DOCSLIB.ORG

Colvin Run Mill Learning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Colvin Run Mill Learning Colvin Run Mill Historic Site Fairfax County Park Authority 10017 Colvin Run Road Great Fall, VA 22066 703-759-2771 Learning Kit Introduction Thank you for scheduling a field trip Inside: to Colvin Run Mill Historic Site. We hope you and your students find your Educational Objectives 2 visit to be both educational and en- joyable. This Learning Kit provides During the visit, your students will you with information to introduce Educational Themes 2 go to three learning centers where your students to the site and to rein- they will learn how simple machines force concepts learned during your made work easier and they will use A Brief History of 3 visit. It includes Standards of Learn- some simple machines. They will Colvin Run Mill ing objectives, educational themes, a also discover the inter-dependence brief history of the site and a time of local rural economics, the impact Worksheet: 4 line, a list of vocabulary words and of geography on the development of 19th Century worksheets. Please feel free to adapt communities in northern Virginia Livelihoods these materials to your needs and to and the importance of transportation Oliver Evans’ 5 make copies of this information. routes for commerce. Automated Mill: A Symphony of Simple Machines In the c. 1900 general store, students discover a thriving Worksheet: 6 commercial center for the Simple Machines Make town and a hub of social the Miller’s Job Easier! activities as well. Students Vocabulary List 7 & handle familiar (and some not 8 so familiar) household items and identify simple machines. In the mill, students learn how grain was ground into flour or cornmeal by the water- In the barn, students use powered grinding stones four simple machines that and how simple ma- made work easier in the chines helped automate days before electricity. the process. Pa ge 2 Learning Kit Colvin Run Mill Historic Site Educational Objectives Science Standards Force, Motion and Energy objectives from the Science Standards of Learning include: 3.2 4.2 Students will investigate and understand simple machines and their uses and see examples of simple machines at work that made the miller’s job easier. 6.2 The following objectives and themes correspond with the History and Social Science Standards of Learning developed for Virginia’s elementary students: History & Social Science A community is a group of people with common interests, especially those living in the same area. The students will learn that in the 19th century a vital rural com- munity of farmers, craftspeople and merchants grew up around Colvin Run Mill. 2.2, 2.7, 4.1, 4.5 In the 19th century, Colvin Run Mill was a merchant mill. The students will learn how producers (like the miller) used natural, human and capital resources to produce goods in the past. 2.6, 2.7, 4.2, 5.6 Geography and transportation routes determined the location of the mill along Colvin Run. The students will learn how these factors also influenced the 2.5, 4.1, 4.2, 5.6, location and growth of the 19th century community. 6.7 Colvin Run Mill operated commercially from about 1811 to the mid-1930s. The students will learn about the social and commercial lives of ordinary Virginians during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Educational Themes Energy is the capacity to do work. Basic energy sources — water, muscle, heat and wind power — have not changed since the beginning of time. What has changed is technology, the ways and means these energy sources are utilized to perform Energy work. Examples of 19th century technology interpreted at Colvin Run Mill are sim- ple and compound machines, hand-powered tools, a water-powered gristmill with its sophisticated system of gear-operated machinery, and simple heating and light- ing methods. A community is a group of people with common interests, especially those living in the same area. Primarily a rural, agricultural community, the 19th and early 20th Community century Colvin Run community survived intact for over a century despite wars and recessions, technological advances and industrialization. The mill at Colvin Run played a pivotal role within that community. Learning Kit Colvin Run Mill Historic Site Pa ge 3 A Brief History of Colvin Run Mill Colvin Run Mill, Fairfax cel from Washington’s heirs George Washington to Bryan Fairfax County’s award-winning and immediately conveyed operational water-powered it, along with a standing gristmill, is a tribute to the mill, to Philip Carper. In “I have been informed that enterprising spirit of Ameri- 1813 Carper paid the first some person has petitioned ca’s past. Long before the known taxes on flour and or is about to petition the mill was an active business, cornmeal produced here. Court of Loudoun for an Acre the land on which it was of the Land I bought of you For more than a century, a on Difficult to Build a Mill built was associated with on. .” several famous Virginians. series of merchant millers operated Colvin Run Mill. In August 1739, Colonel 1783 John Colville received Unlike custom millers who grants from England’s King ground grain for individual George II of almost 10,000 orders, merchant millers acres in what would become bought and sold grain and Fairfax County. He soon flour to serve local and for- sold much of this land to eign markets. Grain prod- than the old-fashioned mill- the bricks and glass, hand- William Fairfax. When Fair- ucts from Colvin Run Mill stones. By 1930, it was esti- hewed timber to precise fax died in 1753, a 275-acre were exported through the mated that over one million specifications and assem- parcel of this