasiveness of bibliometric representations of science in the contemporary science system warrants such a study. Moreover, a systematic, historical view of the development of bibliometrics might also offer this scientific community a better understanding of itself as well as the future of the discipline. We are in particular interested in the ways the humanities have been represented throughout the history of bibliometrics, often in comparison to other scientific domains or to a general notion of ‘the sciences’. Earlier reviews of bibliometric literature pertaining to the humanities exist (Nederhof, 2006; also part 2.3 in Moed, 2006; Huang & Chang, 2008; Ardanuy, 2013) but have been predominantly methodological in nature. They ask what bibliometric methods are suitable to use for research evaluation in the humanities (and social sciences) but do not engage with the question of representation. -
Katy Börner, Andrea Scharnhorst
This is a pre-print of the Guest Editor‘s Introduction to the 2009 Journal of Informetrics Special Issue on the Science of Science Börner, Katy, Andrea Scharnhorst. 2009. Visual Conceptualizations and Models of Science. Journal of Informetrics, 3(3). Visual Conceptualizations and Models of Science Katy Börner, Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 10th Street & Jordan Avenue, Wells Library 021, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA [email protected] Andrea Scharnhorst, The Virtual Knowledge Studio for the Humanities and Social Sciences - VKS Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cruquiusweg 31, 1019 AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] This Journal of Informetrics special issue aims to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of science by reviewing and advancing existing conceptualizations and models of scholarly activity. Several of these conceptualizations and models have visual manifestations supporting the combination and comparison of theories and approaches developed in different disciplines of science. The term ―model‖ and ―conceptualization‖ has diverse definitions in different disciplines and use contexts. In this issue, ‗conceptualization‘ refers to an unifying mental framework that identifies the boundaries of the system or object under study, its basic building blocks, interactions among building blocks, basic mechanisms of growth and change, and existing laws (static and dynamic). The term ‗model‘ refers to a precise description of a system or object under study in a formal language, e.g., using mathematical equations or computational algorithms. An older more comprehensive definition of ‗science‘ using a description by Cohen ―… in its oldest and widest sense the term science (like the German word Wissenschaft) denotes all ordered and reliable knowledge—so that a philologist or a critical historian can truly be called scientific …‖ (Cohen, 1933). -
Robert C. Merton and the Science of Finance- a Collection
BRIEF / ROBERT C. MERTON AND THE SCIENCE OF FINANCE CFA INSTITUTE RESEARCH FOUNDATION / BRIEF ROBERT C. MERTON AND THE SCIENCE OF FINANCE A COLLECTION LUIS GARCIA-FEIJÓO, CFA, CIPM, LAURENCE B. SIEGEL, AND TIMOTHY R. KOHN, EDITORS GARCIA-FEIJÓO, SIEGEL, AND KOHN ROBERT C. MERTON AND THE SCIENCE OF FINANCE A Collection Luis Garcia-Feijóo, CFA, CIPM, Laurence B. Siegel, and Timothy R. Kohn, Editors Statement of Purpose CFA Institute Research Foundation is a not-for- profit organization established to promote the development and dissemination of relevant research for investment practitioners worldwide. Neither CFA Institute Research Foundation, CFA Institute, nor the publication’s edi- torial staff is responsible for facts and opinions presented in this publication. This publication reflects the views of the author(s) and does not represent the official views of CFA Institute Research Foundation. CFA®, Chartered Financial Analyst®, and GIPS® are just a few of the trademarks owned by CFA Institute. To view a list of CFA Institute trademarks and the Guide for the Use of CFA Institute Marks, please visit our website at www.cfainstitute.org. © 2020 CFA Institute Research Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. -
The Role of the Matthew Effect in Science
The Role of the Matthew Effect in Science Michael Strevens To appear in Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Abstract Robert Merton observed that better-known scientists tend to get more credit than less well-known scientists for the same achievements; he called this the Matthew effect. Scientists themselves, even those eminent re- searchers who enjoy its benefits, regard the effect as a pathology: it results, they believe, in a misallocation of credit. If so, why do scientists continue to bestow credit in the manner described by the effect? This paper advocates an explanation of the effect on which it turns out to allocate credit fairly after all, while at the same time making sense of scientists’ opinions to the contrary. 1 For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath (Matthew 25:29). 1. Introduction Can the true significance of a scientific practice be found hidden in a biblical interstice? Thirty-five years ago Robert Merton observed that, for equally good sci- entific work, renowned scientists tend to get more credit than unknown sci- entists. He called this phenomenon the Matthew effect (Merton 1968, 1988), after the Gospel of Matthew 25:29, my compulsory epigraph.1 The workings of the Matthew effect are especially obvious when a more and a less well-known scientist independently and simultaneously make the same discovery, or when a more and a less well-known scientist together make a discovery while collaborating as equals. -
Sociological Interventions from the Margins
SOCIOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FROM THE MARGINS STANISŁAW OSSOWSKI, STANISŁAW OSSOWSKI W PEŁNYM BLASKU. SUPLEMENT DO „DZIEŁ”, ED. ANTONI SUŁEK Friedrich Cain Erfurt University Late in 1961, Polish sociologist Stanisław Ossowski finished an essay on freedom of speech in the sciences. It would live to have a long publication history. In socialist Poland, where rigid controls were reimposed following the period of thaw after Stalin’s death, Ossowski could not find a publisher, and so the text predicted its own fate: “If a scholar is deprived of freedom of speech, he either becomes a clerk, a player, or a conspirator” (Ossowski 2016: 215).1 Much like the latter, the essay moved underground. As it could not appear in any official Polish magazine in the early 1960s, typescript copies circulated throughout Warsaw. In 1977, a journal operating beyond censorship made it available to a broader public. Through the 1980s, that is, the times of Solidarity and martial law, the essay was printed in further (semi-)official publications. In 2016, it finally made its way into the volume that is being reviewed here: the Supplement to Stanisław Ossowski’s col- lected works, which assembles critical or (assumedly) marginal texts that were not part of the six volumes published between 1966 and 1970. The volume contains some forty-five texts covering a time span of about fifty years. Given Poland’s fateful history, they were written under various regimes. Born in 1897 under Tsarist rule, Stanisław Ossowski went to study philosophy in Vilnius and Warsaw. The first text in the volume, 1 All translations from Polish are my own. -
