INDEX

Aachen, fall of, in World War II, 838 Adams, Samuel, 183; absence of, from and, 500, 575, 829, 891, 893, 985; number Abbott, Lyman, 558 Second Constitutional Convention, 178; of, in late 1700, 84–85; Philadelphia Plan ABC-1 agreement, 821 as antifederalist, 182, 183; as colonial and, 945; Populism and, 524–25; post Civil ABC (Anybody but Carter) movement, 968 leader, 84, 94, 130, 135; at First War, 481–82, 487; quality of life for, 513; ABC Powers, 688 Continental Congress, 133; as Patriot, 150 race riots and, 702; religion of, 482; rights Abilene, Kansas, settlement of, 601, 605 Adamson Act (1916), 685 of, post Civil War, 487; shift of, to Franklin Abolitionist movement, 280, 332, 342, 349, Addams, Jane, 568–69, 586, 658, 725; in D. Roosevelt, 773; slave culture of, 72–73, 395; African Americans in, 357, 364–66, election of 1912, 680; Hull House and, 361; as Supreme Court judges, 891, 957, 492–93; contest for Kansas and, 412–13; 568, 662 985–86, 1007; unemployment among, 926; Dred Scott case and, 219 n, 349, 409, Adjusted Compensation Act (1924), 749 United Negro Improvement Society and, 417–19, 422; early, 264, 362, 364; Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 747, 748 741–42; in Vietnam War, 940; voting rights Emancipation Proclamation and, 459–60; Adultery, 78 for, 494, 505, 525, 890, 924–25, 1028; in founding of first antislavery society, 167; Adventists, 323 War of 1812, 236, 462; white flight to Frederick Douglass and, 356–57, 366; John Adventurers, 28 suburbs and, 859; women, 494, 569, Brown and, 423–24; Mexican War and, The Adventures of Augie March (Bellow), 908 588–89, 1029; work for, 546, 569; in World 388; newspapers in, 364, 367; in the The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn War I, 702, 706, 711; in World War II, North, 368; propaganda in, 246; Quakers (Sawyer), 583 829–30, 892. See also Civil rights and, 167, 362; radical, 364–66; scholarly The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (Twain), 583 movement; Slavery treatment of, 347; in the South, 367–68; Advertising, 732; growth of, post World War African dispora, 35 Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 330, 359, 364, II, 855; of patent medicines, 338; political, African Methodist Episcopal Church, 482 409–12, 443; Whig party and, 384, 401; 887, 921, 995; radio, 737, 757–58; sexual Agassiz, Louis, 334, 573, 578 women in, 492. See also Underground allure in, 740; television, 885–86, 887, 995 The Age of Jackson (Schlesinger), 285 Railroad Aerospace industry, growth of, 883 The Age of Reason (Paine), 320 Abominations, tariff of, 262–64 Affirmative action, 920, 936, 945, 957, 978, The Age of Reform (Hofstadter), 529, 695 Abortion: controversy over, 956, 977, 985, 994, 1007–8, 1029 Agnew, Spiro: resignation of, 949, 952; as 1007; Roe v. Wade decision in, 944, 956, 978 Affluence in the 1950s, 882–84 vice president, 940; as vice president Abrams v. United States, 581 The Affluent Society (Galbraith), 886–87 candidate, 931 Absalom, Absolom! (Faulkner), 743 Afghanistan: Soviet takeover of, 964; Taliban Agribusiness, 612; growth of, 857 Abu Ghraib prison, 1006 control over, 1003 Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933), Acadia, 110; emigration from, 116–17 Africa: Carter’s foreign policy toward, 960; 778, 783 The Accidental Tourist (Tyler), 1032 European exploration of, 11–13; founding Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938), 783 Acheson, Dean, 873, 878, 887, 889, 929 of Republic of Liberia in, 362–63; Agricultural Adjustment Administration Acoma, Battle of (1599), 21 peacekeeping missions in, 995; Theodore (AAA), 783 Action paintings, 1032 Roosevelt’s visit to, 674; Tripolitan War in, Agricultural Marketing Act (1929), 759 Act of Toleration (Maryland) (1649), 34 220; World War II in, 835, 836–37. See also Agriculture: bracero program in, 827, 896; Adams, Abigail, 130, 167–68; letters written South Africa cash crops in, 309, 612; Columbian by, 147, 237 African Americans: in abolitionist Exchange and, 14–16; corn in, 524; cotton Adams, Charles Francis, 445, 446, 584 movement, 357, 364–66, 492–93; production in, 300–301, 316, 348, 350–51, Adams, Henry, 235, 504, 742 American Colonization Society and, 443–44, 449–50, 487, 546; crash of 1857 Adams, John, 259, 338, 584, 589; absence of, 362–63; in American Revolution, 137, 138, and, 419; crop-lien system in, 512; from Second Constitutional Convention, 462; in army, 597; in baseball, 889; Black economics and, 613–16; environmental 178; accomplishments of, 205; Codes and, 487, 488; in Civil War, 462–64, interests and, 985; under Franklin D. administration of, 165, 202–5; as colonial 481; Colored Farmers’ National Alliance Roosevelt, 778, 783–84; grain in, 91; leader, 91, 122, 130, 145, 167–68, 171; and, 524; as cowboys, 608; discrimination Hispanic workers in, 1024, 1025; Hoover death of, 228; drafting of “Model Treaty” against, 513; education of, 325, 362, 482, and, 759; impact of Civil War on, 480; by, 154; on education, 98; in election of 484, 575–76, 894, 1029; emancipated, 167; indigo in, 72; irrigation in, 324, 608, 668, 1796, 201–2; in election of 1800, 211, exclusion of, from Farmers’ Alliance, 616; 946; maize in, 8, 10; mechanization of, 214–15; at First Continental Congress, force of, into sharecropping and tenant 612–13, 754, 829–30; Native American, 8; 133–34; Hamilton and, 202; as last farming, 512; free, in antebellum period, in North during Civil War, 443; on Federalist president, 214; letter of Abigail 356–59; Freedmen’s Bureau and, 478, 484, plantations, 12, 39, 351–52; railroads and, to, 147; midnight judges and, 218–19; at 489, 501; in government, 494–95, 990; in 536; rice in, 37–38, 39, 72, 74; role of Peace of Paris negotiations, 159–60; Harlem, 741–42; impact of Depression of railroads in, 608; slavery in, 352–53; in portrait of, 202; women’s rights and, 1871 on, 508; income level of, 1016; Jim South, 443–44, 545, 546; sugar in, 34–35, 167–68 Crow laws and, 512–13, 525, 890, 891; 90, 629, 644; tobacco in, 32–33, 34, 39, 43, Adams, John Quincy, 367, 427, 584, 1000; Ku Klux Klan and, 245, 495, 496, 722–23; 67–68, 72, 81, 91, 545; in the West, 608. administration of, 258–59; diary of, 248; labor relations and, 853; labor unions See also Farmers; Farming in election of 1824, 256–57; in election of and, 552, 554, 556; literary contributions Aguinaldo, Emilio, 633, 634, 642 1828, 260–61; Ghent negotiations and, of, 584–85, 1031; as Loyalists, 148–49; AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency 237; land policy under, 259; nationalistic lynchings of, 513, 525; migration of, 655, syndrome), 935; as epidemic, 1032, 1033 views of, 259; portrait of, 259; as Secretary 828–31, 859, 891; move to suburbs, 861; Aid to Families with Dependent Children of State, 251, 252; tariffs and, 262, 264 music of, 73, 75, 339, 590, 741; NAACP (AFDC), 945

A67 A68 Index

Airplanes: advances in, 736–37; Lindbergh American party, 416; platform of, 296. See Angola, 12; as source of slaves, 71, 74 flight, 736–37, 813 also Know-Nothing party Anna in the Tropics (Cruz), 1033 Alabama: Reconstruction in, 491; secession American Peace Society, 329 Annapolis, Maryland, 388; colonial protests of, 428; slavery in, 301, 358, 360; voting The American Political Tradition and the in, 131 rights in, 890 Men Who Made It (Hofstadter), 285 Annapolis Convention (1786), 177–78 Alabama (ship), 445–46, 450 American Populism (McMath), 509 Anne, Queen (1702-1714), 102, 110 Alamo, 22, 277, 279 American Protective Association, 571 Anthony, Susan B., 327, 331, 492, 493, Alamogordo, New Mexico, Manhattan American Railway Union, 617 584, 587 project in, 845–46 American Red Cross, 589 Anthrax, terrorism and, 1003 Alaska, 252; argument over seal hunting near American Revolution (1775-1783), 2, 3, 41, Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) treaty, 943 Pribilof Islands, 628; defense of, in World 111, 166; African Americans in, 137, 138, Antifederalists, 187, 192, 196; clash with War II, 833; oil exploration in Arctic 462; American strengths and weaknesses federalists, 182–83 National Refuse in, 1000; purchase of, 498; in, 136–37; attempted conquest of Antiforeignism, 296–97, 415–16, 569–72, 721 Russian claims to, 252; statehood for, 904 Canada, 142–43; battles in, 137, 141, Anti-immigrant sentiment, growth of, 517 Albany, New York, growth of, 62 151–58; British strengths and weaknesses Anti-imperialist League, 637 Albany Congress (1754), 113 in, 135; British surrender at Yorktown, Anti-intellectualism, 529 Albee, Edward, 907 158–59; finances in, 137; foreign aid to Anti-Masonic party, 270, 272 Albright, Madeleine, 995–96 Americans in, 155–56; French interests in, Antin, Mary, 566 Alcohol: effect on Native Americans, 599; 135, 137, 155–56; George Washington as Antinomianism, 47 progressive movement and, 664–65; commander of American army, 140–41, Antipolygamy laws (1862), 324 prohibition of, 704, 725, 728; repeal of 150, 151–52; global impact of, 155–56; Anti-redism, 721 prohibition and, 782; temperance Hessian soldiers in, 135, 142, 143, 151, 152, Anti-Saloon League, 589, 664 movement and, 329–30, 589; Whiskey Ring 156; impact of, 167, 168; land frontier in, Anti-Semitism, 529, 809. See also Jews and, 506 157–58; Loyalists in, 146–51, 156, 157; Antislavery movement. See Abolitionist Alcott, Louisa May, 343, 344 militiamen in, 137, 140; morale in movement Aldrich, Nelson W., 676, 683 Revolutionary army, 138; Native Antitrust movement: Clayton Anti-Trust Act Aldrich-Vreland Act (1908), 673 Americans in, 157–58; Patriots in, 146; under, 684; under Harding, 748; Interstate Aldrin, Buzz, 911 Polish soldiers in, 726; posteconomic Commerce Act under, 538, 545; Sherman Alexander I (1777-1825), 236–37 problems of, 169–71; privateering in, 158; Anti-Trust Act under, 544, 676, 684; under Algeciras, Spain, international conference roots of, 122–23; sea frontier in, 158; at Taft, 667, 676; under Theodore Roosevelt, in, 650 Valley Forge, 137 666–67; under Wilson, 684. See also Alger, Horatio, 582; stories, 557, 572 American Slavery, American Freedom Corporations; Trusts Algonquian people, 32; fishing by, 2 (Morgan), 64, 105 Antiwar protests, against Vietnam War, 940, Alien Laws, 205–6, 211, 218 American Slavery As It Is (Weld), 364 941–42 Allegheny Mountains, 86 American Society for the Prevention of Apache people, 14–15, 595; farming by, 599 Allen, Ethan, 141 Cruelty to Animals, 589 Appalachian Mountains, 5, 39 Allen brothers, 175 Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), 985 Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World Allende, Salvador, 943 American System (1824), 240–41, 257 (Walker), 365 Alliance for Progress, 914 American Telephone and Telegraph Appeasement, 806–7 Allies, in World War I, 689 (AT&T), 1015 Apple Computers, 1015 All the King’s Men (Long), 908 American Temperance Society, 329–30 Appomattox Courthouse, 474 All-union shop, 721, 853 American Tobacco Company, 545 Aquino, Corazon, 974 Almshouses, 89 An American Tragedy (Dreiser), 743 Arabic (ship), sinking of, 691 Alperovitz, Gar, 848 America’s Hidden Success (Schwarz), 937 Arab Oil Embargo, 948–49 Al Qaeda, 1002–3, 1004, 1006, 1034 Ames, Fisher, 201 Arafat, Yasir, 928, 995–96 Altgeld, John P., 554, 618, 657 Amish people, 298, 299 Architecture: in antebellum period, 338; Alzheimer’s disease, 1000, 1013 Amman, Jacob, 299 colonial, 99–100; in Columbia Exposition, Amendments: methods of proposing, 192. Amnesty: for Confederate leaders, 507. See 590; in the late 20th century, 1033; of See also specific also Pardons Monticello, 207, 217, 338; in the 1920s, America First Committee, 813 “Amos ‘n’ Andy,” 737, 738 743–44; plantation, 363; Richardsonian, American anticlericalism, 320–21 Amusements: in colonies, 103; in late 1800s, 590; skyscrapers in, 558–59, 590 American Anti-Slavery Society, 365 590–92 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1000 American Buffalo (Marnet), 1033 Anabaptists, 299 Ardennes Forest in World War II, 842 American Colonization Society, 362 Anasazi people, 8, 10, 31 Arendt, Hannah, 808 An American Dilemma (Myrdal), 891 Ancient Order of Hibernians, 293 Argentina: as ABC Power, 688; revolution American Diplomacy (Kennan), 718 Anderson, John, in election of 1980, 967–68 in, 251 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 553, Anderson, Jourdon, 483 Argonne Forest in World War I, 710 555, 556, 618, 755, 790, 791; support for Anderson, Sherwood, 743 Ariel (Plath), 907 World War I, 701 Andros, Edmund, 54–55 Arikara people, 596 American Federation of Labor-Congress of Angela’s Ashes (McCourt), 1031 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 995 Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 900 Angels in America (Kushner), 1033 Arizona, settlement of, 687 American Independent party in election of Angle of Repose (Stegner), 1031 Arkansas: Reconstruction in, 491; secession 1968, 931 Anglican Church, 87; in colonies, 3, 94–95, 150; by, 436 American Legion, 748–49 reform of, 167. See also Church of England Arkansas people, 276 American Liberty League, 792 Anglo-American atomic project, 848 Arkansas River, 109 American Mercury, 742 Anglo-Dutch naval wars, 55 Armed Neutrality, 156 American Missionary Association, 484 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 750 Arminians, doctrine of, 96 American Negro Slavery (Phillips), 369 Anglo-Spanish wars, 38 Arminius, Jacobus, 96 Index A69

Armour, Philip, 542 Atomic bomb: need to control technology 275; printing of paper money by private, Armstrong, Louis, 743 of, 865, 866; Soviet explosion of, 875; in 268; reforms in, under Wilson, 683–84; Armstrong, Neil, 911 World War II, 845–46, 848–49 wildcat, 243, 246, 272, 274. See also Army: African Americans in, 597; Bonus, Atomic Energy Commission, 874 Economy 766–67; Cold Water, 330; Continental, 134, Attu, in World War II, 833, 834 Baptist Church, 97, 167, 245, 296, 321, 323, 137, 140–41, 151–54, 166; Coxey’s, 617–18; Attucks, Crispus, 129, 130 572, 732; African American members under Jefferson, 219; under John Adams, Audubon, John J., 335 of, 482 203; McCarthy attack on, 889–90; musket Audubon Society, 335, 671 Barak, Ehud, 996 production for, 303; Native Americans Auschwitz, 809 Baraka, Amiri, 907 and, 596–97; segregation in, 829; Special Austerlitz, Battle of, 226 Barbados, 36; Puritans in, 46; slave code in, Forces in, 913; in War of 1812, 233, 236; Austin, Moses, 278 35–36 Whiskey Rebellion and, 196; women in, Austin, Stephen, 275, 276, 278 Barbary States, 220, 240 827; in World War II, 655, 834 Australia, in World War II, 832, 833 Barbed wire, 606, 608 Army-McCarthy hearings, 889 Australian ballot, 660 Barber, J. W., engraving by, 52 Army of the Potomac, 454, 464 Austria-Hungary: German occupation of, Barnard College, 327 Arnold, Benedict, 141, 142, 152–53, 158; as 806; in World War I, 688 Barnum, Phineas T., 591 traitor, 156 Autobiography (Franklin), 99, 100, 340 Bartering, 92 Aroostook River valley, 374 Autobuses, 735 Barton, Bruce, 732 Art: abstract expressionism in, 1032; in Automobile industry: growth of, 733–34; in Barton, Clara, 451, 589 antebellum period, 338–39; colonial, 99; 1980s, 970; unions in, 853 Baruch, Bernard, 701, 865, 866 Hudson River School in, 339; landscape, Automobiles: as factor in crime, 735; Baseball: African Americans in, 889–90; as 589; Norman Rockwell paintings and, 826; growing use of, 732; invention of, 542, national pastime, 591–92; in the 1920s, pop school in, 1032; portraits as form of, 732; social change and, 735–36; suburbs 732–33 99, 169, 191, 193, 202, 209, 215, 216, 221, as boon to, 861 Basketball, 592 229, 241, 242, 248, 249, 251, 259, 263, 338, The Awakening (Chopin), 582 Bataan, in World War II, 832 420, 428, 589; post War of 1812, 339; Awful Disclosures (Monk), 296 Bataan Death March, 832 reforms and, 338–39; western settlement Axis of Evil, 1004 Batista, Fulgencio, 802; ouster of, 902 and, 288, 289, 595, 597, 612 Ayers, Edward L., 509 Baton Rouge, Louisiana: growth of, 829; Arthur, Chester A., 528; administration of, Azores, 11 settlement of, 108 515, 518; death of, 518; in election of 1880, Aztecs, 6, 8; Spanish conquest of, 20–21 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, 914–15 515; spoils system reform and, 515, 518 Beale, Howard, 500, 653 Arthur, T. S., 330 Babbitt (Lewis), 743 Beard, Charles, 188–89, 432, 529, 987, 988 Articles of Confederation (1777), 137, 164, Babbittry, 743 Beard, Mary, 432, 529, 987, 988 172–73, 179, 190; amending, 177; Baby boomers, 883, 938, 1022 Becker, Carl, 188 comparison to Constitution, 182; Bacon, Nathaniel, 68, 70 Becker, Joseph H., painting by, 532 Congress under, 173, 175, 177; drafting of, Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), 68, 70, 73, 82 Beecher, Catherine, 307, 331, 364, 586 171; land ownership and, 174–75; Baer, George F., 665 Beecher, Henry Ward, 364, 412, 551, 585 ratification of, 171, 172; weaknesses of, Bahamas, discovery of, 14 Beecher, Lyman, 364 176–77, 187 Bailey, James A., 591 Beecher’s Bibles, 412 Ashburton, Lord, 374 Bailyn, Bernard, 65 Begin, Menachem, 960–61 Ashcroft, John, 1007 Baja California, acquisition of, 402 Behavioral psychology, 577 Asian Americans: advances made by, Baker, Ray Stannard, 659 Belgium: Texas independence and, 375; 1026–27; ethnic pride and, 1026–27; Bakke, Allan, 957 in World War I, 688–89, 707; in World literary contributions of, 1031. See Bakke decision, 957 War II, 810 also Chinese Americans; Japanese Balboa, Vasco Nuñez, 16, 402 Belknap, William, resignation of, 506 Americans Baldwin, James, 907 Bell, Alexander Graham, 539 As I Lay Dying (Faulkner), 743 Balkans, Clinton’s policies toward, 995 Bell, Daniel, 988 Assassination: attempted, of Reagan, 970, Ballinger, Richard, 676 Bell, John, 424 991; of Garfield, 515; of John F. Kennedy, Baloney dollar, 776 Bellamy, Edward, 579 918, 920; of Lincoln, 474–75, 486; of Baltimore, Lord (Cecilius Calvert), Bellamy Clubs, 579 Martin Luther King, 926–27; of McKinley, colonization of Maryland by, 33–34 Bellgrove Plantation, 363 647; of Robert Kennedy, 931 Baltimore, Maryland: population of, 190; The Bell Jar (Plath), 907 Assembly-line production, 548, 732, 734 War of 1812 and, 235 Bellow, Saul, 908 The Assistant (Malamud), 908 Bancroft, George, 345, 388 Beloved (Morrison), 1031 Associated Press, 579 Banking syndicates, 540 Benedict, Michael, 501 The Association, creation of, 133 Bank of the United States (first), 240, 243, Benedict, Ruth, 780 Association of 1774, 173 246; Hamilton versus Jefferson on, 195; Benevolent assimilation, 642 Astor, John Jacob, 318 Jackson attack on, 268–70, 271–72, 304; Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ (Wallace), 579 Asymmetrical warfare, 1003 Jeffersonian Democrats and, 218; land Benson, Lee, 285 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 533 speculation and, 243; McCulloch v. Benton, Thomas Hart, 380 Atheists in colonial America, 34 Maryland and, 248 Berger, Victor L., 677 Atlanta, Georgia: in Civil War, 468, 472, 480; Bank of the United States (second), 285; Polk Bering land bridge, 6 ethnic peoples in, 1022 and, 379; Tyler and, 372 Bering Sea, 6 Atlanta Constitution, 545, 546 Bankruptcy laws, 124 Berkeley, William, 68 Atlanta University, 576 Banks/banking: in Civil War, 449–50; in Berlin: airlift to, 868; division of, 868 Atlantic, battle of, 835 1870s, 508; Franklin D. Roosevelt and, 774, Berlin, Ira, 370 Atlantic Charter, 817–18, 823 776; gold reserve and, 527; Hoover and, Berlin Wall: construction of, 911–12; fall of, 981 Atlantic Monthly, 579, 583, 585 766; New Deal and, 784–85; pet, 272, 274, Bernstein, Barton J., 799, 849 A70 Index

Bernstein, Leonard, 639 Blake, Eubie, 743 Breckinridge, John C., 424; in election of Berryman, John, 907 Blassingame, John, 370 1860, 427 Bessemer process, 540 Bleeding, 90, 335 Breed’s Hill, 141 Bestial hypothesis, 731 Bleeding Kansas, 422 Breton, William L., 173 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 780 Bliss, Tasker H., 712 Bretton Woods Agreement, 865, 946 Beveridge, Albert J., 646 The Blithedale Romance (Hawthorne), 334 Brezhnev, Leonid, 963 Beyond Entitlements (Meade), 937 Blockade: in Civil War, 436, 439, 444, 458–59; Bribery, railroads and, 537 Bible Communism, 336 in World War I, 690, 691 Bricker, John W., 840, 842 Bible reading, stress on, in Puritan New Block signal, 535 Brinkley, Alan, 799, 988 England, 97 Bloody Bill, 265 Bristol, England, 27 Biblical literalism, rejection of, 572 “Bloody” Mary (1553-1558), 29 Britain, Battle of, 812–13 Bicameral Congress, 179 Bloomer, Amelia, 331, 333 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 758 Bicentennial celebration, 957 “Blue laws,” 60 British East India Company, 131 Bicycles, 592 Blue Light Federalists, 237–38 British Guiana, border conflict with Biddle, Nicholas, 268, 269, 271–72 Boas, Franz, 780 Venezuela, 628 Bierstadt, Albert, 612; painting by, 672 Boat people, 955 British Malaya, Japanese attack of, 826, 832 Biglow Papers (Lowell), 343 Bodmer, Karl, painting by, 288 British West Indies, 93 “Big Sister” policy, 628 Boeing Company, 883 Broadcloth mob, 368 Bilingual education, 1022 Bohlen, Charles, 837 Brock, Isaac, 234 Billion-Dollar congress, 522–23 Bonanza wheat farms, 612 Brook Farm, 334 Bill of Rights, 192–93, 195, 205; antifederalists Bonus Army, 766–67 Brooklyn Bridge, 559, 560 and, 184; in state constitutions, 168. See Bonus bill, 749 Brooklyn Dodgers, 888, 889 also specific amendments The Book of Daniel (Doctorow), 908 Brooks, Preston S., 414–15 Billy Bathgate (Doctorow), 908 Boomtown, Colorado, 608 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 829 Bingham, George Caleb, painting by, 257 Boomtowns, 604, 608 Brown, John, 413, 422–24, 428–29, 431 Bin Laden, Osama, 1002–3 Boone, Daniel, 121 Brown, Moses, 297 Birds of America (Audubon), 335 Booth, John Wilkes, 474 Brown, Robert, 189 Birmingham, Alabama: desegregation of, Borah, William, 713, 715 Brown, Ron, 990 917; steel industry in, 546 Border States in Civil War, 436–37, 438, 443, Brown University, 97, 98 Birth control, 307–8, 585, 738, 934, 943 447, 459, 460, 461 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, The Birth of a Nation, 738 Bork, Robert, 978 Kansas, 894 Birth rate, post World War II, 859, 862 Bose, Joseph, painting by, 136 Bruce, Blanche K., 495 Birthright citizenship, doctrine of, 515 Bosnia, 995 Bry, Theodore de, 11 Bismarck, Otto von, 298 Boston, Massachusetts, 52; abolitionist Bryan, William Jennings, 657; Cross of Gold The Bitter Cry of the Children (Spargo), 659 movement in, 400; in American speech of, 620, 621; in election of 1896, Black, Hugo, 794 Revolution, 140, 141, 142–43, 151; 529, 618–23; in election of 1900, 646–47; in Black cabinet, under Franklin D. Roosevelt, 780 committees of correspondence in, 131; election of 1908, 673–74; in election of Black Codes, 244, 487, 488, 489 growth of, 85, 89; Irish in, 292, 295; living 1912, 679, 680; in Scopes trial, 731; as Black Culture and Black Consciousness conditions in, 291; music in, 590; public Secretary of State, 685, 690–91 (Levine), 370 libraries in, 578; redevelopment in, 1028; Bryant, William Cullen, 340 Black Death, 50 smallpox epidemic in, 90; taverns in, 94; Buchanan, James: administration of, 414, Black Elk, 601 wealth in, 89, 90 417–19; crash of 1857 and, 419–20; Dred Blackfoot people, 15; exploration of Boston Associates, 303, 307 Scott case and, 417–18; in election of 1856, Louisiana Purchase and, 223 The Bostonians (James), 584 415–17; prevention of Civil War and, 430; Black Friday (September 24, 1869), 505 Boston Massacre (1770), 129–30 secession and, 429, 430 Black Hawk, 267 Boston Port Act (1774), 132–33 Buck, Pearl, 780–81 Black Hawk War, 267 Boston Tea Party (1773), 132–33 Budget deficits: under Bush, George W., Black Legend, 23 Bourne, Randolph, 724–25, 1030 1000, 1001; under Reagan, 971, 975–76. See Black list, 550 Bowditch, Nathaniel, 334 also Federal budget Black loyalists, exodus of, 148–49 Bowie, Jim, 275–76 Buena Vista, Battle of, 384, 392 Black market, in World War II, 826 Bowling for Columbine, 992 Buffalo, Native Americans and, 595–96, 599, Black Methodists, 75 Boxer rebellion in China, 643 600, 602 Black Monday, 979 Boxing in 1920s, 733 Buffalo, New York, 316; Polish immigrants Black Muslim movement, 742 Boyle, Caleb, portrait by, 209 in, 726 Black Panther party, 925, 936 Boy Scouts of America, 669, 674 Buffalo chips, 599 Black Power, 925–27 Bozeman Trail, 597 Buffalo Soldiers, 597 Black Star Line Steamship Company, 742 Bracero program in agriculture, 827, 896 Buford (Soviet Ark), 721 Black Tariff, 263 Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 196 Bulgaria: in World War I, 689; in Yalta Black Tuesday, 761 Braddock, Edward, 114–15, 118 Agreement, 863 Black Warrior, 403 Bradford, William, 45, 66 Bulge, Battle of, 842 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 331, 450–51 Brady, James, 991 Bull, John, 203 Blackwell, Henry B., 332 Brady Bill, 991 Bull Moose party, 990 Black women’s club movement, 588–89 Brain Trust, 772 Bull Run: First Battle of (1861), 453–54; Bladensburg, in War of 1812, 235 Branch Davidians, 991 Second Battle of (1862), 459 Blaine, James G., 522; as champion of the Brandeis, Louis D., 662, 683, 685, 725 Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 648 Half-Breeds, 510; in election of 1884, Brandywine Creek, Battle of, 137, 153, 170 Bundy, McGeorge, 849 518–20; lack of military service by, 519 n; Brant, Joseph, 157 Bunker Hill, 135, 141, 142, 152 as Secretary of State, 515, 628 Brazil as ABC Power, 688 Burbank, J. Maze, painting by, 321 Index A71

Bureau of Corporations, 666 1023; as the Bear Flag Republic, 384; relations in, 37; slave trade in, 36–37. See Bureau of Indian Affairs, 266 Chinese workers in, 514–15, 516–17; also North Carolina; South Carolina Bureau of Reclamation, 672 election of Schwarzenegger as governor, Caroline affair, 374–75 Bureau of the Budget, 744 1007; Elk Hills in, 751; gold in, 392–93, Caroline Islands, 713 n Bureau of the Mines, 676 402, 516, 604; growth of, 829; immigrant Carpentier, Georges, 737 Burger, Warren E., as Supreme Court Chief, 944 workers in, 650–51; issue of intermarriage Carpetbaggers, 495, 501 Burgoyne, Johnny, 152–54, 156 in, 644–45; mining in, 604; population Carson, Rachel, 671, 945 Burke, Edmund, 125, 135 migration to, 858; progressive reforms in, Carter, Jimmy: administration of, 851; Burma, Japanese attack on, 832 661; Proposition 13 in, 969; Proposition economy under, 961–63; in election of Burnaby, Andrew, 120 209 in, 994; settlement of, 22, 386–87, 390, 1976, 957, 960; in election of 1980, 967–68; Burned-Over District, 323, 336, 364 687; statehood for, 393, 394, 395 energy problems under, 961–63; Farewell Burns, Ken, 1033 California, University of, 577; Berkeley, Free Address of, 968; foreign policy under, Burnside, A. E., 464 Speech Movement at, 933–34 960–61; Iranian hostage crisis and, 962, Burr, Aaron: conspiracies of, 224–25, 470; in Californios, 386–87 963–64; “malaise” speech of, 963; as election of 1800, 214 Callender, James, 205, 213 recipient of Nobel Peace Prize, 968 Burton, Charles, painting by, 240 Call of the Wild (London), 584, 669 Carthage, Illinois, 323 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 998, 1007; Calvert, Cecilius (Lord Baltimore), 33–34 Cartier, Jacques, 21 administration of, 851, 979–83; domestic Calvin, John, 43–44 Cartwright, Peter, 322 policies under, 985–86; economy under, Calvinism, 43–44, 81, 96, 320 Carver, George Washington, 575 986, 990; in election of 1992, 979–80, 990, Cambodia: secret bombing of, 947; Vietnam Carver, Raymond, 1030 991; end of Cold War and, 979–83; foreign War and, 941–42 Casablanca in World War II, 836 policy under, 995; 1990 state of the union Camp, Walter C., 592 Cascade Mountains, 5 address of, 980; Persian Gulf crisis and, Campaign reform, 994–95 Cash-crop agriculture, 309 983–85 Campbell, Alexander, 248 Cash registers, 539 Bush, George W.: administration of, Camp David, meeting between Eisenhower- Cass, Lewis, 391, 392 1000–1008; budget deficit under, 1000, Khrushchev at, 902 Cassatt, Mary, 589 1001; cabinet of, 1002, 1029; domestic Camp David Agreement (1978), 960–61 Castro, Fidel, 902, 914–15 policy under, 1000; in election of 2000, Camp meetings, 321 Catawba people, 32 998–1000, 1001; in election of 2004, Canada, 84; in American Revolution, 142–43; Catch-22 (Heller), 906 1008–10; foreign policy under, 1000; argument over seal hunting near Pribilof Catcher in the Rye (Salinger), 908 rejection of Kyoto treaty by, 1033; second Islands, 628; British, 41; Caroline incident Cather, Willa, 742 term of, 1010; stem cell research and, and, 374–74; Civil War and, 446; draft Catherine the Great (1683-1727), 156 1013; terrorism attack and, 854, 1002–4, evasion and, 928; establishment of Catholic Church: abortion controversy and, 1012, 1034; 2002 state of the union address Dominion of, 446; French and Indian War 956, 978; American Protective Association of, 1004 in, 114–15; Maine boundary dispute and, and, 571; antiforeignism and, 296–97; Bush, Jeb, 999 374–75; Manifest Destiny and, 404; Native education and, 296, 566; election of 1928 Bush, Laura, 1008 American migration to, 599; prohibition and, 757–59; election of 1960 and, 902–3; Bushman, Richard, 104 and, 728; Treaty of Ghent and, 239; growth of, 572–73; Henry VIII and, 25, 44; Business: agri-, 612, 857; dot-com explosion Underground Railroad in, 395; Van Buren immigrants and, 292, 295, 566, 572; in, 1012–13; government’s attempt to and, 274; in War of 1812, 233–34, 239, Maryland settlement and, 34; missions of, regulate, 538; impact of Depression of 240, 241 19, 22–23, 386–87; in New France, 109, 1893 on, 525–27. See also Corporations Canadian Shield, 5 117; Polish in, 726; political views and, Business organizations, forms of, 303 Canals, 259, 402, 405; Erie, 241, 244, 245, 509; Texas settlement and, 275–76 Butler, Benjamin F., 497, 504 n 311–12, 313; Panama, 402, 648–50, 675; Catlin, George, 290, 612; paintings by, 109, Butler, Elihu, 265 n principal, 313 289, 600 Butow, R. J. C., 849 Canary Islands, 12 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (Williams), 907 Butternuts, 244, 245 Canning, George, 252–53 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 587–88, 702 Byrd, Harry F., 903 n Cape Breton Island, 111 Cattle drives, railroads and, 605–6 Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, 38 Cayuga people, 40; in American Revolution, Cabinet: black, under Franklin D. Roosevelt, Capital: Montgomery, Alabama, for 157 780; under Bush, George W., 1002, 1029; Confederate States, 436; New York City as, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras under Cleveland, 521; under Clinton, 990; 191; Richmond for Confederate States, County (Twain), 582 evolution of, 191, 192; of Grant, 504; 436, 446, 449. See also District of Censorship of movies, 738 under Grant, 506; under Kennedy, 909; Columbia; Washington, D.C. Census: of 1790, 190; of 1860, 290, 413; of under Washington, 191 Capitalism, 17; finance, 541 1870, 504; of 1890, 567; of 1920, 738; of Cabot, John, 21 Capone, Al, 729 1950, 1020; of 2000, 1027, 1030. See also Caboto, Giovanni, 21 Capper-Volstead Act (1921), 754 Population Cabrillo, Juan Rodriquez, 22 Carey, Mariah, 1030 Central America: Monroe Doctrine and, Cadillac, Antione, 109 Carey Act (1894), 668 402–3. See also Latin America Cahokia, settlement of, 8, 10 Carlisle Indian School, 603 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 898; Chile Cajuns, 113, 117 Carmichael, Stokely, 913–14, 925, 959 and, 943; creation of, 871; interference in Calhoun, John C., 265, 272, 351, 389; death Carnaval, 639 Latin America, 902; Iran and, 962; spying of, 396; as Great Nullifier, 396; portrait of, Carnegie, Andrew, 539, 540–41, 551, 578, on antiwar activists by, 929; Watergate 263; as vice presidential candidate in 637; Homestead steel plant of, 523; and, 950, 951 1824, 257 Morgan and, 541; wealth of, 543 Central Pacific Railroad, 577; role of, in California: acquisition of, 379, 381–82, 383, Carolinas: in American Revolution, 157; coins transcontinental railroad, 532, 533 403; agriculture as big business in, in, 36; colonization and settlement of, 26, Central Powers in World War I, 689 612–13; anti-immigrant sentiment in, 36–38, 87; economy in, 36–37; Indian Cerranza, Venustiano, 688 A72 Index

