A-Z of PAPER Interesting Facts on Paper

Contents

Topic Page Interesting information about paper...... 4 Art printing techniques ...... 21 Short encyclopaedia of “Paper – Board – Cardboard”. . . . . 27

3 A in paper production. Today all Hahnemühle papers and cardboards are produced without Absorption performance alum. The absorption performance of papers descri- bes their ability to absorb a liquid on a defined AOX area of paper within a defined time. The ab- The term AOX refers to organic chlorine com- sorption performance is highly influenced by pounds, which are dissolved in water, and the raw material chosen as well as the beating after an appropriate test method can be absor- of the pulp. bed into activated carbon. The organic chlorine compounds are created by pulp bleaching with Acid free elementary chlorine or are introduced to the Neutral sizing paper by additives, e.g. wet strength agent. Hahnemühle uses TCF or “totally chlorine Additives free bleached” pulp (cellulose). A large number of organic and mineral additi- ves (e.g. size, glue) and fillers (e.g. kaolin, Archive board chalk) as well as dye stuffs. They are necessa- An acid free / stock sized unbleached ry to give each paper the required properties. board, which is especially suitable for preser- ving extremely valuable museum and archive Ageing resistance pieces. Hahnemühle produces all kinds of dif- All paper is subjected to an aging process. This ferent archive boards. involves a loss of use-value or performance, in the case of paper this can affect its strength, Art printing techniques surface and colour. A very long life can be A brief overview of traditional art printing achieved by using appropriate raw materials techniques is given on page 23 onwards of this and additives. All Hahnemühle papers and brochure. cardboards correspond to the highest Life class, i.e. they retain their use-value for several Artists proof hundred years. Artists proofs (AP), as well as printers’ proofs ( Neutral sizing, pH value, Calcium car- (PP), are absolutely identical with the prints of bonate, Buffer) the regular edition. The number of artists’ pro- Non-aging properties ofs traditionally lies at maximum 10% of the edition – it is mostly higher (1 to 3 copies) in the Alpha cellulose case of digital FineArt editions, which are often Almost 90% of wood cellulose (wood pulp) only produced in small quantities of up to - consists of alpha cellulose, and it accounts for 7 copies. Artists’ proofs are normally consecuti- almost 99% of Linters. Alpha cellulose is a so- vely numbered in Roman numerals. called polysaccharide (multiple sugars bonded together), whose molecule is made up of nu- Ash content merous individual building blocks held toget- Apart from the pulp of its organic constituents, her in a chain. The other constituents of wood paper consists of so-called fillers. The pro- cellulose are Lignin and short-chained portion of these fillers can be determined by Cellulose (so-called hemicelluloses). burning (incinerating) the paper.

Alum Aluminium sulphate, which papermakers in- correctly call alum, used to be used to precipi- tate and fix the resin size (resin adhesive). Alums are complex salts, which are rerely used

4 B weight. A brief overview of different grades of paper and board is given on page 30 onwards Backing board of this brochure. Spacer between album sheets and as inside of the spine of a book. Hahnemühle backing bo- Bonding lines ard is dyed white, is soft and the surface is ribbed felt marked. Book end paper Basis weight The high quality book end papers produced by Grammage per square metre (gsm). Depending Hahnemühle on the Fourdrinier are neutral on the paper machine used, Hahnemühle pro- sized and non-ageing. The name book end duces its papers and boards in basis weights paper comes from the fact that this paper is between 80 gsm and 450 gsm. used as the first cover sheet in a book, between the cover and the title page. The surface is Beater mostly ribbed. Hahnemühle book end paper Trough shaped mill work with fixed blades and qualities are available under the name rotating rag engine cylinder developed by the “Natural Line“ in various designs. Apart from Dutch in the 17th century for preparing (crush, their original purpose, these papers can also be cut) fibres for paper. Depending on the setting used as text papers as well as for prints and of the blades, the fibres are beaten (refined) in drawings. a different way: depending on the intended use in “free (fast draining) beating“ or “wet be- Breaking length ating“, in short or long. This is decisive for the The highest load paper can withstand before it character of the paper. tears.

Black papers Buffer effect Hahnemühle produces black papers and bo- Without exception, all neutrally sized, ards both using the cylinder mould paper non-aging Hahnemühle papers and boards machine as well as the Fourdrinier paper are buffered with approx. 4 % calcium carbo- machine. These are dyed with soot and black nate. The buffer effect serves to provide high dyes. These papers are also neutral sized and permanence and as a defence against harm- non-ageing. A high degree of lightfastness ful environmental effects. Acidic contami- is achieved. The black papers and boards are nants in the air are neutralised by the dissol- particularly popular as the base for white and ved chalk and further chalks can dissolve, light, brilliant prints. which ensures that the pH value remains ap- prox. 8 ( Frankfurter Requirements, pH va- Blotting board lue). Hahnemühle keeps unsized, very absorbent board with various basis weights in stock. Bugra These can be used, among other things, for dry- Mould-made paper, which is only produced by ing as an intermediate layer between art pa- Hahnemühle. The coarse ribbing, which pers or for absorbing liquids. lends the paper a pleasantly rough surface is characteristic. It is available with a basis Board weight of 130 gsm and in 22 different colours Generic term for various grades and qualities and is used for various printing techniques, of papers, which have a basis weight of book bindings, artistic applications and for approx. 130 gsm and 600 gsm and thus lie bet- lining (laminating). The “Bugra“ quality has ween papers and cardboard with respect to been produced by Hahnemühle for over 70 years and was named after the “BUGRA”

5 book and graphic trade fair (“BUch- und stance). In wood, cellulose is bonded with GRAfikmesse”), which was held in 1928 in lignin and the other constituents of the cell Leipzig. wall.

