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Traditional Timber Framing COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969

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ABPL90085 CULTURE OF BUILDING traditional timber framing COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 Warning This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Melbourne pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. do not remove this notice CARPENTRY AND THE MORTICE & TENON grooved stone axe head from Vevey, France Amerindian axe Jean-François Robert, Rêver l’Outil: gestes essentiels – outils de toujours (Éditions Cabédita, La Lêchére [Savoie] 1995), p 91 stone axe in a wooden haft, earlier Neolithic, about 3700-3100 BC, Ehenside Tarn, Cumbria, England. British Museum PE POA 109.6, 190.7 Miles Lewis Egyptian adze, 18th Dynasty, reign of Hatshepsut, c 1673-58 BC British Museum EA 26279 J H Taylor [ed], Journey through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead (British Museum Press, London 2010), p 99 Egyptian carpenter’s tools Lewis, Architectura, p 53 Egyptian maul & adze carpenter on a scaffold, using an adze Rose-Marie & Rainer Hagen, Egypt: People, Gods, Paroahs (Taschen, Koln & London 1999), p 82, 83 Egypt: model carpenter's shop, including a carpenter cutting a tenon joint in a plank Egyptian Museum, Cairo, JE 46722 Miles Lewis detail of the Egyptian carpenter’s shop. Lewis, Architectura, p 132 fresco of an Egyptian carpenter using a saw Hagen, Egypt, p 72 mortice and tenon joint Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 22 Trudy West, The Timber-Frame House in England (Newton Abbot [Devonshire] no date), p 14 Egyptian chest, British Museum Miles Lewis mortised, tenoned and pegged joint of the Egyptian chest Miles Lewis EARTHFAST v GROUND SILL CONSTRUCTION House of Romulus, Rome: reconstruction drawing from Frank Sear posts or studs, with and without a ground sill West, The Timber-Frame House, p 21 (a) what is the main advantage of earthfast construction? (b) what is the main advantage of the ground sill? Glastonbury, c 200 BC: overlapping ends of two planks with square mortices for wattles, and a larger one presumably for a corner post John Bradford, 'Building in Wattle, Wood, and Turf', in Charles Singer et al [eds], A History of Technology, vol I, From Early Times to Fall of Ancient Empires (Oxford 1954), p 320 interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21 decay DECAY interpretation of a structure from Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period framing and wattling in trenches E M Jope [ed], Studies in Building History (London 1961), p 21 excavation of a structure at Valkenburg, Netherlands, of the Roman period, indicating framing and wattling on sole plates Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21 reconstruction of a structure at Valkenburg, with framing and wattling on sole plates Jope, Studies in Building History, p 21 carpenters using axes to square a tree trunk the story of Noah, Chartres Cathedral. Éditions Houvet traditional French axes Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 24 SPLITTING splitting a log with an axe, Gilbert Islands John Hockings, Traditional Architecture in the Gilbert Islands (St Lucia [Queensland] 1989), p 171 splitting timber with a broadaxe, Queensland Miles Lewis splitting timber with a froe, Queensland Miles Lewis splitting timber with a maul and wedges, USA Eric Sloane, A Reverence for Wood (New York 1975), p 62 sledgehammer and mallet Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 24 splitting slabs on the Tweed River Archer, Building a Nation, p 67 ADZES, AUGERS MORTISING AXES Egyptian adze, c 1400- 1200 BC Egyptian Museum, Cairo, S1526 Miles Lewis adzed timber beam at the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney Miles Lewis auger and post axe, USA Sloane, Reverence for Wood, p 63 fencepost with augered mortice Miles Lewis auger, broad axe and mortising axe, Queensland Miles Lewis Douglas fir tree cut by cross-cut saw, USA courtesy Richard Byrne ways of breaking down a log using a saw Adam, Roman Building, p 97 detail of a saw in a model of an Egyptian carpentry workshop Egyptian saw in the British Museum Lewis, Architectura, p 32 Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p 1029 saw from Ras Shamra, Syria, 2nd millennium BC or earlier. Louvre AO 14761 Miles Lewis Roman carpentry tools relief from a small altar: frame saw, two handed crosscut saw, and other tools and objects belonging to the sacrificator: Capitol Museum, Rome Roman hand saw, as published by Gruter Adam, Roman Building, p 92; Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p 1029 'In the Totomi Mountains', Japan, by Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) National