Chaco Canyon, 10 Children’s Bureau, 661 houses in, 568; shift of workers to, 560–61; Chafin, E.. W., 681 Chile: as ABC Power, 688; election of Allende slums in, 561, 657; women in, 586–90. See Chagall, Marc, 808 as president of, 943; revolution in, 251 also Town(s); Urbanization; specific Champlain, Samuel de, 107 China: Boxer rebellion in, 643; Clinton’s Citizenship, doctrine of birthright, 515 Chancellorsville, Virginia, 464 policies toward, 995; collapse of City-manager system of government, 661 Chan-Chän-Ulá-Teüin, 601 Nationalist, 873–74; communism in, City planning, 743–44 Chants Democratic (Wilentz), 285 873–74, 942, 980, 995; Japanese attack on, Cityward movement, 536 Chapuitepec, 388 767–68, 806; Korean War and, 877–79; as Civic virtue, 168, 177 Charles, William, engraving by, 238 member of UN Security Council, 865; Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 778, 823 Charles I (1600-1649), 36, 44, 46, 49 Nine-Power Treaty and, 750; Nixon’s visit Civil Rights Act (1875), 511 Charles II (1630-1685), 36, 49, 53, 55, 57–58, 68 to Communist, 942; Open Door policy Civil Rights Act (1957), 895 “Charleston” (dance), 740 toward, 642–43, 651, 676, 750; Civil Rights Act (1964), 920, 924 Charleston, South Carolina, 39; in American prodemocracy movement in, 980; Civil Rights Bill (1866), 489 Revolution, 143, 156; blockade of, in Civil Tiananmen Square in, 980; in World War Civil Rights Cases, 511 War, 459; decision to secede in, 428; II, 832; in Yalta agreement, 863 Civil Rights Commission, 895 destruction of, in Civil War, 480; growth of, China Men (Kingston), 1031 Civil rights movement: affirmative action in, 73, 85; Loyalists in, 150; population of, Chinatowns, 516–17 920, 945, 957, 978, 994, 1007–8; under 190; protests in, 131; railroads and, 313; Chinese Americans, 514–15, 516–17; Bush, George H. W., 985; desegregation of settlement of, 38; slave auctions in, 71; exclusion from labor unions, 552; education and, 894; under Eisenhower, slave rebellions in, 264, 362 government efforts to control number of, 890–91, 891, 894–95; under Franklin D. Chase, Samuel, 219, 469, 471 517, 554, 571; work of, on railroads, 533 Roosevelt, 893; Freedom Riders in, 916, Château-Thierry, Battle of, 708, 838 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 517, 554 939; Freedom Summer in, 924; under Chattanooga, Battle of, 467 Chippewa people, 595 Johnson, 924–27; under Kennedy, 916–18; Chautauqua movement, 574–75 Chivington, J. M., 597 March on Washington (1963) in, 917–18, Chávez, César, 1026 Choctaw people, 10, 265, 266, 267; in Civil 919; NAACP in, 500, 575, 829, 891, 893, Chechnya, 982 War, 437 985; Native Americans in, 957; under Cheever, John, 906 Cholera, 595 Nixon, 945; origin of, 891; race riots and, Cheney, Richard, 998; in election of 2004, Chopin, Kate, 582 1029; reverse discrimination in, 945, 957; 1008; as vice president, 999, 1000, 1004 Christensen, Carl Christian Anton, 324 sit-ins in, 895; Southern Christian Cherokee National Council, 265 Christian fundamentalism, 732 Leadership Council in, 895; Student Cherokee people, 10, 39, 259, 265–66; Christianity: efforts to spread, 19, 22–23. See Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in, alphabet of, 265; in Civil War, 437; slave also Catholic Church; Protestant 895, 916, 925, 959; under Truman, 891 ownership by, 437; threatened eviction of, Reformation; Religion; specific churches Civil Service Commission, creation of, 515 from Georgia, 259; Trail of Tears and, 264, Christian socialism, 568, 657 Civil service reform, 510, 515, 518, 520 265–68 Christmas, 104 Civil War (1861-1865), 348–49; African Chesapeake (ship), 226, 233 Churches of Christ, 732 Americans in, 462–64, 481; assault on Fort Chesapeake Bay, 29, 34 Churchill, Winston, 852; as British prime Sumter in, 435–36; balance of forces in, Chesapeake settlements, 30–31; African minister, 810, 817, 835, 847; Iron curtain 438–39, 442–43; blockade of South in, 436, Americans in, 72; disease in, 66–67, 76; speech of, 867; meeting with Franklin D. 439, 444, 458–59; Border States in, 436–37, English immigration to, 50; expansion of Roosevelt, 836; at Teheran Conference, 438, 443, 447, 459, 460, 461; Canada and, settlements in, 78; life in, 66–67; tobacco 837, 839; on use of atomic bomb, 849; at 446; consequences of, 478; costs of, 476–77; in, 67–68, 72. See also specific colonies in Yalta Conference, 862, 863 economic stresses of, 449; Emancipation Chesnutt, Charles W., 584 Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Proclamation and, 460–62; end of, 594; Cheyenne, Wyoming, settlement of, 604, 605 Science), 572, 573 financing of, 604; France and, 446; impact Cheyenne people, 595 Church of England: Andros affiliation with, on labor unions, 551, 552; Indian Territory Chicago, Illinois, 291, 611; architecture in, 54; in colonies, 39; corruption in, 48; in, 437–38; intelligence in, 447, 454–55, 459, 558–59; Columbian Exposition in, 590; under Henry VIII, 44; Quakers in, 58–59. 463; land battles of, 447, 453–57, 459–60, commodities market in, 857; gangsters in, See also Anglican Church 464, 466, 467–69, 473–74; limitations on 739–30; growth of, 558–59, 1027; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, wartime liberties in, 447; Lincoln’s Haymarket Square riot in, 552–53, 618; 323–24 leadership in, 436, 443, 453–54, 456, 459, Hull House in, 568, 662; immigrants in, Cicero, 100 462, 464, 466, 467, 470, 473–74; 562, 565; loop in, 503; mail order firms in, Cincinnati, Ohio: German immigrants in, manufacturing during, 439, 443, 450; 560, 612; music in, 590; 1919 riot in, 702; 292, 299; hog industry in, 308; living medical care in, 450–51; military leadership Polish immigrants in, 726, 727; Pullman conditions in, 291–92 in, 438, 443, 454–57, 459–60, 464, 466; Native strike in, 617–18; redevelopment in, 1028; Cinco de Mayo, 1025 Americans in, 437–38; North’s strategy in, Sanitary Fair in, 451; stockyards in, 605, Circuit riders, 322 457; politics in, 469–70; prisoners of war in, 667–68. See also Illinois Circus, 591 462–63; sea battles in, 458–59, 467; Chicago, University of: founding of, 577; Cisneros, Henry, 990 secession of South in, 428–31, 434–35; as Laboratory School at, 581 Cisneros, Sandra, 1031 Second American Revolution, 432; soldiers Chicago Daily News, 578 Cities: architecture in, 558–59; crime in, 561; in, 438, 440–41; South’s need for foreign Chickamauga, 467 department stores in, 559; economic intervention in, 443–44, 459; surrender of Chickasaw people, 265, 266, 267; in Civil inequality in, 318; families in, 586–90; Lee in, 474; sympathizers in, 245; tariff War, 437 growth of, 558–61, 1027–28; schedules during, 521; technology in, 439; Chihook people, exploration of Louisiana postrevolution, 190; impact of immigrants total war strategy in, 457–58; varying Purchase and, 223 on, 568; living conditions in, 560–61; viewpoints over, 432–33; volunteers and Child labor, 304, 548, 549, 574, 586, 659, 662, progressive movement in, 661; racial and draftees in, 436, 447–49, 453, 462; in the 703, 747 ethnic tensions in, 1028–29; religion and, West, 466–67; women in, 450–51. See also Children, Cold Water Army and, 330 572–73; sanitation in, 560, 561; settlement Confederate States of America; North; South Index A73

Civil War Legal Tender Act, 508 n Cobbett, William, 198 sports in, 103–4; Stamp tax and, 125–28; Civil War National Banking Act, 683 Cochran, Thomas, 478 strengths and weaknesses of, leading to Civil Works Administration (CWA), 778 Cody, William F., 591, 602 Revolution, 136–37; structure of society Claflin, Tennessee, 585 Coen brothers, 1033 in, 89–90; trade in, 67–68, 92–93, 123–28, Clark, George Rogers, 157–58, 161 Cohan, George M., 699 128; travel in, 94–95; varying viewpoints Clark, William, 222–24, 377 Cohen, Lizabeth, 799 of, 64–65 Class: conflict between farmers and Cohens v. Virginia, 249 Colorado: gold in, 604; settlement of, 608; bondholders, 620–23; Gospel of Wealth Coins: first, 186. See also Currency women’s rights in, 604 and, 543–44; impact of second industrial Coin’s Financial School (Harvey), 616 Colored Farmers’ National Alliance, 524, 616 revolution on, 548; millionaires and, 538; Cointelpro, 929 Colored National Labor Union, 552 urban life and, 561 Cold Harbor, 474 The Color Purple (Walker), 1031 Class consciousness, 555 Cold War, 851, 1014; blame for, 880–81; Columbia, South Carolina, in Civil War, Clay, Henry, 272, 280, 401, 429, 511, 523; collapse of Nationalist China and, 873–74; 467–68, 469 American System and, 241; Bank War and, containment doctrine in, 868, 869, 880, Columbia Exposition, 590 268, 269–70; Compromise of 1850 and, 897; crystallization of, 868–71; détente in, Columbian Exchange, 14–16 397, 398; in election of 1824, 257–58; in 916, 942–43, 952, 961; domino theory in, Columbia River, 5, 379 election of 1832, 270; in election of 1844, 881; under Eisenhower, 889, 897, 898–99, Columbia University, 98 378–79; Ghent negotiations and, 237; as 901–2; end of, under George H. W. Bush, Columbus, Christopher, 2, 4, 13–14, 15, 18, Great Compromiser, 372, 378, 396; 979–83, 995; under Ford, 952; formation 25, 638 Missouri Compromise and, 247–48; of North Atlantic Treaty Organization Columbus Day, 21 portrait of, 241; as Secretary of State, (NATO) and, 871–72; hydrogen bombs Combinations, 545 257–58; as Senator, 264–65, 371; as and, 874; under Kennedy, 909–10, 912–16; Combines, 612 Speaker of the House, 229, 257; as Whig, Korean War in, 877–79; under Nixon, Coming Apart (O’Neill), 937 371, 372, 375, 391 942–43; nuclear tests and, 901; under Commanche people, 595, 600; in World War Claypoole, James, 153 Reagan, 971–72 II, 830 Clayton, Thomas, 69 Cold Water Army, 330 Commentary (magazine), 967 Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914), 684 Cole, Thomas, painting by, 339 Commerce, U.S. Department of: creation of, Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850), 402, 648 Colleges and universities: affirmative action 666; under Hoover, 747 Clean Air Act (1970), 945 at, 1007–8, 1029; for African Americans, Commerce and Culture (Heyrman), 105 Clemenceau, Georges, at Paris Peace 576; agricultural extension work at, 685; in Committee for Industrial Organization Conference, 712, 713, 714 antebellum period, 322, 326–28, 334, 341; (CIO), 790, 791 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 582–83. See in colonial period, 21, 79, 95, 97, 98–99; Committee on Public Information, 699 also Twain, Mark desegregation of, 917; funding of, 535, Committee on the Conduct of the War, 469 Clergy, colonial, 90 545; land grant, 576–77; in late 1800s, Committees of Correspondence, 130–31 Clermont (ship), 311 576–77; for women, 576. See also Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Cleveland, Grover, 528; administration of, Education; specific by name Allies, 812 520–22, 526–27; cabinet of, 521; civil Collier, John, 784 Common Market, 912 service reform and, 520; Depression of Collier’s, 658, 659 Common Sense (Paine), 143–45, 340 1893 and, 525–27; in election of 1884, Collinson, Peter, letter to, from Benjamin The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child 518–20; in election of 1888, 522; Hawaii Franklin, 32 Care (Spock), 857 and, 630; on immigration, 571; interstate Colombia: appeasing of, and Panama Canal Commonwealth of Independent States commerce and, 538; labor relations and, construction, 648–49; blockage of Panama (CIS), 981 618; lack of military service by, 519 n; land Canal by, 648 Commonwealth v. Hunt, 306 grant policy and, 531; Monroe Doctrine Colonial America: agriculture in, 91; Communication: radio in, 737–38, 778, 874; and, 628; tariff issue and, 521–22 architecture in, 99–100; art in, 99; clerics revolution in, 1012; telegraph in, 303, 314, Climatic warming, 6 in, 90; colleges and universities in, 21, 79, 535; telephone in, 539 Clinton, Catherine, 370 95, 97, 98–99; communities of conflict or Communism: in China, 873–74, 942, 980; Clinton, DeWitt, 312, 316 consensus, 104–5; disease in, 29–32, collapse of, in Eastern Europe, 980–81; in Clinton, Hillary Rodham: as first lady, 991; as 66–67, 76, 90–91; education in, 78–79, Cuba, 902; in Dominican Republic, 927; New York State Senator, 991 97–99; ethnic and racial composition of, red scare and, 720–21, 874–75; in Russia, Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill), 918, 920; 88; fishing in, 91, 92; folkways in, 103–5; 697, 707, 720; in Soviet Union, 803, 942, administration of, 851, 991–97; cabinet French in, 116–17; Germans in, 85; growth 973–74; in U.S., 720–21; in Vietnam, 913, under, 990; claim to be a “new” Democrat, of revolutionary fervor in, 122–39; 927–28 989–90, 998; economy under, 994; in holidays in, 104; jurists in, 91; legislatures Compact theory, 206 election of 1992, 989–91; in election of in, 33, 73, 90, 102–3, 124, 126; life in, Company town, 550 1996, 993; foreign policy under, 995–96; 81–82; literature in, 100; lumbering in, 93; Compassionate conservatism, 998, 1000, 1008 legacy of, 996, 997–98; 1993 inauguration manufacturing in, 92–93; mercantilism Compromise of 1850, 349, 397–401, 402 of, 989; scandal and impeachment, and, 123–24; mingling of races in, 85; Compromise of 1877, 511 996–97 newspapers in, 100–101, 113, 183; Computers, impact of, 882 Clipper ships, 314–15 physicians in, 90–91; politics in, 102–3, Comstock, Anthony, 585 Closed shop, 553, 555, 721, 853 127–28, 143–46, 150–51; population Comstock Law, 585 Clough, Ebenezer, 195 growth in, 84–85, 88; post French and Comstock Lode, 604 Coal industry: government takeover of, in Indian War, 118–21; relations with Native The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy World War II, 826; Molly Maguires and, Americans, 29, 30–31, 38, 49, 81, 120–21; (Benson), 285 293; strikes against, 665. See also Mining religious tolerance in, 39, 47–48, 85–89, Concord, Battle of (1775), 134, 140 industry 95–97; restlessness in, 118–19; science in, “Concord Hymn” (Emerson), 134 Coast guard, women in, 827 100; Scots-Irish in, 85, 86–87; self-rule in, Condon, Edward, 875 Coast Ranges, 5 3; slaves in, 70–72; smuggling in, 124; Conestoga wagon, 293 A74 Index

Confederate States of America: draft by, Conray, Stephen, 286 Coolidge, Calvin, 655, 746; administration of, 448–49; formation of, 428; Jefferson Davis Conscience Whigs, 375, 384, 392 744, 751, 753–54; in election of 1920, as president of, 428–29, 431, 446–47, 451; Conscientious objectors in World War I, 706 716–17; in election of 1924, 754–55; foreign Montgomery, Alabama, as capital of, 436; Conscription. See Draft policy under, 755–56; frugal policies of, Richmond, Virginia, as capital of, 436, 446, Consensus school of historians, 189 749, 754; tariff policies under, 751 449. See also Civil War (1861-1865); South Conservation movement, 670–71; Taft and, Cooper, James Fenimore, 240, 288, 340 The Confessions of Nat Turner (Styron), 908 676; Theodore Roosevelt and, 668–69, Cooper, John Milton, Jr., 719 Congregational Church, 47, 150, 245, 296, 672–73. See also Environment Copley, John Singleton, 99, 169; paintings by, 323; in colonial America, 95, 97; as Conservatism, 181–82, 186–87; 125, 202 established church, 167 compassionate, 998, 1000, 1008; dynamic, Copperheads, 470, 471 Congress: under Articles of Confederation, 895; origin of modern, 987–88 Copyright law, 373 173, 175; First Continental, 133–34, 136; Constitution (ship), 234, 235 Coral Sea, Battle of, 832–33 Second Continental, 140–42, 145, 154 Constitution, U.S., 190; antifederalist Corbett, Jim, 592 Congress, U.S.: Andrew Johnson’s clash with, opposition to, 183; Civil War and, 447; Corinth, Mississippi, 466 489–90; approval of use of force in comparison to Articles of Confederation, Cornbury, Lord, 102 Operation Desert Storm, 984; authorization 182; due process and, 418, 544; economic Cornell College, 577 of Voice of America, 871; Billion-Dollar, interpretation of, 188–89; elastic clause in, Corner saloons, progressives attack on, 664 522–23; Chinese immigration and, 514; 195; Electoral College in, 181, 214; House Cornhusting, 524 Committee on the Conduct of the War, 469; of Representatives in, 180, 181; Cornwallis, Charles, 149, 157, 158; surrender Compromise of 1877 in, 511; creation of impeachment in, 219 n; income taxes and, of, at Yorktown, 158–59 Freedmen’s Bureau by, 484; Crédit Mobilier 527 n; interpretation of, 195, 222; interstate Coronado, Francisco, 16 scandal and, 506; debate over Panama commerce in, 249, 543–44; loose Coronado expedition, 595 Canal in, 648; declaration of war in World constructionism in, 241, 248–49; Corporations, 545; under Harding, 748; War I by, 697; declaration of war in World necessary and proper clause in, 195; horizontal integration in, 540; labor War II by, 820; desire for balanced budget, presidential elections in, 511; president in, movement and, 550–54; monopolist, 545; 975; first, 193, 194; Fourteen Points Address 191; ratification of, 182, 183–86, 192; under Theodore Roosevelt, 666–67; to, 698–99; Great Society, 922–23; hostility sectional jealousy and, 181; Senate in, 180, vertical integration in, 539–40. See also of, toward Hoover, 766; Hundred Days, 181; slavery as issue in, 181; states rights Antitrust movement 774–75, 776, 782–85, 795; interstate in, 250; three-fifths clause in, 238; treason Corregidor in World War II, 832 commerce and, 543–44; Joint Committee under, 225; varying viewpoints on, 188–89. Corruption, 123; Agnew and, 949; in Civil on Reconstruction in, 490; Kansas- See also Bill of Rights; specific War, 450; under Clinton, 996–97; Crédit Nebraska Act and, 406–7; land grant policy amendments by number; specific Mobilier, 506, 532, 536; in election of 1824, under, 530–31; legislation of neutrality by, amendments by number 258; in election of 1876, 510–11; in 804–5; Lincoln in, 420; Marshall Plan and, Constitutional convention, 168, 171, 174, election of 1884, 518–20; of federal Indian 870; opposition to Vietnam War in, 929; 178–83, 246, 396; compromises at, agents, 596; Grant and, 505–6, 506; under passage of amnesty act by, 507; passage of 179–81; delegates to, 178–79, 182; Harding, 751–53; homesteading and, 607; conscription law in 1940, 812; pork-barrel Great Compromise of, 180; in John Quincy Adams and, 259; Native legislation in, 521–22; railroad development Massachusetts, 168 Americans and, 596; Ohio Gang and, 746; and, 530; reconstruction and, 488; relations Consumerism: growth of department stores patronage and, 510; Plunkitt on, 507; with A. Johnson, 504; repeal of Embargo Act and, 559–60; mail-order houses and, 560; progressivism’s attack on, 660; in railroads, by, 227; resurrection of draft by, 871; in the 1950s, 883–87; during World War II, 506, 532, 536–37; Reconstruction graft scandals under Grant and, 506; signing of 831–32 and, 495; rooting out, as progressive goal, “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” Consumer spending, mail-order houses 659–60; spoils system and, 262; stock (1956), 894; tax reductions of, in 1920s, 745; and, 612 watering and, 536–37, 541; Tweed Ring twelfth, 229; War of 1812 and, 231–32; War Containment doctrine, 868, 869, 880, 897 and, 505–6; Watergate, 949–50, 951, Powers Act and, 947–58. See also House of The Content of Our Character (Steele), 1028 952, 992 Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S. Continental Army, 151–52, 166; George Corrupt-practices acts, state passage of, Congressional elections: of 1798-1799, 206; Washington as commander of, 140–41, 659–60 of 1858, 420–22; of 1862, 461; of 1866, 150, 151–52 Cortés, Hernán, 17, 19, 20, 22 489–90; of 1874, 508; of 1894, 528; of 1910, Continental Congress (First), 133–34, 136 Cosmopolitan, 658 677; of 1994, 993; in 1998, 996 Continental Congress (Second), 140–42, 145, Cott, Nancy, 347 Congressional Medals of Honor in Civil 154, 171; adoption of Olive Branch Cotton, John, 47 War, 462 Petition by, 141; approval of Declaration of Cottonboll weevil, 613 Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), Independence by, 146; call for new state Cotton gin, 300–301, 303, 349, 350, 829–30 555, 841; Operation Dixie and, 853 constitutions, 168–69; economic problems Cotton production, 451, 546; in the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 829, 959 and, 169–71; on slave trade, 167; western antebellum South, 300–301, 316, 350–51; Congress of Vienna, 237 lands and, 171–72; women’s rights and, as factor in Civil War, 443–44, 449–50; post The Conjure Women (Dunbar), 585 167–68 Civil War, 487; slaves and, 348; weighing Conkling, Roscoe, 510, 515, 518; patronage Continental dollars, 136–37, 195 in, 513 and, 510 Continental Sunday, 296 Cotton Stabilization Corporation, 759 Conklingites, 510 Continuous voyage, doctrine of, 459 Coughlin, Charles, 778, 779, 988 Connecticut: as Blue Law State, 47; Contraction, 508 Council of Economic Advisors, 853 colonization and settlement of, 37, 49, Contract Labor Law (1885), 554 Council of National Defense, 700 80–81, 102; drafting of state constitution in, Contracts, yellow-dog, 550, 766, 781 Counterculture, 934, 935 168; granting of sea-to-sea charter to, 53; Contract with America, 936, 992–93 A Country of Dishonor (Jackson), 602 Hartford Convention and, 238; ratification Convention of 1800, 204–5 Couples (Updike), 906 of Constitution by, 183; trade and, 176 Conwell, Russell, 543 Coureurs de bois, 108, 110 Conquistadors, 601 Cooke, Jay, and Company, 449 Covered wagons, 377 Index A75

Cowpens, Battle of, 157 standard and, 946; greenbacks as, 449; Debtors, impact of Depression of 1871 on, 508 Cox, James M., in election of 1920, 716–17 inflation and, 419; managed, under FDR, Deburg, William L. Van, 936–37 Coxey, Jacob S., 617–18 776; Panic of 1907 and, 673; printing of Decatur, Stephen, 204, 240 Coxey’s Army, 617–18 paper money by private banks, 268; “Declaration of Constitutional Principles” Cozumel, 17 redemption of greenbacks and, 505; (1956), 894 Crane, Stephen, 583 Resumption Act (1875) and, 508; Declaration of Independence (1776), 3, 90, Crash of 1857, 419–20 stabilization policy and, 800–801; wildcat, 94, 150, 166, 227, 431, 465, 637; signers of, Craven, Avery, 432 272. See also Coins; Economy; Greenbacks 88, 90, 146; Thomas Jefferson as author of, Crawford, William H., in election of 1824, Curt Muller, Plff. In Err., v. State of Oregon, 663 145–46 257–58 Cushing, Caleb, 403–4 Declaration of Rights, 134 Creation of the American Republic (Wood), 188 Custer, George Armstrong, 597–98 “Declaration of Sentiments,” 332, 958 Credit: buying on, 733; problem of public, in Customs duties, 194–95. See also Tariff(s) Declaratory Act (1776), 128 early America, 193–94 Czechoslovakia: collapse of communist De Crèvecoeur, Michel-Guillaume Jean, 88, 89 Crédit Mobilier scandal, 506, 532, 536 regime in, 980–81; Hitler demands Deere, John, 309 Creek people, 10, 39, 265, 266, 267; in Civil toward, 814; Soviet-sponsored coup in, Deerfield, Massachusetts, 110 War, 438 870; in World War I, 707 Defense, U.S. Department of, creation of, 871 Creel, George, 699 Czech Republic, as member of NATO, 995 Deference, decline of, 105 Creeping socialism, 895 Deficit spending, Great Depression and, Creole (ship), 374 Da Gama, Vasco, 13 796–97 Cress, Joseph, 244 Dairen, in Yalta agreement, 863 Deflation, 613 Crime: automobiles as factor in, 735; Daisy Miller (James), 584 Deganawidah (Iroquois chief), 40 California gold rush and, 393; in cities, Dakotas: Native Americans in, 596; De Gaulle, Charles, 912; NATO and, 928 561; gangsters in, 739–30; Lindbergh settlement of, 536. See also North Dakota; Degler, Carl, 799 kidnapping as, 730; prohibition and, South Dakota De Grasse, Admiral, 158 739–30; urban life and, 1027; vigilante Daley, Richard M., 931 Deism, 321 justice and, 604; western settlement and, Dallas, Texas, ethnic peoples in, 1022 De Kooning, Willem, 1032 605. See also Gangsters Danforth, Thomas, 149 De Lanceys, 58 Crimean War, 329, 454 Darrow, Charles, in Scopes trial, 731 Delaney, Martin, 365 Criminal codes, 328 Dartmouth College, 97, 98 Delano, Warren, 170 Criminal rights, Supreme Court on, 943 Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 250 Delaware: as border state in Civil War, 436; Criminal syndicalism laws, 721 Darwin, Charles, 543, 573–74, 580–81 New Sweden in, 57; ratification of The Critical Period of American History Darwinian evolution, teaching of, 730–31 Constitution by, 183; settlement of, 37, 57, (Fiske), 188 Darwinism, 573–74; interpretation of, 627; 62, 102 Crittenden, James Henry, 429–30, 438 Social, 543 Delaware River, 62 Crittenden Compromise, 429–30, 438 Daugherty, Harry M., 747, 748, 752–53 De La Warr, Lord, 30, 62 Crockett, Davy, 275–76 Daughters of Liberty, 127 De Lôme, Dupuy, 631 Croly, Herbert, 680 Daughters of the American Revolution, 569 Democracy, 283; economic, 169; freedom of Cromwell, Oliver, 36 Davis, Jefferson, 351, 447; assassination of the press and, 101; Jacksonian, 243, 282, Cronon, William, 64 Lincoln and, 475; bail bond of, 507; Black 285–86, 304; political, 169; Puritan Crop-lien system, 512 Hawk War and, 267; imprisonment of, contributions to, 79, 81; social, 166–67 Croquet, 592 479; portrait of, 428; as president of the Democratic depotism, 177 Crosby, Alfred, 64 Confederate States, 428–29, 431, 446–47, Democratic Leadership Council, 989 Crossing to Safety (Stegner), 1030–31 451, 459, 464; restoration of citizenship to, Democratic party, 284–85; boll weevils in, Cross of Gold speech, 620, 621 479; as Secretary of War, 405; surrender of 969, 970; Civil War and, 469–70; in Crown Point, 141 office by, 474 election of 1828, 256; in election of 1840, Crow people, 595 Davis, John W., 755 280–82; in election of 1844, 375, 378–79; in Crua, Nilo, 1033 Dawes, Charles, 757 election of 1848, 390–91; in election of The Crucible (Miller), 907 Dawes Plan (1924), 757 1852, 401; in election of 1856, 415–17; in Crusades, 10 Dawes-Severalty Act (1887), 603, 784, 896 election of 1860, 425–27; in election of Cuba: Bay of Pigs invasion of, 914–15; Castro Day care centers, set up of, in World War II, 828 1864, 470–73; in election of 1868, 505–6; in takeover of, 902; communism in, 902; “Day of Doom” (Wigglesworth), 47 election of 1872, 506–8; in election of Crittenden Compromise and, 430; D-Day, 836, 837–38, 840 1876, 510–11; in election of 1880, 515; in expansionism and, 403; explosion of Dean, James, 933 election of 1884, 518–20; in election of Maine in, 631–32; immigration from, Dean, John, III, 949 1888, 522; in election of 1896, 618–23; in 1024; military government in, 640; missile Death of a Salesman (Miller), 907 election of 1900, 646–47; in election of crisis in, 915; Platt Amendment and, 640, Debates: Clinton-Bush-Perot, 990; Lincoln- 1908, 673–74; in election of 1912, 679–80; 802; in Spanish-American War, 630–35; Douglas, 421–22; Nixon-Kennedy, 903 in election of 1916, 691–94; in election of U.S. interests in, 403 Debs, Eugene V., 617–18, 681; conviction of, 1920, 716–17; in election of 1924, 755; in Cult of domesticity, 308, 331 under Espionage Act, 700; in election of election of 1928, 757–59; in election of Cultural pluralism, 724, 1030 1908, 673–74; in election of 1920, 716–17; 1932, 770, 772–73; in election of 1936, 792; Cumberland River, importance of, in Civil pardon of, 700 in election of 1940, 814–15; in election of War, 436, 466 Debt(s): assumption of state, 193–94; of 1944, 838, 840–42; in election of 1948, Cumberland Road, 246, 310–11 farmers, 523, 538, 613; Fourteenth 875–77; in election of 1952, 887, 888; in Currency: Bretton Woods Agreement and, Amendment and, 489; imprisonment for election of 1956, 900; in election of 1960, 865, 946; in Civil War, 449; coinage of silver personal, 328; national, 217, 745, 831–32; 902–4; in election of 1964, 921–22; in dollars, 508; colonial, 123–24; continental payment of early national, 193–94; election of 1968, 931–32; in election of dollars as, 136–37, 195; deflation of, 613; personal, 733, 762; problem of 1972, 946–47; in election of 1976, 957, 960; depreciated postrevolutionary, 176; gold international, 756–57 in election of 1980, 967–68; in election of A76 Index