Certificate C Confirmation from Hahnemühle’s the works and production managers of fulfilment of the Calcium carbonate standards DIN 6738 (Frankfurter Filler in neutrally sized papers and boards, Requirements) and ISO 9706. which is also called “Parisian chalk”. As calcium carbonate neutralises acids, it is used in paper Circa format as an acid-binding buffer and forms the The format of all mould-made papers and bo- main building block for the ageing ards, which have a real or torn deckle edge resistance. All Hahnemühle papers and boards must always be given as a circa (approximate) are buffered against external harmful substan- format. Precise formats with exact square ces acting on the paper with at least 4% cuts can be cut from these circa formats, howe- calcium carbonate in accordance with DIN ver the decorative deckle edge is lost as a re- 6738 and ISO 9706. sult. This is especially true if mould-made papers are used as laminating or lining pa- Calendar pers. Several steel roll lying on top of each other and hard, but more elastic paper rolls. These two ty- CMYK pes of rolls are alternated, however two paper = Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Key (Black). rolls meet at a point. When the paper web pas- Colour printing is based on the CMYK colour ses through the rolls friction occurs between space. Cyan, magenta, yellow and black inks the soft and hard roll. This, as well as the pres- are mixed on the paper, to produce a certain sure of the roll produce the smoothness on colour. The composition of the elementary co- papers ( calendaring). lours cyan, magenta, yellow and black differs in Europe (Euroscale), the USA (SWOP) and Calendering Japan. All unlaminated Hahnemühle papers and bo- ards can be subsequently given a calendering Cobb value finish in sheets. The absorption of water on one side of a sheet of paper within a given time (mostly 1 minute Calliper or even 10 minutes) is called the Cobb value. It Hahnemühle mostly produces its papers and depends on the sizing and the degree of bea- boards according to basis weight. Fort speci- ting condition (freeness value) of the paper. al grades or at the request of the customer, pa- pers and boards are also produced according to Cold extraction calliper (thickness). The calliper of a paper or pH value board is determined using a micrometer sen- sor (thickness gauge) at a certain pressure load Colour Management (e.g. 1 kg/cm2). Colour management ensures the colour fideli- ty of the presentation graphic input devices Cellulose (scanners, digital cameras), monitors and prin- Cellulose is the most frequently, naturally oc- ters. This system matches the various colour curring, organic compound. The cell walls of rendition capabilities of the individual devices plants are made from this pulp (fibrous sub- with each other. The devices are measured using so-called IT8 targets (colour pattern for transmitted and incidental light).

6 Colour series (gamut, gamut mapping) using gutters, and by the winding on at the si- The colour series, also called the gamut, is a des of the cylinder mould. A further characteri- range of colours a certain device can produce. stic of cylinder mould paper machine is that "Gamut mapping" means that the colours the paper web tears or breaks under varying which, e.g. can be supplied by a scanner, must feed speeds at the predetermined break lines be redefined so that when output on a device (= gutters) and so the real deckle edge re- with less colours the overall impression of the sults. Cylinder moulds can be covered with a image is retained. ribbed or vellum wire.

Colours Hahnemühle offers an extensive and up-to-da- D te range of colours suitable for ally require- ments. Deckle edged paper Any special wishes of customers can be taken Hand-made paper mould-made paper into consideration, whereby suitable colour samples have to be submitted to our colour la- Deckle edges, real boratory for rematching. Real deckle edges can only be produced on the cylinder paper machine or in hand-made Cotton paper. Where the cylinder paper machine is Instead of the rags previously used, nowa- used, 4-sided, real deckle edges are produced days it is mostly cotton which is added to pa- during the sheet production. Varying operating per in the form of linters. speeds cause the initially still continuous pa- per web to be ripped apart at previously deter- Crease resistance mined positions (see also watermark) bet- Neutrally sized and non-aging ween the wet end and the dry end. This Hahnemühle boards can be furnished with a creates two real deckle edges. The two remai- groove or crease due to their suppleness and ning real deckle edges form directly due to the are then used to produce archive boxes. lateral limits on the cylinder. During roll pro- duction only two deckle edges form due to the Cross cutter lateral limits on the cylinder. Following pro- Are used to cut paper webs with previously de- duction the machine-made rolls are cut by termined into sheets. Here the paper webs the cross cutter to form sheet paper (for- run in one or several layers on top of each other matted goods). Formats, which do not fit the through a fly cutter, which is precisely set to paper machine can also be supplied with a the required size. torn (broken) edge.

Cut edges Deed paper, loan paper The papers produced by Hahnemühle in Used to prepare durable documents and certi- machine made rolls are furnished with 4-si- ficates. Hahnemühle mould-made papers pro- ded cut edges using a cross cutter. duced using a special method, which usually contain linters as their most important raw Cylinder mould paper machine material fraction. Hahnemühle produces its complete range of mould-made papers and boards on its cylin- Degree of beating der mould paper machine. The sheets are for- The beating causes the fibres to change their med on a rotating cylinder mould. The circum- shape. I.e. the fibre length reduces and fibrils ference of the cylinder mould determines the are produced on the wall of the fibre. One of size of the format to be produced (with 4-si- the properties of pulp, which is dependent on des, real deckle edges). The required sheet format is achieved by dividing up the cylinder

7 the beating, is the dewatering (draining) per- Dimensional stability formance. The dewatering of pulp takes longer Size accuracy of Hahnemühle papers and bo- with increasing beating. ards, which may only change within the speci- fied tolerances, even under the effects of Degree of sizing moisture. Proportion, with which the paper is hindered from absorbing water by adding sizing agents. DIN 6738 (DIN 6738) Life (durability) class (LDK) Diavography Diavographie is a new printing process based Document paper on the combination of the digital colour prin- Deed paper ter with a special print carrier. The printing co- py can be produced by any image, slide or CD- Double folds ROM. Electrostatic colour transfer can then be It is important that papers which are frequent- used to produce true colour and sharp contou- ly subjected to all kinds of different folds du- red prints. Hahnemühle has developed a speci- ring daily use or further processing, do not tear al diavography board for this technique. or break as a result. The double fold is a measu- rement for the durability of papers and boards Digital FineArt (DFA) under continuous loads. The term DFA stands for the reproduction of images using state of the art digital technolo- DPI gy. Most attention is paid in using InkJet tech- The dots per inch of an image are a measure of nology for producing limited art editions, gi- its resolution. The dpi-value of a given device clèes (formerly iris prints), digital image (e.g. scanner, printer) defines its resolution creations, picture restoration and photo print- capacity. Very clear and sharp images require out. The advantage of this technique lies in the input/output devices with a very high resolu- authenticity of the original and reproduction tion (around 300 dpi or more). Monitor resolu- and the associated high flexibility due to the tions usually lie between 72 and 100 dpi. The use of “print on demand“. No more concessions quality of an image therefore depends on its have to be made with respect to intensive, bril- resolution. The more dots per inch, the higher liant colours, high print resolution. In order to the resolution and therefore the better the guarantee a distinctive print image, only coa- quality of the image. ted InkJet papers with an individual surface and structure should be used, which do not Drawing papers permit any compromises in the heat and origi- Hahnemühle Ingres and Bugra mould-ma- nality of an art paper. Hahnemühle’s Digital de papers are eminently suited for painting FineArt Collection is made from uncoated pa- with chalk, red ochre and other crayons. per to which a special coat is then applied, and Artistic drawings are also possible on our has outstanding properties including high ink Fourdrinier boards, e.g. even on the absorption, excellent ink brilliance and very mounting board. good lightfastness, which satisfy even the hig- hest standards. Dry end This part of the paper machine follows the Digital Print wet end. The continuous paper web A printout, which is produced on an InkJet (Fourdrinier paper machine) or the paper printer by a digital file on the computer. See sheet (cylinder paper machine) is passed Giclée. around several heated rolls with the aid of felts. This removes the water from paper and consolidates it.

