|||GET||| Robert K. Merton Sociology of Science and Sociology As
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo's Telescopic Sightings? Dean Keith Simonton Online First Publication, January 30, 2012. doi: 10.1037/a0027058 CITATION Simonton, D. K. (2012, January 30). Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo's Telescopic Sightings?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0027058 Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts © 2012 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. ●●, No. ●, 000–000 1931-3896/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027058 Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo’s Telescopic Sightings? Dean Keith Simonton University of California, Davis Galileo Galilei’s celebrated contributions to astronomy are used as case studies in the psychology of scientific discovery. Particular attention was devoted to the involvement of foresight, insight, oversight, and hindsight. These four mental acts concern, in divergent ways, the relative degree of “sightedness” in Galileo’s discovery process and accordingly have implications for evaluating the blind-variation and selective-retention (BVSR) theory of creativity and discovery. Scrutiny of the biographical and historical details indicates that Galileo’s mental processes were far less sighted than often depicted in retrospective accounts. Hindsight biases clearly tend to underline his insights and foresights while ignoring his very frequent and substantial oversights. Of special importance was how Galileo was able to create a domain-specific expertise where no such expertise previously existed—in part by exploiting his extensive knowledge and skill in the visual arts. Galileo’s success as an astronomer was founded partly and “blindly” on his artistic avocations. -
The Theory of Multiple Simultaneous Discoveries
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic archive of Tomsk Polytechnic University В целом видно, что студенты положительно оценивают наличие дисциплины «Творческий проект» в учебном плане и дают высокую оценку качеству ее проведения. Вывод: Кто такой инженер? И что такое творчество? Инженер от лат. «ingenium» означает способность, изобретательность. Инженер имеет дело с разработкой и внедрением инноваций и для этого ему необходим творческий как подход как основа будущей деятельности. Творчество – создание чего-то нового, которое непременно разрешает определенную проблему. Отсюда видно, что эти два понятия тесно связаны. Поэтому авторы считают, что дисциплина «Творческий про- ект» положительно влияет на процесс обучения студентов младших курсов и дает возможность получения глубоких практических знаний технических основ будущей профессии. ЛИТЕРАТУРА: 1. Всемирная инициатива CDIO. Стандарты: информ.-метод. изд. / пер. с англ. и ред. А. И. Чучалина, Т. С. Петровской, Е. С. Ку- люкиной; Том. политехн. ун-т. – Томск, 2011. 2. Рабочие программы по дисциплине «Творческий проект» [Элек- тронный ресурс] – URL: http://portal.tpu.ru/fond2 (дата обраще- ния: 13.09.15). Научный руководитель: В.С. Иванова, к.т.н., доцент, каф. ТП ИНК. THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS DISCOVERIES D.V. Isaeva National research Tomsk polytechnic university, Institute of non- destructive testing, Precise instrument making department, group 1B3V Since the beginning of time, people have been making different dis- coveries and inventions. They make great discoveries, which are based not only on the experience of previous generations, but on experiments and scientific analysis. However, what is the nature of discoveries? Theories of invention has been an ongoing discussion for more than a century. -
Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics
Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Volume 7 | Issue 1 January 2017 Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics Robin W. Whitty Queen Mary University of London Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Other Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Whitty, R. W. "Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics," Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, Volume 7 Issue 1 (January 2017), pages 172-188. DOI: 10.5642/jhummath.201701.14 . Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol7/iss1/14 ©2017 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. JHM is an open access bi-annual journal sponsored by the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences and published by the Claremont Colleges Library | ISSN 2159-8118 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/ The editorial staff of JHM works hard to make sure the scholarship disseminated in JHM is accurate and upholds professional ethical guidelines. However the views and opinions expressed in each published manuscript belong exclusively to the individual contributor(s). The publisher and the editors do not endorse or accept responsibility for them. See https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/policies.html for more information. Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics1 Robin M. Whitty Queen Mary University of London [email protected] Synopsis Among perhaps many things common to Kuratowski's Theorem in graph theory, Reidemeister's Theorem in topology, and Cook's Theorem in theoretical com- puter science is this: all belong to the phenomenon of simultaneous discovery in mathematics. We are interested to know whether this phenomenon, and its close cousin repeated discovery, give rise to meaningful questions regarding causes, trends, categories, etc. -