Democratic party, (continued) Diphtheria, 91 “Dry” laws, passage of, 664–65 1984, 973; in election of 1988, 979–80; in Direct primary elections, 659 DuBois, Ellen, 347 election of 1992, 989–90, 991; in election Direct tax clause, 527 Du Bois, W. E. B., 500–501, 575 of 1996, 993; in election of 2000, 998–1000; Disarmament, as post World War I issue, 750 Duel, Burr-Hamilton, 224–25 in election of 2004, 1008–10; expansion Discrimination: economic, against South, Due process, 418, 544 and, 378–79; in Gilded Age, 509–10; Irish 545–46; price, 684; racial, 513, 514; reverse, Dukakis, Michael, in election of 1992, 979–80 and, 295; Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 407–8, 945, 957; sexual, 1018–19 Duke, James Buchanan, 545 414; national bank and, 372; peace faction Disease: colonization and, 29–32, 66–67, 76, Duke University, 545 of, 470, 471; post World War I, 850; post 90–91; epidemics of, 90–91; impact on Dulles, John Foster, 897, 898, 899, 913 World War II, 853; Seven Dwarfs and, 79; Native Americans, 15, 21, 25, 31–32, Dumbbell tenements, 561 split in, over slavery, 418; war faction in, 120–21, 595, 599; in Jamestown, 30; Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 584 470, 471, 485 Panama Canal construction and, 649; in Dunkirk, evacuation of, 810 Democratic Promise: The Populist Movement Spanish-American War, 635. See also Dunmore, Lord, 138 in America (Goodwyn), 529 Medical care Dunn, Harvey, painting by, 606 Democratic-Republican party, 199, 217; Disneyland, 884 Dunn, Richard S., 64 American System and, 241; District of Columbia: location of, 183, 194; Dunne, Finley Peter, 650 constructionism and, 241; in election of slavery in, 395, 398. See also Washington, Dunning, William A., 500 1796, 201–2; in election of 1800, 207–9; D.C. Dust Bowl, 783–84; migrants and, 786–87 Embargo Act and, 226; versus Federalists, Disunity, federalist doctrine of, 239 Dutch East India Company, 56 207–9, 211–12; Jay’s Treaty and, 201; under Division of labor, 316–17 Dutch East Indies, in World War II, 826, 832 Jefferson, 198, 207–9; positions of, 208; Divorce, 78; statistics on, 585 Dutchification, 44 War of 1812 and, 231 Divorce Bill, 274, 275 Dutchman (Baraka), 907 Democratic socialism, 771 Dix, Dorothea, 328–29, 451 Dutch Reformed Church, 43, 56 Demographic center, westward shift of, 287–88 “Dixie,” 339 Dutch Republic: as colonial power, 56. See Dempsey, Jack, 733 DNA evidence, 212, 213 also Holland Denmark: German takeover of, in World War Dobbin, Alexander, 394 Dutch West India Company, 56–57 II, 810, 812; purchase of Virgin Islands Doctorow, E. L., 908 Dwight, Timothy, 212 from, 686 Documentary photography, 549 Dynamic conservatism, 895 Dennis v. United States, 874 Dodge City, settlement of, 604 Dysentery in Spanish-American War, 635 Dent family, 506 Doheny, Edward L., 752 Denver, Colorado, 611 Doig, Ivan, 1030 Eagleton, Thomas, 946 Department stores, growth of, 559–60 Dole, Robert, in election of 1996, 993 Eakins, Thomas, 590 Depressions: of 1873, 508–9; of 1893, 525–27, Dollar diplomacy, 675–76, 685 Earth Day, celebration of, 671 540, 623–24. See also Great Depression Domestic feminism, 308 Eastern Europe: collapse of communist De Rochambeau, Comte, 156 Domestic Manners of the Americans regime in, 980–81; Soviet domination of, Desegregation, 890–91; of education, 894, (Trollope), 373 864–65. See also countries in 917; of transportation, 891. See also Civil Dominican Republic, 14; communism in, East Germany: collapse of communist rights movement 927; dollar diplomacy in, 676; military in, regime in, 980–81; construction of Berlin Desert Land Act (1877), 668 686, 755; Monroe Doctrine and, 649 Wall and, 911–12; creation of, 867–68; fall Des Moines, settlement of, 108 Dominion of Canada, establishment of, 446 of Berlin Wall in, 981; reunion with West De Soto, Hernando, 17 Dominion of New England: collapse of, Germany, 981 Détente, 916, 942–43, 952, 961 54–55; creation of, 53–54 East of Eden (Steinbeck), 906 Detroit, Michigan: automobile industry in, Domino theory, 881 Ecological imperialism, 289 733; fall of, in Seven Years’ War, 114; Donnelly, Ignatius, 616 Economic democracy, 169 growth of, 829; Polish immigrants in, 726; Dot-com explosion, 1012–13 An Economic Interpretation of the Pontiac’s besiege of, 120; race riots in, 830, Double tracking, 535 Constitution of the United States (Beard), 893, 926; settlement of, 109; in War of Douglas, Stephen A., 245, 396, 415, 424, 489; 188–89 1812, 233, 234 Compromise of 1850 and, 397; death of, Economy: affluence and, 882–87; agriculture Devries, Martin, 764 469–70; debate with Lincoln, 421–22; and, 613–16; Black Friday (September 24, Dewey, George, 640; victory of, in Manila, 633 dedication of monument to, 489; election 505; Bretton Woods Agreement and, 865; Dewey, John, 578, 725, 730 of 1860 and, 424–27; Kansas-Nebraska Act Bull market and, 744; under Bush, George Dewey, Thomas E.: in election of 1940, and, 406–7, 412, 414; popular sovereignty H. W., 990; in Carolinas, 36–37; under 814–15; in election of 1944, 838, 840–42; in and, 414, 418; in Senate election of 1858, Carter, 961–63; Civil War and, 449–52, 480; election of 1948, 875–77 420–22 under Clinton, 994; crash of 1857 and, Dey of Algiers, 175, 178–79 Douglass, Frederick, 356–57, 365, 366–67, 419–20; deflation and, 613; Depression of The Dial, 331–32 462, 493, 499 1873 and, 508; Depression of 1893 and, Días, Bartholomeu, 13 Dow, Neal S., 330 525–27; discrimination against the South Dickens, Charles, 373 Draft: in Civil War, 436, 447–49, 453, 462; and, 545–46; efforts to develop global, 851; Dickinson, Emily, 343, 582 ending of, 947; resurrection of, by under Eisenhower, 895; Embargo Act Dickinson, John, 126 Congress, 871; for World War I, 705–6; for (1807) and, 226–28; emergence of Dictaphone, 539 World War II, 812, 827 continental, 316–17; European-Native Dienbienphu, 898 Drake, Francis, 26, 28 American trade and, 32; forging national, Dillard, Annie, 1030 Drama in the 1920s, 743 287–319; under George Bush, Sr., 985; Dime novels, 579 Dred Scott case, 219 n, 349, 409, 417–19, 422 Hamilton’s plans for, 193–96, 200; high- Diner’s Club, 884 Dreiser, Theodore, 559–60, 585, 657, 743 tech, 1012–13; immigrants and, 297; impact Dingley Tariff Bill, 624 Dress as reform, 333 of ending of cold war on, 983; internal Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Drug use, 934 improvements and, 241; under Kennedy, (Tyler), 1032 Dry farming, 608 910–11; Keynes theories of, 794–95; laissez- Index A77

faire philosophy in, 520, 747; London election of 1956, 900; Farewell Address of, Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933), 776 Economic Conference (1933) and, 800–801; 904; foreign policy under, 897–99, 901–2; Emergency Quota Act (1921), 723 market, 165, 317–18, 354; Marshall Plan Korean War and, 887–88; labor movement Emerson, John Waldo, 134 and, 869–87; mass-consumption, 732–33; under, 900; leadership style of, 888; Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 60, 287, 288, 320, mercantilism and, 123–24; of the 1970s, McCarthyism and, 888–90; Middle East 321, 328, 341, 342, 349, 350, 389, 393, 396, 939–40; under Nixon, 945, 946; one-crop, policies under, 898–99; Native Americans 538, 578, 670 353; Panic of 1819 and, 243; Panic of 1837 and, 896; space exploration under, Empey, Guy, 721 and, 274–75; Panic of 1873 and, 508, 514; 900–901; as Supreme Allied Commander, Empire State Building, 744 Panic of 1907 and, 673; plantation, 12; in 809; Supreme Court and, 894; Vietnam Employment: outsourcing of, 1012; in World postrevolutionary America, 169–71, 176; War under, 897–98; in World War II, 836, War II, 826. See also Unemployment post World War II, 852–54, 865–66; under 837, 842, 847 Employment Act (1946), 853 Reagan, 79, 969–71, 975–77; scandal in, Eisenhower Doctrine, 899, 901 Empress of China (ship), 170 505–6; stagnation in, 938–40; structure of, El Alamein, 835 Enclosure, 50 in antebellum South, 352–53; supply-side, Elastic clause, 195 Encomienda, 17 970; tobacco, 67–68; triangular trade and, Elba, 234 An Encore for Reform (Graham), 695 92–93; trusts and, 540, 542–43; U.S., 1011; El Caney, in Spanish-American War, 634 Endangered Species Act (1973), 674, 945 wartime government control on, during Elderly: Medicare and, 923; Social Security Energy: under Carter, 961–63; crisis in, in the World War I, 748–49; as weakness for for, 945; in 2000s, 1020–22 1970s, 948; under Nixon, 947; in post South, in Civil War, 439; West Indian, Election(s): of 1796, 201–2; of 1800, 207–9, World War II period, 856 34–35; women and, 307–8; World War I 211, 214–15; of 1804, 225, 227; of 1816, Energy, U.S. Department of, 1015; creation and, 704–5. See also Banks/banking; 242; of 1820, 248; of 1824, 256–58; of 1828, of, 958 Currency; Inflation; Tariff(s) 256, 260–61; of 1832, 264, 270; of 1836, Engel v. Vitale, 944 Eddy, Mary Baker, 572, 573 272–73; of 1840, 256, 280–82; of 1844, 375, England. See Great Britain Edict of Nantes, 106 378–79; of 1848, 390–92, 900; of 1852, 401; English Protestant Reformation, 25 Edison, Thomas Alva, 539, 540, 542, 590, 738 of 1856, 415–16, 415–17, 421; of 1860, English Reform Bill (1867), 477 Edsall, Thomas, 988 424–27, 485, 538; of 1864, 469, 470–73; of Enigma codes, breaking of, 835 Education: advances in, 324–26, 730; for 1868, 504–5; of 1872, 506–8; of 1876, Enron, 1007, 1033 African Americans, 325, 362, 482, 484, 510–11, 998; of 1880, 515, 616; of 1884, Enumerated products, trade of, 123 575–76, 894, 1029; for Asian Americans, 518–20; of 1888, 522; of 1892, 523–24, 617; Environment: agricultural interests and, 985; 650–51; bilingual, 1022; Catholic Church of 1896, 509, 618–23; of 1900, 632, 646–47; in late 20th century, 1033–34; under and, 296, 566; civil rights movement and, of 1904, 673; of 1908, 673–74; of 1912, 677, Nixon, 945–46. See also Conservation 917; in Colonial America, 78–79, 97–99; 679–80; of 1916, 685, 691–94; of 1920, movement desegregation of, 894, 917; evolution and, 716–17; of 1924, 754–55; of 1928, 757–59, Environmentalists, 670–71 730–32; free public, 324–26; under George 902; of 1932, 770, 772–73; of 1936, 792; of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Bush, Sr., 985; higher, 326–28; high-school, 1940, 814–15; of 1944, 838, 840–42; of 945; creation of, 671, 945 574; for immigrants, 657; impact of space 1948, 875–77; of 1952, 887, 888; of 1956, Epidemics, 90–91. See also Disease exploration on, 901; inequality in, 1017; 900; of 1960, 902–4; of 1964, 921–22, 988; Episcopal Church, 323, 572; John Adams on, 98; Lincoln on, 326; for of 1968, 930–32; of 1972, 946–47; of 1976, disestablishment of, 167 Native Americans, 266, 603; in New 957, 960; of 1980, 967–68; of 1984, 973; of Equal Employment Opportunity England, 97–99; in 1950s, 856–57; No Child 1988, 979–80; of 1992, 989–90; of 1996, Commission (EEOC), 920 Left Behind Act and, 1008; on-line, 1012; 993; of 2000, 995, 998–1000, 1001, 1007, Equal Rights Amendment, 738, 956, 959 parochial, 574; progressive, 730; Project 1028; of 2004, 1008–10; gender gap in, Era of Good Feelings, 165, 242, 247, 256, Head Start and, 923; public, 574; reforms 1019. See also Congressional elections 282, 398 in, 245; School Distinct of Abington Electoral College, 181; in election of 1796, Erie Canal, 241, 244, 245, 311–12, 313 Township v. Schempp, 944; school prayer 202; in election of 1800, 214; in election of Erie people, 41 and, 966–67; school violence and, 992; 1804, 227; in election of 1816, 242 Erie Railroad, 536 separation of church and state and, 923; Electoral Count Act (1877), 511 Esch-Cummins Transportation Act (1920), 748 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) Electrical industry, 540, 542 Escobedo, 943 and, 853; Title IX and, 956; for Vietnamese Electric dynamo, 539 Espionage Act (1917), 700 refugees, 954; vocational, 577; for women, Electric elevators, 558 Estlin, Mary A., 366 168, 327–28, 332, 956, 1017, 1018. See also Electric railway, 539 Ethiopia, Italian attack on, 804 Colleges and universities Electric trolleys, 559 Ethnocultural school of historians, 433 The Education of Henry Adams (Adams), 584 Eliot, Charles W., 577 Eurocentric approach of historians, 64–65 Edwards, Jonathan, 96–97 Eliot, T. S., 743 European explorations and settlements: of Edward VI (1547-1553), 29 Elizabeth I (1558-1603), 25–27, 29 Africa, 11–13; by Dutch, 55–57; by English, Egypt: Camp David Agreement and, 960–61; Elk Hills (California), 751 2–3, 25–39, 43–63, 84; by French, 21, 22, Six-Day War in, 928, 948; Suez crisis in, 899 Elkins, Stanley, 369–70 25, 106–9, 116–17; Native Americans and, Eighteenth Amendment, 589, 665, 704, Elkins Act (1903), 666 9; by Portuguese, 11–13, 16; by Spanish, 8, 725, 728 Ellis Island, 564 13–14, 16–23, 25, 26–27; by Sweden, 57; Eight-hour day, 685 Ellison, Ralph, 907 varying viewpoints of, 64–65. See also Einstein, Albert, 808, 845, 874 Ellsberg, Daniel, 942 Colonial America; New Amsterdam; Eisenhower, Dwight D., 882; El Salvador: civil war in, 1024; crisis in, 973; New France accomplishments of, 904, 906; peace in, 983 European Union, 912 administration of, 850, 887–91, 894–97; Air Emancipation Day, celebration of, 481 Evacuation Day, 142 Force One of, 883; Civil Rights movement Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 460–62, “Evangeline” (Longfellow), 342 under, 890–91, 894–95; Cold War under, 468, 469 Evans, Hiram Wesley, 730 889, 897, 898–99, 901–2; election of 1948 Embargo Act (1807), 226–28 Evans, Medgar, 918 and, 876; in election of 1952, 887, 888; in Embryonic stem cells, 1000 Evans, Sara, 937 A78 Index

Everett, Edward, 339 Federal Farm Board, 759 Five Civilized Tribes, 265; in Civil War, Everglades, 267 Federal Farm Loan Act (1916), 685 437–38 Everybody’s, 658 Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922), 750 Evolution: Darwinism and, 573–74, 730–31; 788–89; home loans made by, 859, 860 Flappers, 740, 741, 742 organic, 573; Scopes trial and, 730–32 The Federalist (Madison, Jay and Hamilton), Fletcher v. Peck, 249 Excess-profits tax, repeal of, 745 185, 189, 193, 340 Flexible response, doctrine of, 913 Exchange-rate stabilization, 800 Federalist party, 196, 198; Alien and Sedition Flogging, 360 Excise taxes, 194–95, 217, 218, 449; Whiskey Acts and, 205–6; call for strong central Florida: acquisition of, 251–52; American Rebellion and, 196 government, 149; clash with claims to, 175; British claims to, 175; Executive branch, 187 antifederalists, 182–83; decline of, 214, Compromise of 1877 and, 511; in election Executive Order No. 8802, 893 217; versus Democratic-Republicans, of 1876, 511; in election of 2000, 998–99; Executive Order No. 9066, 823 207–9, 211–12; doctrines of, 239; in Jackson in, 251–52; population migration Executive privilege, 949–50 election of 1796, 201–2; in election of to, 858; post French and Indian War, 115; Exodusters, 482 1800, 207–9; Embargo Act and, 226–27; Reconstruction in, 491; secession of, 428; Ex parte Milligan, 492 Hamiltonian wing of, 202, 211; Hartford Seminole people in, 251–52, 267–68; Exxon Valdez, 1033 Convention and, 237–39; immigration slavery in, 358; Spanish in, 16–17, 38, 73, and, 205–6; Judiciary Act and, 218–19; 120, 160, 175, 199 Factories, 301, 302–3, 304; campaigns for Kentucky Resolution and, 206–7; positions Florida Purchase Treaty (1819), 252, 375, reform in, 661–62; spread of, 297, 300; of, 208; pro-British position of, 216, 231, 376, 378 n women in, 307–8; working conditions in, 373; sectionism and, 239; Virginia Flower children, 935 303–4, 306–7, 664; in World War I, 701–2 Resolution and, 206–7; War of 1812 Foch, French Marshall, 707 Fairchild, Henry P., 723 and, 231–32 Folger, Bathsheba, 61 Fair Deal program, 877 Federal Reserve Act (1913), 673, 683–84 Folkways in Colonial America, 103–5 Fair Employment Practices Commission Federal Reserve Board, 683, 685, 760, 994 Following the Color Line (Baker), 659 (FEPC), 829, 831 Federal Reserve Notes, 683 Folwell, John, 153 Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 790 Federal Securities Act (1933), 784 Foner, Eric, 433, 501 Fall, Albert B., as Secretary of the Interior, Federal Tariff Commission, 695 Food Administration, 704 747, 752 Federal Trade Commission, 685 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 200 Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), 684 866 Falmouth (Portland), Maine, burning of, The Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 884, 958 Food Stamps, 945 142, 143 Feminism: domestic, 308; social, 695 Fools Crow (Welch), 1031 Falwell, Jerry, 977 Feminization of religion, 322 Football, 592 Families: in cities, 586–90; colonial, 76–78; Fences (Wilson), 1030–31 Foraker Act (1900), 640 influence of women on, 307–8; pioneer, Ferdinand V of Aragon (1452-1516), 13 Forbes, Charles R., 751 308–9; Polish, 726–27; slave, 360; Ferraro, Geraldine, as vice president Force Bill, 265 slaveowning, 353; in 2000s, 1019–20. See candidate, 973 Forced-assimilation doctrine, 603 also Marriage Ferrell, Frank J., 555 Ford, Gerald: administration of, 952–53, Family Leave Act (1993), 1019 Fertility rate, 307 956–57; appointment as vice president, A Farewell to Arms (Hemingway), 743 Fetterman, William J., 597 949; economy under, 961; in election of Farmers: debt of, 538, 613; Grange and, Field, Cyrus, 314 1976, 957, 960; pardon of Nixon by, 952; 615–16; grievances of, 614–15; protests of, Fifteenth Amendment, 493, 494, 496 Vietnam War and, 952–53 against railroads, 538; trusts and, 614. See Fifth Amendment, 418 Ford, Henry, 732, 733–34, 782; on also Agriculture; farming Fifth party system, 623 n prohibition, 725 Farmers’ Alliance, 523, 616 “Fifty-four forty or fight,” 378 Fordism, 733 Farming: debt and, 523; deflation and, 613; Fillmore, Millard: administration of, 397; in Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law (1922), 751, 759 dry, 608; in Great Depression, 783–84; election of 1852, 401; in election of 1856, Foreign policy: Caroline incident and, impact of drought on, 762–63; inventions 415–16; as Vice President, 397 374–75; under Carter, 960–61; with Cuba, in, 308–9; post Civil War, 480; post World Finance. See Economy 403; dollar diplomacy in, 675–76; under War I, 754, 759–60; post World War II, 857; Finance capitalism, 541 Eisenhower, 897–99, 901–2; Eisenhower sharecropping in, 487, 512, 545, 613; The Financier (Dreiser), 657 Doctrine in, 899, 901; end of cold war and, subsistence, 354–56; tariffs and, 759–60; Finland, Soviet attack on, in World War II, 810 983; with France, 175, 199–201, 203, tenant, 512, 613; three-sister, 10; in victory Finney, Charles Grandison, 322, 364 220–22, 228–29; under Franklin D. gardens, 704; in western settlement, The Fire Next Time (Baldwin), 907 Roosevelt, 800–807, 810–, 812–13, 815–20; 308–9, 606–8; in World War II, 826. See also Fireside chats, 778 with Great Britain, 175, 200–201, 225–28, Agriculture; Farmers First Amendment, 205 274, 629; influence of Uncle Tom’s Cabin Farm Security Administration, 787 First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614), 30 on, 410–11, 443; isolationism in, 655, Farragut, David G., 467, 472 First Continental Congress. See Continental 697–98, 723, 749–50, 755–56, 801, 803–4, Faubus, Orval, 894 Congress (First) 812–13, 820, 850, 869; with Japan, 403; Faulkner, William, 743, 908 First families of Virginia (FFV), 73 under Jefferson, 219–22; under John Federal budget: under Clinton, 991; under First Great Awakening, 321, 323 Adams, 202–3; under Kennedy, 911–16; Reagan, 970–71, 975–77; surplus in, for First party system, 623 n Kissinger and, 718, 742, 946, 948; with 2000, 998. See also Budget deficits Fisher, David Hackett, 64 Latin America, 388; under Madison, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): Fishing, colonial, 91–92 228–29; with Mexico, 688; under Monroe, Cointelpro program of, 929; under Hoover, Fisk, Jim, 505 251–54; New Isolationism in, 947; under 909; Watergate and, 950, 951 Fiske, John, 188 Nixon, 940–43, 947–49; Nixon Doctrine in, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 776 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 742–43 940; under Reagan, 971–75; Roosevelt Federal Emergency Relief Administration Fitzgerald, Zelda, 742 Corollary to Monroe Doctrine in, 686; with (FERA), 778 Fiume, in Treaty of Versailles, 713 Spain, 175, 201, 220–22, 251; Stimson Index A79

doctrine in, 767–68; under Truman, leader, 62–63, 135; on Constitution, 181; at Gabriel, 362 865–74; Truman Doctrine in, 869; under Constitutional Convention, 178, 179; as Gaddis, John Lewis, 881, 937 Washington, 199–201; under Wilson, federalist, 183; letter to Peter Collinson, Gadsden, James, 405 685–91. See also Imperialism; Manifest 32; as Patriot, 146; Peace of Paris Gadsden Purchase, 405 Destiny; Monroe Doctrine negotiations and, 154–55, 159–60; Gag Resolution, 367 Forests, conservation and, 668, 669 Philadelphia library and, 100; publication Gaine, Hugh, 149 Forest Service, 672 of Pennsylvania Gazette by, 113; science Galbraith, John Kenneth, 886–87 Formosa, 873 and, 100; writings of, 124–25 Gallatin, Albert, 217 Fort Atkinson, signing of treaties at, 596 Franklin, William, as Loyalist, 146 Gallup, George, 811 Fort Donelson in Civil War, 466 “Franklin Chest,” 61 Galveston, Texas, progressive reforms in, 661 Fort Duquesne, 112, 114 Franklin stove, 100 Gandhi, Mahatma, 341 Fort Henry in Civil War, 466 Franquelin, Jean-Baptise-Louis, painting Gandhi, Mohandas, 891 For the Union Deal (Plath), 907 by, 107 Gangsters, 729–30; international, 804 Fort Kaskaskia, 158 Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Gans, Herbert, 860 Fort Laramie, signing of treaties at, 596, 597 (1934), 784 Garfield, James A., 335, 528; administration Fort Leavenworth, 383 Freake, Elizabeth, 77 of, 515; assassination of, 515; in election Fort Machilimackinac, 233–34 Frederick Road, 243 of 1880, 515 Fort Malden in War of 1812, 234 Fredericksburg, Virginia, 464 Garland, Hamlin, 590 Fort Necessity, 113 Frederick the Great, 113 Garrison, William Lloyd, 364–65, 366, 367, 400 Fort Pillow, Tennessee, 463 Free blacks, 356–59; Dred Scott decision and, Garvey, Marcus, 741–42, 926 Fort Stanwix, Treaty of (1784), 157 417; letter from, to old master, 483. See Gas stations, 734 Fort Sumter, South Carolina’s assault on, also African Americans Gates, Horatio, 153 435–36 Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company, 508 Gay marriage, 1020 Fort Ticonderoga, 141; in American Freedmen’s Bureau, 478, 484, 489, 501 Gay policies under Clinton, 991 Revolution, 153 Freedom dues, 67 Gay rights movement, 934–35, 1007 Fort Vincennes, 158; settlement of, 109 Freedom Riders, 916, 936 Gehry, Frank, 1033 Forty-Eighters, 293, 296, 298 Freedom Summer, 924 Gender, importance of, in imperialism, 653 Foster, Stephen C., 340 Free enterprise, 547 Gender gap, 986, 989; in elections, 1019 Four-Power Treaty, 750 Free incorporation, laws of, 303 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Fourteen Points, 698–99, 710–11 Freeman, Arthur Lee, 356 (GATT), 994 Fourteenth Amendment, 478, 489, 492, 494, Freeman, Elizabeth “Mumbet,” 167 General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 588, 661 496, 511, 514–15, 543–44, 999 Freeport Doctrine, 422, 425 General Motors, 790, 1012 Fourth party system, 623, 623 n Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men (Foner), 433 Genêt, Edmond, 199 Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, 370 Free Soil party, 366, 413, 414; in election of Geneva Conference (1962), 913 Fox people, 266 n 1848, 391–92; organization of, 391 Geneva Summit (1955), 898 France: assistance from, in American Free Speech Movement, 933–34 Genoa, 11 Revolution, 3, 135, 137, 155–56; awarding of Frémont, John C., 383–84; in election of Genovese, Eugene, 370, 433 Syria to, post World War I, 712; Civil War 1856, 415–17, 421 Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907-08), 651, 825 and, 446, 459; colonial wars with Britain, 3, French and Indian War (1754-1763), 3, 111, George, Henry, 530, 579, 613 109–11; Communist party in, 871; concerns 112–15, 118; Braddock as general in, George I (1714-1727), 110 with Hitler, 810, 814; concessions to, in 114–15; impact of, 118, 121; Washington George II (1727-1760), 39, 110 Treaty of Versailles, 713; crisis of 1798 and, in, 112–13, 114. See also Seven Years’ War George III (1760-1820), 99, 110, 127–28, 220; D-Day invasion of, 836, 837–38, 840; de (1756-1763) 130–31, 135, 141–42, 145, 148, 150, 157, Gaulle, Charles and, 912, 928; exploration French Canal Company, 648 158, 159, 173, 190, 200, 227, 431 and settlement of North America by, 21, 22, French Declaration of the Rights of Man, 146 Georgia, 133; in American Revolution, 156; 25, 106–9, 116–17; foreign relations with, French Revolution (1793-1802), 111, 169, Black Codes in, 487; capital of, 168; 175, 199–201, 203–5, 220–22, 228–29; 252; era of, 320; impact of, 198–99 Cherokee people in, 259, 265; in Civil War, French and Indian War (1754-1763) and, French West Indies, 93, 199 468–69; colonization and settlement of, 112–15, 118; influence of Uncle Tom’s Cabin Freud, Sigmund, 740 37, 39, 87, 110, 123; land policy of, 175; in, 410–11, 443; ironclads of, 459; Jay’s Friedan, Betty, 884, 958 Populism in, 524; ratification of Treaty and, 203; as member of NATO, 898; Friedrichsburg, Texas, 298 Constitution by, 183; Reconstruction in, as member of UN Security Council, 865; From Here to Eternity (Jones), 906 491; religion in, 95; secession of, 428; Neutrality Proclamation and, 199; Peace of From Puritan to Yankee (Bushman), 104 slavery in, 181, 360 Paris and, 160; postrevolutionary relations Frontiero v. Richardson, 956 Georgian style of architecture, 99–100 with, 175; relations with early U.S., 204–5; Frost, Robert, 743, 910 German Americans in World War I, Spain transfer of New Orleans to, 220; Suez Frostbelt, 857 699–700, 704 crisis and, 899; Texas independence and, Fucio cent, 186 German Islands, in Treaty of Versailles, 713 375; Vietnam War and, 897–98; in World Fuel Administration, 704 German Lutherans, 39 War I, 688–89, 706, 707, 710, 711, 756; in Fugitive Slave Law (1850), 395, 399, 400, 407, German Samoa, 628 World War II, 810, 812, 817, 820; XYZ affair 409, 410 Germantown, Pennsylvania, 153; slave and, 203. See also New France Fulbright, William, 929 protest in, 71 Franco, Francisco, 805–6 Fuller, Margaret, 331, 334, 343 Germany: flood of ethnic refugees in, 982; Franco-American Treaty (1778), 199, 201, Fulton, Robert, 311 Hitler’s seizure of power in, 803–4; 202–3 Fundamentalism, 574, 738, 740; Christian, immigrants from, 85, 293, 296, 298–99, 353, Frankfurter, Felix, 809 732; evolutionary theory and, 730–32 416; interests in China, 642; reparations of, Franklin, Benjamin, 94, 97, 99, 154, 321, 726; Fundamental Orders, 49 756; reunification of, 981; signing of as author of Poor Richard’s Almanack, 96; Funding at par, 193–94 nonaggression treaty with Soviet Union, Autobiography of, 99, 100, 340; as colonial Fur trade, 41, 108–9, 289 807–8, 810; Spanish American War and, A80 Index