8 Durability class, life class (LDK) be equipped with a vellum wire or vergé According to DIN 6738 the life (durability) of (laid paper) wire. The ripped cover creates the paper and board is classified under many ribbed paper. A special egoutteur with water- years’ storage in non-air conditioned rooms. mark (= watermark roll) is required to produce All Hahnemühle papers and boards can be a continuous watermark. This is also atta- called non-ageing, as according present day ched to the Fourdrinier to give the paper the re- knowledge and when treated and stored care- quired raised areas and impressions (e.g. wa- fully they have a life or durability which meets termark, pattern, etc. ). even the highest requirements. The required mark is pressed into the wet, still mouldable paper web, and afterwards can be Dye stuffs recognised as ribbing or an egoutteur water- Substances, which through chemical com- mark in the finished paper. pounds or by simple deposit, individually or in a mixture, lend the paper the required Embossing colour. We make a difference between sub- Hahnemühle papers and boards are particular- stantive, acidic and basic (alkali) dyes, which ly suitable for embossing due to their open react by combining with the wood pulp, but surface structure and suppleness. The pa- are not lightfast. High lightfastness is achie- per web is embossed by passing it through an ved by colour pigments and earth colours, engraved steel roll pressed onto a so-called pa- which lodge between the pulp cells. Both dye per roll under the effect of temperature. groups are used for Hahnemühle papers and boards, depending on the requirements. Etching Board for copperplate printing Hahnemühle mould-made board for copper- plate printing is produced in sheets on a E cylinder paper machine with real deckle edges – and sometimes on rolls. These boards ECF produced with pure spring water and are Elementary chlorine free / chlorine free acid-free and non-ageing to DIN 6738 and ISO 9706. Their outstanding qualities are Edge of tearing their high volume and suppleness. The Some special customer wishes require so-cal- matt, velvety soft, whose surface appears to led “copy formats” or “use formats” for be alive enable especially effective prints to be Hahnemühle mould-made papers, i.e. existing realised. original sheets are skilfully torn by hand on 4 sides to the required use size. As in the real deckle edge, the torn edge format is also given F as a circa format. The torn edge is also called a rough edge. Felt marking Marking of the felt texture of the paper machi- Edge waviness ne on the surface of the paper. Hahnemühle mould-made papers primarily have a real deckle edge. Due to the produc- Felt side tion method used, mould-made papers tend Due to the fabrication process, each paper pro- to have a slight edge waviness, which cannot duced by Hahnemühle has a felt side and a be completely precluded. wire side. In Hahnemühle mould-made pa- pers and boards produced by the cylinder Egoutteur mould paper machine, the wire side is called Also called a “dandy roll”, a wire covered cylin- the top side. The felt side, which is called the der, which is used in the wire section to even underside, is more highly structured. Both si- out the surface of the paper. The egoutteur can des are touched by wet and dryer felts. On the

9 other hand, in Hahnemühle papers produced personal service provided by Hahnemühle, by the Fourdrinier paper machine, the felt si- especially when it comes to customers’ special de is called the top side and the wire side the wishes. underside. Format Felts Dimensions of a sheet taking into considera- Specially woven cloths. They guide the paper tion the length and width. The cylinder web to dewatering through the press section mould paper machine produces circa (appro- of the paper machine and then through the ximate) formats for 4-sided buckle edges. dry end too, whereby the felts press the These depend on the circumference and the moist paper web against the steam heated dry- machine (web) width of the cylinder mould. ing cylinder. The woven structures, partly still The formats of paper produced on a roll/reel produced in wool qualities, are transferred on- match the cut or uncut machine width of up to to the paper web where they are called “felt 126 cm. Paper produced on the Fourdrinier pa- marking“. per machine have formats suitable for the cut machine width of up to 128 cm. Fillers Additives for paper production. They fill out Fourdrinier paper machine the gaps between the paper fibres, improve the Hahnemühle has a Fourdrinier paper machine opacity, the printability and also the with a machine width of 128 cm. The head- smoothness of a paper. The fillers are mostly box directly follows the long stretched-out wi- floated in water and added to the pulp in re. This is where the actual paper sheet is for- the mixing mould. Fillers are usually mineral med. By rising up through the fibre suspension substances, such as kaolin or calcium car- and under lateral shaking the resulting paper bonate. web is dewatered in a certain look-through, supported by continuous, rotating drainage Filter(ing) paper elements. The paper formed on the look- Hahnemühle papers and boards used for filtra- through is then pressed and dried. tion, which are very permeable and absorbent, because they are unsized. These papers and bo- Frankfurt Requirements ards are produced on the Fourdrinier paper Results of a symposium held by the Deutsche machine and with special care and are sold via Bibliothek (German National Library) and the Schleicher & Schuell MicroScience. Gesellschaft für das Buch (Book Society) on 14. February 1990 on the use of persistent Finely ribbed papers for the production of books. The number of ribbing lines per centimetre de- All Hahnemühle papers and boards fulfil the termines the type of ribbing. The finely ribbed Frankfurt Requirements. Hahnemühle papers have 8 to 9 ribbing lines per centimetre (Ingres). However, if there are Friction only 6 ribbing lines per centimetre the paper is Both in the calender as well as in the sheet called coarsely ribbed papers (Bugra). decurler, short-term friction (slippage) occurs when the paper web is fed through the smoo- Flexibility thing rolls in a very small space, and contribu- Outstanding property of Hahnemühle, in order tes to the smoothing of the paper along with to quickly and precisely meet diverse customer the pressure of the rolls. wishes. Important flexibility standards include service level (readiness for delivery), the low minimum production quantities and the

10 Front (face) side and is expressed either as long grain (SB / The back side (perfecting side) and front (face) cut lengthwise) or short grain (BB / cut cross- side are opposites. They correspond to the wise). terms wire side felt side used by paper manufacturers Guillotine The function of the guillotine is to make a so- Full stock sizing called face cut in a stack of sheet formats. I.e. sizing the paper sheets are cut to their final format, for example four-sided right-angled sides. G H Giclée prints Comes from the French word gicler=spray. The Hammer finish giclée print is a high quality "Digital FineArt" If needed, all Hahnemühle boards can be retro- printing process, which was developed in spectively furnished with a hammered America by Iris at the end of the nineteen eigh- surface structure with the aid of an ties. In this Iris printing process, called “giclée“, embossing roll. a cylinder with the stretched over it rotates with a high speed. At the same time, tiny drops Hand-made paper, mould-made paper of ink are applied, some of which are smaller The original way to make paper, which was in- than a tenth of the diameter of a human hair. vented in China around 2000 years ago. The fi- Giclée prints are so good, that even the experts bres were scooped out of the fibre pulp using a often have problems telling the difference bet- frame covered with a wire (screen), the frame ween the print and the original artwork. was then shaken until the fibres were evenly distributed over the wire, removed from the Glazing rolls wire (couched) and then dried. Hand-made pa- Several heatable steel rolls, which are part of pers do not have any grain and represent the the Fourdrinier paper machine, and are loca- most uniform form of intermatting. ted at the end of the dry end. The paper web runs through these rolls and acquires various Hardness stages of smoothness depending on the paper The hardness (softness) is identical with the quality and the required smoothness. so-called “compressibility“ under the effect of Hahnemühle can produce surfaces with va- pressure perpendicular to the surface of the rious stages of smoothness on the Fourdrinier paper. However, experts can assess the hard- paper machine. Hahnemühle papers and ness of paper from its sound, which occurs boards, which do not have this smoothness are when they move the paper in their hand. called machine finished (paper) or machine Printing papers are often hard, which makes glazed (board). the printing process easier. Mould-made pa- pers and boards on the other hand are mostly Grammage softer due to the raw materials used. basis weight Headbox / Pulp arrival Grain An important part of the Fourdrinier paper Hahnemühle cylinder and Fourdrinier pro- machine. It uniformly feeds the respective cor- ducts have a certain grain depending on the rect quantity of pulp for the defined paper production method, i.e. the cellulose (pulp) fi- thicknesses into the continuous wire and over bres are primarily oriented lengthwise (grain). the whole width of the machine. The grain must be given for formatted papers

