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Building Practices and Carpenters' Tools That Created Alexandria's Kent Plantation House

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Building Practices and Carpenters' Tools That Created Alexandria's Kent Plantation House Building Practices and Carpenters' Tools That Created Alexandria's Kent Plantation House By N. H. Sand and Peter Koch SouthernForest ExperimentStation Forest Service. U. S. Departmentof Agriculture I t is the year 1796or thereabouts. ily, and he succeeds so well that designed and made with good Louisiana is a Spanish colony with the dwelling still remains sound and materials. French traditions and culture. attractive after 175 years, a very Now known (from a later owner) Pierre Baillio II, of a prominent great age for a house in America. asthe Kent PlantationHouse, Bail- French family, has a sizeable grant To reach it takes good luck-escape lio's home has recently beenmade of land along the Red River near from fire, flood and the Civil War. into a museum in Alexandria, a a small town called EI Rapido. Continuous occupancy and the care short distance from where it was Baillio undertakes to have a that goes with it also helps. Most originally constructed. There it house built for himself and his fam- of all, the house must be soundly standsas testimony to the skins of early Louisiana carpenter crafts- men. In contrast to architects, who seemto leapinto print with no great difficulty, carpenters are a silent tribe. They come to the job with their tool chests, exercise many skins of construction and some of design, and then pass on. Often their works are their only record. Occasionally some tools survive and, after generationsof neglectand abuse,these may find their way int() antique shopsor museums. Thus it is difficult to speakin de- tail of the builders of any given house. Here, methods, materials and tools of colonial Louisianawin be described in general terms but with the Kent House drawn upon fM examples. By 1800,when Baillio's houseis completed, the Louisiana Purchase is 3 years away.The IndustrialRev- ... p~ olution has not yet progressedfar in America. The first Mississippi River steamboat win not appear until 1811. Upriver transport is limited, roadsare few and poor and the cost of hauling freight by land is immensely high. Human travel overland is tedious. Iron is scarce and steel for cutting tools is scarcer yet. Lumber is scarcetoo, at least in Carpentrytools typal of those used in ttIe construction of Kent House. one sense.There is no shortageof Ph«CWfBphby ThomasSend. timber but turning the trees into Kent House Plantat.ion, built 1798-1800, by Pierre Baillio II and named, by a subsequent owner, for Kent County, Maryland. in a few decades steam power will be widely used in transportation and to drive woodworking machinery. Yet at the turn of the century build- ing technology in Louisiana con- sists mostly of taking local materials and transforming them with tools powered by the human arm. Mud and Moss The design and construction methods that Baillio chose were typical of the French and Spanish colonial period in Louisiana. The plan called for two large, almost square, rooms surrounded on all sides by a wide gallery. There was no second floor. A big hipped roof extended with- out break over the galleries, shading boards and planks is another matter Possibly some horse-powered mills the walls and allowing doors and windows to be kept open for ventila- for sawmills are few and primitive. exist. There are no large circular In New Orleans several mills are saws yet and certainly no band- tion even during heavy rains. The located along the Mississippi River saws. Instead, mills operate with end galleries probably were en- and are driven by water wheels set a straight blade set vertically in a closed before construction was in ditches cut in the levee. When wooden frame or sashthat is pushed complete, creating another room at the river is high the mills run brisk- up and pulled down by a pitman or each end and a smaller one at each Iy, mainly sawing cypress. Whc=n connecting rod attached to the rear comer. the river falls the mills shut down. power source. There are no planing Still in the tradition of country In general, however, the streams of mills for dressing boards and mak- architecture, Baillio had brick piers built as a foundation. He thus raised Louisiana don't offer nearly as ing mouldings. many wheel sites as do the small But important technological the main floor for easy passagebe- neath his house but he may also waterways of rocky New England. developments are in progress and FRAMING FOR MUD-AND-MOSS WALL ,. THE BROAD AX end Ke ue. ~'" '-, tA-iOI---~~ ~"'illwi'. -:. -- -~:. ~ ,-,. ,~ _-a. cuI.IS iOIiI_- -->.. 0 0 T~ ~'2""'.-'.._"- --!*aA~ l. r v~~ 4S1..,i..- - 111.- . ... ,... ~-, T.