Germany: (continued) Gorgas, Qilliam C., 649 founding of Jamestown colony by, 28–30; 633; split of, post World War II, 866–68; Gorgas, William C., 640 French and Indian War (1754-1763) and, Venezuela debt and, 648; Venezuelan crisis Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 49 112–15, 118; French West Indies and, 200; and, 628; under Wilhelm II, 629, 689; Gospel of Wealth, 543–44 Ghent negotiations and, 237; Glorious withdrawal from League of Nations, 804; in Gossips, gathering of, at taverns, 94 Revolution in, 54, 55; Great Migration World War I, 688–89, 690–91, 696–97, 707–8, Gould, Jay, 505, 536, 550, 552 from, 46; immigration from, 50, 723; 710, 711; in World War II, 806–7, 807, 810, Government: African Americans in, 494–95, imperial strength and weaknesses in, 135; 812–13, 817–18, 842–43 990; city-manager system of, 661; size of, impressment and, 200, 226; Industrial Geronimo, 599 969–70; takeover, of coal industry, in World Revolution in, 297, 300; influence of Uncle Gettysburg, Battle of, 464–65, 466, 473 War II, 826 Tom’s Cabin in, 410–11, 443; interests in Gettysburg Address, 348, 465, 466 Government regulation: of immigration, 571, China, 642; invasion of Canada in French Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 236–37, 239, 302 723–25; of interstate commerce, 538; of and Indian War (1754-1763), 114–15; Ghost Dance cult, 603 railroads, 537–38, 666–67, 748; of trusts, Ireland and, 25–26; ironclads of, 459; Jay’s Ghost towns, 531, 603 544–45 Treaty and, 200–201; Lend-Lease Bill and, Gibbons, Cardinal James, 572–73 Governors, colonial, 102–3 816–17; as member of UN Security Gibbons v. Ogden, 249 Grady, Henry W., 545, 546 Council, 865; mercantilism and, 123–24; GI Bill, 565, 853 Graft. See Corruption Monroe doctrine and, 252–54; Native Gibson, Charles Dana, 548 Graham, Billy, 888 Americans and, 120–21, 200; navy of, 253, Gibson Girl, 548, 550 Graham, Otis, 695 254; Nicaragua and, 402; North American Gideon v. Wainwright, 943 Graham, Sylvester, 335 colonies of, 2–3, 33–34; offering of home Gilbert, Humphrey, 26, 28 Grain Stabilization Corporation, 759 rule to Americans, 155; passage of Gilded Age, 501, 509, 616; politics in, 509–10 Granada, 18 Intolerable Acts by, 133; Peace of Paris and, The Gilded Age (Warner and Twain), 529, 583 Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), 510, 521 159–60; piracy and, 175–76; population Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 586–87 Grand Canyon National Park, 671 growth in, 27, 50; primogeniture in, 28; Gingrich, Newt, 992–93, 996 Grand Coulee Dam, 782 purchase of Alaska and, 498; Puritanism Ginsberg, Allen, 933 Grandfather clause, 525 in, 27; religious conflict in, 25; Restoration Ginsberg, Ruth Bader, 990 Grand Teton, settlement of, 108 period in, 36; shift in balance of power Ginzberg, Lori, 347 Grange (Patrons of Husbandry), 538, 615–16 between colonies and, 84; South’s need for Gitlin, Todd, 937 Granger Laws, 615 aid from, in Civil War, 443–44; Spanish Glacier Point, 668 Grant, Ulysses Simpson, 443, 528; Armada and, 26–27; Stuart Dynasty in, 53; Glaciers, retreat of, 5 administration of, 505–6, 508; cabinet of, Suez crisis and, 899; surrender of, at Gladden, Washington, 568 506; corruption and, 504, 505–6, 746; in Yorktown, 158–59; Texas independence Glasnost, 973–74, 981 election of 1868, 504–5; in election of and, 375; ties to the South, 350–51; Tudor Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (1933), 776 1872, 506–8; as general in Civil War., 385, Dynasty in, 29; U.S aid to, 818; War of 1812 Glenapp, William E., 286 457, 466–67, 473–74; Panic of 1873 and, and, 231–31, 233–37, 251; in World War I, Glengarry Glen Ross (Mamet), 1033 508; popularity of, after Civil War, 504; 689, 707, 711, 756; in World War II, 812–13, Glidden, Joseph F., 608 Supreme Court and, 508 n; two-term 835. See also specific rulers Global economy, efforts to develop, 851 tradition and, 510 Great Compromise, 180 Global warming, 671, 1000 The Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck), 783, 784, Great Depression, 655; African Americans in, Glorious Revolution, 54, 55 786–87 892; causes of, 762–63; economic Godey’s Lady Book, 328 Grasshoppers, 613 aggression and, 802; global implications, Godkin, Edwin L., 579 Gratz v. Bollinger, 1008 800–801; Hoover’s programs for Goering, Hermann, 847, 866, 867 Graves, Michael, 1033 combating, 763–64; 1929 crash as start of, Goethals, George Washington, 649 Gray, Asa, 334–35 760–63; unemployment in, 794. See also Gold: in Black Hills, 597; in California, 392–93, 402, Gray, Robert, 377 New Deal 516; mining of, 605; price of, and scandal, 505; Great Awakening, 96–97, 104; First, 321, 323; Greatest Show on Earth, 591 reserves of, in Treasury, 527 Second, 320, 321, 322–23, 326, 361, 364 The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald), 742–43 Gold market, Fisk and Gould attempt to Great Basin, 5 Great Ice Age, 5–6 corner, 505 Great Britain: ABC-1 agreement with, 821; as Great Lakes, 5; exploration of, 108–9; in War Gold standard, 623–24, 946 ally in war against terror, 1005; attempted of 1812, 234, 237 Gold Standard Act (1900), 623–24 conquest of Canada by, 142–43; awarding Great Migration (1630), 46 Goldwater, Barry, in election of 1964, of Iraq to, post World War I, 712; Battle of Great Northern Railroad, 533 921–22, 988 Britain and, 812–13; blockade running in Great Rapprochement, 629 Goliad, 277 Civil War and, 458–59; Boston Massacre Great Salt Lake, 5 Gompers, Samuel, 553, 555, 637, 684; and, 129–30; boundary conflict between Great Society, under Johnson, 921, 923, support for World War I, 701 British Guiana and Venezuela and, 628; 939, 988 Goodbye, Columbus (Roth), 908 Churchill and, 810, 817, 835, 836, 837, 839, The Great Train Robbery, 738 The Good Earth (Buck), 780 847, 849, 852, 862, 863, 867; Civil War and, Greece: as member of NATO, 872; Truman Good Neighbor policy, 768, 801–2 459; claims to Oregon, 251, 376–77, Doctrine and, 869 Goodwin, Richard, 910 379–80; Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with, 648; Greeley, Horace, 428, 461, 578; in election of Goodwyn, Lawrence, 529 colonial policy of, 53–55, 110–11, 122, 1872, 506–8 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 973–74, 981; Cold War 123–24; colonial wars with France, 3, Green, Thomas J., 375 and, 881 109–11; economic conditions in, 70; under Greenback Labor party, 656; in election of Gordon, Linda, 695 Elizabeth I, 25–27, 29; evacuation of Black 1880, 616; farmers and, 616; origin of, 508 Gordon, N. P., 357 Loyalists to, 138; expansionist interests of, Greenback movement, 615 Gore, Albert (Al): in election of 2000, 252; exploration and settlements of, 25–39, Greenbacks: in Civil War, 449; issuance of, in 998–1000, 1001; as vice president 43–63, 84; foreign relations with U.S., 175, 1870s, 508; Ohio Idea and, 505; reduction candidate, 989 200–201, 225–28, 252, 274, 373–74, 629; of, 508. See also Currency Index A81

Green Berets, 913 States and, 195; as colonial leader, 171; at Hayes, Rutherford B., 528, 998; Greene, Jack, 105 Constitutional Convention, 178; as administration of, 514; in election of 1876, Greene, Nathanael, 157 federalist, 185, 202, 207, 340; feud with 510–11; labor relations and, 514 Greenhouse effect, 1033 Jefferson, 196, 208–9; financial plan of, Haymarket Square violence, 552–53, 618 Green party, in election of 2000, 998 194–95, 200; Jay’s Treaty and, 201; John Hayne, Robert Y., 264 Greenspan, Alan, 994 Adams and, 202, 211; portrait of, 193; Hay-Paunceforte Treaty (1901), 402, 648 Greenville, Treaty of (1795), 200 preference for aristocratic government, Hays, Samuel P., 695 Greer (U.S. destroyer), attack on, 818 177; public credit and, 193–94; as Hays, Will H., 738 Grenada, invasion of, 973 Secretary of Treasury, 191, 193–94; as war Hays Code, 738 Grenville, George, 125–26 hawk, 204; Whiskey Rebellion and, 196 Haywood, William D., 700 Griffin, James, 69 Hammond, James Henry, 430 A Hazard of New Fortunes (Howells), Griffith, D. W., 738 Hampton Institute, 576 583 Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 945 Hancock, John, 124, 134; absence of, from Headright system, 67 Grimké, Angelina, 331 Second Constitutional Convention, 178 Health care. See Disease; Medical care Grimké, Sarah, 331 Hancock, Winfield Scott, 456; in election of Hearst, William Randolph, 578, 626, Griswold v. Connecticut, 943 1880, 515 630–31, 687 Groce, Jared, 279 Handsome Lake, 41 Heliograph, 599 Gross national product (GNP), 854, 856 Handy, W. C., 741 Helldorados, 604 Grundy, Felix, 231 Hanna, Marcus Alonzo, 619, 620, 646 Heller, Joseph, 906 Grutter v. Bollinger, 1007, 1008 Hansberry, Lorraine, 907 Helms-Burton Act (1996), 902 Guadalcanal Island, defense of, in World Harding, Warren G., 655, 720, 746; Helper, Hinton R., 411–12 War II, 833 administration of, 746–53; corruption Helsinki Accords (1975), 952 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1948), and, 751–53; death of, 753; in election of Hemings, Madison, 213 384–85, 390 1920, 716–17; foreign policy under, Hemings, Sally, Jefferson and, 212, 213 Guam: U.S. acquisition of, 636; in World War 749–50; pardon of Debs by, 700; tariff Hemingway, Ernest, 583, 743, 906 II, 832, 834 issue under, 751 Henry, Patrick, 187; absence of, from Second Guantanamo: imprisonment of Taliban Hare, Sarah Josepha, 328 Constitutional Convention, 178; as fighters in, 1003; retention of naval base Harlem, 741–42 antifederalist, 182, 185; at First Continental at, 640, 802 Harlem Renaissance, 743 Congress by, 133; as Patriot, 150 Guard of Honor (Cozzens), 906 Harmar, Josiah, 200 Henry Street Settlement, 568 Guatemala, CIA-directed coup in, 902 Harper’s, 579 Henry VII (1485-1509), 29 Guerin, Fritz W., 632 Harpers Ferry, Virginia, 422–23 Henry VIII (1509-1547), 29; Catholic Church Guerrière (ship), 235 Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 333 and, 25, 44 Guggenheim Museum, 1033 Harrington, Michael, 921 Hepburn Act (1906), 666 Guilbert Islands, in World War II, 834 Harris, Mary, 554 Herbert, Thomas, 12 Guinan, Texas, 729 Harrison, Benjamin, 528; administration of, Hermitage, 261 Guinea, as source of slaves, 74 522–23; in election of 1888, 522; Hawaii Herzog (Bellow), 908 Guiteau, Charles J., 515 and, 630 Hess, Rudolf, 866 Gulf of Mexico, 5 Harrison, Jim, 1030 Hessians in American Revolution, 135, 142, Gulf of St. Lawrence River, 5 Harrison, William Henry, 234, 246, 522; in 143, 151, 152, 156 Gullah, 72–73 election of 1836, 272–73; in election of Hetch Hetchy controversy, 669, 672 Gunboats, 220 1840, 280–82; as governor of Indiana Hewitt, Nancy, 347 Gun control, 991; Clinton’s emphasis on, Territory, 231; illness and death of, 371, 372; Heyrman, Christine, 105 992; National Rifle Association and, 992 Tecumseh and, 231; War of 1812 and, 239 Hiawatha, 10, 40 Guns: manufacture of, 302; Native Hart, Gary, 79 Hickok, James B., 605 Americans and, 107 Harte, Bret, 583, 605, 612 Hickoryites, 261 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 57 Hartford, Connecticut, founding and Hicks, Edward, painting by, 59 Guterson, David, 1030–31 settlement of, 49 Hicks, John D., 529 Guthrie, Oklahoma, 610 Hartford Convention (1814-1815), 237–39 High Federalists, 202 Gutierrez, Ramon, 64 Harvard College/University, 21, 79, 98, 103, Hill, James J., 533–34, 666 Gutman, Herbert, 370, 557 334, 341, 577 Hillbillies, 546 Harvey, William Hope, 616 Hine, Lewis W., photography of, 549 Hahn, Steven, 501 Hatch Act (1887), 577 Hirohito, 846 Haiti, 14; dollar diplomacy in, 676; Good Hatch Act (1939), 795 Hiroshima, bombing of, 845, 846, 848, 849 Neighbor policy and, 768; Marines in, Hausa, 73 Hispanics: ethnic pride and, 1026; 685–86, 755, 802; peacekeeping in, 995 Havana Conference (1940), 812 immigration of, 638–39; income level of, Hakluyt, Richard, 28 Hawaii: acquisition of, 648; citizenship for 1016–17. See also Latinos Haldeman, H. R., 951 residents of, 633; immigrant workers in, Hispaniola, 14–15, 17 Hale, Edward Everett, 470 644; Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in, Hiss, Alger, 874 Hale, John P., 401 818–20; statehood for, 904; U.S. Historians: in antebellum period, 345; Half-Breeds, 510 annexation of, 633; U.S. interests in, consensus school of, 189; ethnocultural Half-Way Covenant, 79–80 629–30 school of, 433; Eurocentric approach of, Hall, Basil, 353 Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, 644 64–65; leftist school of, 557; nationalist Halsey, Harlan F., 579 Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930), 759–60, 762, school of, 188, 432; neonationalist school Halsey, William F., 844 766, 772, 802 of, 432–33; New Left school of, 653, 695, Hamilton, Alexander, 101, 190, 218, 228; Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 78, 334, 344, 578 719, 987–88; organizational school of, Aaron Burr and, 224–25; Annapolis Hay, John, as Secretary of State, 641, 642–43 695; post revisionist school of, 881; Convention and, 177; Bank of the United Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1902), 648 progressive school of, 529, 987; A82 Index

Historians: (continued) House of Representatives, U.S.: Clay as Idaho: settlement of, 5; statehood for, 608; revisionist school of, 881; social, 104–5 Speaker of, 229, 257; in Constitution, 180; women’s rights in, 604 History of the United States During the election of 1800 and, 214–15; establishment Illegal immigration from Mexico, 896 Administration of Jefferson and Madison of Committee on Un-American Activities, Illinois: Granger Laws and, 615; settlement (Adams), 584 874; Gingrich as Speaker of, 992–93; in of, 109, 244, 536. See also Chicago Hitler, Adolf, 717, 760, 806–7, 810, 812–13, 821; impeachment, 219, 950, 996; Judiciary Illiteracy rate, fall in, 574 Jewish policies of, 806–9, 842–43; last days Committee demand for Watergate tapes, Immigrants: antiforeignism and, 296–97, of, 842–43; on Lend-Lease Bill, 817; seizure 949–50; Reed as Speaker of, 522–23, 624, 415–16; in the army, 597–98; assimilation of power in Germany, 803–4; Spanish Civil 637; Rules Committee, 910. See also of, and World War II, 822; Catholic Church War and, 805–6; suicide of, 843 Congress, U.S.; Senate, U.S. and, 295, 296–97; Chinese, 514, 516–17; Hoar, George F., 646 The House on Mango Street (Cisneros), 1031 Cuban, 902; education for, 657; efforts to Ho Chi Minh, 897–98 Housing, New Deal and, 788–89 preserve traditional culture, 566; exclusion Hoffa, James R., 900 Housing Act (1949), 877 of, from labor unions, 552; exploitation of, Hofstadter, Richard, 285, 529, 653, 695, 988 Housing and Urban Development, U.S. 538; as farmhands, 613; Federalists and, Hog industry, 308 Department of, creation of, 922 205–6; Filipino, 642; French, 278; German, Hogue, Alexandre, painting by, 785 Houston, Sam, 276–77, 280 85, 278, 291–92, 293, 296, 298–99, 353, 416; Holland: colonization and settlements of, 27, Houston, Texas, growth of, 1027 growth in anti-immigrant sentiment and, 55–57; foreign aid to Americans in Hovenden, Thomas, painting by, 423 517; Holocaust refugees as, 808–9; Irish, American Revolution, 155; German attack Howard, Oliver O., 484 291–93, 294–95, 296, 353, 356, 416; Italian, on, in World War II, 810, 812; Separatists Howard University, 484, 576 564–65; Japanese, 650–51, 724, 824–25; in, 44; Texas independence and, 375 Howe, Elias, 305 labor movement and, 571; Latino, Holloway, Houston H., 482 Howe, Marie Jennie, 660 1024–25; lifestyle of, 544; literacy of, 571; Hollywood, movie industry in, 738 Howe, William, 152, 153 machine politics and, 568; Mexican, 1023, Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 578; as author, Howells, William Dean, 583, 742 1024–25; Polish, 548, 726–27; religious 335, 343; as Supreme Court justice, 281, How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 657 tolerance toward, 85, 86–87, 88–89; Scots- 343, 748 Hudson, Henry, 56 Irish, 85, 86–87, 278–79; as soldiers, in Holocaust, 843; Jewish survivors of, 808–9, 871 Hudson River, 62 Civil War, 442, 446; Vietnamese, 954–55; in Holt, Michael, 433 Hudson River School, 339 work force, 550 Home construction, 859, 860, 882 Hudson’s Bay Company, 377, 380 Immigration: by area of origin, 1022; Home front: in World War I, 700–705; in Huerta, Victoriano, 687–88 comparison of old and new, 570; World War II, 826–32 Hughes, Charles Evans, 661, 692, 693, 749, government regulation of, 571, 723–25; Homeland Security, U.S. Department of, 750; in election of 1916, 691–94; as illegal, from Mexico, 896; of the Jews, 564, creation of, 1003 Secretary of State, 747 566, 724; labor and, 538; new, 561–63, Home Owner’s Loan Corporation (HOLC), 778 Hughes, Langston, 741–42, 743 564–65, 574; opposition to, 1022; railroads Homer, Winslow, 589; paintings by, 326, 476 Huguenots, 43, 88; religious persecution of, and, 536; reactions to new, 568–69; Homestead Act (1862), 450, 488, 608–9 106, 107 reforms in, 923; in 2000, 1022–23; Homesteading, 608–9 Hull, Cordell: Reciprocal Trade Agreements urbanization and, 563, 566 Homestead strike, 523 and, 802–3; as Secretary of State, 800 Immigration Act (1924), 723–24 Honduras, dollar diplomacy in, 676 Hull House, 568, 662 Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 923 Hone, Philip, 275, 306, 338 Hulton, Ann, 131 Immigration Reform and Control Act Hong Kong, Japanese attack on, 832 Human depravity, 321 (1986), 1023 Hooker, Joe, 464 Human Genome Project, 1013, 1015 Impeachment, 219 n; of Andrew Johnson, Hooker, Thomas, 49 Human rights: Abu Ghraib prison and, 1006; 496–98; Clinton and, 996–97; Nixon and, Hookworms, 355; eradication of, 730 in Helsinki Accords, 952; as issue in 950; of Samuel Chase, 219 Hoover, Herbert, 655, 746, 968; China, 995 The Impending Crisis of the South (Helper), administration of, 759–68; criticisms of, Humphrey, Hubert H., 932; in election of 411–12 764, 765; economic policies of, 763–64; in 1968, 930–32 Imperialism, 626–51; Anti-Imperalist League election of 1928, 757–59, 763, 770, 772–73; Hundred Days (March 9-June 16, 1933), and, 637; beginnings of, 626–29; in Cuba, Good Neighbor policy of, 768; as head of 774, 776 630–33, 634–35; in Hawaii, 629–30; in Food Administration, 704; as Secretary of Hundred Days Congress, 774–75, 776, 778, Philippines, 633, 636–37, 641–42; in Commerce, 747; on Social Security, 789 782–83, 783, 784–85, 795 Puerto Rico, 638–39; in Venezuela, 628; Hoover, J. Edgar, 909, 916, 936 Hungary: collapse of communist regime in, views on, 653 Hoovercrats, 759 980–81; as member of NATO, 995; 1956 Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism Hoover Dam, construction of, 766 revolution in, 897 (Lenin), 653 Hoover depression, 771 Huron people, 41, 107 Impressment, 200, 201, 226 Hooverites, 773 Hurston, Zora Neale, 743, 1032 Incas, 6, 8 Hoovervilles, 763, 767 Hussein, Saddam, 983–85, 1003, 1004, 1005; Income distribution: in early 2000s, 1016–17; Hopkins, Harry L., 778 Persian Gulf War and, 1007 under Reagan, 971, 976 Hopkins, Matthew, 80 Hutchinson, Anne, 47–48 Income gap, 1016–17 Hopkinson, Francis, 184 Hutchinson, Thomas, protests against, 131–32 Income taxes: payment of, 1017; Sixteenth Hopwood v. Texas, 994 Hwang, David, 1031 Amendment and, 527 n, 683 Horizontal integration, 540 Hydrogen bomb, 874; development of, Indentured servants, 50, 166; in colonial Horses: colonial settlement and, 31; for 873, 874 America, 34, 67–68; contract for, 69; Native Americans, 595 decline in numbers of, 70, 76 Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 235 Ibo, 73, 74 Independent Treasury Bill (1840), 274–75 House Made of Dawn (Momaday), 1031 Ice Age, 5 India, outsourcing of jobs to, 1012 House of Burgesses (Virginia), 33, 73, 131 Ickes, Harold L., 782 Indiana, settlement of, 244 Index A83

Indian New Deal, 603, 784, 896 Interracial marriage, 167 under Mussolini, 803, 804; in World War I, Indian Removal Act (1830), 267 Interstate commerce, 249, 543–44; 689, 707; in World War II, 837 Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 603 government regulation of, 538 Iwo Jima, in World War II, 844 Indians. See Native Americans; specific tribes Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 538, 545 Indian Territory: in Civil War, 437–38; Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), Jackson, Andrew, 88, 239, 246, 256, 287, 352, settlement of, 594 538, 666, 748 449; administration of, 165, 261–72; Industrialization: assembly-line production Interstate Highway Act (1956), 896–97 cabinet of, 271; in election of 1824, in, 732, 734; railroads and, 536; in the Interstate highways, development of, 860 257–58; in election of 1828, 260–61; in South, 545–47; spread of, 538–39; unions Intolerable Acts (1774), 133; colonial election of 1832, 270; inauguration of, and, 550–54; views on, 557. See also responses to, 133–34 261–62; Lone Star Republic and, 280; Industry Inventions: cotton gin, 300–301, 303, 349, money policies of, 273; national bank Industrial Revolution, 165, 297, 300, 303–4, 350, 829–30; electrical, 539; farming, and, 268–70, 271–72; Native Americans 530; impact of, on United States, 547–49; 612–13; mechanical reaper as, 444, 450; and, 251–52, 264, 265–66; nullification second American, 538–39; spread of, 307 mower-reaper, 309; sewing machines, 303, controversy and, 264–65, 272; Polk and, Industrial Workers of the World, 700, 721; 305; steel plow, 309; telephone, 539 378; portrait of, 251; recognition of Texas opposition to World War I, 701 Invisible Man (Ellison), 907 by, 280; spoils system and, 262; Tariff of Industry: automobile, 733–34, 970; coal, 293, Iowa: Granger Laws and, 615; settlement abomination and, 262–64; War of 1812 665, 826; electrical, 540, 542; under of, 536 and, 235–36, 240 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 781–83; hog, 308; Ipswich, Massachusetts, 51 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 602, 612 impact of railroads on, 535–36; meat, 542, Iran: coup against shah in, 898–99; Jackson, Jesse, 979 605, 667–68, 695; mining, 604–5, 665; formation of OPEC by, 899; as part of axis Jackson, Kenneth, 799 movie, 738; oil, 450, 541–43, 734–35, 899, of evil, 1004; Stalin and, 868 Jackson, Rachel, 260 948–49, 959, 962–63; shipping, 314–15; Iran-Contra affair, 974–75 Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”), 438, 453, smokestack, 883; steel, 525, 538, 540–41; Iranian hostage crisis, 963–64; end of, 969 456, 464 textile, 546–47; tobacco, 545. See also Iran-Iraq War, 984 Jacksonian Democracy, 243, 282, 285–86, 304 Industrialization; Manufacturing Iraq: awarding of, to Great Britain, post Jacksonian Persuasion (Meyers), 285 Inflation, 419; under Carter, 961, 967; during World War I, 712; economic embargo Jackson State college, shooting at, 941 Civil War, 449–50; Continental dollars and, against, 1003; ethnic and religious groups Jamaica, 84; evacuation of Black Loyalists 137; demand for, in 1870s, 508; as goal of by percent, 1005; formation of OPEC by, to, 138 Roosevelt’s managed currency, 778; under 899; as issue in 2004 election, 1008; as James, Henry, 568, 578, 584, 661, 742 Nixon, 939; post World War I, 756; silver part of axis of evil, 1004; Persian Gulf James, William, 573, 577–78, 578, 581, 584, 637 and, 523; during World War I, 701. See also crisis and, 983–85; post Sadaam era, James I (1566-1625), 28, 44; dislike of Economy 1005–6; scheduled elections in, 1006; U.S. tobacco, 29; hostility of, to Virginians, 33 The Influence of Sea Power upon History, attack on, 1004–5; war with Iran, 984 James II (1633-1701), 54, 60 1660-1783 (Mahan), 627 Ireland: English crush of uprising in, 25–26; Jamestown, 25, 79; Africans in, 70; disease Information superhighway, 1012 Great Britain and, 25–26; immigrants in, 29–30; leadership in, 29, 30; living Initiative, 659 from, 291, 292–93, 294–95, 296, 353, 356, conditions in, 29–30; relations with Native Injunctions, 550, 618 416; outsourcing of jobs to, 1012 Americans in, 29, 30–31; settlement of, Inness, George, 589 Irish: opposition of, to League of Nations, 28–30, 107 The Innocents Abroad (Twain), 583 714; work for on the railroads, 532 Janius, 102 Insanity, reforms for treatment of, 328–29 Irish tactics, 30 Japan: appeasement policies toward, 806–7; Insanity defense, 515 Ironclad oaths, 550 attack on Pearl Harbor, 818–20; attempt to Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), Iron curtain, 867–68 arrange conditional surrender by, 849; 43–44 Iron deposits, 538 concessions to, in Treaty of Versailles, Insular cases, 640 The Iron Heel (London), 584 713–14; dropping of atomic bombs on, Insull, Samuel, 785 Iroquois Confederacy, 10, 38, 40–41; in 845, 846, 848, 849; fall of, in World War II, Integration: horizontal, 540; vertical, 539–40 American Revolution, 157 843–44; freedom for Philippines and, 801; Intelligence in Civil War, 447, 454–55, 459, 463 Iroquois people, 10, 39, 107, 113 invasion of China by, 767–68, 806; Inter-American Conference (1936), 802 Irrigation, 324, 608, 668 invasion of Pacific islands by, in World Interchangeable parts, 303 Irving, Washington, 240, 340 War II, 826; Meiji government in, 824–25; Intercolonial postal system, 94–95 Isaac, Rhys, 104 navalists in, 804; Pacific front in World Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), 900 Isabella I of Castile (1451-1504), 13 War II and, 832; postwar reconstruction Interior, U. S. Department of, 747, 752 Islamic fundamentalists: in Iran, 962; in, 872–73; Root-Takahira agreement with, Interlocking directorates, 540, 684 terrorism and, 1003 651; surrender of, in World War II, 846; Internal improvements, 241 Isolationism in foreign policy, 655, 697–98, U.S. interests in, 404; withdrawal from International Atomic Energy Agency 723, 749–50, 755–56, 801, 803–4, 812–13, League of Nations, 804; in World War I, (IAEA), 1004 820, 850, 869 689, 707 International Bank for Reconstruction and Israel: Camp David Agreement and, 960–61; Japanese Americans: in California, 650–51; Development, 865 creation of, 871; Operation Desert Storm immigration of, to U.S., 824–25; treatment International Business Machines (IBM), 882, and, 984; Palestinian nationalism, 1003; of, in World War II, 822–23, 824–25, 826 1012, 1015 Six-Day War in, 928, 948; Suez crisis Jarvis, John Wesley, 267 International Criminal Court, 995 and, 899 Jay, John: as Chief Justice of Supreme Court, International Energy Agency, formation of, 948 Isserman, Maurice, 937 193; as federalist, 185, 193, 207, 340; Peace International Monetary Fund (IMF), 865, 870 Italians, immigration of, 724 of Paris and, 159, 160; as secretary for International Rescue Committee, 808 Italy: attack on Ethiopia, 804; Communist foreign affairs, 176; treaties with British Internet, growth of, 1012 party in, 871; concessions to, in Treaty of and, 200–201, 202 Interpreter of Maladies (Lahiri), 1031 Versailles, 713; immigrants from, 564–65; Jay’s Treaty, 200–201, 202 A84 Index

Jazz, 73, 75, 741, 743 Johnson, Hiram W., 661, 713, 715 Kearny (destroyer), attack on, 818 Jazz age, 725 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 970; administration Keelboats, 311 The Jazz Singer, 738, 739 of, 850, 851, 918, 920–21; Civil rights Keepers of the Eastern Fire, 41 Jefferson, Thomas, 166, 211, 321, 334, 349, movement under, 945; decision not to run Keitel, Wilhelm, 866 547; absence of, from Second in 1968, 930; in election of 1964, 921–22, Kelley, Florence, 569, 662 Constitutional Convention, 178; 988; Great Society of, 921; retirement and Kelley, Oliver H., 615 administration of, 165, 216–28; on Andrew death of, 932–33; in Senate, 920; swearing Kellogg, Frank B., 750 Jackson, 261; as architect, 207, 217, 327, in of, 918; taped meetings and, 951; as vice Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 749, 750 338; on Articles of Confederation, 173; as president candidate in 1960, 902–4; Kelly, John, 295 author of Declaration of Independence, 3, Vietnam War and, 922, 928–30; War on Kelly, William, 540 146; as author of Virginia Statute for Poverty, 937 Kennan, George F., 718, 868, 869 Religious Freedom, 167; Bank of the Johnson, Philip, 1033 Kennedy, Edward (Teddy), Chappaquiddick United States and, 195; as colonial leader, Johnson, Samuel, 84 Island incident and, 968 171; death of, 228; on demigods, 178; on Johnson, William T., 356 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 903, 909, 910 education, 324; in election of 1796, 201–2; Johnson Debt Default Act (1934), 804 Kennedy, John F. (Jack), 217; administration in election of 1800, 211, 214–15; Embargo Joint Chiefs of Staff, 871 of, 850, 910–18; assassination of, 920; Act and, 226–28; fear of democratic Joint-stock company, 28, 337 cabinet of, 909; civil rights under, 916–18; despotism, 177; foreign relations under, Jolson, Al, 738, 739 Cold War under, 909–10, 912–16; Cuba 225–28; Hamilton and, 194, 196, 197, Jones, Edward P., 1031 and, 914–16; in election of 1960, 902–4; 208–9; inauguration of, 216, 217; Kentucky Jones, Jacqueline, 370 foreign policy under, 911–16; inauguration Resolution and, 206–7; lack of concern Jones, James, 906 of, 909, 910; New Frontier under, 909, about Shaysite rebellions, 179; as leader of Jones, John Paul, 158 910–11; taped meetings and, 951; Vietnam the Democratic-Republicans, 198, 207–9; Jones, Le Roi, 907 War under, 913 on legislatures, 168; Louisiana Purchase Jones, Mother, 554 Kennedy, John F., Library, 1033 and, 220–22; portrait of, 209, 216; Jones Act (1916), 685 Kennedy, Robert F. (Bobby): assassination of, purchase of Louisiana Territory, 536; Joseph, Chief, 598, 599 931; as attorney general, 909, 916; election religion and, 167; respect for Adams, 202; Josephson, Matthew, 557 of 1968 and, 930–31 Sally Hemings and, 212, 213; as Secretary Journalism: consumers and, 667–68; Joseph Kennedy Round, 912 of State, 191, 193; slavery and, 90, 208, 212, Pulitzer and, 578, 626, 630; muckrakers Kent State University, shooting at, 941 247, 248, 350, 351; strict construction and, and, 658–59; William Randolph Hearst Kentucky: as border state in Civil War, 436; 195; as vice president, 202 and, 578, 626, 630–31, 687; yellow, 578, importance of, in Civil War, 436; Jefferson, Thomas, Memorial Foundation, 213 626, 630–31, 632, 651. See also Magazines; manufacturing capacity of, and Civil War, Jeffersonian Republicans. See Democratic- Newspapers; Press 436; settlement of, 85, 121, 190, 191 Republican party Jousting, 352 n Kentucky Resolution (1798), 206–7, 219, 264 Jeffords, James, 1002 The Joy Luck Club (Tan), 1030 Kerosene, 541 Jelly’s Last Jam (Wolfe), 1031 Judicial activism, 894, 943–44 Kerouac, Jack, 933 Jen, Gish, 1031 Judicial deference, 581 Kerry, John F., in election of 2004, 1008–10 Jensen, Merrill, 189 Judicial nationalism, 248–49 Key, Francis Scott, 235 “Jeremiad,” 79, 80 Judicial review, 218–19 Keynes, John Maynard, 794–95 Jesuits in New France, 109 Judiciary, 187 Keynesianism, 795 Jews: in colonial America, 34; creation of Judiciary Act (1789), 193, 218 Khrushchev, Nikita, 897, 898; Cuba and, 902; Israel and, 871; Hitler’s policies toward, Judiciary Act (1801), 218–19 Kennedy and, 911, 914–16; meeting with 806–9, 842–43; Holocaust and, 806–9, 843; The Jungle (Sinclair), 667–68 Eisenhower, at Camp David, 902; Nixon’s immigration of, 564, 566, 724; Soviet Jurists, colonial, 91 kitchen debate with, 902 restrictions on emigration of, 952 Jus sanguinis, 515 Kidnapping, Lindbergh, 730 Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), 863, 873; Jus soli, 515 Kindergarten, 293, 574 control of Manchuria and, 863; Teheran Juvenile delinquency, urban reform attack King, Charles Bird, painting by, 263 Conference and, 837; in World War II, 832 on, 661 King, Coretta Scott, 903; arrest of, 895 Jim Crow laws, 512–13, 525, 890, 891 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 341, 903, 916, Jingoism, 641, 687 Kahn, Louis, 1033 924–25, 936; arrest of, 895; assassination Jitney (Wilson), 1031 Kaiser, Henry J., 826 of, 926–27; formation of Southern Joe Turner’s Come and Gone (Wilson), 1031 Kallen, Horace, 724–25, 1030 Christian Leadership Conference by, 895; Johns Hopkins University, 577 Kaltenbrunner, Ernest, 866 “I Have a Dream Speech” of, 918; March Johnson, Andrew, 356, 480, 996; Kansas: bleeding, 422; civil war in, 413–14; on Washington and, 917–18, 919; administration of, 485–99; Black Codes emigration of African Americans to, 482; Montgomery bus boycott and, 891 and, 487, 488; clash with Congress, settlement of, 406–7, 536, 608; slavery in, King George’s War (1744-1748), 110–11 489–90; evaluation of, 501; Freedmen’s 406–7, 409, 412–13; statehood and, 413–14 King Philip’s War, 52–53 Bureau and, 484; impeachment of, Kansas City, stockyards in, 605 King’s Mountain, Battle of, 157 496–98; as misfit, 485; pardons granted by, Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 349, 406–8, 415, Kingston, Maxine Hong, 1031 479, 487; purchase of Alaska and, 498; 418, 420–21 King William’s War (1689-1697), 109–10, 111 reconstruction plan of, 488; relations with Kansas Pacific Railroad, 536, 602 Kiowa people, 595 Congress, 504; Southern policy of, 486; Kaskaskia, settlement of, 109 Kipling, Rudyard, 640, 642 succession to presidency, 475–76; “swing Katz, Michael, 346, 557 Kirk, Seldon E., 897 ’round the circle” and, 489–90; as vice Kazin, Michael, 937 Kiska in World War II, 833, 834 president, 485; as vice president candidate KDKA radio station, 737 Kissinger, Henry, 718, 942, 946, 948 in election of 1864, 471 Kearney, Denis, 514 Kiva, 22 Johnson, Anthony, 74 Kearney, Stephen W., 383 Klamath people, 897 Johnson, Eastman, painting by, 399 Kearneyites, 514 Knickerbocker Group, 340 Index A85