11 Hemicellulose surface and bound, i.e. they do not penetrate Cellulose into the lower layers. As a result, high-resolu- tion, true colour print results with high ink High matt machine finish brilliance and faster drying can be achieved. glazing rolls surface The high absorption capacity of these layers prevents the inks or colours from blurring and Hot embossing running into each other and thus ensures The pigment layer, metallic or coloured is app- printouts with high edge definition. A further lied to the surface of the paper with a heated characteristic is the protection of the printouts metal stamp, which can be designed as an from moisture. In uncoated papers the absor- area, characters or a motif. Hahnemühle bency properties of the fibre cellulose (pulp) uncoated papers and boards are eminently cause bleeding edges, the inks blot and the co- suited for this. Very attractive relief effects can lours fade. be achieved with most Hahnemühle mould- made papers and boards due to their InkJet print suppleness and the voluminosity (bulk). This printing technique is primarily used with computers and nowadays is the most fre- Hot extraction quently used printout facility used in private pH value homes as well as most offices.

Hygroexpansivity Intermatting Depending on the pulp quality, degree of Degree of orientation of the fibres during pa- beating and additives, under different humi- per production ( headbox – wire). While dity conditions, corresponding hygroexpansi- intermatting in a Fourdrinier machine is pri- vities result, which have to vary within speci- marily spread in the lengthwise, the “slow“ fied tolerances, in order to obtain an running cylinder paper machine enables al- appropriate register precision (accuracy of fit), most uniform intermatting in the lengthwise e.g. during printing processes ( dimensional and cross direction. stability). Internal (beater) sizing The gluing substance required in the mass, i.e. I/J the pulp, to achieve a certain sizing is added before the paper machine. This guarantees Ingres uniform and complete sizing of all the fibres High quality, fine drawing paper named after (full stock sizing). the French artist, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, (1780 to 1867), which Hahnemühle pro- Iris duces on its cylinder-mould paper machine An InkJet printer, which was the first capable as mould-made Ingres paper. It is available of reproducing works of art on FineArt papers. laid (vergé), fully stock-sized, with four-si- ded real deckle edges and the “rooster“) ISO 9706 watermark in 21 colours. Paper, which has a high degree of permanency, and simultaneously displays no or only slight InkJet paper changes in the properties, which have an in- An important factor for high print quality is fluence on legibility and handleability if it is the use of special coated papers, InkJet papers. stored for a long period in a protected environ- These papers are “upgraded” or “converted” ment. Hahnemühle papers fulfil the require- with additional surface layers. These layers act ments of DIN ISO 9706:1995 for age resistant as absorption and reception layers for the ink paper for records and print products. drops. The coloured pigments are fixed on the

12 IT8 Lignin Also called the colour reference copy. This is an Lignin is a substance contained in wood, along standardised industrial aid for calibrating and with cellulose and other constituents. It pro- characterising the colour properties of input vides additional stiffening of the fibres. In high and output devices. quality papers it is an undesirable additive, which makes the paper yellow quickly. Jumbo reel Therefore, it is mostly separated out of the All papers and boards made by Hahnemühle cellulose (pulp) during the cellulose on the Fourdrinier paper machine are produ- extraction process. ced as rolls (reels). Hahnemühle mould-ma- de papers can also be produced on rolls using Lining / Laminating the cylinder mould paper machine. The rolls The gluing together of several sheets or webs are further processed on the cross cutter to of paper is called laminating or lining. A basic form sheets. differentiation is made between roll lamina- ting (web laminating) and sheet laminating (lining). In roll laminating, several paper webs K are fed together in parallel to form a paper web and are glued (sized). A downstream cutter Kaolin cuts the continuous paper web to defined Used in paper production as a filler and coa- formats. In paper laminating, several already ting pigment. An aluminium silicate, which re- pre-cut individual sheets are put together and sults as a decomposition product of minerals glued. Laminated sheets are used, among other containing clay (mainly feldspar). things as mountings in framing and in mu- seums for archiving purposes.

L Linters Short fibres in cotton seeds. These represent a Laid (water) lines valuable replacement for rags and satisfy ribbed particularly high standards for art papers and document papers. Large format printing (LFP) LFP is large format printing using digital print Lithography board systems, e.g. Hahnemühle uses InkJet systems Hahnemühle mould-made lithography board with widths of 24“ (0.61m) to 44“ (1.118m). The is produced on a cylinder paper machine print media can be processed in roll format or with real deckle edges, partly in sheets and as large sheets. partly in rolls. This board, produced with pure spring water is acid free and non-ageing Lightfastness and its outstanding qualities are its high All coloured Hahnemühle papers and boards volume and its suppleness. The smooth are made lightfast. The lightfastness is tested and hard surface enables particularly effec- using the action of strong light; because the tive prints to be realised. UV fraction of daylight has a particularly harmful effect on the dyestuffs in paper. The Long grain lightfastness results from a comparison with a The paper’s grain is due to the orientation of simultaneously exposed, dyed wool scale the fibres in a lengthwise and cross direction (scale values of 1-8). during the sheet formation both on the cylinder paper machine as well as on the Fourdrinier paper machine. If the narrower side of the cut paper rungs perpendicular to the grain of the continuously produced paper