-If I. -' r- ---"i"" - ' --iIY'III -~ ~ " :~>,- ,. ,- ~:1 ~ ~ ~ ~.:r.h, I , :. .f-." ~~~. ,- :7 ':; "'It' ~ have been thinking of protection feather-edgedcypress boards. made with a circularsaw. from floods in the spring and cooling In that ageof poor transportation, Cypressheartwood is very resis- effects in the summer. materialswere taken close at hand. tant to both decayand termites, and Large timber sills were laid down The rose-coloredbricks were made in the slow-grownstands of that day on the piers and hewn vertical mem- on site from local clay, the timber the stems were nearly all heart- bers were mortised into them and cut from nearbyforests. Dr. Floyd wood. Southernpine is strongerand the ceiling plates above. These ver- G. Manwiller, of the U. S. Forest thus serves well where resistance ticals were less numerous than the Service in Pineville, has sampled to bending is wanted-as in floor studs in a modern house and much wood from various parts of the andceiling joists of largerooms and heavier. Some were set at an angle house and found it predominantly rafters of long span. But the pine to provide bracing. Probably the baldcypress.The only other wood was more difficult to work with framing was jointed and assembled is southern pine, probably the fa- hand tools and so, as one student on the ground and the sections for bled longleaf pine, which also of the subject remarks, "If you the various walls then erected with aboundedin the region. One of the needed more strength, you just the aid of pulleys and push poles. 12-by 12-inchmain sills is pine. It hewed the cypress pieces larger." When the frame was up and the is probably a replacementsince it The framing was carefully put roof in place, the spaces between shows the witness marks of saw together with mortise-and-tenon or the timbers were filled to ceiling teeth rather than the broad-ax lap joints locked in place with pegs markscommon to the cypresssills. driven into auger holes. Such joints height with mud-largely clay-in are probably better than those made which Spanish moss or. sometimes Also pine are the cap beam over deer hair was mixed as a binder. the east wall of the original house, with spikes. Typically again, the This mud-and-moss wall filling, someof the raftersand someceiling roof was covered with hand-rived called bousillage, is also seen in the boards. Rather surprisingly, the cypress shingles. Window wood- Rogue House of Natchitoches. The panelover the mantlein the original work is cypress,shutters and doors Kent House walls are about 6Y4 east room is pine also. Any or all also. Moulding was sparinglyused. inches thick and contain both deer of thesepine pieces may be replace- Ironwork such as hingesand fas- hair and moss. ments but the cap beam at least is teners was simple and may have As it aged, the mud became very probably original. Floors of the been forged locally from iron bars dry and hard. The roof overhang southeastand southwestrooms are and strips purchased from New sheltered it in many places and else- cypress.The northeastroom, add- Orleansimporters. It may also have where it was covered with wide, ed about 1842, has pine flooring been purchasedready-made from ORAWKNIFE end SHAVINGHORSE THE CARPENTER'S ADZ T- ADZ... -- -. A ..,.., .. W. ~ '-.'--" "- ' ~_.("",,_.1_" 1'- . c , _k ~~-~~~-~ /) .f' '-"- -. -. L ~, c;:.= -..,.-=- -- .~~ i ~ '- _-II" I - .. 14- 1M . QI' ,.,. .. _"'-r"" _.iI~ I .-.ow'" cl~ .0 ,. J ,M of . SHAVINGIKIRst j ~ ).,..,. A W.~,.. / .\~.,,' '" / .-:e::::'~..=,j;~ ',i ~. I ) ~ ""'-'-- -."'-"" "'/' I:' "I Ij' ~11;;«ifi ;,... "- , . ' 'I ,'1 ,qJ, , .. ' ' --oM I' . .. :.'!""I, 1.\ - ...-- M -- *... - , ~ 'I,I . J1";- 1:J-' M8"'-- 1 ;-,~/I~.' -"'~"""""'" ""~~~', :, ~"-"~ ~I - - li\ ~: . 'I ""'1", 'I'", " . , , '. " " , II' " , I ~ h//;"." jll-i'j, 1,1/lj,lli" France. Window glass was similarly value and might help to stop an and other states of the recently inde- available in New Orleans as an im- Indian's bullet or arrow. It provided pendent Union which Louisiana port. In simpler country houses of an inside wall that could be coated was yet to join in 1812.C. C. Robin, the time locks and hinges were often with lime or other preparation and a Frenchman who traveled in Lou- of wood and window panes verged then painted. Outside walls pro- isiana from 1803to 1805, observed on luxury. tected from rain by galleries or roof that carpenters' wages were excel- Machines for making old-style overhang could be given the same lent. rectangular shaped nails were in finish or left bare, at a saving of It is also clear that many who production in the eastern states but siding lumber. The method was called themselves carpenters were by 1800 most nails were probably popular in Louisiana for almost a capable of performing duties of an still hand wrought. The trade of nail century after the early settlers architect and contractor. Some had maker was a recognized one and arrived in the 1720s. skilled slaves of their own.
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