ABPL90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING
traditional timber framing COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969
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do not remove this notice CARPENTRY AND THE MORTICE & TENON grooved stone axe head from Vevey, France
Amerindian axe
Jean-François Robert, Rêver l’Outil: gestes essentiels – outils de toujours (Éditions Cabédita, La Lêchére [Savoie] 1995), p 91 stone axe in a wooden haft, earlier Neolithic, about 3700-3100 BC, Ehenside Tarn, Cumbria, England. British Museum PE POA 109.6, 190.7 Miles Lewis Egyptian adze, 18th Dynasty, reign of Hatshepsut, c 1673-58 BC British Museum EA 26279
J H Taylor [ed], Journey through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (British Museum Press, London 2010), p 99 Egyptian carpenter’s tools Lewis, Architectura, p 53 Egyptian maul & adze carpenter on a scaffold, using an adze
Rose-Marie & Rainer Hagen, Egypt: People, Gods, Paroahs (Taschen, Koln & London 1999), p 82, 83 Egypt: model carpenter's shop, including a carpenter cutting a tenon joint in a plank Egyptian Museum, Cairo, JE 46722 Miles Lewis detail of the Egyptian carpenter’s shop. Lewis, Architectura, p 132 fresco of an Egyptian carpenter using a saw
Hagen, Egypt, p 72 mortice and tenon joint Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 22 Trudy West, The Timber-Frame House in England (Newton Abbot [Devonshire] no date), p 14 Egyptian chest, British Museum Miles Lewis mortised, tenoned and pegged joint of the Egyptian chest Miles Lewis EARTHFAST v GROUND SILL CONSTRUCTION House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawing from Frank Sear posts or studs, with and without a ground sill West, The Timber-Frame House, p 21 (a) what is the main advantage of earthfast construction?
(b) what is the main advantage of the ground sill? Glastonbury, c 200 BC: overlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one presumably for a corner post
John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320 interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21 decay DECAY
interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches
E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21 excavation of a structure at Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates
Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21 reconstruction of a structure at Valkenburg, with framing and wattling on sole plates
Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21 carpenters using axes to square a tree trunk the story of Noah, Chartres Cathedral. Éditions Houvet traditional French axes Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 24 SPLITTING splitting a log with an axe, Gilbert Islands John Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands (St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p 171 splitting timber with a broadaxe, Queensland Miles Lewis splitting timber with a froe, Queensland Miles Lewis splitting timber with a maul and wedges, USA Eric Sloane, A Reverence for Wood (New York 1975), p 62 sledgehammer and mallet
Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 24 splitting slabs on the Tweed River Archer, Building a Nation, p 67 ADZES, AUGERS MORTISING AXES Egyptian adze, c 1400- 1200 BC Egyptian Museum, Cairo, S1526
Miles Lewis adzed timber beam at the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney
Miles Lewis auger and post axe, USA Sloane, Reverence for Wood, p 63 fencepost with augered mortice
Miles Lewis auger, broad axe and mortising axe, Queensland Miles Lewis
Douglas fir tree cut by cross-cut saw, USA
courtesy Richard Byrne ways of breaking down a log using a saw
Adam, Roman Building, p 97 detail of a saw in a model of an Egyptian carpentry workshop
Egyptian saw in the British Museum
Lewis, Architectura, p 32 Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p 1029 saw from Ras Shamra, Syria, 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Louvre AO 14761 Miles Lewis Roman carpentry tools relief from a small altar: frame saw, two handed crosscut saw, and other tools and objects belonging to the sacrificator: Capitol Museum, Rome Roman hand saw, as published by Gruter
Adam, Roman Building, p 92; Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p 1029 'In the Totomi Mountains', Japan, by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) National Gallery of Victoria, NGV60160D Gallo- Roman pit sawing, relief from the Pont- du-Gard Museum, Nîmes, France
Chris How pit sawing diagram by E R K Harding
State Library of Victoria sawpit, New South Wales, probably 1870s Holtermann collection pit sawing, Queensland
Miles Lewis pit sawing in Wiltshire, using a frame saw
Creasey, Victorian and Edwardian Country Life, pl 95 late Roman frame saw and blade from a painting at Herculaneum, and a monument published by Gruter
Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p 1029 demons sawing a tree with a frame saw, fourteenth century, Central Asia
Topkapi Saraya Muzesi, Istanbul, H.21q53,fol two man frame saw [oga] for rip sawing, Japan, c 1500, by Sanjuniban Shokudin Uta Awase
141a Suntory Museum of Art; tourniquet frame saws in use at Tsingtau, China, c 1900 from a German postcard C18th century timber yard with frame saw Diderot, Encyclopédie, 'Menuiserie' traditional French saws Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 24 cutting veneer with a frame saw, France André Roubo, L'Art du Menusier, 1769 water-powered sawmill, early C13th, illustrated by Villard de Honnecourt
Robert Mark [ed], Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1993), p 3 saw worked by pole and pedal, c 1770 inv 13571/261[B], Musée des Arts et Metiers, Paris band saw, Hjerl Hede, Denmark
Chris How sawmill in the USA, 1788 Thomas Anburey, Travels through the Interior Parts of America (London 1789) CARPENTER’S TOOLS a shrine building site, Japan, 1309
Kasuga Gongen Genki-E, reproduced in Coaldrake, Way of the Carpenter, pl 2 detail of a shrine building site, Japan, 1309 detail of a shrine building site, Japan, 1309 the bow drill in Egypt, and in use in Roman times
Adam, Roman Building, p 99 wood turning, drilling with a bow, and carpenter's tools, Kashmir, India, 1850
George Michell [ed], Architecture of the Islamic World: its History and Social Meaning (New York 1978), p 113 pump drill of a jeweller or clockmaker, France
Jean-François Robert, Rêver l’Outil: gestes essentiels – outils de toujours (Éditions Cabédita, La Lêchére [Savoie] 1995), p 120 carpentry gnomes, Cologne Cathedral, Germany photo by James Martin:
Miles Lewis
Roman scarfs and splices Adam, Roman Building, p 100 Roman joints Adam, Roman Building, p 101 CARPENTER'S MARKS medieval carpenters' numerals West, The Timber-Frame House, p 61 carpenter's marks on a building at the Bokrijk Museum , Belgium Marc Laenen, 1990, no 31A ('29') Buckwell Farm, near Ashford, Kent, England. mid-C15th: numbering of arcade post and brace
Malcolm Kirk, The Barn (London 1994), p 125 German house at Paechtown, South Australia: detail of the corner of the base plates, showing the numeral 'XI‘, with flecks
Robert Moore & Sheridan Bourke, Australian Cottages (Port Melbourne 1989), p 46 Eckverzierung house, Groß Düben, Spreewald, Germany, 1814: corner detail
Lotar Balke, Bauen und Wohnen in Heide und Spreewald (Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1994), p 18 the use of flecks on workman’s house, Horno Nr 79, Zimmermannszeichen, Spreewald, Germany Lotar Balke, Bauen und Wohnen in Heide und Spreewald (Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1994), p 241 carpenters' numerals and marks numerals; numerals with flecks; numerals with strokes R J Brown, Timber-Framed Buildings of England (London 1986), p 39 joint in a Pennsylvania Dutch barn, showing symbols for assembling bent no 3 Eric Arthur & Dudley Whitney, The Barn: a Vanishing Landmark in North America (New York 1978 [1972]), p 177 CRUCK CONSTRUCTION the earthfast cruck the cruck truss the cruck rafter suggested development of the cruck frame
West, The Timber-Frame House, p 22 cruck frame of early hut & early timber frame cottage with crucks Matthew's Cyclopaedia of the Home, I, p 2 C14th cruck cottage with half loft and a louvre over the hearth MUAS 15,860 ‘cruck-truss' construction Ronald Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (London 1970), p 53 'Cruck Cottage', Didbrook, Stanway, Gloucestershire, no date
Tony Evans & C L Green, English Cottages (London 1982), p 47 cruck barn, Leigh Court, Worcestershire, C14th. interior view Kirk, The Barn, p 108 supposed evolution of cruck construction into frame construction: a typology or Brittany
G I Meirion-Jones, The Vernacular Architecture of Brittany (Edinburgh 1982), p 83
the forested areas of Northern Europe
Vaclac Mencl, Lidova Architektura v Ceskoslovensku (Prague 1980), p 562 palisade construction, Denmark
Gorm Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk (Copenhagen 1984), p 19 early stave building, Hemse, Gotland, Sweden J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault (Toronto 1972), p 14; MUAS 5,284 West Stow, reconstructed C7th Anglo-Saxon Village, East Anglia http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2471/weststow.html reconstructed C7th Saxon palisade houses, West Stow
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2471/weststow.html St Andrew's Church, Greenstead, Essex, before 1013 Builder, 1849, p 115 St Andrew's Church, Greenstead, Essex, undated, but after the C7th and before 1013 MUAS 23,233 St Andrew's, Greenstead, reconstruction of carcase Hewett, English Historic Carpentry, p 13 St Andrew's, Greenstead, reconstructed detail of the top plate