Knickerbocker’s History of New York Lahiri, Jhumpa, 1031 Lee, Spike, 1033 (Irving), 340 Laird, John, 445 Leffler, Melvyn, 881 Knights of Labor, 552, 553, 554–55, 790 Laissez-faire philosophy, 520, 656, 747 Legislation, distinction between taxation Knights of the Saddle, 606 Lake Bonneville, 5 and, 126 Know-Nothing party, 296, 571; in election of Lake Champlain: in American Revolution, Legislatures, 187; colonial, 33, 73, 90, 102–3; 1856, 415–17; platform of, 296 152; in War of 1812, 233, 234 state, 168–69, 207. See also Congress; The Known World (Jones), 1031 Lake Erie, in War of 1812, 234, 404 Congress, U.S. Knox, Henry, as Secretary of War, 191 Lakota people, 31, 603 Le Grand Derangement, 116 Knox, Philander C., 676 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 573 Leisler’s Rebellion, 82 Koehler, Robert, painting by, 551 Lame duck period, 214 n, 429 n, 773 Leland Stanford Junior College, 576 Köhler Codex of Nuremberg, 18 Lancaster Turnpike, 310 LeMay, Curtis, 931 Kolko, Gabriel, 695, 881 Land, claiming of, in Western settlement, Lend-Lease Bill (1940), 815–17 Kolko, Joyce, 881 606–7 Lenin, V. I., 653 Konclaves, 722 Land Act (1820), 246 Leonard, Daniel, 148 Korean airliner, Soviet downing of, 972 Land grant colleges, 576–77 Leuchtenburg, William, 799 Korean War, 653; Eisenhower and, 887–88; Land grants to railroads, 530–31, 532 Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb, 138; painting MacArthur and, 877–79; peace Landon, Alfred, 811; in election of 1936, 792 by, 151 negotiations for, 887; post World War II Land Ordinance of 1785, 174 Levine, Lawrence, 370 economy and, 856; start of, 877–79 Landrum-Griffin Act (1959), 900 Levitt, Alfred, 860 Korematsu v. U.S., 823 Land speculation, 136, 138, 169, 243, 246, 274 Levitt, William, 860 Kosovo, 995 Lane Theological Seminary, 364 Levittown, 859, 860 Krans, Olof, painting by, 334 L’Anse aux Meadows, 10 The Levittowners (Gans), 860 Krimmel, John Lewis, 258 Laos, civil war in, 912–13 Lew, Brazilla, painting by, 138 Kristol, Irving, 967 La Salle, Robert de, 22, 109 Lewinsky, Monica, 996, 998 Ku Klux Klan, 245, 495, 496, 758; comeback Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 16, 17 Lewis, Henry, painting by, 376 of, 655; in election of 1924, 755; in 1920s, “The Last Leaf” (Holmes), 343 Lewis, John L., 790, 791, 826 722–23, 730, 738 Las Vegas, Nevada, growth of, 1027 Lewis, Meriwether, 222–24, 377 Kupperman, Karen, 64 Latin America: Alliance for Progress and, 914; Lewis, Sinclair, 780 Kurile Islands, in Yalta agreement, 863 CIA interference in, 902; communism in, Lexington, battle of (1975), 134, 140, 155 Kushner, Tony, 1033 927; Cuban revolution and, 902; foreign Leyte Island in World War II, 844 Kuwait: formation of OPEC by, 899; Persian relations with, 388; German immigration Libel, 100–101, 944 Gulf crisis and, 983–85 to, 298; Good Neighbor policy and, 768, Liberal Republican party, 507–8, 508; Kyoto Treaty, 1000, 1033 801–2; invasion of Grenada and, 973; Iran- formation of, 506 Contra affair and, 974–75; Monroe Doctrine The Liberator, 364, 367 Labor, division of, 316–17 and, 252, 253, 375, 402, 628, 676, 812; Liberia, Republic of, 362, 364 Labor, U.S. Department of, creation of, 666 Panama Canal and, 648–49; revolutions in, Liberty Loan drives, 704 Labor Day, 556 251; Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Liberty party, 366; in election of 1844, 378 Labor movement: African Americans in, 702; Doctrine and, 649–50, 686, 802; Sandinistas Libraries: appeal of public, 578; colonial, closed shop in, 555, 721; early efforts at in Nicaragua in, 972–73; World War II and, 100–101; growth of private subscription, organization, 304, 306; under Eisenhower, 812. See also specific countries in 327–28 900; Filipino workers and, 801; under Latinos, 1024–25, 1026; in Southwest, 1023, Library of Congress, 578 Franklin D. Roosevelt, 781–83; under 1024. See also Hispanics Lieberman, Joseph, 998 Hayes, 514; under Hoover, 766; Laud, William, 46 Life expectancy, 335 immigrants and, 571; under Kennedy, 911; Lawrence, Jacob, painting by, 892 Light bulb, 539 New Deal and, 789–91; Philadelphia Plan Lawrence, Kansas, 413 Lightning rods, 100 in, 945; post World War I, 748; post World Lawson, Thomas W., 658 Liliuokalani, Queen, 629–30 War II, 852–53; Square Deal in, 665–66; Lazarus, Emma, 571 The Lily, 333 strikes in, 304, 306, 514, 525, 551, 556, 720; League of Nations, 698; discussions on, at Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 625 United Farm Workers Organizing Paris Peace Conference, 712–13, 714; Limited liability, principle of, 303 Committee in, 1026; violence in, 721; German withdrawal from, 804; Italian Lincoln, Abraham, 208, 245, 288, 356, 364, 408, women in, 554, 555; during World War I, takeover of Ethiopia and, 804; Japanese 409, 434, 504, 1011; assassination of, 701–2; during World War II, 826, 829. See attack on China and, 767–68; Japanese 474–75, 486, 530; assault on Fort Sumter also Labor unions withdrawal from, 804; lack of U.S. support and, 435–36; Black Hawk War and, 267; Labor trust, 556 for, 749; opposition to, 714–15; Wilson’s Border States and, 436–37; call for Labor unions, 304; for African Americans, belief in, 714 volunteers for army by, 436; comparison 552, 554; barring of nonproducers from, Lease, Mary E., 616 with Jefferson Davis, 446–47; Copperhead 552; ethnic differences and, 724; exclusion Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 340 attacks on, 470; debate with Douglas, of immigrants, 552; impact of Civil War Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 341, 342, 582 421–22; decisions made by, in Civil War, on, 551; membership level of, 552, 553, Lebanon: bombing of Marine barracks in, 436, 443, 453–54, 456, 459, 462, 464, 466, 883; need for, 550–56; prejudice in, 552; 972; Cold War and, 901 467, 470, 473–74; on education, 326; in strength in, 550–51. See also specific; Lecompton Constitution, 413–14, 425 election of 1860, 424–27, 538; in election of specific by name Lee, Mother Ann, 334 1864, 470–73; Emancipation Proclamation Ladd, William, 329 Lee, Richard Henry, 145, 185; as of, 460–62, 468; expectations for short war, Lafayette, Marquis de, 136, 146 antifederalist, 182 453; Gettysburg Address of, 348, 465, 466; LaFeber, Walter, 653 Lee, Robert E.: as Civil War General, 438, importance of Kentucky, 436; inauguration La Follette, Robert M., 661, 677; in election 456–57, 459–60, 464, 466, 473–74; John of, 434, 447; leadership skills of, 437, of 1924, 755 Brown and, 422–23; in Mexican War, 385; 446–47; meeting with Harriet Beecher La Follette Seaman’s Act (1915), 685, 748 surrender of, 474 Stowe, 410; Mexican War and, 382; on A86 Index

Lincoln, Abraham, (continued) Long Drive, 605–6 “Mademoiselle from Armentières,” 709 patents, 303; portrait of, 420; reconstruction Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 342 Madison, James, 690; administration of, plan of, 485–86; rejection of Crittenden Longhouse, 40–41 228–32, 241; American Revolution and, Compromise by, 430; in Republican Longhouse religion, 41 138; as colonial leader, 171; at convention of 1856, 421; rise of, as political Long Island, Battle of (1776), 151–52 Constitutional Convention, 178; drafting figure, 420–21; secession and, 428–29; Looking Backward (Bellamy), 579 of Bill of Rights by, 192–93; as federalist, second inaugural address of, 479; in Senate Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 468 185, 189, 193, 340; inauguration of, 302; election of 1858, 420–22; at Sharpsburg, Los Angeles, California: ethnic peoples in, opposition to Hamiltonian program, 197; 447; slave-emancipation policy of, 443; 1022; growth of, 829, 1027; Olympics in, portrait of, 229; as Secretary of State, 218; surrender of Lee in Civil War, 474 972; pollution programs in, 945; race riots on slavery, 167; Virginia Resolution and, Lindbergh, Charles A.: Atlantic flight of, in, 926, 1028–29; redevelopment in, 1028; 206–7; War of 1812 and, 231–31 736–37, 813; kidnapping of son, 730 zoot-suit riots in, 830 Magazines: in antebellum period, 328; Lindbergh Law, 730 Losing Ground (Murray), 937 muckrakers and, 658–59; social reform, Lindsay, Vachel, 620 Lotteries, colonial, 103 579, 585. See also Journalism; Press Link, Arthur S., 718 Louisbourg, 111; in French and Indian War Magellan, Ferdinand, 15 Linotype, 578 (1754-1763), 115 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Crane), 583 Lintheads, 546 Louisiana: Compromise of 1877 and, 511; Mahan, Alred Thayer, 627, 641 Lister, Joseph, 577 desegregation in, 894; in election of 1876, Mail delivery, 94–95 Literacy of immigrants, 562, 571 511; French control of, 204, 221–22; Mailer, Norman, 906 Literacy tests, 496 government graft in, 495; Reconstruction Mail-order houses, 560, 612 Literary clubs, 661 in, 491; secession of, 428; settlement of, Main Currents of American Thought Literary Digest, 811 116–17; slavery in, 358, 360, 363; Spanish (Parrington), 529 Literature: abolitionism and, 409–12; in control of, 220; in War of 1812, 235–36 Maine: in American Revolution, 142; antebellum period, 334, 340; colonial, 100; Louisiana Purchase, 205, 220–22, 246; Lewis boundary dispute in, 374–375; settlement feminist, 586; in the Great Depression, 780; and Clark exploration of, 222–24, 377 of, 37, 116 Great Depression and, 780–81, 783, 784, Louis XIV (1638-1715), 106, 109, 116, 117 Maine (ship), explosion of, 631–32, 806 786–87; muckrakers and, 658–59; Louis XVI (1754-1793), 198 Maine Law of 1851, 330 nationalism and, 240, 340; Nativism and, L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 221 Main Street (Lewis), 743 296; in 1920s, 742–43; in 1960s, 906–8; novels Lovejoy, Elijah, 368 Maize, 8, 10 in, 582–85; progressive movement and, 657; Lowell, James Russell, 343, 382, 388, 431 Malamud, Bernard, 908 social reform, 579; western settlement and, Lowell, Robert, 907 Malaria, 15, 38, 335; in Spanish-American 288, 602, 612; women’s contributions to, 343, Lowell mills, 307 War, 635 409–11, 582. See also Novels Lowery, Joseph E., 91, 891 Malcolm X, 925, 926, 936 Little, Malcolm, 925 Loyalists, 3, 135, 146–51, 156, 157, 166; Malcomb, John, 128 Little Bighorn, Battle of, 599 African Americans as, 148–49; in Peace of Mali, 11 Little Bighorn River, 598 Paris, 160–61; in postrevolutionary Malice, 944 Little Rock, desegregation in, 894 America, 169. See also Tories Malinche, 20, 21 Littleton, Colorado, killings at Columbine Loyalty Review Board, 874 Malone, Dumas, 213 High School in, 992 LSD, 934, 935 Malthus, Thomas, 543 Little Turtle, 200 Lucas, George, 1033 Mamet, David, 1033 Little Women (Alcott), 343 Lucy Stoners, 331 Mamout, Yarrow, 75 Litwack, Leon, 501 Lumbering, colonial, 93 Manassas Junction, 453. See also Bull Run Livingston, Robert R., 221–22 Lusitania (cruise ship), sinking of, 690 Manchuria, Russo-Japanese War and, 650 Livingston family, 58 Luther, Martin, 43 Mandan people, 595 Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 657 Lutherans: German, 39; political views of, 509 Mandela, Nelson, 983 Lloyd George, David, at Paris Peace Lyceums, 574 Manhattan Island, purchase of, from Native Conference, 712, 714 Lynchings: of African Americans, 513, 525; Americans, 56 Lochner v. New York, 581, 662 boom towns and, 604; of Italians, in New Manhattan Project, 808, 845–46, 874, 1014 Locke, John, 341 Orleans, 628 Manifest Destiny, 371–89, 402, 404–6; Lockouts, 550 Lynd, Helen, 735 mandate for, 378–79 Lockridge, Kenneth, 104–5 Lynd, Robert, 735 The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (Wilson), 886 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 640, 711–12, 713; Lyon, Mary, 327 Manitoba, exploration of, 109 imperialist leanings of, 627; opposition of, Lyon, Matthew, 205, 206 Mann, Horace, 325 to Versailles Treaty, 714–15 Lyrics of Lowly Life (Dunbar), 585 The Man Nobody Knows (Barton), 732 Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., as vice president Mansion House, 336–37 candidate in 1960, 902 MacArthur, Douglas: eviction of Bonus Army Manufacturing: American System and, 241; Lomax, Alan, 709 by, 766–67; Korean War and, 877–79; Civil War and, 439, 443, 450; colonial, London, 27; 1666 fire in, 50 reconstruction of Japan and, 872–73; 92–93; Embargo Act and, 228; factory London, Jack, 584, 669 surrender of Japan to, 846; Truman and, system in, 300–303; growth of, 302–3; London Company, 33 879, 887; in World War II, 832, 833, 844, 847 nonimportation agreements and, 127, London Economic Conference (1933), Macdonough, Thomas, 234, 239 129, 130, 170; post War of 1812, 240–41; 800–801, 804 Machine politics: immigrants and, 568; tariffs and, 262–63; War of 1812 and, 239; The Lonely Crowd (Riesman), 886 Tammany, 293, 507, 659; Tweed ring and, workers and, 303–4, 306–7. See also Lonesome Dove (McMurtry), 1030 495, 505–6, 510, 568 Industrialization; Industry; Tariff(s) Lone Star Republic, 276–77, 280, 375–76, 381 MacLean, Norman, 1030–31 The Man Without a Country (Hale), 470 Long, Huey P., 117, 779, 988 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810), 228–29 Manznar Internment Camp, 825 Long, John D., 633; as Secretary of the Macy’s, 559 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), 873 Navy, 633 Madeira Island, 12 The Marble Faun (Hawthorne), 344 Index A87

Marblehead, Massachusetts, 51 53–55; Puritans in, 51; Quakers in, 47; Meade, George G., 464–65, 473 Marbury, William, 218–19 religious leaders in, 47; revoke of charter, Meade, Lawrence, 937 Marbury v. Madison, 218–19 53; as royal colony, 55; settlement of, Measles, 31 March on Washington (1963), 917–18, 919 45–46 Meat industry, 542, 605; food safety and, Marconi, Guglielmo, 737 Massachusetts School Law (1647), 79 667–68, 695 Marco Polo, 11 Massasoit, 49 Meat Inspection Act (1906), 667, 668, 695 Marcos, Ferdinand, 974 Mass-consumption economy, 732–33 Mechanical looms, 300 Marcy, William, 262 Massive retaliation doctrine, 897 Mechanical reapers, 444, 450 Mariana Islands, 713 n; in World War II, Mass production, 538–39 Mechanization: of agriculture, 612–13, 834–35, 843 Materialism, 572, 573 829–30; of railroads, 534–35, 538–39 Marietta, Ohio, 244 Mather, Cotton, 90 Medicaid, 923, 945 Marijuana, 935 Mattachine Society, 934 Medical care: advances in, 335, 338, 577, Mariner’s compass, 13–14 Matusow, Allen, 937 1015, 1020; in Civil War, 450–51; Clinton’s Marines: bombing of barracks in Lebanon, Maury, Matthew, 334 proposed reforms in, 991; colonial, 90–91; 972; in Dominican Republic, 686; Maverick, Samuel, 279 for infants, 703, 730; Medicare and, 923; establishment of, 203; in Haiti, 685–86, Maximilian, 446 patent, 335, 338, 659; for women, 703; 802; under Jefferson, 220; John Brown Mayans, 6 women in, 331, 450–51 and, 422–23; in Mexican War, 388; in May Day strikes, 552 Medical schools, 577 Nicaragua, 676; Roosevelt Corollary to Mayflower (ship), 44–45 Medicare, 1020, 9230 Monroe Doctrine and, 650; Vietnam War Mayflower Compact, 44 Mellon, Andrew W., as Secretary of the and, 941; in World War II, 834 McAuliffe, A. C., 842 Treasury, 732, 744–45, 747, 753 Market economy, 317–18, 354; women in, 165 McCain, John, 995 Melville, Herman, 288, 344–45 Market revolution, 316 McCarran Internal Security Bill (1950), 875 Mencken, H. L., 742, 779 The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America McCarthy, Eugene, in election of 1968, Mennonites, 71, 298 (Sellers), 285–86 929–30 Mercantilism, 154, 179; colonial grievances The Market Revolution in America McCarthy, Joseph, 874, 888–90 and, 123–24; merits and menace of, (Conway), 286 McCarthy, Margaret, 292 124–25 Marne, Second Battle of, 708 McCarthyism, 851, 888–90, 907 Merchant marine, 201, 314; La Follette Marriage: formalization of slave, 482; McClellan, George B., 454–57, 459–60, 464, Seamen’s Act and, 685; post World War I, interracial, 167; polygamy and, 323–24, 471–72 748; World War I and, 696–97 608; statistics on, 585. See also Families McClernand, John, 447 Merchant Marine Act (1920), 748 Marshall (chief of staff), 847 McClure’s, 658 Meredith, James, 917 Marshall, George C., 869–70, 889 McCormick, Cyrus, 309 Meredith, Sir William, 143 Marshall, John, 185, 203, 266; Burr’s trial McCormick reaper, 754 Merrimack, 458–59 and, 225; death of, 249; judicial doctrine McCormick Reaper Works, 309 Mesabi Range, 538 under, 218–19, 248–49; portrait of, 248; McCourt, Frank, 1031 Mestizos, 19, 21 XYZ affair and, 203 McCulloch v. Maryland, 248, 269 Metacom, 52 Marshall, Thurgood, 957; as NAACP McDonald, Forrest, 189 Metaphysical Club, 578, 581 attorney, 891 McDonald’s, 884, 885 Methodist Church, 39, 245, 296, 321, 322, Marshall Field’s, 559, 590 McFarlane, Duncan, 315 323; African Americans in, 75 Marshall Islands, 713 n; in World War II, 834 McGovern, George, in election of 1972, Metropolitan Opera House, 590 Marshall Plan, 869–71, 897, 912 946–47 Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 253 Martin v. Wilks, 978 McGuffey, William H., 326 Meuse-Argonne offensive, 710, 711 Mary I (1553-1558), 29 McGuffey’s Readers, 326 Mexican Americans, zoot-suit riots and, 830 Mary II (1662-1694), 54 McHenry, James, 179 Mexican Cession, 386, 394, 396 Maryland: Act of Toleration in, 34; approval McKay, Claude, 743 Mexican War, 349, 382–85, 386, 390, 402, 454; of Articles of Confederation by, 171; in McKay, Donald, 314 transportation problems as legacy of, 404–5 Civil War, 459; headright system in, 67; McKinley, William, 627; administration of, Mexico: Aztec civilization in, 6, 8, 17, 20–21; indentured servants in, 34; manufacturing 623–24; assassination of, 647; benevolent Crittenden Compromise and, 430; dispute capacity of, and Civil War, 436, 437; assimilation policy of, 642; Cuban policy over Texas, 381–82; Gadsden Purchase ratification of Articles of Confederation of, 632–33; in election of 1896, 618–23; in and, 405; Good Neighbor policy and, 802; by, 172; ratification of Constitution by, election of 1900, 646–47; imperialism and, immigration from, 896, 1023, 1024–25; 183; religion in, 95; settlement of, 33–34, 641–43, 646–47, 801; inauguration of, 623; independence of, 275; Lone Star Republic 37, 88, 102; slavery in, 395; tobacco in, 34; Open Door policy in China and, 642–43; and, 276–77, 280, 375–76; Maximilian as unrest in, 55; western settlement and, 171 Philippines annexation and, 636–37, emperor of, 446; moralistic diplomacy in, Mason-Dixon line, 394 642–42; as Representative, 523; Spanish- 687–88; oil resources in, 756; purchase of Masonic order, 270 American War and, 632, 633, 636–37; trust California from, 381–82; settlement of Massachusetts: colonization of, 37; drafting formation and, 545 Texas and, 275–80; Spanish conquest of, of state constitution in, 168; growth of, 85; McKinley Tariff Act (1890), 523, 629 20–21; Zimmermann note and, 696 Hartford Convention and, 238; ratification McLeod, 374 Meyers, Marvin, 285 of Constitution by, 183, 187; Shay’s McMath, Robert C., 509, 529 Miami Confederacy, 200 Rebellion and, 176–77, 180; state debt of, McMurty, Larry, 1030 Michigan: settlement of, 536; women’s 194; trade and, 176 McNamara, Robert S., 909, 913, 929 suffrage in, 703 Massachusetts Bay Colony: Anne McNary-Haughen Bill, 754 Michigan, University of, affirmative action Hutchinson and, 47–48; creation of McPherson, James, 478 at, 1007, 1008, 1029 Dominion of New England and, 53–54; McVeigh, Timothy, 992 Microsoft Corporation, 1012, 1015 growth of, 49; as part of New England Mead, George Herbert, 578 Middle class: in post World War II, 854; Confederation, 53; problems in, 47–48, Mead, Margaret, 780 strikes and, 551 A88 Index

Middle Colonies: settlement of, 62. See also Missouri (battleship): surrender of Japan Morgan, J. Pierpont., 527, 539, 540, 666, 667; specific colonies on, 846 Carnegie and, 541; as Episcopalian, 572; Middle East: Afghanistan and, 1003; Arab oil Missouri Compromise (1820), 247–48, neutrality of U.S. and, 690 embargo and, 948–49–959; Camp David 256, 264, 285, 349, 406, 407, 409; repeal Morgan, Philip D., 370 Agreement (1978) and, 960–61; Clinton of, 418 Morgan, Robin, 959 and, 995–96; creation of Israel in, 871; Missouri gang, 863 Mormons, 165, 323–24, 594; polygamy under Eisenhower, 898–99; Iranian hostage Missouri River, 109 and, 608 crisis in, 963–64; Iraq War and, 1004–6; oil Mobocracy, 177, 198 Morrill Act (1862), 576–77 interests in, 750; OPEC and, 899; Operation Moby Dick (Melville), 344–45, 541 Morrill Tariff (1861), 449, 488 Desert Storm in, 983–85; Persian Gulf crisis Moctezuma, 20 Morris, Roger, 169 in, 983–85; Reagan’s policies in, 972; Six- A Modern Instance (Howells), 583 Morrison, Toni, 1031 Day War in, 928, 948; Suez crisis in, 899; Modernization theory, 913 Morse, Samuel F. B., 303, 315, 316; portrait terrorism in, 972, 974–75 Mohawk people, 40, 41; in American by, 242 Middle Passage, 70 Revolution, 157 Morton, Jelly Roll, 741, 1031 Middletown, 735 Molasses Act (1733), 93 Moscow Olympics, 972 Midway in World War II, 833 Molly Maguires, 293 Moscow summit (1988), 974 Midwifery, 78 Moltke, Helmuth von, 440 Moscow-Washington hot line, 915–16 Migration: African American, 655, 828–31, Momaday, N. Scott, 1031 Mosely-Braun, Carol, 990, 1029 859, 892–93; Native American, 594–95 Mona in the Promised Land (Jen), 1031 Motier, Gilbert du. See LaFayette, Marquis de Military: presidency and, 519 n. See also Mondale, Walter, in election of 1984, 973 Mott, Lucretia, 331, 958 Army; Marines; Militia; Navy Monetary policy in 1870s, 508 Mound Builders, 8 Military pensions, 521 Money. See Currency; Greenbacks Mountain whites: in antebellum South, 356; Military reconstruction, 491, 492, 505 Monitor (ship), 458–59 in Civil War, 438 Military spending, 939 Monk, Maria, 296 Mount Holyoke Seminary, 327 Militia, in French and Indian War (1754- Monk’s Mound, 8 Mount Vernon, 191 1763), 118 Monmouth, New Jersey, 156 Movement conservatives, 977 Miller, Arthur, 907 Monopolistic corporations, 545 Movement culture, 937 Miller, Perry, 64 Monroe, James, 233, 364; administration of, Movies: censorship of, 738; in late 20th Miller, William, 323 242, 247–48, 253, 256–57; in American century, 1033; in 1920s, 738, 739 Millerites, 322 Revolution, 151; in election of 1816, 242; Moving pictures, 539 Millière, Auguste, painting by, 144 in election of 1820, 248; foreign policy Mower-reaper, 309 Milliken v. Bradley, 956 under, 251–54; Latin America and, 252, Muckrakers, 658–59 Millionaires, 538 253; negotiations with France, 221; Mugwumps, 518 n, 520 “Million Mom March,” 992 portrait of, 242; as president, 165 Muhammed, Elijah, 925 Milosevic, Slobodan, 995 Monroe, Marilyn, 886 Muir, John, 668, 669, 670 Milwaukee: German immigrants in, 298; Monroe Doctrine (1823), 165, 252–54, 375, Muller v. Oregon, 662, 663, 747 Polish immigrants in, 726 382, 902; appraisal of, 253–54; dollar Mulligan letters, 518 Milwaukee, Wisconsin: German immigrants diplomacy and, 676; Nicaragua and, 402; Multiculturalism, 725, 1030 in, 298 responsibility for upholding, 812; Multiple independently targeted reentry Mimeograph, 539 Roosevelt Corollary to, 649–50, 686, 802; vehicles (MIRVs), 943 Mining industry: strikes against, 665–66; Venezuela and, 628 Multiple-use resource management, 672 western settlement and, 604–5. See also Monrovia, 362, 364 Muncy, Robyn, 695 Coal industry Montana: settlement of, 536, 608; statehood Munich Conference (1938), 807 Minnesota: Granger Laws and, 615; for, 608 Münster, Sebastian, map by, 7 settlement of, 536 Montcalm, Marquis de, 115 Murray, Charles, 937 Minorca, 159 Monte Cassino, 837 Muscle Shoals Bill, 766 Minorities: prosecution of, in Europe, 563, Montgomery, Alabama: anti-Freedom Ride Music: in the 1920s, 741, 743; African 566; set-asides for subcontractors, 945; in riot in, 916; bus boycott in, 891; as original American, 73, 339; of African Americans, U.S., 1028–29 capital of Confederate States, 436 590; American folk, 339; in antebellum “Minute Men,” 134, 140 Montgomery, Bernard, 835 period, 339; in 1800s, 590; jazz, 73, 75, 741, Miranda, 943 Montgomery, David, 557 743; marching-band, 641; nationalism Missionary diplomacy, 865 Montgomery, Richard, 142 and, 822; Negro spirituals as, 75; patriotic, Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, 468 Montgomery Ward, 560, 612 699, 709; Puritan influence on, 339; rock Mission San Gabriel, 386 Monticello, 207, 217, 338 and roll, 888; technology and, 590 Missions of the Catholic Church, 19, 22–23, Montreal, 110; capture of, in American Muslim middlemen in trade, 10–11 386–87 Revolution, 142; in French and Indian Mussolini, Benito, 803, 804, 837; Spanish Mississippi: Black Codes in, 487; War (1754-1763), 115, 120; settlement Civil War and, 805–6 Reconstruction in, 491; secession of, 428; of, 108 Mutual Criticism, 336 slavery in, 301, 358, 360; voting rights in, 890 Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres (Adams), 584 Mutualistas, 1025 Mississippian culture, 8, 31 Moo (Smiley), 1032 My Lai massacre, 941 Mississippi Freedom Democratic party, 924 Moody, Dwight Lyman, 572 Myra Breckinridge (Vidal), 906 Mississippi River, 5; in Civil War, 467; control Moore, Michael, 992 Myrdal, Gunnar, 890 of, 175; exploration of, 109 Moore’s Creek Bridge, Battle of (1776), 143 Missouri: as border state in Civil War, 436, Moralism-legalism, 718 Nader, Ralph, 998 437; emancipation amendment in, 246; Morality, new, 585 Nagasaki, bombing of, 846, 848, 849 manufacturing capacity of, and Civil War, Moral Majority, 966, 977 The Naked and the Dead (Mailer), 906 436; settlement of, 288; slavery as issue Morgan, Edmund S., 64, 105 Napoleon Bonaparte, 204, 220, 221, 222, 225, in, 246–47 Morgan, J. P., and Company, 755 226, 228, 229, 232, 234, 239 Index A89

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), 111 Native Americans: agriculture of, 8, 10; in Neighborhood composition rule, 859 Napoleon III, 446 American Revolution, 157–58; army Nelson, Horatio Lord, 226 Narragansett people, 52 massacre of, 597–99; assimilation of, 265; Neonationalist school of historians, 432–33 Narrative of the Life of Frederick British and, 200; in Canada, 599; in Civil Netherlands. See Holland Douglass, 365 War, 437–38; colonists and, 29, 30–31, 38, Neutrality Act (1939), 810, 818 Nash, Gary, 105 49, 81, 120–21; corruption and, 596; Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937), 805, 810 Nassau in Civil War, 458, 459 disease and, 15, 21, 25, 120–21, 595, 599; Neutrality Proclamation (1973), 199 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 899 displacement of, 595; early civilizations, Nevada: mining in, 604; settlement of, 5; Nast, Thomas, political cartoons by, 499, 8–10; education for, 266, 603; Eisenhower statehood for, 604 505–6 and, 896; establishment of Bureau of Nevins, Allan, 433 Natchez, Mississippi, 175, 225 Indian Affairs for, 266; exploration of New Amsterdam, 55, 56; friction with Nation, 579 Louisiana Purchase and, 222–24; in English and Swedes, 57 Nation, Carrie, 588, 589 Florida, 267–68; forced migration of, 264, Newark, N.J., race riot in, 926 National Aeronautics and Space 266; horses for, 595; impact of railroads Newbern, North Carolina, 38 Administration (NASA), 1014; on, 532, 599; Jackson and, 251–52, 265–66; New Braunfels, Texas, 298 establishment of, under Eisenhower, 900 literary contributions of, 1031; migrations New Brunswick, 116 National American Woman Suffrage of, 594–95; New Deal and, 784; plight of, New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Association, 587, 588, 702 602–3; purchase of Manhattan Island Movement and American Culture, National Association for the Advancement of from, 56; reliance on the buffalo, 595–96, 1965-1975 (Deburg), 936 Colored People (NAACP), 500, 575, 829, 599, 600, 602; religion of, 265, 603; New Deal, 655, 773–99; agriculture in, 891, 893, 985 reservations for, 600, 603; rights of, in 783–84; banking and, 774, 776, 784–85; National Association of Colored Women, 589 1970s, 957; as slaves, 37; Spanish missions conservation and, 671; evaluation of, National Banking Act (1863), 449–50 for, 22–23; Spanish treatment of, 17, 19; at 796–97; housing and, 788–89; Indian, 603, National Banking System, 478 time of first contact with Europeans, 9, 10; 784, 896; labor relations under, 781–83, National Child Labor Committee, 549 treaties with, 200, 265, 596; in 2000, 1027; 789–91; legitimacy of, 988; Native National Consumers League, 569, 661, 662 War of 1812 and, 231–31; western Americans and, 784; principal acts during, National Defense and Education Act settlement and, 230–31, 246, 267, 594–604, 774; radicalness of, 799; Social Security (1957), 901 604; in World War II, 830. See also specific and, 789; Supreme Court and, 782, 783; National Endowment for the Arts and peoples by name unemployment in, 776, 778. See also Great Humanities, 922, 1032 Native Son (Ellison), 907 Depression; Roosevelt, Franklin Delano National forests, 670 Nativism, 296, 416, 569–72, 722 New Deal liberalism, 998 National Grange of the Patrons of The Natural (Malamud), 908 New England: agriculture in, 81; climate in, Husbandry, 615–16 Naturalization Act (1802), 218 81; education in, 97–99; factories in, 301, National income, level of, 854 Natural selection, 573 316, 368; families in, 76–78; landholdings National Institutes of Health, 1015 Navajo Code Talkers, 830 in, 89–90; lifespan in, 76, 77; livestock in, Nationalism, 233; American System and, Naval Academy (Annapolis), 345 81; Native American relations with, 81; 241; Asian, 897; judicial, 248–49; literature Naval stores, colonial, 93 shipbuilding in, 81; towns in, 78–79; and, 240, 340; Monroe Doctrine and, Navarro, José Antonio, 278, 279 War of 1812 and, 232, 234; way of life in, 252–54; music and, 822; Palestinian, 1003; Navigation Laws, 55, 123, 124, 125; British 80–81; women in, 76–78. See also specific in the South, 431; trend towards, 801; War decline to repeal, 175; Dominion of New colonies in and 1812 and, 240; western settlement England and administration of, 53–54; New England Confederation (1643-1684), and, 289. See also New Nationalism enforcement of, 125–27, 131; 52–53, 57 Nationalist school of historians, 188, 432 postrevolution, 170 New England Emigrant Aid Company, 412 National Labor Relations Act (1935), 790, 794 Navy: in American Revolution, 158; British, Newfoundland, 10, 81, 160; English National Labor Relations Board, 790 750; in Civil War, 439, 442, 458–59, 462, colonization of, 26; fishing in, 91 National Labor Union, 552 467; Cuban missile crisis and, 915; New France: exploration and settlement of, National Organization for Women (NOW), expansion of, under John Adams, 212; 21, 22, 106–9, 110; fur trade in, 108–9; 959, 985–86 explosion of Maine and, 631; Great White government of, 107; Indian relations in, National-origins quota system, 723–24 Fleet and, 651; imperialism and, 628; 107; Jesuits in, 109; population of, 107. See National parks, 290, 610, 669, 671 impressment and, 200, 201, 226; invasion also France National Progressive Republican League, 677 of Cuba and, 634–35; under Jefferson, 220; New Freedom, 679–80, 695 National Prohibition party, 589 Philippines bases for, 801; post War of New Frontier, 902, 909 National Recovery Administration (NRA), 1812, 240; post World War I, 750; in New Guinea, in World War II, 832, 834, 844 781–82 provisioning Fort Sumter, 435; retention New Hampshire: capital of, 168; National Republican party: in election of of base at Guantanamo, 640, 802; Samoan colonization of, 37, 49; Hartford 1828, 260; in election of 1832, 270 Islands and, 628; seizure of Vera Cruz by, Convention and, 238; ratification of National Rifle Association, gun control 688; in Spanish American War, 633; Tonkin Constitution by, 183, 184, 185 and, 992 Gulf episode, 921; victory of Dewey in New Harmony, Indiana, 332, 333 National Road, 244, 310–11 Manila, 633; in War of 1812, 234, 239; New Haven: founding and settlement of, National Security Act (1947), 871 women in, 827; in World War II, 833–35, 37, 49; as part of New England National Security Council (NSC), 871, 878; 843–44 Confederation, 53 Memorandum Number 68, 878 Navy Department, creation of, 203 New Isolationism, 947 National War Labor Board, 701 Nazi-Soviet pact (1939), 807, 810, 817 New Jersey: constitution of, 167–68; National Woman’s party, 702, 738 Neagle, John, painting by, 241 incorporation laws in, 544; Quakers in, 59; National Youth Administration, 780, 823 Nebraska: mortgaged homesteads in, 613; ratification of Constitution by, 183; Nation Defense Budget, 856 plains of, 608; settlement of, 405–7, 536, 614 settlement of, 37, 60, 62; small-state plan Nation of Islam, 742, 925 Necessary and proper clause, 195 of, 179; state constitution in, 167; trade A Nation Under Our Feet (Hahn), 501 Negro spirituals, 75 and, 176 A90 Index