Gallery of Victoria, NGV60160D Gallo- Roman pit sawing, relief from the Pont- du-Gard Museum, Nîmes, France Chris How pit sawing diagram by E R K Harding State Library of Victoria sawpit, New South Wales, probably 1870s Holtermann collection pit sawing, Queensland Miles Lewis pit sawing in Wiltshire, using a frame saw Creasey, Victorian and Edwardian Country Life, pl 95 late Roman frame saw and blade from a painting at Herculaneum, and a monument published by Gruter Smith , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p 1029 demons sawing a tree with a frame saw, fourteenth century, Central Asia Topkapi Saraya Muzesi, Istanbul, H.21q53,fol two man frame saw [oga] for rip sawing, Japan, c 1500, by Sanjuniban Shokudin Uta Awase 141a Suntory Museum of Art; tourniquet frame saws in use at Tsingtau, China, c 1900 from a German postcard C18th century timber yard with frame saw Diderot, Encyclopédie, 'Menuiserie' traditional French saws Jean-Louis Valentin, La Charpente: Mode d’Emploi (Eyrolles, Paris 2008), p 24 cutting veneer with a frame saw, France André Roubo, L'Art du Menusier, 1769 water-powered sawmill, early C13th, illustrated by Villard de Honnecourt Robert Mark [ed], Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge [Massachusetts] 1993), p 3 saw worked by pole and pedal, c 1770 inv 13571/261[B], Musée des Arts et Metiers, Paris band saw, Hjerl Hede, Denmark Chris How sawmill in the USA, 1788 Thomas Anburey, Travels through the Interior Parts of America (London 1789) CARPENTER’S TOOLS a shrine building site, Japan, 1309 Kasuga Gongen Genki-E, reproduced in Coaldrake, Way of the Carpenter, pl 2 detail of a shrine building site, Japan, 1309 detail of a shrine building site, Japan, 1309 the bow drill in Egypt, and in use in Roman times Adam, Roman Building, p 99 wood turning, drilling with a bow, and carpenter's tools, Kashmir, India, 1850 George Michell [ed], Architecture of the Islamic World: its History and Social Meaning (New York 1978), p 113 pump drill of a jeweller or clockmaker, France Jean-François Robert, Rêver l’Outil: gestes essentiels – outils de toujours (Éditions Cabédita, La Lêchére [Savoie] 1995), p 120 carpentry gnomes, Cologne Cathedral, Germany photo by James Martin: <http://goeurope.about.com/od/koln/ss/cologne_pics_4.htm> house carpenter's tools (left) and joiner’s tools (right), England, c 1700 Joseph Moxon, Mechanick Exercises or the Doctrine of Handy Work (London 1678) House Carpentry, pl 8; Joiner’s Work, pl 4 lathe, England, c 1700 Moxon, Mechanick Exercises, Turner's Work, pl 1 carpenter's bag, c 1886, found under the floor of Leicester House, 202-6 Flinders Lane, Melbourne Miles Lewis contents of a carpenter's bag, c 1886, found under the floor of Leicester House, 202-6 Flinders Lane, Melbourne Miles Lewis Roman scarfs and splices Adam, Roman Building, p 100 Roman joints Adam, Roman Building, p 101 CARPENTER'S MARKS medieval carpenters' numerals West, The Timber-Frame House, p 61 carpenter's marks on a building at the Bokrijk Museum , Belgium Marc Laenen, 1990, no 31A ('29') Buckwell Farm, near Ashford, Kent, England. mid-C15th: numbering of arcade post and brace Malcolm Kirk, The Barn (London 1994), p 125 German house at Paechtown, South Australia: detail of the corner of the base plates, showing the numeral 'XI‘, with flecks Robert Moore & Sheridan Bourke, Australian Cottages (Port Melbourne 1989), p 46 Eckverzierung house, Groß Düben, Spreewald, Germany, 1814: corner detail Lotar Balke, Bauen und Wohnen in Heide und Spreewald (Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1994), p 18 the use of flecks on workman’s house, Horno Nr 79, Zimmermannszeichen, Spreewald, Germany Lotar Balke, Bauen und Wohnen in Heide und Spreewald (Domowina-Verlag, Bautzen 1994), p 241 carpenters' numerals and marks numerals; numerals with flecks; numerals with strokes R J Brown, Timber-Framed Buildings of England (London 1986), p 39 joint in a Pennsylvania Dutch barn, showing symbols for assembling bent no 3 Eric Arthur & Dudley Whitney, The Barn: a Vanishing Landmark in North America (New York 1978 [1972]), p 177 CRUCK CONSTRUCTION the earthfast cruck the cruck truss the cruck rafter suggested development of the cruck frame West, The Timber-Frame House, p 22 cruck frame of early hut & early timber frame cottage with crucks Matthew's Cyclopaedia of the Home, I, p 2 C14th cruck cottage with half loft and a louvre over the hearth MUAS 15,860 ‘cruck-truss' construction Ronald Brunskill, Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture (London 1970), p 53 'Cruck Cottage', Didbrook, Stanway, Gloucestershire, no date Tony Evans & C L Green, English Cottages (London 1982), p 47 cruck
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