Hewett, English Historic Carpentry, p 13 timber building, Poland, c 700 BC, of heavy grooved posts and tenoned logs Acland, The Gothic Vault, p 12 Morton Herman's reconstruction of the construction of a hut in Sydney in 1789, based upon an illustration in David Collins, Account of the English Colony in New South Wales \ Morton Herman, The Early Australian Architects and their Work (South Sydney 1954), p 5 ‘Kulkyne’, west arm Miles Lewis HORIZONTAL SLAB slab building at Ørey, Denmark, 1880s [two sides original] Gorm Benzon, Bindingsværk i Sønderjylland og Slesvig (no place [?Copenhagen] 1985), p 22 slab building in Haderslev Museum, Denmark Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk, p 23 horizontal slab buildings at Den Gamle By &Hjerl Hede, Denmark Chris How house with a pièce sur pièce or bois en coulisse wall at Ste Geneviève, Québec, photo 1924 APT Bulletin, VIII, 1 (1976), p 66 slab blacksmith's shop, not located unsourced THE BRACED FRAME an unbraced frame the failure of an unbraced frame triangulation (a) the need for triangulation (b) the triangulated frame a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh Dilshad Ara construction of a house in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh Dilshad Ara alternative bracing strategies ROOFING & TRUSSES reconstruction of an Etruscan temple as described by Vitruvius Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]1970), pl 12 Ekklesiasterion or Bouleterion, Priene, c 200 B view & plan Miles Lewis; Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, p 177 Ekklesiasterion, Priene: reconstruction view Scranton, Greek Architecture, fig 96 House of the Vetii, Pompeii, atrium, and detail of impluvium
unsouced commerial slide Miles Lewis Column of Trajan, Rome, AD 113: detail showing a wood-framed theatre Talbot Hamlin, Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Architecture, II, The Principles of Composition (New York 1952), p 390 Roman military wooden bridge, reconstructed by Choisy on the basis of one shown on the Column of Trajan
Hamlin, Forms and Functions, II, p 286 S Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome, the basilica of 386, destroyed 1823: cross-section Jean-Baptiste Rondelet, Traité Théorique et Pratique de l'Art de Bâtir (published by the author, 6 vols, Paris 1812-17 [1812, 1814, 1814, nd, 1817, nd]), III, pl lxxvi
evidence in stone of king post trusses in Syria pediment of porch, Brad Convent porch on the south side of Bātûtā Chapel
H C Butler [ed E B Smith], Early Churches in Syria Fourth to Seventh Centuries (Amsterdam 1969 [1929]), pp 19, 201 Sant' Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, c 532-549 sectional perspective showing the queen post truss roof Dehio-Bezold , Die Kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes THE SCANDINAVIAN TRADITION from palisades to staves from ship building to knee braces Stave Church at Gol, Norway, C12th: section Stave church at Borgund, C13th: view. Dan Lindholm, Stave Churches of Norway (London 1969 [Stuttgart 1968]), p 17; MUAS 9897 Viking longhouse, Trelleborg, near Søro, Denmark, c 960, reconstruction Lewis, Architectura, p 40 simplified illustrations of the construction of a stave church and a Viking ship Lindholm, Stave Churches, p 18 roof of the stave church at Heddal, Norway, beginning of C13th; generic stave church roof Lindholm, Stave Churches, pl 70, p 18 Stave church at Hopperstadt, Sogn, c 1150: interior Church at Blackmore, Essex, no date, showing oak timbers of the tower Gustav Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe (London 1969) pl 70; Monumentum, III, 1969, p 33 knee braces, Chatham Dockyard, England, early C19th Chris How hay barn at 'Tocal', Paterson, New South Wales, by Edmund Blacket, c 1850 Miles Lewis Tocal barn, interior
Miles Lewis Tocal barn: knee brace Miles Lewis THE GERMANIC TRADITION the anchor beam elaborate pegged joints the angle brace construction in bents Stening-Böving farm, Westphalia, Germany 1743 (now at the open air museum, Detmold): anchor beam with double tenon
Kirk, The Barn, p 119 anchor beam, Bokrijk Museum, Belgium
Marc Laenen, no 24 Højremshus, Denmark
Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk, p 52 Bokrijk Museum, anchor beam, arch brace & consoles supporting the eaves Marc Laenen, no 17 Dutch-built barn formerly at Mickel Hollow, near Cobleskill, Scoharie Co, NY Kirk, The Barn, p 76 'Larger Wemp' barn, New York State [Dutch type] Arthur & Whitney, The Barn, p 47 Bradt barn, near Fonda, NY: middle bent Kirk, The Barn, p 76 erecting a timber frame of anchor beam construction
Kirk, The Barn, p 118 'Larger Wemp' barn, New York State, interior detail Arthur & Whitney, The Barn, p 47 assembly of an anchor beam frame.