New Jersey, College of, 99 New York Sun, 657 North American Free Trade Agreement Newlands Act (1902), 669 New York Times: evidence of Tweed Ring in, (NAFTA), 994 New Left, 977 506; publication of Pentagon Papers in, 942 North American Review, 240, 328 New Left school of historians, 653, 695, 719, New York Times v. Sullivan, 943–44 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 987–88 New York Tribune, Greeley as editor of, 506 871–72, 897, 898; de Gaulle and, 928; New light ministers, 97 New York World, 518, 578 expansion of members in, 995; New Mexico: settlement of, 594, 687; slavery Nez Percé, 598, 599 peacekeeping force in the Balkans, 995 in, 394, 398; Spanish settlers in, 21–22; Ngo Dinh Diem, 898, 913 North Carolina: in American Revolution, 158; statehood for, 395 Niagara in War of 1812, 233 capital of, 168; colonization of, 37, 38–39; New Nationalism, 677, 680, 695 Nicaragua: civil war in, 1024; dollar Compromise of 1850 and, 398; growth of, New Netherland, 58; settlement of, 55–57 diplomacy in, 676; free elections in, 983; 85; higher education in, 327; land policy New Orleans, Louisiana, 291; in Civil War, Marines in, 768; Sandinistas in, 972–73, of, 175; Native Americans in, 38–39; 459, 467; French control of, 220; Louisiana 974–75; U.S. troops in, 756 official separation between South Purchase and, 220–22; lynching of Italians Nicaragua, Walker’s seizure of, 402–3 Carolina and, 38; Quakers in, 59; in, 628; settlement of, 109; Spanish in, 115, Nickelodeons, 738 ratification of Constitution by, 183, 184, 220; transportation and, 316, 317; in War Niebuhr, Reinhold, 869 186; Reconstruction in, 491; Regulator of 1812, 235–36, 238 Nimitz, Chester W., 833, 834, 847 movement in, 88; religion in, 95; secession New Panama Canal Company, 648 Nine-Power Treaty (1922), 750 by, 436; slavery in, 38. See also Carolinas Newport, Rhode Island: in American Nineteenth Amendment, 654, 655, 703, North Carolina Highlanders, 148 Revolution, 156; slave auctions in, 71 747, 958 North Dakota: statehood for, 608. See also New Right, 966–67, 968, 977 Ninth Amendment, 192 Dakotas “The New Roof,” (Hopkinson), 184 Nixon, Richard M., 938; administration of, Northern Ireland, immigration from, 723 New Scotland, 110 851; as chair of Committee on Un- Northern Pacific Railroad, 533, 534, 607 Newspapers: alternative, 934; in antebellum American Activities, 874, 875; Checkers Northern Securities Company, 666 period, 340; antislavery, 364, 367; attack speech of, 887; Cold War under, 942–43; Northern Securities decision, 666 on urban living conditions, 657; colonial, domestic policies of, 945–46; economy North Korea: as part of axis of evil, 1004. See 100–101, 113, 183; sensationalism in, 578; under, 946; in election of 1952, 887; in also Korean War technology and, 578; yellow journalism election of 1960, 902–4; in election of Northwest Ordinance (1787), 171, 172 and, 578, 626. See also Journalism; Press 1968, 623 n, 930–32; in election of 1972, Norway, German takeover of, in World New Sweden, settlement of, 57–58 946–47; energy policies under, 948–49; War II, 810 New York (state): Burned-Over District in, environmental policies under, 945–46; “No taxation without representation” as 323, 336, 364; capital of, 168; colonization Farewell Address of, 950; Ford’s pardon of, protest, 126–27 of, 37; growth of, 85; Levittown in, 859, 952; foreign policy under, 940–43, 947–49; Nova Scotia, 110, 116; evacuation of Black 860; ratification of Constitution by, 183, impeachment and resignation of, 950; Loyalists to, 138 185–86, 186; religion in, 95; renaming of Supreme Court and, 944; as vice Novels, 579, 582–85; dime, 579; western New Amsterdam to, 57–58; trade and, 176; president, 898; Vietnam War and, 940–41; settlement and, 612. See also Literature unrest in, 55; in War of 1812, 234; western War Powers Act and, 947; Watergate and, Noyes, John Humphrey, 336–37 settlement and, 171, 172; women’s voting 949–50, 951, 952; women’s rights and, 956 Noyes, Pierrepont, 336 rights in, 654, 703 Nixon Doctrine, 940 Nuclear arms, competition in, 943 New York Central Railroad, 535 Nobel Peace Prize: Carter’s receipt of, 968; Nuclear tests, Cold War and, 901 New York City, 291; almshouses in, 89; in Theodore Roosevelt’s receipt of, 650 Nueces River, 381 American Revolution, 156; architecture in, No Child Left Behind Act (2004), 1008 Nullification, 207, 239, 264–65, 272, 367 559, 1033; as capital, 191; colonial protests Nolan, Philip, 470 Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 809, 866, 867 in, 131; draft riot for Civil War in, 448, 449; Nonimportation agreements, 127, 129; Nye, Gerald, 804 Empire State Building in, 744; financial impact of, 130; manufacturing and, 170 problems in, 508; as global art capital, Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 227, 228 Oakley, Annie, 591 1032–33; Greenwich Village in, 743; growth Norfolk, Virginia, British destruction of, in Oberlin College, 322, 327 of, 62, 558, 1027; Harlem Renaissance in, American Revolution, 142, 143 O’Cadiz, Sergio, 1032 743; Henry Street Settlement in, 569; Noriega, Manuel, 983 Occupational Health and Safety immigrants in, 562, 565; Irish in, 292, 295; Normalcy, 655 Administration (OSHA), 945; creation Knickerbocker Group in, 340; Leisler’s Normal schools, 574 of, 945 Rebellion in, 82; living conditions in, 291; Norris, Frank, 584 Oceanus, 44 location of United Nations in, 866; Norris, George W., 785 O’Connor, Flannery, 908 Loyalists in, 150; Lung Block in, 561; music Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act O’Connor, Sandra Day, 978, 990, 1007, 1019 in, 590; population density in, 563; (1932), 766 The Octopus (Norris), 584 population of, 190; public libraries in, 578; North: abolitionism in, 368; advantages of, in Office of Economic Opportunity, 922 Puerto Ricans in, 638–39, 640; race riots Civil War, 439, 442; blockade of South in Office of Minority Affairs, 780 in, 893; redevelopment in, 1028; revivals Civil War, 436, 439, 444, 458–59; Office of Price Administration, 826 in, 322; saloons in, 664; settlement of, 3; Compromise of 1850 and, 398–400; draft Office of Scientific Research and slave revolt in, 73; slums in, 657; Statue of by, 448; free blacks in, 356; impact of crash Development, 831 Liberty in, 571; Stonewall Inn attack in, of 1857 on, 419; position on War of 1812 Ogallala, Nebraska, settlement of, 605 935; Tammany machine in, 293, 507, 659; in, 231–32; Southern resentment of, 353; Oglethorpe, James, 39, 87, 110 transportation and, 316; Tweed Ring in, support for Bank of the United States in, Ohio: in American Revolution, 158; 495, 505–6, 510, 568. See also New 195. See also Civil War (1861-1865) “Butternut” area of, 437, 467; French Amsterdam North, Lord, 130, 135, 158, 159 in, 107; settlement of, 109, 112–13, 190, New York Evening Post, 340 North America: distinctiveness of, 64–65; 191, 244 New York Female Moral Reform Society, 347 early civilizations in, 5–6, 7, 8–10; shaping Ohio Gang, 746, 747 New York Giants, 888 of, 5; Vikings in, 10–11 Ohio idea, 505 Index A91

Ohio River, importance of, in Civil War, 436 Orlando, Vittorio, at Paris Peace Patriotism, 934 Ohio State University, 577 Conference, 712 Patriots, 146, 155 Oil exploration in Arctic National Refuse, 1000 Orr, John, 363 Patronage, scandal and, 510 Oil industry, 450; Arab oil embargo and, Osbourne, Frances, 609 Patrons of Husbandry, 538 948–49; growth of, 541–43, 734–35; in the Osceola, 267 Patroonships, 56 Middle East, 871; OPEC and, 899, 948–49, Ostend Manifesto, 403, 404 Patterns of Culture (Benedict), 780 962–63 O’Sullivan, John L., 371 Patterson, James, 799 O’Keefe, Georgia, 1032–33 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 918 Patton, George S., 838 Okinawa, in World War II, 844 The Other America (Harrington), 921 Paul, Alice, 702, 738 Oklahoma: Native Americans in, 267, 596; Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Pawnee people, 596 settlement of, 594, 608; statehood for, 608, Use It (Brandeis), 683 Paxton Boys, 88 610; women’s suffrage in, 703 Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 676, 751 Oklahoma City Federal Building, bombing Present Crisis (Strong), 627 Peace Corps, 910, 928 of, 991, 992 Owen, Robert, 332 Peace Democrats, 470 Oldenburg, Claes, 1032 Owenites, 333 Peale, Charles Willson, 99, 173, 217, 339; “Old Folks at Home” (Foster), 339 paintings by, 75, 154 Old lights, 97 Pacificism, 662 Pearl Harbor: Japanese attack on, 655, The Old Man and the Sea (Hemingway), 906 Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 16 818–20; U.S. interests in, 629 Old Northwest, 200; banning of slavery in, Pacific Railroad Act, 488 Peculators in Civil War, 450 349; farming in, 312; settlement of, 174, Pact of Paris (1928), 750 Peculiar institution, slavery as, 348, 367, 244–45 Padrone system, 565 369–70, 457, 477 Olds, Ransom E., 733 Pahlevi, Mohammed Reza, 962; coup Peep-show penny arcades, 738 Oleanna (Mamet), 1033 against, 898–99 Pei, I. M., 1033 O’Leary, J. A., 693 Paine, Thomas, 140, 200, 201, 320, 340; Peirce, Charles Sanders, 578 Oligarchy, 351 absence of, from Second Constitutional Pendleton Act (1883), 515, 518 Olive Branch Petition, 141 Convention, 178; as author of Common Peninsula Campaign in Civil War, 454–57 Oliver, Joseph King, 741 Sense, 143–45; Republicanism and, 144–45 Penn, William, 37, 59, 86 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 298–99 Palestine: creation of Israel in British Penn’s Treaty (Hicks), 59 Olney, Richard, 538, 618, 628–29 mandate of, 871. See also Israel Pennsylvania: colonization and settlement Oñate, Don Juan de, 21 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), of, 37, 58–59, 85, 102, 299; petroleum One-crop economy, 353 928, 995–96 industry in, 450, 541; ratification of Oneida Community, 333, 334, 336–37 Palestinian nationalism, 1003 Constitution by, 183, 186; relations with Oneida Community, Ltd., 337 Palmer, A. Mitchell, as attorney general, neighbors, 60, 62; Scots-Irish in, 85, Oneida people, 40; in American 720–21 86–87; western settlement and, 171; Revolution, 157 Palmer, John, 244 Whiskey Rebellion in, 196 O’Neill, Eugene, 743, 781 Panama, 16; revolution in, 648; U.S. invasion Pennsylvania, College/University of, 99 O’Neill, William, 937 of, 983 Pennsylvania Dutch, 85 One-man-one-vote principle, 944 Panama Canal: blockage of, by Panama, Pennsylvania Gazette (Franklin), 113 One World (Wilkie), 891 648; completion of, 675; dollar diplomacy Penny press, 578 Onondaga people, 40; in American and, 675 Pensacola, 252 Revolution, 157 Panama Canal Tolls Act (1912), 685 Pensions, military, 521 On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Panama Canal Zone, 402 Pentagon, terrorism attack on, 1002 (Thoreau), 341 Pan-American Conference (1889), 628 Pentagon Papers, publication of, 942 On the Origin of Species (Darin), 573 Pan-American Conference (1933), 802 People’s Party: in election of 1892, 523–24; Open Door policy toward China, 642–43, Panay, Japanese bombing of, 806 origin of, 616–17 651, 676 Panics: of 1819, 243, 247, 256, 314; of 1837, Pequot people, 52 “Open skies” mutual inspection program, 897 274–75, 314, 374; of 1873, 508, 514; of Pequot War, 52 Operation Desert Storm, 984–85 1893, 556; of 1907, 673, 683 Percy, George, 29 Operation Dixie, 853 The Paranoid Style in American Politics Percy, Walker, 908 Operation Rolling thunder, 927 (Hofstadter), 988 Perestroika, 973–74, 981 Operation Wetback, 896 Pardons: by Andrew Johnson, 479, 487; Perkins, Francis, 780, 781 Opium War, 403 controversial Clinton, 998; of Debs by Perkins, Maria, 360 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 874 Harding, 700; of Nixon by Ford, 952; Perot, Ross: in election of 1992, 990, 991; in Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, 296 Senate investigation of sale of, 752–53 election of 1996, 993 Orders in Council, 225, 229, 230, 237 Paris, liberation of, in World War II, 838 Perry, Matthew C., 404, 824 Ordinance of 1787, 244 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 115, 120 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 234, 239, 404 Oregon: acquisition of, 403; boundary Paris, Treaty of (1783), 159–61 Pershing, John J.: campaign against Villa, dispute in, 376–78, 379–80; progressive Paris Peace Conference (1919), 712–14 688; in World War in, 708, 711 reforms in, 661; settlement of, 224, Parkinson’s disease, 1000, 1013 Persian Gulf War, 983–85, 998, 1004 251–52, 377, 391 Parkman, Francis, 345, 612 Personal liberty laws, 400 Oregon (battleship), 648 Parks, Rosa, 891 Personal Politics (Evans), 937 Oregon Trail, 377 Parrington, Vernon Louis, 529 Peru, Inca civilization in, 6, 8, 17 Organizational school of historians, 695 Parton, James, 213 Pet banks, 272, 274, 275 The Organization Man (Whyte), 886 Passas, John Dos, 706 Petun people, 41 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Pasteur, Louis, 577 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 291; almshouses Countries (OPEC), 899, 948–49, 962–63 Patent medicines, 335, 338, 659 in, 89; in American Revolution, 156; Bank Organized crime, 730 Patent Office, 303 of the United States in, 195; colonial Oriskany, 153 Patients bill of rights, 997 protests in, 131; Constitutional A92 Index

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, (continued) Playboy (magazine), 886 Native American, 594; in New France, 107; Convention in, 177–83; First Continental Plenty Coups, 603 in 1900, 656; post Civil War growth of, 504; Congress in, 133–34; growth of, 62–63, 85, Plessy v. Ferguson, 513, 894 postwar baby boom and, 859, 862; in 1790 89, 558; Irish immigrants in, 297; library Plunkitt, George Washington, 507 census, 190; of Sunbelt, 857–59. See also in, 100; Paxton Boys in, 88; population of, Pluralism, 297; cultural, 724 Census 190; race riot in, 893; railroads and, 313; Plutocracy, 543–44 Populism, 529; condemnation of industrial Second Continental Congress in, 140–42, Plymouth: as part of New England millionaires by, 544; dark side of, 529; 145, 154; settlement of, 3, 60, 85; wealth Confederation, 53; Pilgrims settlement at, evaluation of, 529; origin of, 616–17 in, 89; yellow fever epidemic in, 335 44–45, 49 Populist party, 656, 657; African American Philadelphia Plan (1969), 945 Pocahontas, 29, 30, 32 vote and, 525; in election of 1892, 524–25; Philanthropy, 535, 541, 577 Podheretz, Norman, 967 in election of 1896, 618–23 Philip, King of Wampanoag people, 52 Poe, Edgar Allan, 343–44 The Populist Revolt (Hicks), 529 Philip II (1527-1598), 26 Poetry: in antebellum period, 341–42; Pork-barrel legislation, 521–22 Philippines, 15; annexation of, 646; fight for colonial, 100; in late 1800s, 582; in 1920s, Port Authur, 650; in Yalta agreement, 863 independence in, 641–42; Fortress 743; in 1960s, 906–7, 933. See also Port Hudson, Louisiana, 467 Corregidor in, 685; freedom for, 801; Literature Portnoy’s Complaint (Roth), 908 immigration from, 644–45; Japanese Poland: creation of independent, 727; The Portrait of a Lady (James), 584 attack on, 832; Jones Act and, 685; Marcos German takeover of, 807–8, 810; Portrait painting, 589 ouster in, 974; U.S. acquisition of, 636–37, immigrants from, 548, 724, 726–27; as Port Royal in Acadia, 110 637, 640, 648; victory of Dewey in Manila, member of NATO, 995; soldiers from, in Portsmouth Conference, 650 633; in World War II, 832, 834, 844 American Revolution, 726; Solidarity Portugal: exploration of Africa by, 11–13; Philippine Sea, battle of, 834 movement in, 972, 980; Soviet relations Treaty of Tordesillas and, 16 Phillips, David G., 658 with, 864; in Yalta Agreement, 863 Postal system: intercolonial, 94; Pony Phillips, Kevin, 988 Polio vaccine, 1020 Express in, 315–16 Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell, 369 Political campaigns, in the shopping mall, 905 Postmodernists, 1033 Phillips, Wendell, 365, 459–60 Political democracy, 169 Postrevisionist school of historians, 881 Philosophicus, 100 Political machines, 293, 295 Postwar baby boom, 859, 862 Phips, William, 77 Political parties, 623 n; Anti-Masonic as third, Potosí, 17 Phoenix, Arizona: growth of, 1027 270; emergence of, 196–97; evolution of Potsdam conference (1945), 845 Phonograph, 539, 590 major, 197; fifth party system and, 623 n; Pottawatomie Creek, 413 Phony war, 810 first party system and, 623 n; fourth party Potter, David M., 433 Photography: documentary, 549; of Lewis system and, 623 n; second party system Pound, Ezra, 743, 906–7 Hine, 547 and, 623 n; sixth party system and, 623n ; Powderly, Terence V., 552, 554–55 Pickett, George, 466 third party system and, 623 n; two-party Powell, Colin, 1005, 1029 Pierce, Franklin, 415, 461; administration of, system and, 197, 256, 262, 283–84. See also Powell, John Wesley, 608 401–3, 404, 414; in election of 1852, 401; specific party by name Powhatan, 29, 30 Kansas-Nebraska scheme and, 406 Political progressivism, 659–61 Powhatan people, 30–31 Pike, Zebulon M., 224 Politics: attraction of Irish to, 293; Civil War Powhatan’s Confederacy, 30, 31 Pilgrims, settlement at Plymouth, 44–45 and, 469–70; colonial, 102–3, 127–28, Pragmatism, 578, 580–81 Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 658 143–46, 150–51; Grangers and, 615–16; Pragmatism (James), 578 Pinchot, Gifford, 669, 670–71, 672, 676 ideas shaping American, 123; in Pratt, Julius, 653 Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), 201 Jacksonian era, 282–83; machine, 568; rise Pre-Columbian Native American Pinkerton, Allan, 447 of rabble in, 304, 306 population, 6 n Pinkerton’s Detective Agency, 454–55; Polk, James K.: administration of, 379–85, 388, Predestination, doctrine of, 44, 47, 96, 321 Homestead Strike and, 525 390, 403; California and, 381–82; in election Presbyterian Church, 95, 150, 245, 296, 323; Pinochet, Augusto, 943 of 1844, 375, 378–79; expansion and, 402–3; Scots-Irish and, 43, 85, 86–87 Piracy, 177–78, 220; Algiers and, 175–76 Mexican War and, 380–85, 388–89; Monroe Prescott, William H., 345 The Pit (Norris), 584 Doctrine and, 253; Oregon and, 379–80; Presidential reconstruction, 485–87 Pitch, 93 Texas and, 378, 380, 381 Presley, Elvis, 888 Pitt, William, 113, 115, 119, 135 Pollard, Anne, 51 Press: advances in, 578; coverage of election Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: KDKA radio Pollock, Jackson, 1032 of 1948 by, 876, 877; freedom of, 943; station in, 737; Polish immigrants in, 726; Polygamy, 323–24, 608 penny, 578; Zenger decision and, 100–101. steel industry in, 541, 546 Ponce de León, Juan, 16 See also Journalism; Newspapers Pizarro, Francisco, 17, 19 Pontiac, 120–21, 126 Pribilof Islands, argument over seal hunting Plains Indians, 595–96, 600–601, 602. See also Pony Express, 315–16 near, 628 specific people Pools, 537 Price discrimination, 684 Planned obsolescence, 855 Poor Richard’s Almanack (Franklin), 96 Primogeniture, 28, 167 Planned Parentood v. Casey, 978 Pope, Alexander, 100 Prince Edward Island, 116 Plantations, 39; before and after Civil War, Pope, John, 459 Princeton College, 97, 98, 173 512; architecture and, 363; degeneration Pope, Joseph, 61 Prince Whipple, 137 of system, 545; economy of, 12, 13; Popé’s Rebellion (1680), 22 Principe Island, 12 financial instability of, 352–53; slaves on, Popular sovereignty, 390–91, 406, 413, 414, Principles of Psychology (James), 577 352–53, 357–62; women on, 352 418; conservation of republican Printing presses, 13 Planters in South, 351–52 government through, 187 Prisoner-of-war camps of Japanese, 832 Plath, Sylvia, 907 Population: in California, 381; Chinese, in Privacy, right of, 943 Platt Amendment (1901), 640, 802 U.S., 517; in Colonial America, 84–85, 88; Privateering in American Revolution, 158 Platte River, 109 growth of, and western settlement, Pro Bono Publico, 100 Plattsburgh in War of 1812, 234 290–92; growth of suburban, 860–61; Proclamation of 1763, 121 Index A93

Profiteers, 138 Quartering Act (1765), 125, 126, 128, 132 Rationing, during World War II, 826 Progress and Poverty (George), 579 Quayle, J. Danforth, as vice president Rauschenberg, Robert, 1032 Progressive education, 730 candidate, 990 Rauschenbusch, Walter, 568 Progressive era, 654–55 Quebec: in American Revolution, 142, 152, Reagan, Ronald, 987, 988; administration of, Progressive historians, 529, 987 153; in French and Indian War, 115, 117, 851, 969–73, 973–78; attempted Progressive party: in election of 1912, 679–80; 120; settlement of, 25, 107, 110, 116–17 assassination of, 969, 991; Cold War and, in election of 1916, 691–94; in election of Quebec, Battle of (1759), 118 881, 971–72; economy under, 79, 969–71, 1924, 755; in election of 1948, 876 Quebec Act (1774), 133, 142 975–77; in election of 1980, 967–68; in Progressivism: in cities, 661; political, Quebecois, immigration to New England, 117 election of 1984, 973; foreign policy under, 659–61; roots of, 656–58; in states, 661; Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), 109–10, 111 971–75; inauguration of, 966, 969; on views on, 695; under Wilson, 685; women Quetzalcoatl, 20 school prayer, 966; Strategic Defense in, 657–58, 661–62, 664–65, 695 Initiative of, 1015 Prohibition, 725, 728; enforcement of, 725, Rabbit, Run (Updike), 906 Reaganism, referendum on, 978–79 728; repeal of, 782 Rabin, Yitzhak, 995 Reaganomics, 970, 976 Project Head Start, 923 Race, importance of, in imperialism, 653 Rebel Without a Cause, 933 The Promised Land (Antin), 566 Race riots, during World War I, 702 Recall, 659, 1007 The Promise of American Life (Croly), 680 Racial discrimination: against African Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934), 802–3 Promise of the New South (Ayers), 529 Americans, 513; against Chinese, 514 Reclamation Service, 670 Propaganda: movies as engine of, 738; in Racketeers, 729–30 Reconquista, 18 World War I, 698, 699; in World War II, 812 Radcliffe College, 327 Reconstruction, 349, 479–501; Property rights, Supreme Court and, 248–50 Radical abolitionism, 364–66 Congressional, 488; end of, 511; heritage Prophet, 230 Radical Reconstruction, 486, 488, 492, of, 498–99; Ku Klux Klan and, 496; Proposition 13 (California), 969 493–95, 500–501 military, 491, 492, 505; presidential, Proposition 209 (California), 994 The Radical Right (Bell), 988 485–87; radical, 486, 488, 492, 493–95, Prostitution, urban reform attack on, 661 Radical Whigs, 123 500–501; by state, 491; viewpoints on, Protectionism, 263 Radio: advertising on, 757–58; broadcast of 500–501; women’s rights and, 492–93 “Protestant ethic,” 47 “Voice of America” over, 871; fireside Reconstruction Act (1867), 492 Protestant Reformation, 25; Puritanism and, chats on, 778; invention of, 737–38 Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 766 43–44 Radio Corporation of America, 1015 The Red Badge of Courage (Crane), 583 Proulx, E. Annie, 1032 Raeder, Erich, 866 Redemption Day, 508 Psychology, behavioral, 577 Ragged schools, 324 Red-light districts, urban reform attack The Public Interest, 967 Rag money, 176 on, 661 Public opinion polling in the 1930s, 811 Ragtime (Doctorow), 908 Red scare (1919-1920), 655, 720–21 Public schools, 574 Railroad(s): refrigerator car on, 539, 613 Reed, Thomas B., 522–23, 624, 635 Public Utility Holding Company Act Railroad Labor Board, 748 Reed, Walter, 640 (1935), 785 Railroads: Adamson Act and, 685; cattle Reed v. Reed, 956 Public Works Administration (PWA), 782 drives and, 605–6; Chinese workers on, Referendum, 659 Pueblo people, 8, 21, 22 533; consolidation and mechanization in, Reform(s), 320; antebellum period as age of, Puerto Ricans: immigration of, 638–39; U.S. 534–35, 538–39; corruption and, 532, 328–29; art and, 338–39; civil service, 522; citizenship for, 638 536–37; farming and, 614; first, 313–14; dress as, 333; in education, 245, 324–28; Puerto Rico: Foraker Act and, 640; Spanish- government regulation of, 537–38, 666–67, imprisonment for debt and, 328; for American War and, 635, 636; U.S. 748; government takeover of, in World War insanity treatment, 328–29; literature and, acquisition of, 636, 648 II, 826; Granger Laws and, 615; 340, 342–45; muckrakers and, 658–59; Pugilism, 592 immigration and, 536; industrialization Progressive, 659–61; religion and, 320–24; Pujo, Arsene, 683 and, 535–36; interstate commerce and, scientific achievements and, 334–35, Pulitzer, Joseph, 578, 626, 630 666–67; Irish workers on, 532; land grants 337–38; of spoils system, 515, 518; Pullman Palace Car Company, 535; strike at, to, 530–31, 532; Native Americans and, temperance, 329–30, 589; 617–18, 620 532, 599; need for standard time and, 536; transcendentalism and, 340–42; utopian Pullman “sleeping palace,” 313 post-Civil War expansion of, 530–31; movement and, 332, 334, 336–37; Punderson, Prudence, 82 return to private management in postwar viewpoints of, 346–47; women in, Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 668 period, 748; safety and, 534–35; scandal 330–33, 589 Puritanism, 27, 66, 321; abolishment of and, 506; strikes against, 514, 617–18, 620; Refugees, Vietnamese, 954–55 slavery and, 78; marriage and, 78; transcontinental, 402, 405, 511, 530, Regulator movement, 88 Protestant Reformation and, 43–44; town 531–34, 609; western settlement and, Rehnquist, William, 997 meetings and, 79 530–31, 536, 607 Reimer, A. E., 681 Puritans, 3; Anne Hutchinson and, 47–48; Railway Labor Board, 748 Religion: of African Americans, 75, 482; in Half-Way Covenant and, 79–80; Rainbow coalition, 979 antebellum period, 320–24; camp meetings “jeremiad” sermon and, 79, 80; relations A Raisen in the Sun (Hansberry), 907 in, 321; church attendance and, 320; cities with Native Americans, 49, 51; settlement Raleigh, Walter, 26, 28 and, 572–73; in Colonial America, 39, of Massachusetts Bay Colony by, 45–46; Ramona (Jackson), 602 47–48, 95–97; denominational diversity in, sources of “Great Migration,” 28 Ramsay, Alan, painting by studio of, 145 323; evolution and, 573–74, 730–32; Putney Association, 336 Ranching, in western settlement, 605–6 feminization of, 322; fundamentalist Randall, James G., 432 evangelism in, 574, 720, 732; Great Quakers, 3, 37, 88; abuse of, 56; antislavery Rand Corporation, 856 Awakenings in, 320, 321, 322–23, 361, 364; sentiment of, 167, 362; in Colonial era, 58; Randolph, A. Philip, 829 missionaries and, 629; morality and, 585; in Rhode Island, 48; settlement of Randolph, John, 258, 302 of Native Americans, 265, 603; in the 1960s, Pennsylvania by, 58–59 Rankin, Jeannette, 697 933; in Old Northwest, 245; post–American Quarantine Speech (Roosevelt), 800, 806 Rational use, concept of, 670 Revolution, 167; revivals in, 165, 321–22, A94 Index

