Multiple Independent Inventions of a Non‐Functional Technology Combinatorial Descriptive Names in Botany, 1640‐1830
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What Is the Nature of Good Government?
What is the Nature of Good Government? from Heaven and Hell by Emanuel Swedenborg A Unique Vision of the Afterlife The following pages contain a brief taste of heaven based on the visions of Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772), a Swedish sci- entist and mystic. They are taken from his best-known work, Heaven and Hell, orig- inally written and published in 1758 in Latin as De Coelo et Ejus Mirabilibus, et de Inferno, ex Auditis et Visis (Heaven and Its Wonders and Hell, Drawn from Things Heard and Seen). Heaven and Hell is a detailed descrip- tion of the afterlife based on Swedenborg’s personal experiences. The work includes discussions of what happens to us after we die, what it’s like to live in heaven (or in hell), and the nature of God and angels. Now celebrating its 250th anniversary, Heaven and Hell has been in print con- tinuously since its first publication, and it has been translated into twenty-three lan- guages. This translation was produced by George F. Dole for the New Century Edition of the Works of Emanuel Swe- denborg, published by the Swedenborg Foundation. The full translation includes an introduction by noted scholar Bern- hard Lang, extensive notes on the text, and other helpful references. This deluxe edition is available in hardcover and full- sized paperback; there is also a smaller Swedenborg Foundation portable edition without the introduction West Chester, Pennsylvania and endnotes. • www.swedenborg.com Forms of Government in Heaven Since heaven is differentiated into communities, and the larger communities consist of some hundreds of thousands of angels, and since all the people in a given community are involved in similar good but not in similar wisdom, it follows of necessity that there are forms of govern- ment. -
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo's Telescopic Sightings? Dean Keith Simonton Online First Publication, January 30, 2012. doi: 10.1037/a0027058 CITATION Simonton, D. K. (2012, January 30). Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo's Telescopic Sightings?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0027058 Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts © 2012 American Psychological Association 2012, Vol. ●●, No. ●, 000–000 1931-3896/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027058 Foresight, Insight, Oversight, and Hindsight in Scientific Discovery: How Sighted Were Galileo’s Telescopic Sightings? Dean Keith Simonton University of California, Davis Galileo Galilei’s celebrated contributions to astronomy are used as case studies in the psychology of scientific discovery. Particular attention was devoted to the involvement of foresight, insight, oversight, and hindsight. These four mental acts concern, in divergent ways, the relative degree of “sightedness” in Galileo’s discovery process and accordingly have implications for evaluating the blind-variation and selective-retention (BVSR) theory of creativity and discovery. Scrutiny of the biographical and historical details indicates that Galileo’s mental processes were far less sighted than often depicted in retrospective accounts. Hindsight biases clearly tend to underline his insights and foresights while ignoring his very frequent and substantial oversights. Of special importance was how Galileo was able to create a domain-specific expertise where no such expertise previously existed—in part by exploiting his extensive knowledge and skill in the visual arts. Galileo’s success as an astronomer was founded partly and “blindly” on his artistic avocations. -
The Theory of Multiple Simultaneous Discoveries
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic archive of Tomsk Polytechnic University В целом видно, что студенты положительно оценивают наличие дисциплины «Творческий проект» в учебном плане и дают высокую оценку качеству ее проведения. Вывод: Кто такой инженер? И что такое творчество? Инженер от лат. «ingenium» означает способность, изобретательность. Инженер имеет дело с разработкой и внедрением инноваций и для этого ему необходим творческий как подход как основа будущей деятельности. Творчество – создание чего-то нового, которое непременно разрешает определенную проблему. Отсюда видно, что эти два понятия тесно связаны. Поэтому авторы считают, что дисциплина «Творческий про- ект» положительно влияет на процесс обучения студентов младших курсов и дает возможность получения глубоких практических знаний технических основ будущей профессии. ЛИТЕРАТУРА: 1. Всемирная инициатива CDIO. Стандарты: информ.-метод. изд. / пер. с англ. и ред. А. И. Чучалина, Т. С. Петровской, Е. С. Ку- люкиной; Том. политехн. ун-т. – Томск, 2011. 2. Рабочие программы по дисциплине «Творческий проект» [Элек- тронный ресурс] – URL: http://portal.tpu.ru/fond2 (дата обраще- ния: 13.09.15). Научный руководитель: В.С. Иванова, к.т.н., доцент, каф. ТП ИНК. THE THEORY OF MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS DISCOVERIES D.V. Isaeva National research Tomsk polytechnic university, Institute of non- destructive testing, Precise instrument making department, group 1B3V Since the beginning of time, people have been making different dis- coveries and inventions. They make great discoveries, which are based not only on the experience of previous generations, but on experiments and scientific analysis. However, what is the nature of discoveries? Theories of invention has been an ongoing discussion for more than a century. -