property along port of Alexandria. bushels of grain had been bled the machinery. All the Difficult Run was conveyed processed through Colvin gears in the mill, with the A thriving community of to his son Bryan Fairfax. In Run Mill! exception of a few steel farmers, craftspeople and 1760 or ‘61, George Wash- parts included for safety, merchants grew up around After the Millards sold the ington purchased the Diffi- were handmade from the mill. Nineteenth century mill, it sat idle and neglected th cult Run tract from Bryan wood. As in the early 19 gazettes and business direc- for 30 years until 1965 when century, the mill operates Fairfax. the Fairfax County Park Au- tories refer to numerous solely by water power. Wa- Washington recognized the blacksmith shops and coun- thority acquired it and began ter from Colvin Run is potential of Colvin Run as a try stores nearby. The its restoration. Because the diverted into a pond and mill site with a good water c. 1900 Colvin Run General building and machinery had millrace and then flows supply, hardwood forests Store, once located across undergone such fundamental over the 20' wooden over- for building material and the road from the mill, has change over its commercial shot waterwheel to pro- located on a major transpor- been restored as part of life, the restoration was based vide the power that turns tation route leading to mar- Colvin Run Mill Historic on the plans of Oliver Evans the gears and operates the ket at the port of Alexan- Site. (1755-1819) whose innova- machinery. dria. However, the pressing tions revolutionized milling The mill operated for more th business of waging war and in the early 19 century. The Traditionally, the homes of than 120 years, and its most governing the new nation mill’s derelict ruins revealed a famous people and the prosperous period was 1883 prevented Washington from number of similarities to the sites of momentous events to 1934 when the Millard acting on his plans for his floor plans and cross sections have been preserved while family rebuilt the millrace property along Difficult printed in Evans’ 1795 book the buildings used by ordi- and millpond and modern- Run. The Young Millwright and Mil- nary people seldom sur- ized the machinery. The ler’s Guide. vive. Colvin Run Mill rep- Although it is unclear when greatest change was in the resents a time when wood Colvin Run Mill was com- grinding process when a Today’s visitor sees the re- and water performed im- pleted, or indeed who built new roller mill — the latest sults of many skilled crafts- portant work and commu- it, in 1811 William Sheppard in modern 19th century tech- people who have, quite liter- nities prospered in support purchased 90 acres of nology — was installed and ally, recreated the past. They of such enterprise. Washington’s 275-acre par- proved to be more efficient repaired the structure, made Pa ge 4 Learning Kit Colvin Run Mill Historic Site 19th Century Livelihoods Directions: Draw lines to match the words in each column with the pictures Storekeeper Anvil A person who sells goods and A heavy iron block on which provides services to customers. heated metal is shaped. Carpenter General Store A person who builds or repairs A place where people came to buy wooden structures. supplies, get their mail, meet their neighbors and learn the news. Blacksmith Millstones A person who heats iron in a Large round stones used for fire and shapes it into many grinding grain. useful items. Farmer Shaving Horse A person who raises crops or A bench with a foot-operated animals for sale. clamp to hold wood steady as it is shaped. Miller Plow A person who grinds grain to make A tool with a heavy blade used for flour or cornmeal. cutting up soil to prepare for planting. Learning Kit Colvin Run Mill Historic Site Pa ge 5 Oliver Evans’ Automated Mill: A Symphony of Simple Machines Colvin Run Mill is filled with simple machines that accomplish important tasks to make the miller’s job easier.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Building Practices and Carpenters' Tools That Created Alexandria's Kent Plantation House
    Building Practices and Carpenters' Tools That Created Alexandria's Kent Plantation House By N. H. Sand and Peter Koch SouthernForest ExperimentStation Forest Service. U. S. Departmentof Agriculture I t is the year 1796or thereabouts. ily, and he succeeds so well that designed and made with good Louisiana is a Spanish colony with the dwelling still remains sound and materials. French traditions and culture. attractive after 175 years, a very Now known (from a later owner) Pierre Baillio II, of a prominent great age for a house in America. asthe Kent PlantationHouse, Bail- French family, has a sizeable grant To reach it takes good luck-escape lio's home has recently beenmade of land along the Red River near from fire, flood and the Civil War. into a museum in Alexandria, a a small town called EI Rapido. Continuous occupancy and the care short distance from where it was Baillio undertakes to have a that goes with it also helps. Most originally constructed. There it house built for himself and his fam- of all, the house must be soundly standsas testimony to the skins of early Louisiana carpenter crafts- men. In contrast to architects, who seemto leapinto print with no great difficulty, carpenters are a silent tribe. They come to the job with their tool chests, exercise many skins of construction and some of design, and then pass on. Often their works are their only record. Occasionally some tools survive and, after generationsof neglectand abuse,these may find their way int() antique shopsor museums. Thus it is difficult to speakin de- tail of the builders of any given house.