Kirk, The Barn, p 118 'Ways of making a wooden pin stay put,' USA
Eric Sloane, A Reverence for Wood (New York 1975), p 6 main types of timber jointing in Dutch aisled buildings E L van Olst, 'Building Traditions in the Netherlands', in Michael Petzet & John Ziesemer [eds], Vernacular Architecture (München 2002), p 66 raising holes used as an aid in the construction of a 'new world Dutch barn’ Fitchen, The New World Dutch Barn, p 132 Schubert House, Springhead Road, Springhead, South Australia (?c 1860): diagram of timber framing
Gordon Young et al, Lobethal 'Valley of Praise' (Adelaide 1983), p 208 Schubert House, axonometric
Young, Lobethal. p 209 THE FRANCO-BRITISH TRADITION angle braces the knob and neck joint [France only] barn of the Abbey Grange, Parçay Meslay, early C13th Kirk, The Barn, p 45 the barn at Parçay Meslay Kirk, The Barn, p 45 aisled hall at Sole Street, Crundale, Kent, possibly C15th Eric Mercer, English Vernacular Houses (London 1975) p 10 barn at Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1426-7
Kirk, The Barn, pl 19 barn at Frindsbury, Kent, C14th: splayed scarf with a key in the arcade plate Kirk, The Barn, pl 22 framing in Normandy Lescroart, Manor Houses in Normandy, p 53 Manor of Le Lieu Rocher, Normandy, detail of an outbuilding Yves Lescroart, Manor Houses in Normandy (Paris 1997 [1995]), p 52 French medieval carpentry detail by Viollet-le-Duc; base of a principal vertical member in a French Gothic Cathedral Roof, after Viollet-le-Duc Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, Dictionnaire (Paris), III, p 280, sv Cloche John Fitchen, Building Construction before Mechanization (Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1986), p 145 the knob and neck joint
Fitchen, Building Construction before Mechanization, p 144 Bokrijk Museum, Belgium: mortice & tenon joints in sill beam Marc Laenen no 21 Bokrijk, corner construction with angle braces
Marc Laenen, no 20. Bokrijk, principal rafter tie beam stiffened by an arch brace
Marc Laenen no 12 Bokrijk, lap joints
plain
spiked to a post
Marc Laenen, nos 13, 18 THE BOX FRAME house at Ezinge (Groningen), Netherlands, C4th-C3rd BC: reconstruction by Price & Schwarz Lorna Price, The Plan of St Gall in Brief (Berkely [California] 1982), p 82 Saxon Hall, conjectural reconstruction, say C10th MUAS 15,858 Sulehaus, Denmark Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk, p 199 half timber house frame with hafter roof, Denmark
Benzon, Gammelt Danske Bindingsværk, p 197 building frame, (purported to be Noah building the ark), from the Bedford Hours, early C15th
Lewis, Architectura, p 134 box frame construction Brunskill, Vernacular Architecture, p 53 English box frame house MUAS 10,207 construction of a jettied or oversailing upper floor MUAS 18,857 double-jettied house, Forcheim, Germany
Chris How English timber joints left: joints at Dove Hill houses, Suffolk, no date right: tie beam lap dovetail joints C F Innocent, The Development of English Building Construction (Cambridge 1916), p 77 Brown, Timber-Framed Buildings, p 37 HALF TIMBERING wall materials and traditional construction in Europe Henri Raulin Maison Paysannes d’Europe: ancrage dans l’histoire et manières d’habiter (Ibis Press, Paris 2009), p28 pans-de-bois [timber frame] types in northern France Henri Raulin Maison Paysannes d’Europe: ancrage dans l’histoire et manières d’habiter (Ibis Press, Paris 2009), p 28 half-timbered house Hildersham, Cambridgeshire
MUAS 8,381 C16th house, Winchester MUAS 637 Speke Hall, Lancashire MUAS 10,949 compound farmstead from Klein-Hoeselt, Limburg, C16th-18th, Bokrijk Museum Marc Laenen no 94 granary (?) Bokrijk Museum
Marc Laenen no 71 French half timbered pigeon houses in the Midi-Pyrénées region & border of the Tarn, Garonne & Lot departments
Bertrand de Vivies, Pigeon-Houses of the Midi Pyrenees Region (Albi 1994), pp [11], 25