Concepts and the Social Order Robert K
CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK Concepts and the Social Order Robert K. Merton and the Future of Sociology Table of Contents The volume offers a comprehensive perspective on knowledge production in the field of sociology. About the Editors Moreover, it is a tribute to the scope of Merton’s work and the influence Merton has had on the work List of Illustrations and Tables and life of sociologists around the world.This is reflected in each of the 12 chapters by internationally Yehuda Elkana Institute of Advanced Study, Berlin Book Concept and Preface Yehuda Elkana acclaimed scholars witnessing the range of fields Merton has contributed to as well as the personal Note to Sound and SculptureAmos Elkana and Alexander Polzin András Szigeti Central European University impacthehashadonsociologists. Introduction György Lissauer Freelance researcher 1. The Paradoxes of Robert K. Merton: Fragmentary Among others, the chapters deal with history and social context, an exploration of sociology in three Reflections Arnold Thackray very different countries; the relationship between science and society; the role of experience and the 2. Looking for Shoulders to Stand on, or for a Paradigm for the Sociology of Science Anna Wessely conceptual word; the “Matthew effect” and “repetition with variation.”The contributors consider a 3. R. K. Merton in France: Foucault, Bourdieu, Latour and number of Mertonian themes and concepts, re-evaluating them, adapting them, highlighting their Edited by Yehuda Elkana, and the Invention of Mainstream Sociology in Paris Jean-Louis continuedrelevanceandthusopeningawellofpossibilitiesfornewresearch. Fabiani 4. Merton in South Asia: The Question of Religion and the Modernity of Science Dhruv Raina 5. The Contribution of Robert K. -
The Science of Science
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The citation culture Wouters, P.F. Publication date 1999 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Wouters, P. F. (1999). The citation culture. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:27 Sep 2021 Chapter 4 The science of science The science of science, or the self-consciousness of science, as I have put it elsewhere, is the real drastic advance of the second part of the twentieth cen- tury. (Bernal 1964) 4.1 Welcoming the SCI At first, the SCI did not seem to have much impact on science. Its existence did not change scientists’ information seeking behaviour. As has already been said in chapter 2, most of them seemed indifferent and the SCI failed to transform the system of scientific publication (chapter 3). -
OPEN SCIENCE' an Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution
This work is distributed as a Discussion Paper by the STANFORD INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY RESEARCH SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 06-38 THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF 'OPEN SCIENCE' An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution By Paul A. David Stanford University & the University of Oxford December 2007 Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (650) 725-1874 The Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research at Stanford University supports research bearing on economic and public policy issues. The SIEPR Discussion Paper Series reports on research and policy analysis conducted by researchers affiliated with the Institute. Working papers in this series reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research or Stanford University. THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF ‘OPEN SCIENCE’ An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution By Paul A. David Stanford University & the University of Oxford [email protected] or [email protected] First version: March 2000 Second version: August 2004 This version: December 2007 SUMMARY This essay examines the economics of patronage in the production of knowledge and its influence upon the historical formation of key elements in the ethos and organizational structure of publicly funded open science. The emergence during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries of the idea and practice of “open science" was a distinctive and vital organizational aspect of the Scientific Revolution. It represented a break from the previously dominant ethos of secrecy in the pursuit of Nature’s Secrets, to a new set of norms, incentives, and organizational structures that reinforced scientific researchers' commitments to rapid disclosure of new knowledge. -
The Myth of the Sole Inventor