    [Show full text]
  • Gentleman's Chair
    FEATURE Gentleman’s chair FURTHER INFORMATION To find out more about Mark Griffin and his chairs, see www.rustic-ash.co.uk gentlemen, these humble specimens suddenly found themselves transformed into the FROM LOG TO CHAIR ‘cockfighting chairs’ of the 18th century. The cockpit was where gentleman and pauper were John Greeves talks to Mark Griffin about allied side-by-side and where all social classes the making of a Gentleman’s chair mingled, intent only on the frenzied betting of a deadly blood match. hould this really be called a Gentleman’s out candle stick and pocket either side of its Furniture makers were quick to seize the chair? The name seems so disingenuous shoulder, as well as a drawer in the front seat. opportunity to offer cockfighting chairs with when you examine the murky past Maybe the gentleman sat reading Tom Jones, the same narrow backs and crested tops to Ssurrounding it. The early origins of Robinson Crusoe or even Gulliver’s Travels, if not anyone able to purchase one. William Hogarth, the Gentleman’s chair arose from the humble some other best-seller of the day. Of course a contemporary of the day, captured the cold reading chairs. These were first made in England there were other variations of the chair, but reality and cruelty of the sport in his etching for private libraries in the early 18th century. The the basic format persisted, allowing the person entitled ‘The Cockpit 1759’, but cockfighting reading chair was shaped so that the person could to straddle it as they browsed their book.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolving Windsor Chair
    16 Revolving Windsor Chair A few years ago it fell to me to write a story about Thomas Jefferson in a chess match with his slave Jupiter. This venture led to a play on the same subject, as well as research into the physical objects used as metaphorical vehicles for the ideas. In this regard, Jefferson makes it easy for us. One of the more obvious physical items is the revolving Windsor chair used by Jefferson when he was working to draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Having seen a picture of the chair in its surviving form and an- other picture of a re-creation of it, I undertook to make a similar one to use on stage. My version differs from the original in the use of a steam-bent arm rail rather than a sawn and carved one, because I could make a bent arm faster than a sawn one. Making this swivel Windsor is in some ways easier than making a normal one, in that the seat is circular rather than a sculpted outline. There are a lot of parts and processes to a Windsor chair, but with the exception of hollowing the seat, you have already seen how to do them all. Windsor chairs, as the name suggests, are of English design. Windsor chair-making in England centered around the town of High Wycombe, but the chairmaking did not begin in town. Out in the woods, workers called chair bodgers felled, split, and turned the beech legs on their springpole lathes, then sold these legs to chairmakers in town.