Religion: of African Americans, (continued) Reuben James (destroyer), attack on, 818 Romania: collapse of communist regime 323; school prayer and, 966–67; slave, 75, Revere, Paul, 125, 129 in, 980–81; in Yalta Agreement, 361, 367; social gospel and, 568, 657; Reverse discrimination, 945, 957 863 televangelists in, 888, 977; urbanization Revisionist school of historians, 881 Rome-Berlin Axis, 804 and, 572–73. See also Catholic Church; Revivalism, urban, 572 Romel, Erwin, 835 specific denominations; specific Revivals, religious, 165, 321–22, 323 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 771, 780, 808 denominations Reykjavik, Iceland, summit meeting Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 201 n, 675, 719, Religious right, 977 (1987), 974 821, 851, 865, 903, 920, 967, 994; Religious Society of Friends. See Quakers Reynolds v. Sims, 944 accomplishments of, 797–98; agriculture Religious tolerance: in Colonial America, Rhode Island, 56; in American Revolution, and, 783–84; Asian nationalism and, 897; 85–89; for French Protestants, 106, 156; colonization and settlement of, 37, banking and, 774, 776, 784–85; call of, for 107 38, 47–48, 102; drafting of state preparedness by, 806; campaign speech Rembrandt, 55 constitution in, 168; granting of sea-to-sea of, in 1932, 770; Chicago Quarantine Remington, Frederic, 612, 630; painting by, charter to, 53; Hartford Convention and, Speech of, 800, 806; civil rights under, 893; 595, 597 238; Quakers in, 59; ratification of death of, 843; early career of, 770–71; in Renaissance, 13–14 Constitution by, 182, 183, 184, 186; slave election of 1932, 770, 772–73; in election Rendezvous system, 289 trade and, 71 of 1936, 792; in election of 1940, 814–15; Reno, Janet, 990 Rhodes, James Ford, 432–33 fireside chats of, 778; foreign policy under, Reorganization Act (1934), 784 Rhodes, Richard, 848 800–807, 810, 815–20; housing and, Reorganization Act (1939), 795 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 866 788–89; inauguration of, 773; labor Republican Committee for the Re-election of Ribuffo, Leo, 988 relations under, 781–83, 789–91–797; at the President, 949 Ricardo, David, 543 London Economic Conference, 800–801; Republican government, conservation of, Rice, 39, 72, 74; growth of, in the Carolinas, meeting with Churchill, 836; Native through popular sovereignty, 187 37–38 Americans and, 784; New Deal under, 655, Republicanism, 122–23, 177, 178, 181–82, Rice, Condoleezza, 1029 773–99; press and, 775; second inaugural 197, 231; theory of, 168; Thomas Paine Richardson, Henry H., 590 address of, 795; Social Security and, 789; and the idea of, 144–45 Richmond, Virginia: as capital of Confederate Spanish Civil War and, 805; Supreme Republican motherhood, 168, 169 States, 436, 446, 449; destruction of, in Court and, 792–93; taped meetings and, Republican party, 366; Civil Rights Bill (1866) Civil War, 473, 480; Northern efforts to 951; at Teheran Conference, 837, 839, 863; and, 489; Contract with America and, 936, capture, 453, 455–57, 459 unemployment and, 776, 778; as vice 992–93; creation of Congressional Rickover, H. G., 632 president candidate in 1920, 716–17; war Committee on the Conduct of the War by Riesman, David, 886 message to Congress by, 819–20; World radical faction, 469; in election of 1856, Right-to-life movement, 977 War II policies and, 821–47; at Yalta 415–17, 421; in election of 1860, 424–27; in Riis, Jacob A., 657 Conference, 862, 863–64. See also New election of 1864, 471; in election of 1868, Ringshout, 73, 75, 361 Deal 504–5; in election of 1872, 506–8; in Rio Grande River, 382 Roosevelt, Theodore, 640, 654, 656, 657, 770, election of 1876, 510–11; in election of The Rise of American Civilization (Beard and 990; administration of, 647–51; African 1880, 515; in election of 1884, 518–20; in Beard), 529 trip of, 674; as Assistant Secretary of the election of 1888, 522; in election of 1896, The Rise of Silas Lapham (Howells), 583 Navy, 633, 634; as charismatic figure, 665; 618–23; in election of 1900, 646–47; in A River Runs Through It (MacLean), on civil service reform, 518; conservation election of 1908, 673–74; in election of 1030–31 and, 668–69, 670–71, 672–73; consumers 1912, 679–80; in election of 1916, 691–94; Roads: in colonial America, 94; construction and, 667–68; death of, 716; in election of in election of 1920, 716–17; in election of of, 685, 735; improvements in, 244, 1900, 646–47; in election of 1908, 673; in 1924, 754–55; in election of 1928, 757–59, 309–11; interstate highways and, 896–97; election of 1912, 677, 679–80; in election 770, 772–73; in election of 1936, 792; in poor condition of, 76 of 1916, 691–94; foreign policy under, election of 1940, 814–15; in election of Roanoke Island, English colonization of, 26 647–50; founding of American Legion by, 1944, 838, 840–42; in election of 1948, Robber Barons, 534, 543 748–49; Gentlemen’s Agreement and, 825; 875–77; in election of 1952, 887–88, 888; in Robert, Owen J., 794 on German surrender, 710; imperialist election of 1956, 900; in election of 1960, Roberts, Grace, 643 leanings of, 627, 632, 653; labor relations 902–4; in election of 1964, 921–22; in Roberts, Oral, 888 and, 665–66; legacy of, 674–75; as member election of 1968, 931–32; in election of Robin Moor (merchant ship), German attack of the Rough Riders, 634–35; muckraker 1972, 946–47; in election of 1976, 957, 960; on, 817 speech of, 658, 659; Panama Canal Zone in election of 1980, 967–68; in election of Robinson, Edgar Eugene, 799 and, 402; Panic of 1907 and, 673; on 1984, 973; in election of 1988, 979–80; in Robinson, Jack Roosevelt, 891 Philippines annexation, 637; philosophy election of 1992, 990, 991; in election of Rochambeau, 158 of, 647; as recipient of Nobel Peace Prize, 1996, 993; in election of 2000, 998–1000; in Rochester, New York, 312; revivals in, 322 650; Russo-Japanese War and, 650; split election of 2004, 1008–10; first platform of, Rock and roll music, 888 with Taft, 677; Square Deal under, 656, 403; in Gilded Age, 509–10; Half-Breed Rockefeller, John D., 448, 539, 540, 543, 551, 675; trust busting and, 666–67; World War I faction of, 510; hard-money policy of, 508; 577; as Baptist, 572; wealth of, 543 and, 691 labor unions and, 552; origin of, 408, 409; Rockefeller Foundation, public health Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, radical faction of, 486, 488, 493–95, program launched by, 730 649–50, 686, 802 500–501; Reconstruction and, 486, 488, Rock of Gibraltar, 159, 160 Roosevelt Dam, 669 490, 492; Stalwart faction of, 510, 515; Taft Rockwell, Norman, paintings by, 826 Roosevelt recession, 794 in split of, 676–77 Roethke, Theodore, 907 Root, Elihu, 641 Republic Steel Company, 790 Roe v. Wade, 944, 956, 978 Root-Takahira agreement (1908), 651 Reservations, 600, 603 Rogers, Will, 796 Roper, Elmo, 811 Resettlement Administration, 784 Rolfe, John, 30, 32 Ropes, George, Jr., painting by, 227 Resumption Act (1875), 508 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Rosenberg, Ethel, 875, 908 Index A95

Rosenberg, Julius, 875, 908 San Diego, California, 22; growth of, 1027 Secession, 239, 430–31; election of 1860 and, Rosin, 93 Sandinistas, 972–73, 974–75 428–29; menace of, 434–35; Southern Ross, E. A., 569 San Francisco, 611; Chinese immigrants in, opposition to, 1860-1861, 427 Rostow, Walt Whitman, 913 514; saloons in, 664; United National Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644), 30–31 Roth, Philip, 908 Conference at, 865 Second Continental Congress. See Roughing It (Twain), 315, 583 San Francisco Examiner, 578 Continental Congress (Second) Rough Riders, 634 Sanger, Margaret, 738 Second Great Awakening, 320, 321, 322–23, Rowley, Massachusetts, 51 San Joaquin River, 5 326, 361, 364 Royal African Company, 70–71 San Juan Hill, in Spanish-American War, 634 Second party system, 623 n Ruby, Jack, 918 Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 276, 277, 280, Second War for American Independence, 239 Ruckle, Thomas Coke, painting by, 243 383, 384, 389, 405 Sectionalism, 239; Constitution and, 180; Ruiz, Francisco, 279 Santa Fe, California, 383, 395, 397; Spanish New England Federalists and, 240; slavery Rule of reason, 676 settlement at, 21, 25 and, 246–47; Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, Rum distillation, 92 Santa Fe Trail, 383 409–11; Whig party and, 401 Runaway slaves, 267, 395, 396, 399–400 Santo Domingo, 221 Securities and Exchange Commission Rusechenberg, Robert, 1032 Sao Tomé Islands, 12 (SEC), 785 Rush-Bagot agreement (1817), 239 Sarajevo, 688 Sedgwick, Susan Anne Livingston Ridley, Russia: claims to Alaska, 252; claims to Saratoga, Battle of, 153–54, 155, 171 painting by, 167 Oregon, 376; expansionist interests of, Sargent, John Singer, 589; painting by, 708 Sedition Act (1798), 205–6, 206, 211, 218 252–53; interests in China, 642; Napoleon Saskatchewan, exploration of, 109 Sedition Act (1918), 700 and, 239; 1917 revolution in, 697, 707, 720; Saturday Club, 578 Self-determination, principle of, 431 purchase of Alaska from, 498; in World Saturday Night Massacre, 949 Self-justification by the wealthy, 543 War I, 689, 707. See also Soviet Union Sauckel, Fritz, 866 “Self-Reliance” (Emerson), 288 Russo-American Treaty (1824), 254 Saudi Arabia: formation of OPEC by, 899; Sellers, Charles, 285–86 Russo-Japanese War, 650 Operation Desert Storm and, 984 Selma, Alabama, civil rights movement Rustbelt, 858–59, 1027–28 Savannah, Georgia, 39; in Civil War, 467, 468–69 in, 924 Rutgers University, 97, 98 Savannah people, 37 Seminole people, 265, 266; in Civil War, 438; Ruth, George H. (“Babe”), 732–33 Savings and loan crisis, 978–79 in Florida, 251–52, 267–68 Rwanda, 995 Scabs, 550, 553 Semmes, Raphael, 445 Ryan, Mary, 347 Scalawags, 495 Senate, U.S.: acquisition of Philippines and, Scandal. See Corruption 640; approval of United Nations by, 865; Saarinen, Eero, 1033 The Scarlet Letter (Hawthorne), 78, 344 Army-McCarthy hearings in, 889–90; in Saar Valley, post World War I, 713 Schechter case, 782 Constitution, 180; control of, 1002; direct Sabbath, Scots-Irish observance of, 88 Schenck v. United States, 700 election of senators in, 660; Douglas- Sacajawea, 222 Schenectady, New York, 110 Lincoln fight for seat in, 420–22; Sacco, Nicola, 721 Schermann, Anton, 726 filibusters in, 511; in impeachment, 219, Sacramento River, 5 Schirach, Baldur von, 866 950, 997; investigation of pardon and Sadat, Anwar, 960–61 Schlafly, Phyllis, 956, 957 liquor permit sales, 752–53; investigation Safety-valve theory, 611 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 285, 799 of Teamsters by, 900; Sumner-Brooks St. Augustine, Spanish settlement at, 21 School District of Abington Township v. clash in, 414–15; Thomas confirmation St. Bartholomew’s Day (1572), 106 Schempp, 944 hearings in, 985–86; Versailles Treaty and, St. Clair, Arthur, 200 School prayer, 966–67 714–15; Watergate Hearings in, 950. See St. Joseph, Missouri, 315 Schools: normal, 574; parochial, 566; public, also Congress, U.S.; House of St. Lawrence River, exploration of, 21, 110 574; teacher-training, 574; violence at, 992 Representatives, U.S. St. Leger, Barry, 152, 153 Schurz, Carl, 293 Seneca Falls Conference, 703, 958 St. Louis, Missouri, 1917 riot in, 702 Schwartzkopf, Norman, 984 Seneca people, 40, 41; in American St. Marks, 252 Schwarz, John, 937 Revolution, 157 St. Mihiel, 706, 708, 710 Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 1007 Senegal as source of slaves, 71 Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 589–90 Science: advances in, 730; in antebellum Sensationalism, 578 Saipan in World War II, 844 period, 334–35, 337–38; in Colonial Separate but equal philosophy, 513, 894 Sakhalin, 650; in Yalta agreement, 863 America, 100. See also Evolution Separation of church and state, 167 Salem, Massachusetts, witchcraft hysteria in, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures Separatists. See Pilgrims 61, 79–80 (Eddy), 573 September 11, 2001 terrorism attacks, 851, Salinger, J. D., 908 Scientific management, 695, 733 1002–4, 1012, 1034 Salisbury, North Carolina, 121 Scientific research, economy and, 1013 Sequoia National Park, 610 Salk, Jonas, 895, 1020 Scopes, John T., 731 Sequoyah, 265 Salk antipolio vaccine, 895 Scorched-earth policy, 630 Serbia, in World War I, 688 SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 943, Scots Highlands, 39 Serra, Junipero, 22, 386 963–64 Scots-Irish, 60, 85, 86–87 Servant, legal difference between slave Salt Lake City, 323 Scott, Michael, 239 and, 72 Salutary neglect, as British colonial policy, Scott, Walter, 351–52 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944), 853 55, 110 Scott, Winfield: in election of 1852, 401; in Service sector, growth of, 885 Salvation Army, 573 Mexican War, 384 Set-asides, 945 Sambo character, 370 Scottish Presbyterianism, 43, 85, 86–87 Settlement house movement, 661 Samoan Islands, U.S. interests in, 628 Scriber’s Monthly, 579 Settlement houses, 569, 661 Samuel, William G. M., painting by, 279 Sears, 560 Seven Days’ Battles, 456, 457 San Antonio, Texas, 22, 277 Seattle: general strike in, 720; growth of, 829; Seven Dwarfs, 79 Sand Creek, Colorado, massacre at, 597 WTO meeting in, 994–95 Seventeenth Amendment, 660 A96 Index

Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 111, 113, 122, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage Smith, Gerald L. K., 779 148, 154; British colonies at end of, 120. See (Gitlin), 937 Smith, John, 29 also French and Indian War (1754-1763) The Sketch Book (Irving), 340 Smith, Jonathan, 187 Seward, William H., 397; election of 1856 Sklar, Kathryn, 347 Smith, Joseph, 323 and, 415; election of 1860 and, 425; Skocpol, Theda, 695 Smith, Josiah, Jr., 137 purchase of Alaska and, 498; as Secretary Skyscrapers, 558–59, 590, 592 Smith Act (1940), 874 of State, 435, 498 Slater, Samuel, 297, 300, 304; factory of, 302 Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943), 826 Sewing machines, invention of, 303, 305 Slaughterhouse Five (Vonnegut), 906 Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 347 Sexton, Anne, 907 Slave(s): in antebellum South, 355, 360; Smog, 736 Sexual discrimination, 1018–19 auctions of, 71, 74, 89, 359; breeding, 358; Smokestack industries, 883 Sexual harassment, 986, 996 of Cherokees, 266; in colonial America, Snake River, 5 Sexual revolution in the 1960s, 934–35 70–73; cotton production and, 348; in Snow Falling on Cedars (Guterson), 1031 Seymour, Horatio, in election of 1868, 505 early Virginia, 33; family life of, 360; Social Darwinism, 543 Shafter, William R., 634 freedom for, 71; growth in numbers of, 71; Social democracy, growth of, 166–67 Shakers, 334 Hartford Convention and, 238; legal Social evils, muckrakers attacks on, 658–59 Shakespeare, William, 27 difference between servants and, 72; life Social feminism, 695 Shalala, Donna, 990 of, 72–73, 90, 359–61, 362; marriage of, Social gospel movement, 568, 572, 657 The Shame of the Cities (Steffens), 659 360, 482; Middle passage and, 70; music Social historians, 104–5 Shandong Peninsula, in Treaty of Versailles, 713 of, 75; Native Americans as, 37; in Socialism: Christian, 568; creeping, 895; Shanghai Communiqué, 942 plantation system, 357–62; religious Powderly on, 555; progressive movement Sharecropping, 487, 512, 545, 613 practices of, 75, 361, 367; runaway, 267, and, 657; state, 657; utopian, 579 Sharpsburg, Lincoln at, 447 395, 396, 399–400; in Texas, 276, 280; Socialist party: in election of 1908, 673–74; in Shaw, Robert Gould, 590 white, 67–68; women as, 72, 358, 359. See election of 1912, 681; in election of 1920, Shawnee Mission, 413 also African Americans; Slavery 716–17; in election of 1924, 755 Shawnees, 230 Slave codes, 35–36, 72 Social mobility, nature and extent of, 557 Shays, Daniel, 176–77, 179, 181 Slave cultures, 361; contributions of native- Social Security: need for changes in, Shaysites, 183 born African Americans to, 73 1021–22; New Deal origin of, 789; under Shay’s Rebellion (1786), 176–77, 181, 187, 207 Slave resistance, forms of, during Civil War, 463 Nixon, 945 Sheen, Fulton J., 888 Slave revolts: early, 73; in New York City, 73; Social Security Act (1935), 789, 794 Sheffield, Lord, 175, 179 Stono, 73; Turner, 362, 367; Vesey, 264, 362 Social Security Act (1950), 877 Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act (1921), 703 Slavery: abolitionism and, 362, 364–66; Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Sheridan, Philip, 472 African American culture, 361; burdens of Indians, 265 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 468–69, 472 bondage in, 362; in California, 393, 394; Society of Pewterers, 186 Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 544, 676, 684 character of the Civil War in West and, Society of the Cincinnati, 166 Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), repeal 437–38; cruelty of, 357, 359–61; in District Sodbusters, 607–8 of, 527 of Columbia, 395; Emancipation Sod houses, 614 Shewin, Martin J., 849 Proclamation and, 460–62; Free Soil party Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Shiloh, Battle of, 466, 496 and, 392; impact of Uncle Tom’s Cabin on Act (1936), 783 Shipping industry, 314–15 debate over, 410–11, 443; as issue at Soil Conservation Service, 671 The Shipping news (Proulx), 1032 Constitutional Convention, 181; Jefferson Sojourner Truth, 365 Shopping malls, political campaigning in, 905 and, 208, 212, 350, 351; in Kansas, 412–13; Solidarity movement in Poland, 727, 972, 980 Sicily, in World War II, 837 legal status of, from American Revolution Solomon Islands, in World War II, 832 Sickle-cell anemia, 38 to Civil War, 400; Missouri Compromise Somalia, peacekeeping in, 995 Sierra Club, 669, 670, 671 and, 247–48; Northwest Ordinance and, Sone, Monica, 823 Sierra Nevada Mountains, 5; laying 174; as peculiar institution, 348, 367, “The Song of Hiawatha” (Longfellow), 342 transcontinental tracks through, 532, 533 369–70, 457, 477; popular sovereignty and, Sons of Liberty, 127 Silent Spring (Carson), 671, 945 390–91, 406, 414, 418; religious diversity The Sound and the Fury (Faulkner), 743 Silliman, Benjamin, 334 and, 323; sectional balance and, 246–47, Sousa, John Philip, 641 Silver, 508, 523, 527; mining of, 605; as 393–95; southern agriculture and, 352–53; South: abolitionism in, 367–68; advantages Populist issue, 616, 618–20, 620–21. See in Texas, 378; three-fifths compromise of, in Civil War, 438–39; agriculture in, 545, also Currency and, 181, 238; true nature of, 369–70; in 546; assault on Fort Sumter by, 435–36; Silver, Timothy, 64 West Indies, 35–36; Wilmot Proviso and, cotton production in, 300–301, 316, Simms, William Gilmore, 343 390. See also African Americans; Slave(s) 350–51, 354; Democratic party in, 510; Simpson, O. J., 1028 Slavery (Elkins), 369–70 desegregation of, 890–91; economic Sinclair, Harry F., 752 Slaves, 2–3, 13, 25 discrimination against, 545–46; economic Sinclair, Upton, 667–68 Slave trade, 70–72, 74, 89, 90, 92, 167, 181, growth of, during World War II, 829; Singer, Isaac, 303, 908 357; development of, 35–36; early, 11–12, economic structure of, 352–53, 439; Singer Company, 305 14, 33; early call for abolishment of, 167; education in, 98; feelings of nationalism Singletary, Amos, 187 outlawing of, in federal district, 398; in, 431; free blacks in antebellum, 356–59; Sioux Commission, 596 Rhode Island and, 71 hostility toward tariffs, 263–64; impact of Sioux people, 15, 290, 595 Slavocracy, 280, 388 Civil War on, 479–80; impact of crash of Sister Carrie (Dreiser), 559–60, 585 Slidell, John, 382 1857 on, 419; industrialization in, 545–47; Sit-ins in Civil rights movement, 895 Slums, 561, 657 Jim Crow laws in, 512–13, 525, 890, 891; Ku Sitkoff, Harvard, 799 Smallpox, 15, 21, 31, 90, 91, 120, 335, 595 Klux Klan in, 722–23; lack of support for Sitting Bull, 597–98 Smiley, Jane, 1031–32 Bank of the United States, 195; need for Six-Day War, 928, 948 Smith, Adam, 123 foreign intervention, in Civil War, 441–42; Sixteenth Amendment, 527 n, 683 Smith, Alfred E., 771, 796, 902; in election of Northern blockade of, in Civil War, 436, Sixth party system, 623 n 1928, 757–59 439, 444, 458–59; planters in, 351–52; Index A97

Populists in, 524; public health program Florida, 120; exploration and settlement Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 331, 332, 493, 584, in, 730; racial code of conduct in, 513; by, 8, 13–14, 16–23, 25, 26–27; foreign aid 587, 958, 959 radical reconstruction in, 493–95; to Americans, in American Revolution, Starr, Kenneth, 996, 997 resentment of the North, 353; slaves in, 155; foreign relations with, 175, 201, “The Star Spangled Banner,” 235 74–75, 355; society in, 73, 75–76, 77; 220–22, 251; Great Britain and, 110–11; START II accord, 982 support for War of 1812 in, 231–32; Tariff land claims of, 175; missions of, 19, 22–23; States: under Articles of Confederation, 173; of Abominations and, 263–64; textile Native Americans and, 17, 19; Ostend assumption of debt of, by federal industry in, 546–47; white majority in, Manifesto and, 404; Peace of Paris and, government, 193–94; constitutions of, 353–56; women in, 77. See also Civil War; 160; Pinckney’s Treaty and, 201; 168–69; criminal codes in, 328; land Civil War (1861-1865); Confederate States postrevolutionary relations with, 175; ownership as problem, 176; legislatures of America; specific colonies by name settlement of, in Florida, 16–17, 38, 73, in, 168–69, 207; progressive movement in, South Africa: Boers in, 629, 648; Nelson 120, 160, 175, 199; in Spanish-American 661. See also specific by name Mandela and, 983 War, 635; Treaty of Tordesillas and, 16; States’ rights, 207; in the Civil War, 446; South America. See Latin America unification of, 13 Cohens v. Virginia and, 249; road South Carolina: African Americans in, 71; Spanish-American War, 640–41, 654; disease construction and, 310 assault on Fort Sumter by, 435–36; capital as problem in, 635; invasion of Cuba in, Statue of Liberty, 571 of, 168; in Civil War, 468–69; colonial 634–35; need for canal and, 648; in Steamboats, 246, 311, 316 legislature in, 90; Compromise of 1877 Philippines, 633; in Puerto Rico, 636; Rough Stedman, E. C., 424 and, 511; in election of 1876, 511; Riders in, 634; Spanish in, 635; as “splendid Steele, Shelby, 1028 government graft in, 495; Nullification little war,” 641; U.S. declaration of war in, Steel industry, 538, 540–41; Bessemer controversy in, 264–65, 272, 400; official 632–33; yellow journalism and, 630–31 process in, 540; Carnegie in, 540–41; separation between North Carolina and, Spanish Armada, 26–27 Morgan and, 541; Pittsburgh plus pricing 38; plantations in, 74; protests against Spanish Netherlands (Holland). See Holland system in, 546; strikes in, 523 Tariff of Abomination in, 264; ratification Spargo, John, 659 Steel plow, 309 of Constitution by, 183; Reconstruction in, SPARs (Coast Guard), 827 Steel rails, 534–35, 540 491; religion in, 95; secession of, 427; Speakeasies, 725, 728 Steel union, 853 slavery in, 72–73, 181, 358, 360. See also Specie Circular, 272, 274 Steffens, Lincoln, 658, 659 Carolinas Speculators: in Civil War, 450; land, 136, 138, Stegner, Wallace, 1031 South Carolina Exposition, 264 169, 243, 246, 274 Steinbeck, John, 780, 783, 784, 786–87, 906 South Dakota: discovery of gold in, 597; Speech, freedom of, clear and present Stem cell research, 1013 statehood for, 608; women’s suffrage in, danger and, 700 Stephens, Alexander, 488 703. See also Dakotas Spice Islands, 10 Steuben, Baron von, 137, 149, 153, 158 Southern Christian Leadership Conference Spielberg, Steven, 1033 Stevens, John, 999 (SCLC), formation of, 895 Spirit of St. Louis, 736 Stevens, Thaddeus, 490, 499 Southern Pacific Railroad, 544, 661 Spock, Benjamin, 857 Stevens, Wallace, 907 Southern strategy, 946 Spoils system, 262; need for reform in, 515 Stevenson, Adlai E.: in election of 1952, 887, Southwest, Latinos in, 1022 Sports: in late 1800s, 591–92; in the 1920s, 888; in election of 1956, 900; as vice Soviet Union: attack on Finland, in World 732–33; in the 1950s, 888; radio president, 527 War II, 810; Bolshevik government in, broadcasts of, 737 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 609 864–65; under Brezhnev, 963; Spruance, Raymond A., 833, 847 Stimson, Henry L., 767–68, 831 communism in, 803, 973–74; Sputnik, 900, 1014 Stimson doctrine, 767–68 Czechoslovakia and, 870; disintegration The Spy (Cooper), 340 Stock market: Black Friday (Sept. 24, 1869) of, 981–82; Eastern Europe and, 864–65, Squanto, 52 in, 505; Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987) in, 981; explosion of atomic bomb by, 875; Square Deal, 656, 665–66, 675 79; bull market in, 745, 760; New Deal German attack on, 817–18; under Stagecoaches, 315 legislation and, 784–85; 1929 collapse of, Gorbachev, 973–74, 981; human rights The Stages of Economic Growth (Rostow), 913 734, 760–63; 2000 slide in, 1012–13 violations in, 952; influence in Middle Stagnation, 938–40 Stock ticker, 539 East, 928; under Khrushchev, 897, 898, Stalin, Joseph, 803, 822, 864, 865; Cold War Stock watering, 536–37, 541 901–2; as member of UN Security Council, and, 868; death of, 897, 898; Korean War Stokes, Melvin, 286 865; nationalism in former, 982; Nixon’s and, 878; at Potsdam conference, 845; Stone, Lucy, 331, 332 visit to, 942–43; official recognition of, signing of pact with Germany, 807, 810; at Stone, Oliver, 976 801; relations with U.S., 864–65, 972, 983; Teheran Conference, 837, 839, 863; in Stono River slave revolt, 73 restrictions on Jews in, 952; signing of World War II, 837, 846; at Yalta Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 307, 308, 330, 359, pact with Germany, 807–8, 810, 817; space Conference, 862, 863, 867 364, 403, 409–11, 586 exploration by, 900–901; under Stalin, 803; Stallingrad, Battle of, 835 Strange Interlude (O’Neill), 743 takeover of Afghanistan by, 964; in World Stalwart faction of Republican party, 510, 515 Strategic Air Command, 883, 897 War II, 835–36, 843; under Yeltsin, 981. See Stamp, Kenneth, 370 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 971, 1015 also Cold War; Russia Stamp Act (1764), 125, 126; Congress on, 127; Strategies of Containment (Gaddis), 937 Soyer, Isaac, painting by, 795 protests against, 131; repeal of, 127–28 A Streetcar Named Desire (Williams), 907 Space exploration: Apollo 11 in, 1014; under Stampp, Kenneth, 501 Strict construction, theory of, 195 Eisenhower, 900–901; under Kennedy, Standard Oil Company, 540, 542, 549; Strikes, 304, 306, 514, 523, 551, 556; general, 911; Soviet, 900–901 dissolution of, 676; Lloyd’s attack on, 657; 720; Homestead, 523; May Day, 552; Spain: ceding of French lands to, 115; ceding Tarbell’s attack on, 658 Pullman, 617–18, 620; during World of Puerto Rico to U.S., 636; Civil War in, Standing Rock Reservation, 603 War I, 701–2 805–6; claims to Oregon, 376; conquest of Standish, Myles, 44 Strong, Josiah, 627 Mexico by, 20–21; Conquistadors and, Stanford, Leland, 532, 533 Stroughton, William, 43 16–17, 18, 19–20; Cuba and, 403; Cuban Stanton, Edwin M.: as Secretary of War, 448, Stuart, Gilbert, 339; painting by, 157 revolt against, 630; elimination of, from 458; Tenure of Office Act and, 496–97 Stuart, Jeb, 456 A98 Index

Stuart Dynasty, 53 Grutter v. Bollinger, 1007, 1008; Hopwood v. Tariff(s), 614; of abominations, 262–64; Student Nonviolent Coordinating Texas, 994; Insular cases, 640; Korematsu v. Black, 263; during the Civil War, 521; of Committee (SNCC), 895, 916, 925, 959 U.S., 823; Lochner v. New York, 662; Marbury 1816, 241, 302; of 1828, 263; of 1832, 264; Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 935 v. Madison, 218–19; Martin v. Wilks, 978; of 1833, 265; of 1842, 373, 379; of 1846, Stuyvesant, Peter, 57, 58 McCulloch v. Maryland, 248, 269; Milliken v. 380, 449; of 1857, 419, 431, 449; of 1887, Styron, William, 908 Bradley, 956; Miranda, 943; Muller v. 521–22; of 1890, 629; of 1894, 630; Hawley- Submarines: in World War I, 690, 696–97; in Oregon, 662, 663, 747; New York Times v. Smoot (1930), 759–60, 762, 766, 772, 802; World War II, 818, 835, 843–44, 847 Sullivan, 943; Northern Securities, 666; Kennedy Round and, 912; McKinley, of Sub-Saharan Africa, European exploration Planned Parentood v. Casey, 978; Plessy v. 1890, 523; Morrill, 449; of 1909, 751; of of, 11–13 Ferguson, 513, 894; Reed v. Reed, 956; 1913, 751; of 1922, 751; Polk’s reduction of, Subsistence farmers, 354–56 Reynolds v. Sims, 944; Roe v. Wade, 944, 956, 391; Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act Suburbs, 850; African Americans in, 861; 978; Schechter case, 782; Schenck v. United (1934) and, 802–3; Underwood, 682–83; growth of, 561, 735, 859, 860–61; migration States, 700; School District of Abington Walker, 449; Wilson-Gorman, of 1894, 527. from cities to, 1027–28 Township v. Schempp, 944; Sweatt v. Painter, See also Trade Sudetenland, Hitler demands toward, 807 891; U.S. v. Wheeler, 957; U.S. v. Wong Kim Taverns, colonial, 94 Suffrage movement: historians of, 347. See Ark, 514–15; Wabash case, 538, 615; Ward’s Taxes: under Articles of Confederation, 173; also Voting rights Cove Packing v. Antonia, 978; Webster v. under Bush, George H. W., 985; cuts in, Sugar Act (1764), 125, 126 Reproductive Health Services, 978 under Bush, George W., 1000; distinction Sugar and Slaves (Dunn), 64 Surgery, advances in, 338 between legislation and, 126; protests over Sugar production, 629, 630; as foundation of Survival of the fittest, 543, 573 in colonial America, 125–28; repeal of West Indian economy, 34–35 Susquehanna River, 62 excess-profits, 745; Stamp, 125–28; Sugrue, Thomas, 988 Sussex, sinking of, 691 Townshend, 102 n; whiskey, 195. See also Sullivan, John L., 592 Sussex pledge (1916), 691, 696 Excise taxes; Income taxes Sullivan, Louis, 558–59, 590 Sutter’s Mill, 387 Taylor, Frederick W., 733 Sultana, 311 Swartwout, Samuel, 262 Taylor, Zachary, 681; administration of, Sumner, Charles, 407, 414–15, 490 Sweatshops: women workers in, 566; 392–401; Compromise of 1850 and, 397; Sumner, William Graham, 543 working conditions in, 661–62 death of, 397; in election of 1848, 390–92; Sumptuary laws, 47 Sweatt v. Painter, 891 in election of 1948, 900; in Mexican War, The Sun Also Rises (Hemingway), 743 Sweden, colonization efforts of, 57 382–85; as war hero, 392–93 Sunbelt, growth of, 857–59 Swift, Gustavus F., 542 Teacher-training schools, 574 Sun Dance, 603 Symonds, James, 61 Teamster Union, 900 Sunday, Billy, 720, 730 Syndicalism laws, 721 Teapot Dome (Wyoming), 751–52 Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 945 Syphilis, 15 Teapot Dome scandal, 751–52, 753 Supreme Court, U.S.: African Americans on, Syracuse, New York, 312 Tecumseh, 230–31 891, 957, 985, 1007; under Brandeis, 685; Syria, awarding of, to France, post World Teenage pregnancy, 1020 under Burger, 944; Cherokee people and, War I, 712 Teheran Conference (1943), 837, 839, 863 266; child labor and, 685; conservatism in, Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 402 978; Executive privilege ruling by, 949; Taensa people, 109 Telegraph, 303, 314, 535 FranklinD. Roosevelt’s attempt to pack, Taft, Robert A., in election of 1940, 814–15 Telephone, invention of, 539 792–93; under Grant, 508 n; Harding’s Taft, William Howard, 654; administration of, Televangelists, 888, 977 appointments to, 747–48; interstate 675–77; antitrust movement under, 667, Television, 854; advertising on, 885–86; commerce and, 538; under Jay, 193; 676; as chair of National War Labor Board, Army-McCarthy hearings on, 889; judicial activism and, 894, 943–44; judicial 701; as Chief Justice of Supreme Court, evangelists on, 888; Nixon-Kennedy review and, 218–19; under Marshall, 681, 747–48; as civil governor of debate on, 903; Nixon’s Checkers speech 218–19, 248–49, 248–50; Native American Philippines, 642; dollar diplomacy of, on, 887; political advertising on, 887, 995; rights and, 957; New Deal and, 782, 783, 675–76; in election of 1908, 673; in portrayal of suburban families on, 883; 790, 793–94; nullification and, 207; election of 1912, 677, 679–80; Republican technology of, 885; televangelists on, 888, organization of first, 193; power of, to party split and, 676–77; Theodore 977; in 2000s, 1019 invalidate laws passed by Congress, 755; Roosevelt and, 677 Teller Amendment (1898), 633, 640 rule of reason and, 676; Sedition Act and, Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 853, 877 Temperance movement, 329–30, 661; 206; size of, 508 n; under Taft, 681, 747–48; Taino people, 15, 638 women in, 665 under Taney, 418; 2000 election and, 999; Taiwan, 873 10 percent Reconstruction plan, 485 under Warren, 894, 943–44; women on, Taliban, control over Afghanistan, 1003 Tenant farming, 512, 613 978, 990, 1007, 1019 Talleyrand, 203, 204 Tenements, 657; dumbbell, 561 Supreme Court, U.S., cases: Adkins v. Tallmadge, Benjamin, 215 Ten-hour law, 662 Children’s Hospital, 747, 748; Bakke Tallmadge, Henry Floyd, 215 Tennessee: Reconstruction in, 491; secession decision, 957; Brown v. Board of Education Tallmadge, Maria Jones, 215 by, 436; settlement of, 85, 121, 190, 191 of Topeka, Kansas, 894; Civil Rights Cases, Tallmadge, Mary Floyd, 215 Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, 667 511; Cohens v. Virginia, 249; Tallmadge, William, 215 Tennessee River, importance of, in Civil Commonwealth v. Hunt, 306; Dartmouth Tallmadge amendment, 246 War, 436 College v. Woodward, 250; Dennis v. United Tammany Hall, 293, 507, 659 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 671, 766, States, 874; Dred Scott, 219 n, 349, 409, Tan, Amy, 1030, 1031 785, 788, 895, 1014 417–19, 422; Engel v. Vitale, 944; Escobedo, Taney, Roger B., 418 Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw 943; Ex parte Milligan, 492; Fletcher v. Peck, Tappan, Arthur, 364 There (Arthur), 330 249; Frontiero v. Richardson, 956; Gibbons v. Tappan, Lewis, 364, 368 Tenochtitlán, 20, 21 Ogden, 249; Gideon v. Wainwright, 943; Tar, 93 Tenskwatawa, 230 Gratz v. Bollinger, 1008; Griggs v. Duke Tarantino, Quentin, 1033 Tented towns, 532 Power Co., 945; Griswold v. Connecticut, 943; Tarbell, Ida M., attack on Standard Oil, 658 Ten-hour day, 304 Index A99