Reposs #19: Newtonianism in the Scandinavian Countries, 1690–1790
RePoSS: Research Publications on Science Studies RePoSS #19: Newtonianism in the Scandinavian Countries, 1690–1790 Helge Kragh August 2012 Centre for Science Studies, University of Aarhus, Denmark Research group: History and philosophy of science Please cite this work as: Helge Kragh (Aug. 2012). Newtonianism in the Scandinavian Countries, 1690–1790. RePoSS: Research Publications on Sci- ence Studies 19. Aarhus: Centre for Science Studies, University of Aarhus. url: http://www.css.au.dk/reposs. Copyright c Helge Kragh, 2012 1 Newtonianism in the Scandinavian Countries, 1690-1790 HELGE KRAGH 1 Introduction In the present context, the Scandinavian countries refer to two national or administrative units, the one being Denmark and the other Sweden. In the period here considered, largely the century from 1690 to 1790, ‘Denmark’ means really Denmark-Norway, for until 1814 Norway was part of the double monarchy ruled by the king and his government in Copenhagen. It should also be kept in mind that parts of what is today Germany, namely Schleswig-Holstein, belonged to the kingdom. However, as far as language and culture were concerned, these parts of southern Denmark were more German than Danish, and they played no important role in the scientific life of the kingdom. Sweden covered a much larger geographical area than it does today. The country had expanded greatly during the seventeenth century, when not only Finland but also parts of the Baltic area and northern Germany came under Swedish rule. About 1720, after the Great Northern War, Sweden lost most of its possessions, but the major part of Finland remained as part of the country until Centre for Science Studies, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark. -
Early Swedish Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering
Early Swedish Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering Massarsch, K.R. and Fellenius, B.H., 2012. Early Swedish Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering. ASCE GeoInstitute Geo-Congress, Oakland March 25-29, 2012, Full-scale Testing in Foundation Design, State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, Reston, VA, M.H. Hussein, K.R. Massarsch, G.E. Likins, and R.D. Holtz, eds., Geotechnical Special Publication 227, pp. 239-256. 239 Early Swedish Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering K. Rainer Massarsch1) Dr.Sc. Bengt H. Fellenius2) P.Eng., Dr.Tech., M.ASCE 1) Geo Risk & Vibration Scandinavia AB, Ferievägen 25, SE 168 41 Bromma, Sweden. <[email protected]> 2) Consulting Engineer, 2475 Rothesay Avenue, Sidney, B.C., Canada, V8L 2B9. <[email protected]> ABSTRACT Geotechnical engineering in Sweden has a long tradition due to the presence of soft and sensitive clay deposits along lake and sea shores, where most settlements were established. As the country increasingly took on the difficult tasks of constructing harbors, canals, and foundations for roads and railways, novel foundation concepts had to be developed. The establishing of an interdisciplinary “Geotechnical Commission” in 1914 consisting of geologists and civil engineers with the task to study landslides and slope failures laid the foundation for modern geotechnical field and laboratory testing methods and began the key role of geotechnical engineering in Swedish civil engineering. A very important aspect is the spirit of close cooperation between practitioners, engineers, and scientists, manifested in the Swedish Geotechnical Institute and the Swedish Pile Commission. The Swedish geotechnical practice has a long history of important accomplishments by individual engineers. -
Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics
Journal of Humanistic Mathematics Volume 7 | Issue 1 January 2017 Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics Robin W. Whitty Queen Mary University of London Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Other Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Whitty, R. W. "Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics," Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, Volume 7 Issue 1 (January 2017), pages 172-188. DOI: 10.5642/jhummath.201701.14 . Available at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/vol7/iss1/14 ©2017 by the authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. JHM is an open access bi-annual journal sponsored by the Claremont Center for the Mathematical Sciences and published by the Claremont Colleges Library | ISSN 2159-8118 | http://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/ The editorial staff of JHM works hard to make sure the scholarship disseminated in JHM is accurate and upholds professional ethical guidelines. However the views and opinions expressed in each published manuscript belong exclusively to the individual contributor(s). The publisher and the editors do not endorse or accept responsibility for them. See https://scholarship.claremont.edu/jhm/policies.html for more information. Some Comments on Multiple Discovery in Mathematics1 Robin M. Whitty Queen Mary University of London [email protected] Synopsis Among perhaps many things common to Kuratowski's Theorem in graph theory, Reidemeister's Theorem in topology, and Cook's Theorem in theoretical com- puter science is this: all belong to the phenomenon of simultaneous discovery in mathematics. We are interested to know whether this phenomenon, and its close cousin repeated discovery, give rise to meaningful questions regarding causes, trends, categories, etc. -