Michigan Law Review Volume 110 Issue 5 2012 The Myth of the Sole Inventor Mark A. Lemley Stanford Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Mark A. Lemley, The Myth of the Sole Inventor, 110 MICH. L. REV. 709 (2012). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol110/iss5/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MYTH OF THE SOLE INVENTORt Mark A. Lemley* The theory of patent law is based on the idea that a lone genius can solve problems that stump the experts, and that the lone genius will do so only if properly incented. But the canonical story of the lone genius inventor is largely a myth. Surveys of hundreds of significant new technologies show that almost all of them are invented simultaneously or nearly simultaneous- ly by two or more teams working independently of each other. Invention appears in significant part to be a social, not an individual, phenomenon. The result is a real problem for classic theories of patent law. Our domi- nant theory of patent law doesn't seem to explain the way we actually implement that law. Maybe the problem is not with our current patent law, but with our current patent theory. -
Science and Its Significant Other: Representing the Humanities in Bibliometric Scholarship
Science and its significant other: Representing the humanities in bibliometric scholarship Thomas Franssen & Paul Wouters (CWTS, Leiden University, The Netherlands) 1. introduction Bibliometrics offers a particular representation of science (Wouters, 1999; Nicolaisen 2007). Through bibliometric methods a bibliometrician will always highlight particular elements of publications, and through these elements operationalize particular representations of science, while obscuring other possible representations from view. Understanding bibliometrics as representation implies that a bibliometric analysis is always performative; a bibliometric analysis brings a particular representation of science into being that potentially influences the science system itself (e.g. Wyatt et al., 2017). The performative effects of bibliometrics have been studied primarily in relation to individual researchers' behavior and how pervasive representations (and particular indicators) might influence this (De Rijcke et al., 2016). How bibliometrics influence the ways we think about, compare and contrast different scientific domains in general has however not been systematically analyzed. The pervasiveness of bibliometric representations of science in the contemporary science system warrants such a study. Moreover, a systematic, historical view of the development of bibliometrics might also offer this scientific community a better understanding of itself as well as the future of the discipline. We are in particular interested in the ways the humanities have been represented throughout the history of bibliometrics, often in comparison to other scientific domains or to a general notion of ‘the sciences’. Earlier reviews of bibliometric literature pertaining to the humanities exist (Nederhof, 2006; also part 2.3 in Moed, 2006; Huang & Chang, 2008; Ardanuy, 2013) but have been predominantly methodological in nature. They ask what bibliometric methods are suitable to use for research evaluation in the humanities (and social sciences) but do not engage with the question of representation. -
Scientific Discovery Reloaded
Topoi https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-017-9531-3 1 Scientifc Discovery Reloaded 2 Emiliano Ippoliti1 3 4 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2017 5 Abstract 6 The way scientifc discovery has been conceptualized has changed drastically in the last few decades: its relation to logic, 7 inference, methods, and evolution has been deeply reloaded. The ‘philosophical matrix’ moulded by logical empiricism and 8 analytical tradition has been challenged by the ‘friends of discovery’, who opened up the way to a rational investigation of 9 discovery. This has produced not only new theories of discovery (like the deductive, cognitive, and evolutionary), but also 10 new ways of practicing it in a rational and more systematic way. Ampliative rules, methods, heuristic procedures and even a 11 logic of discovery have been investigated, extracted, reconstructed and refned. The outcome is a ‘scientifc discovery revo- 12 lution’: not only a new way of looking at discovery, but also a construction of tools that can guide us to discover something 13 new. This is a very important contribution of philosophy of science to science, as it puts the former in a position not only to 14 interpret what scientists do, but also to provide and improve tools that they can employ in their activity. 15 Keywords Logic · Discovery · Heuristics · Reasoning · Psychology · Algorithm 16 1 Scientifc Discovery: The Matrix 2006, xii), and they are essential for discovery. Genius (see e.g. Murray 1989), illumination, ‘faculties’ such as intui- 17 38 A long-standing and infuential tradition has shaped the way tion, insight, or ‘divergent thinking’, are common notions 18 39 scientifc discovery has been accounted for. -
The Matthew Effect in Empirical Data