13 web, the grain is called the long grain. Vice- Moisture versa, if the wide side of the cut paper sheet Paper reacts to moisture influences in such a runs perpendicular to the grain of the continu- way that it swells when the moisture increases ously produced paper web, it is called short and shrinks when the moisture reduces. This grain. reaction mostly takes place in a range between 0 and 10 % moisture, whereby the greatest Low-chlorine (elementary chlorine lengthwise growth in paper is to be expected free) /chlorine free between 0 and 6 % moisture. After being produced by boiling, wood pulps (celluloses) are still brown due to their residual Moisture content lignin content and are bleached. The chemi- Proportion of water in paper. This is measu- cals used for this often contain chlorine and red in absolute percent, i.e. relative to the among other things, elementary chlorine is quantity of paper or relatively, in which case used. During this process, organic chlorine the humidity of the air between the sheets in compounds are produced. If the proportion of the stack is measured. The relative moisture in this quantity of chlorine compounds, grouped paper depends on the ambient or room tempe- together as AOX, is less than 0.2 kg per tonne rature and on the composition of the paper or wood pulp, the pulp is called totally chlorine board with, in certain circumstances, the same free (TCF) bleached pulp. If the proportion is absolute moisture. All Hahnemühle’s higher, but still less than 0.8 kg per tonne, the- Fourdrinier papers are moistened so that they se pulps are called elementary chlorine free have a relative moisture of approx. 50%. (ECF) bleached pulp. For environmental pro- tection reasons, the bleaching is increasingly Mould-made carried out without chlorine, especially for The term “mould-made“ may only be used for sulphite pulp. For this reason, Hahnemühle 1. handmade papers and 2. papers produced on uses totally chlorine free bleached pulps to a the cylinder mould paper machine (also called technologically justifiable extent, however for mould paper). Because only with these produc- production reasons it also has to use elementa- tion methods is the deckle edge organically ry chlorine free pulps in its recipes. formed with the paper sheet, and only these papers and boards are highly qualified fine pa- pers. M As a traditional mould-made paper factory, Hahnemühle guarantees its customers that Machine finished they are buying “mould-made“. glazing rolls surface Mounting board Minimum production quantity Pulp board, which is used as a frame and/or In order to guarantee economic production, a backing for artistic exhibits, and is often also minimum quantity has to be produced for each placed behind glass. Hahnemühle mounting grade. Hahnemühle’s particular flexibility is board is kept in stock in two basis weights due to its very small production quantities (300 gsm and 400 gsm). It is wood free, compared to other paper factories. mould- neutral sized and non-ageing and is avai- made papers can be made as a special pro- lable in lightfast colours. Very decorative duction from quantities as small as 1,200 kg, at effects can be achieved by oblique edge and least 2,000 kg are necessary for Fourdrinier pa- creasing by laminating Hahnemühle pers and boards. mounting board in different colours.

14 Museum board Operating speed Neutral sized and non-aging Hahnemühle The operating speed of paper machines is gi- museum board is used for storing valuable ex- ven in metres per minute. Modern hibits and is also used to produce archiving bo- Fourdrinier paper machines, which e.g. produ- xes. Furthermore, museum board is also very ce copy papers, operate with a speed of up to good for mounting board purposes, because 1400 metres per minute. Hahnemühle’s paper due to its softness it is excellently suited for machines are run at much speed lower speed the oblique edge. Furthermore, the oblique due to the high quality requirements. edge is lightfast, so that the decorative effects Depending on the grade and basis weight of are retained for decades. Hahnemühle mu- the paper, Hahnemühle’s Fourdrinier paper seum boards are kept in stock in two machine produces 10 to 110 metres per minute. callipers or thicknesses (1.3 and 1.8 mm). The cylinder paper machine, on which Callipers up to approx. 3.6 mm can be lamina- “mould-made” papers are made, “only“ works ted as special production. with a speed of 8 to 15 metres per minute.

N P Natural felts Paper felts is the collective term for products made from mechanically or chemically stripped plant fi- Neutral sizing bres, which matt together in aqueous suspen- All non-ageing Hahnemühle papers and bo- sion and – with the addition of additives such ards are neutral sized and thus acid-free. The as fillers, colorants or size – are processed sizing effect is achieved in the pH-range ab- to form sheets. A brief overview of different ove 8.0 by adding synthetic sizes to the mass grades of papers and boards is given on page (pulp). Adding calcium carbonate (chalk) 30 of this brochure onwards. achieves a lasting alkali setting, which is prere- quisite for a long durability (life). Peroxide Peroxide is a chemical, which was previously used as a bleaching agent for the oxidative ble- O aching of wood pulp. Today, hydrogen peroxide or sodium peroxide are almost always used as Oblique edge alternatives for bleaching wood pulp. Oblique edges are frequently used for moun- ting manufacture or design. Instead of the cut- pH value ting edge being parallel to the format cut, it is The pH value scale ranges from 1-14, whereby placed at an angle of 45 °. This makes the inner the neutral pint is 7. All values below 7 mean layers of the mountings visible. This cut is par- acidic and above 7 alkali reaction. All ticularly effective in multi-layered boards ma- neutrally sized and non-aging de from different types of coloured base pa- Hahnemühle papers and boards have a pH pers. value of approx. 8.0 ( Frankfurter Require- ments, Certificate). Depending on the test Opacity method used, (cold extraction or hot extrac- is the technical word for the non-transparency tion), different pH values can be measured in of paper. This property is above all important the same papers. graphic papers, which e.g. are to be printed on both sides.

15 Photo album board Ream Hahnemühle board specially suited for use in A quantity of sheets of paper. Standard photo albums. It is particularly fold resistant, Hahnemühle packaging unit with a different strong fully stock sized and has a high de- number of sheets depending on the grade. gree of smoothness. RGB Photo board Screens and monitors produce colours from Mounting board red, green and blue light (RGB). The light inten- sities produce a certain colour. Scanners also Printability use RGB colours. They scan the fraction of red, Different paper properties are required for green and blue light reflected by an image (or each printing process. These involve the allowed to pass through if you scan transpa- surface, the absorption performance, the rent images). RGB images contain three com- stiffness and the strength of the paper. All ponents per image element, each with a parti- Hahnemühle papers and boards are stock cular fraction of red, green and blue. sized and not surface treated. Hahnemühle’s uncoated papers and boards can be printed Ribbed (= vergé) using all kinds of different printing processed. Hahnemühle can produce ribbed papers using a cylinder mould on the cylinder-paper ma- Profiles chine as well as on the Fourdrinier paper ma- A profile is an equipment description. It con- chine by means of a dandy roll. Most tains information about how a certain device Hahnemühle papers can be furnished with (scanner, monitor or printer) mixes and repro- this ribbed structure. The closely packed rib- duces colours. bing lines lie parallel to the machine width. The around 2 cm apart bonding lines (also Pulp laid (water) lines) on the other hand lie pa- The fibre material (wood pulp, ground wood rallel to the grain. pulp) gained from the raw materials (wood, straw, linters) together with the additives Ribbing and water form the so-called paper stock Ribbed mould-made papers produced by (stuff stock, pulp stock) of paper production. Hahnemühle, as well the Fourdrinier papers have a fine ribbing or coarse ribbing de- Pulper pending on their basis weight. Ribbing is a Machine used in the paper industry for dissol- uniform striped structure, which runs across ving cellulose, wood pulp or waste paper. the grain of a mould paper. Depending on the The material is so highly dissolved that it can basis weight is can vary in strength or fine- be pumped and added to the fabrication pro- ness. It is one of the characteristics of mould cess. papers.