The Three Merton Theses
221-238 JCS-078040.qxd 26/5/07 10:12 AM Page 221 Journal of Classical Sociology Copyright © 2007 SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London, New Delhi and Singapore Vol 7(2): 221–238 DOI: 10.1177/1468795X07078040 www.sagepublications.com The Three Merton Theses VIDAR ENEBAKK University of Oslo, Norway ABSTRACT In this article I examine the historical background to Merton’s for- mulation of the scientific ethos, especially in relation to his dissertation, published in 1938 as Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England. Here Merton outlined the so-called ‘Merton thesis’, and I emphasize how both the con- tent and the context of the monograph is related to his formulation of an ‘ethos of science’ – introduced for the first time in 1938 in ‘Science and the Social Order’. Three different readings can, however, highlight different aspects of Merton’s monograph, thus the article attempts to enrich the understanding both of the ethos of science and of Merton as a politically engaged social scientist by discussing ‘The Three Merton Theses’. KEYWORDS Hessen, history of science, Merton, science, social responsibility of science, technology and society, visible college, Werskey The Merton Thesis The main topic of Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth-Century England (Merton, 1938a) was the emergence of the Royal Society in London, while the so- called ‘Merton thesis’ concerns the relationship between science and religion. Contrary to the assumed opposition, Merton argued for an intrinsic compatibility between the ethos of science and the ethos of Puritanism. According to Merton, the spread of Puritan values encouraged the growth of modern science in 17th- century England – a thesis similar to Weber’s in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1958 [1904–5]) regarding the religious context of the rise of mod- ern capitalism. -
The Matthew Effect in Science, II : Cumulative Advantage and The
The Matthew Effect in Science, II Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property By Robert K. Merton* HE SUBJECT OF THIS ESSAY is a problem in the sociology of science T that has long been of interest to me. That problem, a candid friend tells me, is somewhat obscured by the formidable title assigned to it. Yet, properly deci- phered, the title is not nearly as opaque as it might at first seem. Consider first the signal emitted by the Roman numeral II in the main title. It informs us that the paper follows on an earlier one, “The Matthew Effect in Science, ” which I finally put into print a good many years ago.’ The ponderous, not to say lumpy, subtitle goes on to signal the direction of this follow-on. The first concept, cumulative advantage, applied to the domain of science, refers to the social processes through which various kinds of opportunities for scientific inquiry as well as the subsequent symbolic and material rewards for the results of that inquiry tend to accumulate for individual practitioners of science, as they do also for organizations engaged in scientific work. The concept of cumulative advantage directs our attention to the ways in which initial comparative advan- tages of trained capacity 7 structural location , and available resources make for successive increments of ad vantage s uch that the gaps between the hav es and the have-nots in science (as in other domains of social life) widen until dampened by countervailing processes. The second phrase in the subtitle directs us to the distinctive character of intellectual property in science. -
Scientific Prize Network Predicts Who Pushes the Boundaries of Science
Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science Yifang Maa,b and Brian Uzzia,b,c,1 aNorthwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; bKellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; and cMcCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 Edited by Paul Trunfio, Boston University, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Pablo G. Debenedetti July 24, 2018 (received for review March 1, 2018) Scientific prizes confer credibility to persons, ideas, and disciplines, Medal, which is discipline nonspecific. While prizes aim to expand provide financial incentives, and promote community-building attention to scientific ideas, they also connect science. In some celebrations. We examine the growth dynamics and interlocking cases, a single scientist can be a winner of multiple prizes within relationships found in the worldwide scientific prize network. We and across disciplines. Rainer Weiss, winner of the 2017 Nobel focus on understanding how the knowledge linkages among Prize in Physics, was already an Einstein, Shaw, and Harvey prizes and scientists’ propensities for prizewinning relate to prizewinner. The Clark Medal, also known as the “Baby Nobel,” knowledge pathways between disciplines and stratification within has 12 of 23 (52%) medalists who went onto become Nobelists disciplines. Our data cover more than 3,000 different scientific (21, 22). The increasing proliferation of prizes and connections prizes in diverse disciplines and the career histories of 10,455 prize- among prizes suggest that the prize network embodies information winners worldwide for over 100 years. We find several key links about scientists poised to grow in acclaim as well as scientific between prizes and scientific advances. -
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INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small o^^erlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 Nortti Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9001939 The perceived seriousness and incidence of ethical misconduct in academic science Davis, Mark Stephen, Ph.D.