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An Intact Chest from the 1686 French Shipwreck La Belle

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An Intact Chest from the 1686 French Shipwreck La Belle AN INTACT CHEST FROM THE 1686 FRENCH SHIPWRECK LA BELLE, MATAGORDA BAY, TEXAS: ARTIFACTS FROM THE LA SALLE COLONIZATION EXPEDITION TO THE SPANISH SEA A Thesis by MICHAEL CARL WEST Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2005 Major Subject: Anthropology AN INTACT CHEST FROM THE 1686 FRENCH SHIPWRECK LA BELLE, MATAGORDA BAY, TEXAS: ARTIFACTS FROM THE LA SALLE COLONIZATION EXPEDITION TO THE SPANISH SEA A Thesis by MICHAEL CARL WEST Submitted to Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved as to style and content by: ________________________ _________________________ Donny L. Hamilton James Rosenheim (Chair of Committee) (Member) ________________________ _________________________ C. Wayne Smith David Carlson (Member) (Head of Department) May 2005 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT An Intact Chest from the 1686 French Shipwreck la Belle, Matagorda Bay, Texas: Artifacts from the La Salle Colonization Expedition to the Spanish Sea. (May 2005) Michael Carl West, A.B., Cornell University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Donny L. Hamilton In 1995 Texas Historical Commission (THC) staff and a team of researchers discovered a shipwreck in the mud of Matagorda Bay. Preliminary artifact recovery included a decorated bronze cannon that identified the wreck as la Belle, the fourth and final vessel of the ill-fated venture to found a colony on the Texas coast by French explorer Robert Cavalier Sieur de La Salle. A full excavation of the site was conducted in the following years. Among the items recovered was an intact chest (Artifact No. 11500) which at the time became known as the Belle Mystery Chest. Initial inspection revealed that the chest was most likely a repository for various tools, but further work revealed a sundry collection of artifacts. Subsequent artifact analysis determined the tools to be instruments used in a variety of occupations ranging from that of French wine coopering to those of agricultural, military, and maritime endeavors. Historical research primarily using the firsthand reports from the expedition’s survivors suggest the chest was first boarded in France on one of La Salle’s other ship’s, l’Aimable, unloaded prior to that vessel’s wrecking at the mouth of Matagorda Bay, taken to the new settlement by way of la Belle, and eventually returned to the ship just prior to its sinking. Records verify that La Salle often claimed the possessions of the dead and that he ordered the ship reloaded with his personal goods and other supplies before it sank. Along with two artifacts with differing ownership initials and the sheer diversity of the chest’s contents, these clues suggest that the chest may have been a repository for various utilitarian items collected by La Salle before the loss of la Belle in January of 1686. iv For Grandma West and Grandma Z, both of whom passed away during my time on this project. For as long as I can remember, you always inspired me to read more, do more, be more. Your belief in me has always been a driving force in the work that I do. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is as much a product of my own as it is those persons who donated their time, money, and interest to my project, the examination of the Mystery Chest from la Belle. Donny Hamilton hired me at the Conservation Research Laboratory at Texas A&M even before my first semester officially began. Continued support through my four years there, including the summers, enabled me to live off of slightly more than the normal graduate student fare of ramen noodles. The staff of the CRL was instrumental to my education, numerous artifact discussions, and general aid throughout the entire process. Helen Dewolf got her daily exercise running between her building and where I was working every time I went to tell her about some new discovery. Her guidance and suggestions on how to separate the entangled contents of the chest, her interpretation of difficult x- rays, and brainstorming sessions on the artifacts and their implications probably allowed me to finish my thesis at least a year earlier than would have otherwise occurred. I also learned what little artifact drawing skills I possess from her, though I bear the credit for the simplicity of my products. Jim Jobling’s enthusiasm for what he called “the real treasure of la Belle” helped to identify a number of the woodworking tools I had never seen before. He was also essential to getting me the supplies and proper set-up I needed in order to conduct my examination and conserve the recovered artifacts. John Hamilton often received much of my youthful, wide-eyed enthusiasm of “Isn’t this cool?! Come see what I just