Tenth Amendment, 192, 195 Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 922, 942 Trenton, Battle of, 152, 167 Tenure of Office Act (1867), 496–97 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 16 Triangle Shirtwaist Company, 662 Term-limit laws, 992 Tories, 146, 196. See also Loyalists Triangular trade, 92–93 Terre Haute, settlement of, 108 Totalitarianism, spread of, 804 Trilling, Lionel, 988 Terrorism: anthrax and, 1003; in Middle East, Town(s): company, 550; ghost, 531, 603; in Trinity College, 545 972, 974–75; on September 11, 2001, 851, New England, 78–79; tented, 532. See also Trinity Episcopal Church (New York), 572 1002–3, 1012, 1034; in United States, 992 Cities; specific Tripartite Pact (1935), 804 Test oaths, 59 Town governments, 46 Tripolitan War, 220 Tet offensive, 929 Town meetings, 44, 50, 62, 102; early, 79, 81 Trist, Nicholas P., 384 Texas: annexation of, 376, 379–80; British Townsend, Francis E., 779 Trollope, Frances, 373 interests in independent, 375–76; call for Townshend, Champagne Charley, 129 Trooping the colors, 153 reannexation of, 378; dispute with Mexico Townshend Acts (1767), 128–29, 130 Troy (New York) Female Seminary, 327 over, 381–82; German immigrants in, Townshend taxes (1767), 102 n Truman, Harry S: administration of, 843, 850, 298–99; land claims of, 395; as Lone Star Trade: under Articles of Confederation, 173; 862–63, 863–79; Atomic bomb decision Republic, 276–77, 280, 375–76, 381; balance of, 123; China and, 995; colonial, and, 845; civil rights movement and, 891; population migration to, 858; 32, 36–37, 67–68, 92–93, 123–28; with Cold War and, 869–70; in election of 1948, Reconstruction in, 491; secession of, 428; Cuba, 630; Dutch West India Company 875–77; Fair Deal program under, 877; settlement of, 275–76, 278–79, 390, and, 56–57; with the East, 13; Embargo foreign policy under, 865–74; on German 391–92, 687; slavery in, 280, 398 Act and, 226–28; fur, 41, 108–9, 289; attack on Soviet Union, 817; inaugural Texas A&M, 577 impact on Native Americans, 32; London address by, in 1949, 876; Japanese Texas and Pacific Railroad, 511, 536 Conference and, 800–801; Macon’s Bill No. surrender and, 848; labor relations and, Texas Rangers, 278–79 2 and, 228; mercantilism and, 123–24; 853; MacArthur and, 879, 887; military Texas Revolution, 276, 279, 376, 388 NAFTA and, 994–95; Neutrality Act (1939) buildup under, 895; at Potsdam conference, Textbooks, improved, 325–26 and, 810; piracy and, 175–76, 177–78; 845; as vice presidential candidate in 1944, Textile industry, 546–47 postrevolution, 170–71, 175; pressures for 840–41; at Yalta Conference, 863 Thackeray, William, 340 foreign, 549; privateering and, 158; Truman Doctrine, 869–70 Thames, Battle of the, 231, 234, 281 Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) Trumbull, John, 99, 339; paintings by, 141, 193 Thammany, Chief, 60 and, 802–3; slave, 11–12, 14, 33, 35–36, Trusts: barbed-wire, 614; early, 540; farmers “Thanatopsis” (Bryant), 340 70–72, 74, 89, 90, 92, 167, 181, 357; of and, 614; fertilizer, 614; good versus bad, Thanksgiving Day, 103, 104; first, 45, 49 tobacco, 123, 124; triangular, 92–93; World 666; government prosecution of, 544–45; Their Eyes Were Watching God (Hurston), 1032 War I and, 689–90. See also Tariff(s) harvester, 542, 614; leather, 542; The Theory of the Leisure Class (Veblen), 657 Trade agreement, 553 muckrakers attacks on, 658; predatory, Thernstrom, Stephan, 557 Trade deficit, U.S., 971 679; railroads and, 666; Standard Oil, 540, Think tanks, 856 Trade embargo: on Chile, 943; on Cuba, 902 542; sugar, 542; tobacco, 542. See also Third party system, 623 n Trade Expansion Act (1962), 912 Antitrust movement; Corporations Thirteenth Amendment, 461, 478, 486, Trade organizations, growth of, 166–67 Truth in Securities Act (1933), 784 492, 493 Trafalgar, Battle of, 226 Tuberculosis, 661 Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), 57 Trail of Tears, 264, 265–68 Tubman, Harriet, 395, 422 This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 742 Trans-Allegheny area, 309; interests in, 171; Tudor Dynasty, 29 Thomas, Clarence, 985–86, 1007 Peace at Paris (1783) and, 160, 161 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, 191 Thompkins, Sally, 451 Transcendentalism, 334, 340–42 Turkey: as member of NATO, 872; Truman Thompson’s Shirt Factory, 306 Transcontinental railroads, 402, 405, 511, Doctrine and, 869; in World War I, 689 Thoreau, Henry David, 333, 341, 343, 670 516, 530, 531–34, 609; completion of, 533 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 285, 594, 610, A Thousand Acres (Smiley), 1032 Transistor, invention of, 882 611, 625 Three Emperors, Battle of, 226 Trans-Mississippi West, 225 Turner, Nat, 362, 367 Three-fifths clause, 238 Transportation, U.S. Department of, Turnpikes, 310. See also Roads Three-fifths compromise, 181, 238 creation of, 922 Turpentine, 93 Thurmond, J. Storm, in election of 1948, Transportation and travel: canals in, 241, Tuscarora people, 38, 41; in American 876–77 244, 245, 259, 311–12, 313, 402, 405; in Revolution, 157 Tiananmen Square, 980 Civil War, 439; Clay’s call for Tuskagee Institute, 575 Ticket splitting, 509 improvements in, 241; collapse of, in Tuskegee Airmen, 829 Tierra del Fuego, 23, 25 South, in Civil War, 439, 451–52; in Twain, Mark, 315, 352, 509, 529, 574, 582–83, Tilden, Samuel J., 998; in election of 1876, Colonial America, 94–95; desegregation 583, 605, 612, 637 510–11; prosecution of Tweed by, 506 of, 891; destruction of, in Civil War, 480; Tweed, William Marcy, 495, 505–6, 510, 568 Till, Emmett, 890 interstate highways in, 896–97; problems Twelfth Amendment, 202 n, 214 n, 257, 511 Timbuktu, 12 in, as legacy of Mexican War, 404–5; roads Twentieth Amendment, 429 n, 792 Time: concept of, 547; need for standard, 536 in, 76, 94, 244, 309–11; steamboats in, 246, Twenty-fifth Amendment, 949 Time zones, 536 311, 316. See also Railroads Twenty-first Amendment, 782 Tippecanoe, Battle of, 231, 272, 281 Travels with Charley (Steinbeck), 906 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 924 The Titan (Dreiser), 657 Travis, W. B., 277 Twenty-second Amendment, 201 n, 904 Title IX of the Education Amendments, 956 Treason, 225 Twenty-sixth Amendment, 942 Tobacco: growth of, 32–33, 39, 43, 67–68, 72, Treasury: contraction policy of, 508; creation Two-party system, 197, 256, 262, 283–85 81, 91; trade of, 123, 124; in West Indies, 34 of first sound, 195; gold reserve in, 527; Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), 801 Tobacco industry, in South, 545 Mellon as Secretary of, 747 Tye, Colonel, 149 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 266, 331, 557 Treaties, signing of, with Native Americans, Tyler, Ann, 1032 Tokyo, raid on, in World War II, 843–44 200, 265, 596 Tyler, John: administration of, 371–77; in Tongs, 517 Treaty of 1818, 251, 377 election of 1844, 375; foreign relations Tonkin Gulf, 922 Trent affair, 444 under, 373–74; Maine and, 374–75 A100 Index

Typewriter, 539 Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, 92, 138, 150, Virginia: African Americans in, 71; Bacon’s Typhoid, 595; in Spanish-American War, 635 153, 218 Rebellion in, 68, 70, 73, 82; call for Valparaiso, port of, 628 Annapolis Convention by, 177; growth of, U-2 spy plane incident, 902 Van Buren, Martin: administration of, 85; headright system in, 67; House of Ultimate destination, doctrine of, 459 273–75; economic policies and, 274–75; in Burgesses in, 33, 73, 131; John Brown Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 330, 359, 364, election of 1836, 272–73; in election of hanging in, 423–24; large-state plan of, 409–12, 443 1840, 280–82; in election of 1848, 392; 179; legislature of, 171; Loyalists in, 150; Undeclared French War (1798-1800), 111 labor movement and, 304; Panic of 1837 ratification of Constitution by, 183, 184, Underground Railroad, 395, 400, 410, and, 274–75 185; Reconstruction in, 491; religion in, 95, 428–29, 431; stops on, 394. See also Van Cortlandt, Catherine, 148 167; as royal colony, 33; secession by, 436; Abolitionist movement Van Deburg, William L., 913 settlement of, 28–33, 37, 87, 88; slavery in, Underwood Tariff, 682–83, 751 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 534–35, 537, 540 33, 395; state debt of, 194; tobacco in, Unemployment: in Great Depression, 776, Vanderbilt, William H., 536, 537 32–33; western settlement and, 171, 172. 778, 794. See also Employment Vanderbilt University, 535 See also Jamestown UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Vanzetti, Bartomeo, 721 Virginia (ship), 459 Scientific, and Cultural Organization), 866 Varieties of Religious Experience (James), Virginia, University of, 38, 327, 338 Unfunded mandates, Republican restrictions 577–78 Virginia City, Nevada, 603; mining in, 604 on, 993 Vassar College, 576 Virginia Company, 30, 44, 67; charter of, Union. See Civil War (1861-1865); North Vaudeville, 591, 738 28–29; revoking of charter to, 33 Union League, 491, 494 Veblen, Thorstein, 657 Virginia Resolution, 207, 264 Union Pacific Railroad, 536; role of, in V-E (Victory in Europe) Day, 843 Virginia Statute for Religious freedom transcontinental railroad, 532, 533; Venezuela: formation of OPEC by, 899; (1786), 167 scandal and, 506 Monroe Doctrine and, 628, 649; revolution Virgin Islands, purchase of, from Denmark, 686 Union party, 356, 505; in election of 1864, in, 251 Virtual representation, theory of, 126 471, 485 Venice, 11 V-J (Victory in Japan) Day, 847 Unitarianism, 321 Venturi, Robert, 1033 Vocational training, 577 U.S. Geological Survey, 608 Vera Cruz, 20, 384; seizure of, 688 “Voice of America,” 871 United Farm Workers Organizing Committee Vermont: Allen brothers in, 175; Hartford Volstead Act (1919), 725 (UFWOC), 1026 Convention and, 238; postrevolutionary, Voltaire, Francois, 155 United Mine Workers, 790, 826 175; statehood for, 190 Volunteers of Ireland, 148 United Nations, 863, 870; formation of, 865; Verrazano, Giovanni da, 21 Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., 906 Iraq and, 1005; Korean War and, 877–79; Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 713–14; criticisms Voter Education Project, 916 Monitoring, Verification and Inspection of, 714; growing resentment of, 804, 806; Voting, Australian ballot and, 660 Commission (UNMOVIC), 1004; Persian ultimate collapse of, 717; U.S. rejection Voting rights: for African Americans, 494, Gulf crisis and, 983–85; structure of, of, 749 505, 525, 890, 924–25, 1028; in colonial 865–66; Suez crisis and, 899 Vertical integration, 539–40 America, 102; for eighteen-year olds, 942; United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Vesey, Denmark, 264, 362 property holding requirements for, 166; Administration (UNRRA), 870 Veterans: lobbying for benefits for, 748–49; white male, 187, 204, 324; for women, United Negro Improvement Association, post World War I, 749, 766–67 492–93, 604, 660–61, 747; women’s fight 741–42 Veterans Administration (VA), loan for, 702–3 United States: impact of end of cold war guarantees by, 853, 859, 860 Voting Rights Act (1965), 924–25 on, 983; as member of UN Security Veterans Bureau, 748, 751 Council, 865 Veterans of Future Wars, 804 WAAC (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps), 827 United States Housing Authority (USHA), 788 Vicksburg, Mississippi, 467–68 Wabash case, 538, 615 United States v. Wheeler, 957 Victory gardens, 704 Wabash Railroad, 552 United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 514–15 Victory Loan campaign (1919), 704 Wade, Ben, 497 U.S. Sanitary Commission, 450–51 Vidal, Gore, 906 Wade-Davis Bill, 485–86 The Unraveling of America (Matusow), 937 Vienna, Congress of, 237 Wage reductions, 552 Updike, John, 906 Vietnam: communism in, 927–28; Wage-slavery, 555 The Urban Crucible (Nash), 105 immigrants from, 954–55 Wagner Act (1935), 790, 794 Urban growth, 291. See also Cities Vietnamization, 940–41 Wake Island, Japanese attack on, 832 Urbanization: churches and, 572–73; factors Vietnam War, 653, 851; Cambodianizing, Wald, Lillian, 569, 658 in, 538–39; immigration and, 563, 566; in 941–42; casualties in, 929; costs of, 940, 953; Walden: Or Life in the Woods (Thoreau), 341 late 1800s, 558–61; religious-affiliated economic distortions and, 938–39; under Walker, Alice, 1031 organizations and, 573; women and, 539. Eisenhower, 897–98; as issue in election of Walker, David, 365 See also Cities 1972, 946–47; under Johnson, 922, 928–30; Walker, James, 381 Urban revivalism, 572 under Kennedy, 913; under Nixon, 940–41; Walker, Mary Richardson, 608 U.S. Steel Corporation, 541, 667, 676, 790, 1012 opposition to, 928–29, 940, 941–42; peace Walker, Robert J., 379 USA Patriot Act (2001), 1003 negotiations in, 947; revisionist school of Walker, William, 402 Utah: Lake Powell in, 671; settlement of, 5, history and, 880–81; Tet offensive in, 929; Walker Tariff of 1846, 449 323–24, 594; slavery in, 394, 398; statehood Tonkin Gulf in, 922; U.S. defeat in, 952–53 Wallace, George C., in election of 1968, for, 324, 394; women’s rights in, 604 Vigilante justice, 604 931–32 Utopian communities, 332, 334, 336–37 Vikings, 10–11 Wallace, Henry A.: election of 1944 and, 840; Utopian socialism, 579 Villa, Pancho, 687, 688 in election of 1948, 876–77 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 110 The Village Voice, 934 Wallace, Lewis, 579 Vinland, 10 Wampanoag people, 49 Vagina Monologues, 1033 Violence: Ku Klux Klan in, 655, 722–23, 738; Wanghia, Treaty of (1844), 403, 643 Vallandigham, Clement L., 470 in labor movement, 514, 552–53 The Wapshot Chronicle (Cheever), 906 Index A101

The Wapshot Scandal (Cheever), 906 Watergate, 949–50, 951, 952, 992 Wheat, 608 War College, founding of, 641 Waterloo, Battle of, 239 Wheatley, Phillis, 100 War crimes trials: in Japan, 872; in Waterways: travel by, 76, 94. See also Canals; Wheeler, Burton, 816, 820 Nuremberg, 809, 866, 867 Steamboats Wheeler, Joseph, 641 Ward, Aaron Montgomery, 612 Watson, Thomas Edward, 524, 525, 526 When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went War Democrats, 470, 471, 485 Watts, California, race riot in, 925 Away (Gutierrez), 64 Ward’s Cove Packing v. Antonia, 978 WAVES (navy), 827 Whig party, 146, 196, 256, 284–85, 391; Warehouse Act (1916), 685 Wayne, Anthony, 200 antislavery branch of, 384, 401; War hawks, 204, 230 Wealth Against Commonwealth (Lloyd), 657 Conscience branch of, 375, 384; in Warhol, Andy, 1032 Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 1004 election of 1828, 272; in election of 1836, War Industries Board, 701 The Weary Blues (Hughes), 741 272–73; in election of 1840, 280–82; in War Labor Board (WLB), 826, 831 Weathermen, 935 election of 1844, 375, 378–79; in election Warner, Charles Dudley, 529, 583 Weaver, James B., 616; in election of 1892, of 1848, 391; in election of 1852, 401; War of 1812 (1812-1814), 111, 228, 311, 314, 523–24, 617; on railroad magnates, 534 financial reform and, 372–73; 374, 383, 391; African Americans in, 462; Weaver, Robert C., 922 independent treasury and, 274–75; origin in Canada, 233–35, 239, 240, 241; Great Weber, David J., 625 of, 272; Van Buren and, 275 Britain and, 251; Madison and, 231–31; Webster, Daniel, 272, 280, 282, 340, 368, 390, Whig party (English): radical, 123. See nationalism as by-product of, 240, 250–51; 401; Bank War and, 268; Compromise of also Patriots Native Americans and, 231–31; as second 1850 and, 397; portrait of, 249; as Whirling Thunder, 267 war for American independence, 239; war Secretary of State, 371, 374; Seventh of Whiskey Rebellion, 196, 202 hawks and, 230 March speech of, 396–97; tariffs and, 262; Whiskey Ring, 506 War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748), 111 tribute to Hamilton by, 194; as Whig, 371 Whiskey tax, 195 War of Jenkin’s Ear, 110 Webster, Noah, 325–26 Whistler, James, 589 War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713), 111 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 978 White, John, 77; paintings by, 2, 31 War of the League of Augsburg Weill, Kurt, 808 White, Richard, 64, 625 (1688-1697), 111 Welch, James, 1031 White, Walter, 893 War on Poverty, 913, 920, 923, 937 Weld, Dwight, 364 White, William Allen, 665, 680, 681 War Powers Act (1973), 947 Welfare programs, under Nixon, 945 Whitefield, George, 96, 97 War Production Board, 826 Welfare Reform Bill, 993, 994 White flight, 859, 861 War Refugee Board, 809 Welfare spending, 939 Whiteman, Paul, 741 Warren, Earl, as Chief Justice, 894, 943–44 Welles, Gideon, 458 White slavery, 659 Warren, Mercy Otis, letter from Abigail Wells, Ida B., 587, 588–89 Whitewater Land Corporation, 996 Adams to, 237 Welty, Eudora, 908 Whitman, Walt, 341–42, 582 Warren, Robert Penn, 908 Wesley, John, 39 Whitney, Eli, 300, 303, 349, 350, 538–39, 829 Warren Commission, 918 West, Benjamin, 99 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 342–43, 397, Warsaw Pact, 898 Western settlement, 121, 190–91, 246, 412, 417 Washington (state): immigrant workers in, 287–90; after War of 1812, 244–45; in art, WHO (World Health Organization), 866 645; statehood for, 608 595, 597, 612; Civil War and, 450; closing Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (Albee), 907 Washington, Booker T., 362, 575 of frontier in, 610–12; early conflict over, Whyte, William H., Jr., 886 Washington, D.C., 262; in Civil War, 456; 171–72; exodusters in, 482; farming and, Wiebe, Robert H., 695 destruction of, in War of 1812, 235, 236; 308–9, 606–8; internal improvements and, Wigglesworth, Michael, 47 growth of, 1027; “Million Mom March” in, 241; land cessions in, 172; Land Wildcat banks, 243, 246, 272, 274 992; rebuilding, 240. See also District of Ordinance of 1785 and, 174; legend in, Wilder, L. Douglas, 1029 Columbia 287–88; mining in, 604–5; Mormons in, Wilderness Campaign, 473–74 Washington, George, 90, 118, 156, 158–59, 323–24; Native Americans and, 230–31, Wild West shows, 591 259, 351; administration of, 165, 191, 262; 246, 264, 267, 594–604, 604; Pony Express Wilentz, Sean, 285 Bank of the United States and, 195; British and, 315–16; population growth and, Wiley, Harvey W., 659 and, 200; cabinet of, 191, 193, 195–96; as 290–92; railroads and, 313–14, 530–31, Wilhelm II, 629, 689 colonial leader, 136, 171; as commander 536, 607; ranching in, 605–6; sectionalism Wilkie, Wendell L., 891; in election of 1940, of Continental Army, 140–41, 151–52; at and, 243; silver issue in, 508; slavery and, 814–15 Constitutional Convention, 178, 179; 246–47; transportation and, 309–16, 377, Wilkinson, James, 224 contributions of, 201; diary of, 136; 404–5; views on, 625 Will, George, 988 entertainment of, 103; Farewell address West Germany: construction of Berlin Wall Willamette-Puget Sound, 5 by, 201; as federalist, 183; at First and, 911–12; creation of, 867–68; as Willamette River, 377 Continental Congress, 133–34; in French member of NATO, 872; reunion with East Willard, Emma, 327 and Indian War, 112–13, 115; inaugural Germany, 981 Willard, Frances E., 589, 664 oath of, 196; leadership characteristics of, West Indies, 17, 46, 90; English colonization William and Mary, College of, 79, 95, 98 141; Neutrality Proclamation of, 199; of, 34–36; slavery in, 35–36; sugar William III (1689-1702), 54, 110 portraits of, 99, 191; second term of, 198; plantations in, 90; trade with North Williams, Roger, 48 at Valley Forge, 153; Whiskey Rebellion America, 36–37 Williams, Tennessee, 907 and, 196 Westinghouse air brake, 535 Williams, William Appleman, 653, 719 Washington, Martha, 282 West Point, 385; in American Revlution, 156 Williams, William Carlos, 907 Washington Conference (1921-22), 749, 750 West Side Story, 639 Williamsburg, Virginia, 100 Washington Crossing the Delaware, painting West Virginia, in Civil War, 436 The Will to Believe I (James), 577 (Leutze), 138, 151 West Virginia (battleship), destruction of, 819 Wilmot, David, 388 Washington Naval Treaty, termination of, 804 Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, 630 Wilmot Amendment, 388–89 Waste disposal, 560–61 Whaling, 541 Wilmot Proviso, 389, 390, 391, 396 “The Waste Land” (Eliot), 743 Wharton, Edith, 742 Wilson, August, 1030–31 A102 Index

Wilson, Sloan, 886 Chapman Catt as, 587–88, 702; Carrie 700–705; music from era of, 709; Wilson, Woodrow, 216, 654, 865, 1034; Nation as, 588, 589; Catherine Beecher as, propaganda in, 698, 699; surrender of administration of, 681–93; antitrust 307; Clara Barton as, 589; Dorothea Dix as, Germany in, 711; women in, 703, 706 movement under, 684; banking and, 328–29; Eleanor Roosevelt as, 771, 780; World War II (1939-1945), 111; in Africa, 683–84; collapse of, 714–15; death of, 717; Elizabeth Blackwell as, 331, 450–51; 836–37; African Americans in, 828–31, 891; death of first wife and, 689; early career of, Elizabeth Cady Stanton as, 331, 332, 493, appeasement and, 806–7; costs of, 832–33, 679; education of, 577; in election of 1912, 587, 958, 959; Florence Kelly as, 569; Harriet 847; D-Day in, 837–38, 840; draft in, 827; 679–80; in election of 1916, 685, 691–94; Beecher Stowe as, 307, 308, 330, 359, 364, emergence of U.S. from, 850; European foreign policy under, 685–91; Fourteen 403, 409–11; Harriet Tubman as, 395; Ida B. front in, 835–36; fall of France in, 810, 812, Points of, 698–99; idealism of, 681–82, Wells as, 588–89; Jane Adams as, 568–69, 817, 820; fall of Japan in, 843–44; Japanese 697–99, 712–13, 718–19; national debt 586; Lillian Wald as, 569; Lucretia Mott as, attack on Pearl Harbor in, 818–20; Native under, 745; neutrality proclamation of, 331, 958; Lucy Stone as, 331, 332; Mary Americans in, 830; need for atomic bombs 689; at Paris Peace Conference, 711–14; Baker Eddy as, 572; Mary E. Lease as, 616; in ending, 849; Pacific front in, 832; phony progressivism under, 685; tariffs and, Sandra Day O’Connor, 978; Susan Anthony war in, 810; Soviet front in, 835–36; 682–83; trusts and, 684; Vietnam and, 897; as, 327, 331, 492, 493, 587 submarines in, 818, 835, 843–44, 847; U.S. war message of (1917), 696, 697; women’s Women’s Army Corps, 836 aims in, 821; U.S. home front in, 826–32; suffrage and, 702–3 Women’s Bureau, 661, 703 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day in, 843; Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894), 527, 623 Women’s International Terrorist Conspiracy women in, 827–28 Winesburg, Ohio (Anderson), 743 (WITCH), 959 Worster, Donald, 625 The Wings of the Dove (James), 584 Women’s Peace Party, 662 Wounded Knee, Battle of, 603 Winthrop, John, 46, 47, 48 Women’s Rights Convention (1848), 332 Wright, Chauncey, 578 Wisconsin: German immigrants in, 298; Women’s rights movement, 330–32, 586–89; in Wright, Frank Lloyd, 743, 1033 Granger Laws and, 615; progressive early 2000, 1017–19; early inequality in, Wright, Orville, 736 reforms in, 661; settlement of, 536 167–68; in the 1950s, 883; in the 1960s, 977; Wright, Richard, 907 Wise, Governor of Virginia, 422, 423 in the 1970s, 953, 956, 958–59; Wright, Wilbur, 736 Witchcraft hysteria, 61, 79–80 reconstruction and, 492–93; voting and, 604 Wyoming: statehood for, 608; women’s rights Wolfe, George, 1031 Women’s sphere, 661, 665 in, 604; women’s suffrage in, 588 Wolfe, James, 115, 118 Women’s Trade Union League, 661 Wyoming, Teapot Dome in, 751–52 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union Wood, Gordon, 189 Wyoming Stock-Growers Association, 606 (WCTU), 589, 664 Wood, Leonard, 634, 640 Woman’s club movement, 661 Wood, Thomas Waterman, painting by, 463 XYZ affair, 203 Woman Warrior (Kingston), 1031 Woodhull, Victoria, 584, 585 Women: in abolitionist movement, 492; in Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly, 585 Yale College/University, 98, 212, 334 cities, 586–90; in Civil War, 450; clothing for, Woods, Tiger, 1030 Yalta Conference (1945), 862, 863–64, 867 in the 1920s, 740; demographic profile of, Woodward, C. Vann, 529 Yamasee people, 38–39 1018; economy and, 307–8; education for, Worcester, Samuel Austin, 265 n Yankee, as term of reproach, 245 168, 327–28, 332, 956, 1017, 1018; extension Workers’ compensation laws, 664 Yankee Stadium, 732–33 of doctrine of equality to, 167–68; Gibson Workforce: blue-collar workers in, 883; Yanqui imperialism, 756 Girl image for, 548, 550; higher education children in, 304, 548, 549, 574, 586, 659, Yellow-dog contracts, 550, 766, 781 for, 576; idea of republican motherhood 662, 703, 747; Chinese in, 514, 516–17; Yellow fever, 15, 335, 640; in Spanish- and, 168; impact of automobile on life of, immigrants in, 550; productivity of, American War, 635 735; in the Ku Klux Klan, 722; in labor 856–57; white-collar workers in, 883; Yellow journalism, 578, 626, 630–31, 632, 651 movement, 554, 555; in literature, 343, 582; women in, 307–8, 539, 548, 566, 662, 664, Yellowstone National Park, 290, 610 in market economy, 165; in medicine, 331; 706, 738, 747, 827–28, 854, 883–84, 1015, Yeltsin, Boris, 981, 982 in New England colonies, 76–78; new 1017–19; in World War I, 701–2 York, Alvin C., 710 morality and, 585; new visibility for, in New Working conditions: assembly-line York, Duke of, 57–58, 60 Deal, 780–81; participation in colonial production and, 732, 734; eight-hour day Yorktown, Virginia: British surrender at, protests by, 127, 128, 130; in plantation fight, 552, 553 158–59; in Civil War, 456 system, 352; in post World War II, 854; in Workingmen’s Compensation Act (1916), 685 Yoruba, 73, 74 Progressive movement, 657–58, 661–62, Workplace, Muller v. Oregon decision and, Yosemite National Park, 610, 669 664–65, 695; in reform movements, 589; 662, 663 Young, Andrew, 788, 960 Salem witchcraft hysteria and, 61, 79–80; Works Progress Administration (WPA), Young, Brigham, 323–24 settlement movement and, 569; sexual 779–80, 823 Young Man and Fire (Maclean), 1030–31 attitudes toward, 585; in Southern colonies, World Anti-Slavery Convention, 958 Young Men’s Christian Association, 573 77; on Supreme Court, U.S., 978, 990, 1007, World Bank, 870 Young Women’s Christian Association, 573 1019; in sweatshops, 566; in temperance WorldCom, 1007, 1033 Youth culture, emergence of, 909 movement, 665; urbanization and, 539; World’s Fair (Doctorow), 908 Yugoslavia: ethnic warfare in, 982, 983; in voting rights for, 492–93, 604, 660–61, World Trade Center, terrorism attack on, Treaty of Versailles, 713 702–3, 747; in western settlement, 604; in 851, 1002–4, 1012, 1034 Yuppies, 970–71 workforce, 307–8, 539, 548, 569, 661–62, World Trade Organization (WTO), creation 664, 738, 747, 827–28, 854, 883–84, 1015, of, 994–95 Zangwill, Israel, 569 1017–19; in World War I, 703, 706; in World A World Transformed (Bush), 1007 Zavala, Lorenzo de, 279 War II, 827–28 World War I (1914-1918), 111, 656; African Zenger, John Peter, 100–101 Women and Economics (Gilman), 586 Americans in, 702, 706, 711; airplanes in, Zimmermann, Arthur, 696 Women leaders: Abigail Adams as, 147, 736; causes of, 688–89; costs of, 831; Zimmermann note, 696 167–68; Alice Paul as, 702; Anne Hutchinson deaths in, 708; economy in, 704–5; as, 47–48; Betty Friedan as, 958; Carrie financial crises of, 684; home front in,