RIP Q/R A "Raster Image Processor" (RIP) calculates the incoming data of a print job so that it can be Rag (rag content) implemented by the output machine. The RIP Originally paper was made in the Hahnemühle can either be an external unit or part of the from processed rags. Rags which primarily con- output machine itself, for example a PostScript sist of fibres containing cellulose are called laser printer contains its own RIP. rags. Nowadays, rags are only used in selected special papers. Today cotton staples, called Rolls linters, are used instead, either mixed with Jumbo reel the wood pulp or on their own.

16 Rough laid Short demy paper The number of ribbing lines per centimetre de- Deed paper termines the type of ribbing. Rough laid Hahnemühle papers have 6 laid (ribbing) lines Short grain (BB) per centimetre ( Bugra). However, paper Depending on the orientation of the fibres in a with 8 to 9 laid lines per centimetre is called lengthwise and cross direction during the fine laid paper ( Ingres). sheet formation, both on the cylinder pa- per machine as well as on the Fourdrinier paper machine, the paper is given a grain. If S the longer side of the cut paper sheet runs against the grain of the continuously produ- Schleicher & Schuell ced paper web, the paper is said to be short From 1927, Hahnemühle was a 100 % subsidia- grain. Vice versa, if the narrower side of the cut ry of Schleicher & Schuell GmbH with its works paper sheet runs against the grain of the in Einbeck and Dassel as well as other subsidi- continuously produced paper web, this is cal- aries in various countries. Since 1 July 2002, led long grain. Hahnemühle FineArt GmbH has been an inde- pendent company within the Schleicher & Sizing Schuell Group. Cellulose fibre naturally absorbs water eagerly and thus changes its dimensions (beco- Sheet mes larger). In order to slow down this process, Papers can be supplied in rolls or in sheets. it is coated with additives, such as size (glue), The papers produced on the Fourdrinier pa- starch, etc. and made water repellent. A basic per machine in a continuous web are cut into differentiation is made between stock sizing sheets on cross cutters. The sheet formats of and surface sizing. Hahnemühle’s “mould-made” papers and bo- ards with a 4-sided deckle edge are produced Smoothness by the cylinder paper machine during the A differentiation is made between smoothness production process. produced by compression (“in line“ by the glazing rolls) or by a in combination of Sheet calender friction and pressure (“off line“ using a Hahnemühle papers and boards can be treated calender; see also calendering). with subsequent calendering via a sheet ca- lender (sheet smoother). During this process, a Special papers certain number of sheets are placed between Hahnemühle produces mould-made special special calender boards and passed several ti- papers in the basis weights of 125 gsm to 230 mes through a steel roll press. The calendering gsm on its cylinder mould paper machine. (smoothing) is achieved by the pressure of the These are used for all kinds of different purpo- rolls and friction. ses, including certificates, guest books and documents. Sheet calendering calendering (glazing) Special production Apart from a wide range of standard papers Sheet formation and boards kept in stock, Hahnemühle reacts In both manual and mechanical paper produc- with a great deal of flexibility to special cu- tion, sheet formation is the formation of a stomer wishes. Due to the relatively low sheet or two-dimensional structure or texture minimum production quantities, customers made of fibres and a filler, i.e. the manufac- can realise their special requirements with ture of the paper. Hahnemühle.

17 Spray edge copperplate printing hot embossing all The spray edge is created by trimming the pa- kinds of embossing as well as oblique edge per web while it is still in the wet end section. for mounting board. The precisely directed water jets reduce the uncut paper web on the wet wire to a certain Surface format. The remaining edge strips are reused Hahnemühle is able to produce all kinds of dif- as raw material. ferent surfaces on its machines. These are achieved on the one hand using the glazing Square cut rolls, and on the other by the felts used. On request, all Hahnemühle papers and boards can be cut on a guillotine type cutter with a Surface sizing precise right-angle cut. Sizing, which is applied to the surface of the paper in the size press of the paper machine. Stiffness This compacts and strengthens the surface, in The stiffness of paper and board is defined as order to achieve improved printability and the resistance to bending in the elastic range. writing properties.

Stock sizing Surface structure Stock sizing is the name given to the sizing of All Hahnemühle papers and boards are cha- papers in the pulp (stock). The sizing agent is racterised by their open surface. Depending on added to the pulp in the pulper or a down- the paper machine this is achieved by an ap- stream unit. Apart from stock sizing, surface propriate cylinder clothing, felts, dandy sizing can also be used. rolls, and others. The open surface structure gi- ves Hahnemühle products a fine appearance Sulphate pulp, kraft pulp and is particularly resistant to the effects of Wood pulp, which is produced by boiling wo- contaminants in air due toe the buffer effect. od chips in lye containing sulphuric sodium. The alkali boiling enables even woods contai- ning resin to be used, as the resin is saponified T during boiling. This enables the long fibres of pinewood favourable for the paper strength to TCF be obtained for use in the paper production. Totally chlorine free. Pulps used to produce The sulphate method produces a very compact, these papers are bleached neither elementary viscous wood pulp. Sulphate pulp is more diffi- chlorine nor with chlorine compounds. They cult to bleach than sulphite pulp. are usually bleached using oxygen and hydro- gen peroxide. Sulphite pulp is produced if pine and deciduous wood cut in- Torn edge to chips is boiled in a solution of calcium or The formats of mould-made papers and boards magnesium bisulphite and sulphuric acid. can be too large for the intended further use. In Sulphite pulp has the disadvantage that its fi- order to nevertheless retain the character of bres are shorter than sulphate pulp – and the mould-made paper, the smaller format is consequently produces a lower strength paper produced by skilful tearing. The resulting – but it is easier to bleach. torn edge is similar to the real deckle edge.

Suppleness Traditional FineArt (TFA) Because of the raw material and process used, The term TFA stands for uncoated papers, an outstanding feature of Hahnemühle pro- which are used for traditional art and painting ducts are their good workability, especially for techniques without additional coating or tre- atment. Hahnemühle supplies top quality art