found!” His patience was unbounded in helping me any time I asked, often at the expense of a banged thumb or other minor injury. Many graduate students working at the CRL also helped in major and minor ways, and my thanks to them for everything as well. Amy Borgens, Peter Fix, Starr Cox, John Swanson, and Carrie Sowden deserve special mention. Jim Bruseth, Lillie Thompson, and the staff of the Texas Historical Commission guided me with various research leads and allowed me to obtain images of the chest as it was first exposed during the archaeological recovery phase. Donny Hamilton, C. Wayne Smith, and James Rosenheim all served on my committee, taking an active interest and urging me to graduate as soon as possible! Conversations with many other professors, professionals, and experts expanded my understanding of the work and often lead me to pursue new avenues of research. These include Filipe Castro, Kevin Crisman, Kathleen Gilmore, Sylvia Grider, Thomas Oertling, Cemal Pulak, and Greg Waselkov. Vaughn Bryant deserves special mention for his time in helping me identify the species origin of the chest’s clump of hair. Gregor Kalas put me in contact with Ian Muise in the Architecture Department for the use of a large flatbed scanner for oversized drawings. Additionally, sections of this thesis were researched and written for courses taught by Donny Hamilton (Jamaican woodworkers archives), Kevin Crisman (maritime woodworking professions), and Rob Bonnichsen (taphonomy of the chest), who unexpectedly passed away 24 December 2004. vi Thank you also to the many project donors who made the recovery of la Belle and its contents possible. Their donations of time, money, and expertise were invaluable. These benefactors include ISTEA Texas Department of Transportation, Dennis O’Connor, The Cullen Foundation, The Fondren Foundation, The Houston Endowment, Inc., The Meadows Foundation, Mobil Exploration & Producing U.S., Inc., Shell Oil Company Foundation, The Summerlee Foundation, The Trull Foundation, and Matagorda Country Navigation District One. As of March 2005, a full list of the La Salle Shipwreck Project Donors can be found at http://www.thc.state.tx.us/lasalle/lasbelledonor.html. Additionally, the support given to the Conservation Research Laboratory in the form of supplies from various companies enables us to perform our work at reasonable rates while we work to preserve our nation’s history. A few of these donors whose supplies directly helped with my project include: Food Services, TAMU; Fuji NDT Systems; GE Silicones; Northrop Grumman; Coroplast, Inc.; Devcon Plexus; The Dow Chemical Company; and Progressive Epoxy Polymers. As of March 2005, a full list of the CRL’s donors can be found at http://nautarch.tamu.edu/lasalle/sponsors.htm. Amy Borgens, perhaps more than any other single person, gave freely of her time both while on the CRL staff and after her graduation in order to help me complete my work in a scholarly manner. All of the early work on the chest was documented by her superb photography. She also taught me the use of the x-ray machine, at which I spent many hours learning the finer points of artifact radiography. Additionally, her efforts to increase the scholarly tone of my work often left the pages bleeding red, but once they “healed” from this cosmetic surgery, they were always much improved. Her time spent in drawing one of the most complicated artifacts from the chest, the intricate grip and other sword hilt pieces, created a masterpiece. Finally, her general support and teachings, borne through her many years of experience at the CRL, were a great boon to me and my project. She has been an inspiration from beginning to end. Many others helped in major and minor ways to bring about the completion of this work. Karen Jones, Ann Baum, and Kristy Sundberg all helped with the editing or phrasing of certain sections. John Scroggs spent many hours editing my thesis from beginning to end for a graduate level course he was pursuing for his own degree in journalism. Michael de la Cruz, Katie Van Benschoten, Emmanuel Rosas, and Caitlin Sullivan all examined works in other languages for me. Aaron Kemp’s inordinate interest in preservation and unrelenting curiosity lead him to spend much time brainstorming and researching certain objects from the chest that, thus far, still remain unidentified. Support and interest also came from a wide number of my friends. Kristin D’Aco, Michael Katz, and many other members of my undergraduate fraternity Sigma Chi Delta constantly reminded me of “what cool things I was doing” even when the work seemed long, tedious, or never-ending. Jay Pagano, Carolyn Sealfon, Carolyn Margolin, Lindsay Taylor, Matt Griffith, Jonathan Roberts, and many others from my past would often check in with me to see how the work was progressing and to keep my spirits vii up.
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