    [Show full text]
  • Yestermorrow Design/Build School Woodworking Certificate Program
    Yestermorrow Design/Build School Woodworking Certificate Program Yestermorrow's 11-week Woodworking Certificate program is designed to give amateurs and aspiring professionals a solid grounding in woodworking and furniture- making techniques, led by Yestermorrow's talented and nationally recognized faculty. Skills learned in the program include design and drafting, wood selection and preparation, joinery, traditional hand skills, sharpening, power tool techniques, and finishing. The curriculum has a strong focus on the integration of design in the woodworking process, part of Yestermorrow's core philosophy of design/build. The Certificate begins with an analysis of trees and the wood they produce, an overview of felling and milling practices, and an introduction to the tactile essence of working with green wood. The program then moves into the realm of Cabinetry, in which students become oriented to the tools of the woodshop and basic principles of wood movement and layout. Additional program segments include Beginning Furnituremaking, Traditional Handtool Chairmaking, Joinery, Boxmaking, Care & Repair of Shop Machines, Small Scale Design/Build, Intermediate Furniture Techniques, and Wood Finishes. The program culminates in a two-week studio where each student will design and build a piece of his or her own choosing. The Certificate will be led by Program Director Justin Kramer – furniture designer, woodworker, sculptor, and educator. Other instructors include Steve Skonieczny, Randy Taplin, Andrew Russell, Kim Winkle, Joel Taplan, and other guests. This year’s program will be offered twice: January 31st through April 15th and September 4th through November 18th. Classes are generally scheduled 9am-5pm Monday through Friday, with some occasional weekend shop days and evening lectures/shop time.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Woodworking Spring Greens Dorset Make Beautiful Objects from Freshly Felled Wood
    11 | EXPERIENCE | GREAT DAYS OUT Visit www.bbccountryfilemagazine.com/daysout LearN greeN WoodWorKING Spring greens Dorset Make beautiful objects from freshly felled wood, using time-honoured methods and tools As featured on ABOVE Creating a spurtle is hard, but Words: Tor McIntosh Pictures: Jeff Gilbert Mastercrafts, satisfying, work BELOW LEFT Guy the see page 55 woodworker BELOW RIGHT Tools of the trade Guy polishes a partly USEFUL INFO finished ‘spurtle’ with © 2010 Google - Map data © 2010 Tele Atlas wood shavings Course reen woodworkers aim to expend as little energy felled timber – green wood still contains sap, meaning HIghER HOLDItch FARM Gas possible,” explains Guy Mallinson, my tutor, it’s soft and easy to work with. However, since green Holditch TA20 4NL as I pound the wooden club onto the froe tool for the wood is cut along the grain, it remains strong and can 01460 221102 umpteenth time, attempting to cleave a sycamore log be used to produce long-lasting objects. www.mallinson.co.uk into quarters. “With no machinery to do the hard work The two-day Pole Lathe and Green for you, it’s vital to pace yourself during the tree-to- FINDING THE RHytHM Woodworking course costs £287.50 product process,” he continues. Finally the stubborn The next stage in the spurtle-making process and includes lunch, tea and snacks. chunk of wood divides. Wiping the sweat from my is shaping the billet using a pole lathe, a simple brow, it’s clear that I have a lot to learn about the age- woodturning apparatus dating back to the Viking era.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Conservation and Craftsmanship of Traditional Timber Structures
    ISS Institute / DEST Fellowship Report Building Conservation and Craftsmanship Of Traditional Timber Structures Nigel Bryce Lewis 2006 A special thanks to Rachel Bower of The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. United Kingdom. Tracy Holmes, of The York Minster England, Goran Andersson of Goteborgs Universitet Sweden. Published by International Specialised Skills Institute, Melbourne. ISS Institute 101/685 Burke Road Camberwell 3124 AUSTRALIA February 2006 February 2007 - Version 2 Also extract published on www.issinstitute.org.au © Copyright ISS Institute 2006 Whilst this report has been accepted by ISS Institute, ISS Institute cannot provide expert peer review of the report, and except as may be required by law no responsibility can be accepted by ISS Institute for the content of the report, or omissions, typographical, print or photographic errors, or inaccuracies that may occur after publication or otherwise. ISS Institute do not accept responsibility for the consequences of any action taken or omitted to be taken by any person as a consequence of anything contained in, or omitted from, this report. ii Table of Contents 1. Acknowledgements Awarding body - ISS Institute P5 Fellowship sponsor/s P7 Fellowship contacts P7 About the Fellow P8 2. The Fellowship Program Aim of the Fellowship P9 The Skills/Knowledge Gaps Current Education skills P10 3. The Australian Context P11 Conserving Glenelg Shire P12 • Steam Packet Inn P13 • The German Immigrants P15 • Historic Trestle Bridges P18 • Forestry Around Portland P21 • The Saw
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Wood Works
    Guild of Oregon Woodworkers Volume #35, Issue 8 August, 2018 OREGON WOOD WORKS Editor’s Insight SketchUp Help and The First Tool Out of the Box Bob Oswald Learn I had the opportunity recently to ponder my favorite hand tool. Favorite was a key word and using by hand triggered this instant thought in my SketchUp. You might not think I’ll start this little note by of it as a tool but in fact, in building furniture, a pencil and paper is always the starting thanking Linda Howarth for place. Create the image of what you are going to build. This image can be simple, helping me with the news- enough to remind you of your plan along the way, or complex including all dimensions letter this month. I’m build- and construction techniques. Today’s computer power and software world opens up tre- ing the content and Linda mendous opportunities we never had when I was growing up. It takes me back to Mr. has assembled the articles Garity’s high school wood shop in the 50’s. and leaps decades to Gaston High school and done the formatting that wood shop today. I have increasing difficulty seeing. At this point I am SketchUp is one such program that I now use consistently on every project. There is a not declaring the newsletter free version from Trimble; just google “download sketchup” and install it. handed off to Linda. None It is a three-dimensional modeling program that allows you to create your project, as it of the Guild roles are life- long commitments.