The Matthew effect in empirical data Matjazˇ Perc∗ Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroskaˇ cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia The Matthew effect describes the phenomenon that in societies the rich tend to get richer and the potent even more powerful. It is closely related to the concept of preferential attachment in network science, where the more connected nodes are destined to acquire many more links in the future than the auxiliary nodes. Cumulative ad- vantage and success-breads-success also both describe the fact that advantage tends to beget further advantage. The concept is behind the many power laws and scaling behaviour in empirical data, and it is at the heart of self-organization across social and natural sciences. Here we review the methodology for measuring preferential attachment in empirical data, as well as the observations of the Matthew effect in patterns of scientific collabora- tion, socio-technical and biological networks, the propagation of citations, the emergence of scientific progress and impact, career longevity, the evolution of common English words and phrases, as well as in education and brain development. We also discuss whether the Matthew effect is due to chance or optimisation, for example related to homophily in social systems or efficacy in technological systems, and we outline possible directions for future research. Keywords: Matthew effect, preferential attachment, cumulative advantage, self-organization, power law, empirical data I. INTRODUCTION tally on the assumption that an initially small advantage in numbers may snowball over time [29]. The Gibrat law of pro- portional growth [30], inspired by the assumption that the size The Gospel of St. -
Multiple Independent Inventions of a Non‐Functional Technology Combinatorial Descriptive Names in Botany, 1640‐1830
PEER‐REVIEWED Multiple Independent Inventions of a Non‐functional Technology Combinatorial Descriptive Names in Botany, 1640‐1830 Sara Scharf* Abstract Historians and sociologists of science usually discuss multiple independent inventions or discoveries in terms of priority disputes over successful inventions or discoveries. But what should we make of the multiple invention of a technology that not only gave rise to very few priority disputes, but never worked and was rejected by each inventor’s contemporaries as soon as it was made public? This paper examines seven such situations in the history of botany. I devote particular attention to the inventors’ cultural and educational backgrounds, focussing in particular on the scholastic education most of them shared, through which they would have become familiar with Llullian combinatorics and the mnemonic names used to distinguish syllogistic moods. I also examine their conceptions of the roles of nomenclature in botany, their assumptions about how memory works, their awareness of other similar efforts, and their contemporaries’ reactions to their proposals. I suggest that an evolutionary epistemology of invention may be the middle ground between the chaos of multiple paths suggested by many microhistories and the overly deterministic view that macrohistorical studies often present. Finally, I reflect on the impacts that a consideration of multiple independent inventions of failed technologies may have on current approaches to the history and sociology of science. Multiple discoveries of -
Katy Börner, Andrea Scharnhorst
This is a pre-print of the Guest Editor‘s Introduction to the 2009 Journal of Informetrics Special Issue on the Science of Science Börner, Katy, Andrea Scharnhorst. 2009. Visual Conceptualizations and Models of Science. Journal of Informetrics, 3(3). Visual Conceptualizations and Models of Science Katy Börner, Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, 10th Street & Jordan Avenue, Wells Library 021, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA [email protected] Andrea Scharnhorst, The Virtual Knowledge Studio for the Humanities and Social Sciences - VKS Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cruquiusweg 31, 1019 AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands [email protected] This Journal of Informetrics special issue aims to improve our understanding of the structure and dynamics of science by reviewing and advancing existing conceptualizations and models of scholarly activity. Several of these conceptualizations and models have visual manifestations supporting the combination and comparison of theories and approaches developed in different disciplines of science. The term ―model‖ and ―conceptualization‖ has diverse definitions in different disciplines and use contexts. In this issue, ‗conceptualization‘ refers to an unifying mental framework that identifies the boundaries of the system or object under study, its basic building blocks, interactions among building blocks, basic mechanisms of growth and change, and existing laws (static and dynamic). The term ‗model‘ refers to a precise description of a system or object under study in a formal language, e.g., using mathematical equations or computational algorithms. An older more comprehensive definition of ‗science‘ using a description by Cohen ―… in its oldest and widest sense the term science (like the German word Wissenschaft) denotes all ordered and reliable knowledge—so that a philologist or a critical historian can truly be called scientific …‖ (Cohen, 1933).