18 papers for traditional painting and printing W/X/Y/Z techniques as well as papers for Digital FineArt. Water Hahnemühle has sufficient quantities of soft and very pure water from its own springs, so U that the renowned Hahnemühle qualities can be guaranteed for many years to come. This Unbleached board water is used very carefully and tested, becau- All boards produced by Hahnemühle are stock se it is an important resource for the sized and not surface treated products Hahnemühle papermakers and must be care- (sizing). fully conserved for environmental protection purposes. In addition, the company’s Dassel lo- Unsized papers cation lies within an allocated leisure area. Highly absorbent papers or boards kept in stock for special uses, e.g. blotting board and Watercolour board filter papers. For watercolour painting you need a non- absorbent, rub-proof board, which can have a matt or structured surface. Common terms V used to describe the surface of watercolour bo- ard are matt, rough, extra rough, fine grain, co- Veining, mottling arse grain and torchon. Hahnemühle offers a Highly coloured fibres or external fibres (e. g. wide range of felt marked ( felt marking) wa- flax shives) deposit themselves between the tercolour board. Top colour rendering, maxi- other paper fibres and stand out due to their mum surface resistance, rubbing and erasure thickness, size or colour. Hahnemühle offers in- fastness with minimum cockling are their spe- grained papers both as mould-made papers cial characteristics. “Mould-made” water- from the cylinder as well as papers from the colour board satisfies even the highest stan- Fourdrinier-paper machine. dards, whose intermatting almost matches the quality of hand-made papers, due to its Vellum production on a cylinder paper machine. The surface does not have a regular structu- re, but is plain. Vellum papers are the opposite Watermark of vergé, i.e. ribbed papers. A permanent mark in paper which appears in the paper, either due to so-called depletion or Vergé enriching of pulps. In sheet formation the wa- Specially constructed wires or dandy rolls termark is produced on the wire of the are used to produce a uniform striped structu- cylinder mould paper machine by protru- re in the paper, which can be identified as a ding parts (= light-coloured watermark) or by watermark when the paper is looked recessed parts (= dark or shadow watermark), through. which causes deliberate differences in the thickness of the paper. In the Fourdrinier pa- Volume, bulk per machine it is also possible to produce the Hahnemühle can produce papers with a max. watermark using a dandy roll. Here the wire 1 1 /2 fold volume. The specific volume calculated effect described above is achieved at the start from the density and basis weight (density of the suction end on the wire in the still very in µ/basis weight in gsm) depends on the raw wet paper by the fibres being pressed away by materials used and the processing criteria. the dandy roll.

19 Wet end sted to evaluate the lightfastness of a dye The part of the paper machine, in which the or colorant. By comparison under various expo- “sheet formation” is brought about by dewate- sure durations, the lightfastness (according to ring the floating pulp (e.g. 99 parts water : 1 the wool scale) is determined as the point at part fibrous substance) and compaction (wet which the corresponding wool strip No. 1-8 no pressing). longer fades. Coloured Hahnemühle papers and boards have an unusually high lightfast- Wet strength ness with a wool scale value mostly over 6. Wet strength (moisture resistant) papers inclu- de label papers, filter papers, and decor papers. Wood pulp, cellulose These papers are produced by adding wet Pulp gains from wood by chemical digestion strength agents to the fibre suspension before (i.e. boiling), which is used in a bleached and the paper machine. After being completely sa- unbleached form. Apart from cotton, wood turated with water, these papers should still pulp is the most natural form of cellulose have at least 20% of their mechanical strength and the high quality raw materials used by in an air-dry condition. Hahnemühle are almost completely free of lignin and hemicellulose. Wire side The paper side lying on the wire (screen) du- Yellowing ring sheet formation. In Fourdrinier (machine The cause of the rapid yellowing of paper, espe- wire web) paper this side is smoother than the cially those containing wood, under the effect top side, in mould-made papers produced on of light and oxygen are the undissolved a cylinder the wire side has the more striking lignin constituents in the wood chips. surface structure (felt side).

Wood free Without exception, all Hahnemühle papers and boards are made wood free, i.e. they only consist of wood pulp, linters or wood free paper residues. Above all, this has a positive ef- fect on the permanence and the lightfastness of all Hahnemühle products.

Working width The maximum width of a paper width or sheet which can be produced on a paper machine, determined by the width of the wire (also cal- led screen). Modern Fourdrinier paper machi- nes, which e.g. produce copy paper, have a wor- king width (machine width) of up to 900 cm. The working width of Hahnemühle’s cylinder paper machine is max.126 cm, that of its Fourdrinier paper machine max.128 cm.

Wool scale Various strips of wool which have been dyed with dye stuffs with known varying lightfast- nesses are exposed under an electric arc light together with the Hahnemühle paper to be te-

20 Art printing techniques ce of wood or a squeegee on it). However, to Hahnemühle has been producing papers for all produce uniform, higher quantities, a mecha- the listed art printing techniques for the hig- nical letterpress will be needed. hest standards for many years. Coloured woodcut The coloured woodcut technique requires a se- Letterpress parate printing block for each individual co- “Letterpress“ printing is the term used to des- lour. The difficulty with this printing process is cribe all printing methods in which the parts that the individual print colours have to be laid to be printed lie higher than the remaining precisely on top of each other, whereby so-cal- parts of the image. The basic material used for led corners or registers are used. the printing form can vary greatly; wood, me- tal and stone can be used. Hobby printers espe- White line cut cially like to use linoleum and other plastics. In From early on, artists tried to develop new cre- the letterpress method the raised parts of the ative sides for the very limited woodcut techni- printing form are dyed with printer’s black que. Although the black line technique has ne- (printer’s ink). A piece of paper placed on a ver lost its dominant role in woodcutting, in printing form inked in this way is pressed onto the 16th century the so-called white line cut the form with pressure. This is done with the was also particularly popular. The only diffe- aid of a printing press, although principle it is rence from black line cut is that the lines of the also possible to use the hand, e.g. as for lino drawing is not only cut around and the only cuts. The close contact of the higher, raised shape of the image to be cut out, but on the parts of the image with the paper transfers the contrary, only the drawing is cut. As only the printer’s ink onto the sheet. The resulting ima- raised parts of a picture are printed in letter- ge is mirrored. press, with the white line cut a negative dra- wing results (white lines on black). Woodcut The woodcut is the oldest letterpress techni- Eye or burin engraving (dot engraving) que. The printing process with wood was used The trick with the burin engraving method even before the picture printing for the so-cal- was to furnish large forms and shapes in a dra- led “textile printing“. This involves the decora- wing with a grain which uniformly filled out tive design of textiles with the aid of printing the area and allocated it the same tonal value. models. Several craftsmen still use this techni- While at the beginning, an embossing tool was que today (“indigo blue printing“). For wood- used to knock each individual grain into the cuts, the wood must not be too hard, e.g. lime metal with a burlin, the work was made much tree wood. Special knives with certain cutting easier with the invention of the so-called rou- profiles are used to cut out those areas which lette (a small roll with teeth). Mechanical dot are not to be printed. Depending on the motif, or burin engraving must not be confused with all kinds of different cutting techniques can be the dot etching. used (area cuts, line cuts, contour cuts, etc.). To print from the woodcut, the ink is rolled onto Linoleum cut the block (wood platen); the ink is first rolled Soft and yet tough linoleum can be cut relati- out on a sheet of glass or a piece of cardboard, vely well with a knife. As the material is very until it has been evenly absorbed into the rub- cheap, it is used above all in school classes. Just ber roller. A sheet of paper is then placed on like the other letterpress techniques, the dra- the inked platen, the paper should overlap at wing is either cut out or on the opposite (as in the edges by approx. 5 to 10 cm. A so-called white line cutting) only the drawing (outline) hand print (or hand copy) can be made by a re- is cut out. Linoleum is very resistant, however latively light pressure (e.g. by laying a flat pie- it cannot be used for very fine drawings (risk of blurring) or for large print quantities.