    [Show full text]
  • 1877 Annual Town Report
    ANNUAL REPORT TOWN OF CHELMSFORD SHOWING THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FINANCIAL YEAR ENDING FEB. 28, 1877. LOWELL, MASS.: STONE, HUSE & CO., BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, No. 130 CENTRAL STREET. 1877. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from Federally funded with LSTA funds through the Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners rrttp://www.archive.org/details/annualreportofto1877unse . ; REPORT OF THE TOWN CLERK Foe the Tear Ending February 28th, 1877. Births recorded—males, 25 ; females, 26 ; total 51 Births of native parentage 24 Births of foreign parentage 19 Births of native and foreign parentage - 8 Marriages recorded 19 Marriages between natives 17 Marriages between natives and foreigners 2 Deaths recorded—males, 17 ; females, 12 ; total 29 Number of dogs licensed— males, 151 ; females, 6 total 157 Amount received for licenses $332 00 Amount of fees for licenses, 20 cts. each 31 40 Amount paid into the county treasury $300 60 GEORGE A. PARKHURST, Town Clerk. STATEMENT FKOM ASSESSORS' BOOK. May 1, 1876. Number of polls 663 Value of personal estate $ 279,790 00 Value of real estate 1,158,255 00 Total valuation $1,438,045 00 Number of dwelling-houses .... 489 " horses 366 " cows 680 " sheep 3 " acres of land taxed 14,132 ASSESSMENT. State tax $1,494 00 County tax 521 38 Appropriation for schools 5,000 00 " school-house repairs 200 00 " school supplies 100 00 " school apparatus 200 00 " school superintendence 300 00 " highways 2,500 00 " the poor 3,000 00 " school-house at East Chelmsford 450 00 « Warren road 200 00 " cemetery at South Chelmsford 100 00 " cemetery at Centre 200 00 " town officers and committees.
    [Show full text]
  • Shaving Horse Plan.Pdf
    Projcet from WWW.CRAFTSMANSPACE.COM Project: Carving Bench Page 1 of 37 Shaving horse plan When machines and power tools entered the workshops, some of the hand tools were almost completely pushed out of the use. This was also the case with shaving horse tool that once was an indispensable tool for carpenters, bodgers (chair makers), bowyers (bows makers) and coopers (barrel makers). The shaving horse is nowadays being used mostly by enthusiasts that still almost all the things make by hands (peeling rafters and purlins, to shape spindles for turning, chair legs, barrel staves, shingles, and the like), but this tool is also used by some specific crafts, like the guitar making – for making the neck of a guitar, and also for the rustic furniture manufacture or for green woodworking. Shaving horse can even today be a useful tool, because it has a wide range of use, especially if your type of work is based on small series. There are many designs of shaving horse, and each of them is used for some specific purpose. It is usually used with a drawknife or spokeshave, but can be adapted for use with other hand tools. A shaving horse is an old woodworking tool used to hold a workpiece in a place while it is worked by a cutting tool such as spokeshave or drawknife. It holds slats, posts and rungs for shaving and drawknifing. Shaving horse is basically a workbench for shaping with a drawknife or spokeshave. Shaving horse consists out of the bench, on which the woodworker sits; the pedal operated clamp, whose function is to fasten the workpiece and the legs to support the shaving horse while it is being shaved.