This Is the Published Version of a Chapter Published in Der Modelle Tugend 2.0: Digitale 3D- Rekonstr
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a chapter published in Der Modelle Tugend 2.0: Digitale 3D- Rekonstruktion als virtueller Raum der architekturhistorischen Forschung. Citation for the original published chapter: Snickars, P. (2019) Metamodeling: 3D-(re)designing Polhem’s Laboratorium mechanicumn In: Piotr Kuroczyński, Mieke Pfarr-Harfst und Sander Münster (ed.), Der Modelle Tugend 2.0: Digitale 3D-Rekonstruktion als virtueller Raum der architekturhistorischen Forschung (pp. 509-528). Heidelberg: arthistoricum.net Computing in art and architecture https://doi.org/10.11588/arthistoricum.515 N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-164711 Metamodeling — 3D - (re )designing Polhem’s Laboratorium mechanicumn 509 Der Modelle Tugend 2.0 → Kapitel 5 → Projekt-Portfolio Pelle Snickars V. Metamodeling — 3D-( re )designing Polhem’s Laboratorium mechanicumn → 3D visualisations, digital methods, Christopher Polhem, media modalities Based on selected parts of the collections at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, the aim of the research project, Digital Models, is to explore the potential of digital technologies to reframe Swedish industrialisation and its stories about society, people and environments. This book chapter presents the work done with one model, the Swedish 18th century inventor Christopher Polhem’s so called mechanical alphabet. His small wooden models were once built to pedogogically illustrate different mechanical principles. At a time when heritage institutions are exploring how new digital technologies can broaden access to their collections, the chapter recounts the ways in which our project has tried to metamodel Polhem’s alphabet in different digital formats, especially in 3D. -
Polhems Huvudvärk David Dunér
Polhems huvudvärk David Dunér CHRISTOPHER POLHEM HAR BLIVIT MEST KÄND som tekniker och industripionjär, omtalad som ett tekniskt geni, en uppfinnarjocke, den svenska mekanikens fader, Nordens Arkimedes, den hyperboreiske Daidalos. Utmaningen är här att försöka visa att hans verkliga originalitet inte ligger främst i hans tekniska uppfinnarförmåga. En stor del av sin tid använde han nämligen till studier och spekulationer kring geologi, materiateori, nationalekonomi, näringslära, språkvetenskap, filosofi och pedagogik. Hans uppfinningar visar sig i många fall inte vara hans egna. Det är i ännu högre grad som tänkare man finner särlingen. Man skulle kunna kalla honom för en hemmatänka- re som kokade ihop sina egna tankar oberoende av vad andra tyckte och tänkte. Det finns en smittande fräckhet och humor som går utanför alla konventioner. Att tänka, sade han, kunde dock vara lika ansträngande som kroppsrörelser: »när man för myket tenker, blir hiernan öhm och wärkande, så och när man myket tenker på sådhana ting som man aldrig hafft före tillförende, blir hela kroppen matt och machtlöss». Om denna essä inte kan ge övertygande argument för Polhems originalitet, så kan den i vart fall göra läsaren en aning matt och maktlös av alla nya tankar om Polhem som denne inte tidigare har haft. Ett skäl till Polhems okonventionella tänkande kan vara hans oroliga bildnings- gång. Han var i stort sett autodidakt, saknade en grundlig bildning och kunde aldrig lära sig latin ordentligt. Kanske hade han till och med en släng av ordblindhet. Men på sätt och vis kan man se hans liv som lite av en klassisk framgångshistoria. För- utsättningarna var nämligen inte de bästa för en framgångsrik teknisk karriär. -
Der Modelle Tugend 2.0 → Kapitel 5 → Projekt-Portfolio Pelle Snickars V
Metamodeling — 3D - (re )designing Polhem’s Laboratorium mechanicumn 509 Der Modelle Tugend 2.0 → Kapitel 5 → Projekt-Portfolio Pelle Snickars V. Metamodeling — 3D-( re )designing Polhem’s Laboratorium mechanicumn → 3D visualisations, digital methods, Christopher Polhem, media modalities Based on selected parts of the collections at the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology, the aim of the research project, Digital Models, is to explore the potential of digital technologies to reframe Swedish industrialisation and its stories about society, people and environments. This book chapter presents the work done with one model, the Swedish 18th century inventor Christopher Polhem’s so called mechanical alphabet. His small wooden models were once built to pedogogically illustrate different mechanical principles. At a time when heritage institutions are exploring how new digital technologies can broaden access to their collections, the chapter recounts the ways in which our project has tried to metamodel Polhem’s alphabet in different digital formats, especially in 3D. Which attributes of the models that are transferred and displayed is not an imperative trait of digitisation per se — only of one particular process. The chapter discusses three forms of 3D visualisations of Polhem’s alphabet executed in altered media modalities — provoking a confrontation between stupid scanning versus intelli- gent simulation. Situated at the intersection between digitising archives and visualising history, the chapter interrogates the specificity of digitisation, with the ultimate goal of developing a 3D methodology of relevance for the cultural heritage domain. Authority and material authenticity are its trade- marks. Yet, as this chapter will show, 3D visualisations will always cater ( in one way or the other ) to interpretation of museological objects selected for ( re ) presentation — even if institutions are totally explicit and open about their digital practises. -
The Naval City of Karlskrona - an Active and Vibrant World Heritage Site –
The Naval City of Karlskrona - an active and vibrant World Heritage Site – “Karlskrona is an exceptionally well preserved example of a European naval base, and although its design has been influenced by similar undertakings it has in turn acted as a model for comparable installations. Naval bases played an important part during the centuries when the strength of a nation’s navy was a decisive factor in European power politics, and of those that remain from this period Karlskrona is the most complete and well preserved”. The World Heritage Sites Committee, 1998 Foreword Contents In 1972 UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, ratified 6-7 THIS IS A W ORLD HERITAGE SITE - the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and National Heritage with the HE AVAL ITY OF ARLSKRONA aim of protecting and preserving natural or cultural sites deemed to be of irreplaceable and T N C K universal value. The list of World Heritage Sites established under the terms of the Convention 8-13 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND has been received with considerable interest by the international community and has greatly Why Karlskrona was established contributed to the strengthening of national cultural identity. Growth and expansion Models and ideals The Naval Town of Karlskrona was designated as a World Heritage Site in December 1998 and The af Chapman era is one of 12 such Sites that to date have been listed in Sweden. Karlskrona was considered of particular interest as the original layout of the town with its roots in the architectural ideals of 14–27 THE NAVAL BASE the baroque has been extremely well-preserved and for its remarkable dockyard and systems The naval dockyard and harbour of fortifications. -
OPEN SCIENCE' an Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution
This work is distributed as a Discussion Paper by the STANFORD INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY RESEARCH SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 06-38 THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF 'OPEN SCIENCE' An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution By Paul A. David Stanford University & the University of Oxford December 2007 Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 (650) 725-1874 The Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research at Stanford University supports research bearing on economic and public policy issues. The SIEPR Discussion Paper Series reports on research and policy analysis conducted by researchers affiliated with the Institute. Working papers in this series reflect the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research or Stanford University. THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF ‘OPEN SCIENCE’ An Essay on Patronage, Reputation and Common Agency Contracting in the Scientific Revolution By Paul A. David Stanford University & the University of Oxford [email protected] or [email protected] First version: March 2000 Second version: August 2004 This version: December 2007 SUMMARY This essay examines the economics of patronage in the production of knowledge and its influence upon the historical formation of key elements in the ethos and organizational structure of publicly funded open science. The emergence during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries of the idea and practice of “open science" was a distinctive and vital organizational aspect of the Scientific Revolution. It represented a break from the previously dominant ethos of secrecy in the pursuit of Nature’s Secrets, to a new set of norms, incentives, and organizational structures that reinforced scientific researchers' commitments to rapid disclosure of new knowledge. -
The Myth of the Sole Inventor
Michigan Law Review Volume 110 Issue 5 2012 The Myth of the Sole Inventor Mark A. Lemley Stanford Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Mark A. Lemley, The Myth of the Sole Inventor, 110 MICH. L. REV. 709 (2012). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol110/iss5/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MYTH OF THE SOLE INVENTORt Mark A. Lemley* The theory of patent law is based on the idea that a lone genius can solve problems that stump the experts, and that the lone genius will do so only if properly incented. But the canonical story of the lone genius inventor is largely a myth. Surveys of hundreds of significant new technologies show that almost all of them are invented simultaneously or nearly simultaneous- ly by two or more teams working independently of each other. Invention appears in significant part to be a social, not an individual, phenomenon. The result is a real problem for classic theories of patent law. Our domi- nant theory of patent law doesn't seem to explain the way we actually implement that law. Maybe the problem is not with our current patent law, but with our current patent theory.