    [Show full text]
  • Top20tools.Pdf
    When I've been asked to list what I consider the most important, must-have tools of the woodworking trade, people are surprised when I don't immediately rattle off a list of cabinetmaker-grade stationary machines and high-tech hand power tools. Sure, I think all these tools are important, desirable and wonderful, and I know that l, for one, couldn't have made a living without them. Plus, I love all this stuff just as much as any other full-blooded woodworker. But other tools - sometimes the most simple and primitive - have also rewarded me with dramatic increases in production efficiency, raised the level of safety in the shop or contributed significantly to my enjoyment of woodworking. Some of the tools on my list have, in fact, given me all three blessings at the same time. Sources for the specialty tools mentioned here can be found in my guide: Ultimate Small Shop 1. A Set of Decent Workbenches It's hard for me to admit this publicly, but I worked for two out of my three decades of professional woodworking without owning a decent workbench. And worked is the operative term here. Without a bench that was solid, that was sized to my height and to the work I did, or that offered decent vises and other holding accessories placed in the right spots, I was making more work for myself. Work that I wasn't getting paid for. Work that I wasn't enjoying. I finally realized after too many make-do work surfaces that the right workbench with the right accessories does much of the work for you.
    [Show full text]
  • May 4, 1992 Volume 3, Number 1 I Think We Had a Great Meeting at Bill
    THE NEWSLETTER OF THE GUILD OF NEW HAMPSHIRE WOODWORKERS 132 Drinkwater Road, Kensington, NH 03833 May 4, 1992 Volume 3, Number 1 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE John Skewes I think we had a great meeting at Bill Thomas' shop. A year and a half ago many of us met for the first time. Now after six meetings, the guild is beginning to serve its purpose. Friendships are forming and new faces are becoming familiar. Bill's meeting was interesting because it was about tools not techniques. For the first time I began to understand just how many people have a fascination with old tools. Personally I like a minimum of machinery. Preferably bought with cash. Whether a tool is new or old, I don't care as long as it's safe and efficient. At the end of the meeting one of our new members was asking me about starting out and what tools to buy. Of course the first thing I thought of was a table saw. And then a jointer, and of course a router and maybe a drill press and a bandsaw is handy etc., etc. The more we talked, the more I felt like Norm Abrams: And that is not a good feeling. To me woodworking is about working wood and architectural expression - making things people need. Putting to use one of the most versatile and beautiful materials we have. For me it's not owning and operating machines. I finally realized I should have said, "Build a bench. Collect some hand tools." What I did advise was to buy John Alesandros' book Making a Chair from a Tree.
    [Show full text]
  • Craftsman 2017 Competition
    Craftsman 2017 Competition Held by the Kent Hood Decoy Carvers Foundation, Inc. Hosted by The Core Sound Waterfowl Museum & Heritage Center The purpose of this competition is to crown a carver as a superior craftsman by way of judging a “naked” (unpainted, no sealer, no filler) decoy. The judges will be looking for many things including but not limited to; Symmetry, Flowing Lines, Wood Choice, Tight Seams, Tight Neck to Body, etc. Bring your bench, your vice, your shaving horse, or whatever you have to hold that bird and shave some wood with us! You will also have the chance to enter or simply enjoy the Kent Hood Rig of Six Competition taking place at the same venue! When: June 24th Where: Core Sound Waterfowl Museum during the Kent Hood Rig of Six Competition 1785 Island Rd, Harkers Island, NC 28531 Time: Registration 7:15-7:45 with the competition starting at 8am See Next Page for full Schedule. Call Casey Arthur with any questions: 252-241-8001 Superior Decoy Craftsman Competition held by the Kent Hood Decoy Carvers Foundation, Inc. Rules and Information CARVERS Carvers entering the competition will provide their own cutouts of a head and body. Carvers are welcome to bring as many cutouts as they wish, as long as they produce a finished decoy at the end of the allotted time. Carvers will provide their own hand tools, which must consist only of traditional, manual hand tools, such as a hatchet, drawknife, spokeshave, rasps, carving knives, etc. Carvers will provide all fasteners for the purpose of attaching the head, and will be allowed to use a power drill to do so.
    [Show full text]