21 Wood engraving Copper engraving This method uses harder box wood, which was A not too thick copper platen is used for copper not cut along the grain but across the fibres as engraving and must be completely flat and ha- heart wood or cross grain leaf. Instead of the ve a uniform structure. The artist transfers the knife, the tool used as a chisel, as for copper en- drawing onto the platen, whereby the compo- graving; this instrument even allows very fine sition must of course take into consideration lines to be made, which in turn enable particu- that the finished print (as in almost all prin- larly soft and gradual changes in colour. In ting processes) will be a reverse image. In cop- white on a black background, the lines are so per engraving the transfer of the drawing onto fine that they are often invisible to the human the platen is not called “scratching“ but “engra- eye. This results in a very realistic reproduc- ving (pricking)“. The instrument, the so-called tion, which is never possible with woodcut- punch, consists of a ball-like knob, which has ting. The colour gradations were pricked, or to sit well in the hand and has different types better, engraved over the whole area until each of ground metal tips. Contrary to a writing im- part of the picture had the desired light or dark plement, the punch is not moved from left to tone. right, but instead the copper platen is held in the left hand and the punch, held in the right Zinc etching hand, is pushed against the platen so that the As the name says, zinc etching involves an et- rhomboid shaped tip cuts into the copper like a ching technique, however because of the tech- plough share. The copper platen is placed on a nique used it has to be grouped under the let- leather sack filled to the brim with sand, so terpress methods. The required drawing is that the course of the lines can be nuanced applied to a zinc platen using asphalt varnish with the finest detail, as the sack enables the (black japan) and a brush. The platen is then artist to guide the tool even more precisely. immersed in a bath containing diluted nitric There where the line starts it is as fine as a acid and the uncovered parts of the platen be- hair- The more the pressure applied to the come etched. After this process the asphalt punch is the deeper and wider the engraved li- varnish is removed from the platen, whereby ne, before it becomes thing and fades away the parts protected by the varnish (the dra- again at the end. This way the lines are given wing) is slightly raised compared to the rest of the typical characteristic of copper engraving, the platen. The drawing now appears as a light the lines which swell and recede, also called relief. If ink is now rolled over this platen only the waist. From here it would be possible to tell the drawing is transferred onto the paper. the difference between a copper engraving and for example an etching, if a certain Abraham Bosse had not invented the so-called Rotogravure scorper (scalpel), a small instrument which enabled the characteristic “waist” lines of a (intaglio printing) copper engraving to be imitated in an etching. Rotogravure covers all methods in which the It is often difficult for even experts to tell the print is produced by applying ink to all the re- difference. Unlike an etching, the copper en- cesses made on a smooth metal surface, first graving technique requires a composition of by inking the whole surface and then remo- uniform straight lines and curves. In addition, ving the excess ink. In this way the ink only re- there is the problem that the moment the en- mains in the recesses in the platen (in the dra- graver can not longer see the line they are ma- wing). The copy is then printed in a king, which can also be partly explained by the rotogravure press. It is the way in which the tiring posture required during the engraving. A drawing (the impressions/recesses) are made further problem is the wear of the platen, in the platen which differentiates the individu- which is nowhere as extreme as in the cold al types of printing from each other. needle technique say, nevertheless after the first sheet, the quality of the prints from cop- per engraving steadily falls. An attempt was 22 later made to correct this deficit by applying the whole platen has to be covered with a uni- an acierage to the copper plates; however this form pattern. It is easy to imagine that this solution has a good side and a bad side: On the preliminary work is very tedious. The artist one hand any number of copies can be printed then “scrapes” the drawing out of this dot pat- from the platen, because the acierage can be tern, whereby compared to engraving they renewed; yet on the other hand a general loss work in precisely the opposite way: From the in detail had to be accepted with the galvanic completely black covered platen they scrape coat, because the finest lines of the drawing out the “lights“ (the white with its grey sha- “grew” during the electroplating process. des).

Steel engraving (Siderograhy) Dry point The relatively fast wear of copper plates during The dry point technique is very simple. A sharp the printing of large number of copies, the steel needle is used to directly scratch the dra- printer looked for new metals suitable for arti- wing directly into a copper platen. These small stic processing. After many attempts it was fi- scratches take up the printer’s ink and press nally decided to use steel. The brittle and hard them on the paper. Contrary to the punch, the metal automatically requires much finer work- steel needle is held and guided like a pen, manship than the copper platen; in this way which means that its lines are much gentler even finer graduations in shade and colour can and more vulnerable than the deep lines of the be achieved and the lines very close next to punch. Together with the soft copper, a combi- each other have a similar surface effect to wo- nation results which only allows small num- od engraving. The strength of the metal allows bers of prints with a high loss of quality. very high print runs without clear quality loss. Applying an acierage to the drawing first can also not be a real solution as this result in a loss Niello of much of the artistic expression. The techni- Ornamental and engraved figures were scrat- que is called dry point or “cold point” to create ched into a silver platen; in order to be able to a contrast to the “hot“ etching techniques; be- see them better, the hollows of the drawing are cause some heat is also produced during the filled with a black made from a silver and sul- chemical etching of the plates. phur compound (nigellum = niello) and melted in a fire for a short time. The metal is then po- Engraving lished and this gives it a uniform, flat surface. The smoothed and carefully degreased platen If a sheet of paper is not placed on this platen is covered with an etching base, for example and rubbed on, a very light impression of the an asphalt varnish or a thin coat of wax. Once drawing results. Such drawings are used above the top of the platen is fully covered with the all by goldsmiths to help them when they are protective layer, the back also has to be covered producing jewellery. with the protective layer; this is mostly done by blacking the surface with a soot torch. The Mezzotint (Mezzotinto) artist then uses a steel tip, called an etching In mezzotint (half tint) the drawing is model- needle, to scratch their drawing into the et- led all over in light and dark tones and half to- ching base. The platen is then etched, whereby nes or gradations, instead of the punched lines the layers covered with the etching base are made in the copper engraving. The starting po- not etched. There where the artist has scrat- int is a roulleted copper platen, i.e. a platen ched (engraved) in their drawing, the caustic which has been covered with a fine network of bath consisting either of iron chloride solution lines and dots by hand (or later mechanically or nitric acid mixed with concentrated nitric too) with the aid of a roulette or comb. The rou- acid (aqua fortis), can attack (corrode) the cop- lette is an instrument which consists of per and dig into the platen. The platen is then around 20 to 40 comb-like teeth, which is pres- cleaned of all acid residues and the etching ba- sed into the platen with a cradling motion se and can be further processed using a roto- while applying pressure at the same time; as gravure method. The most important differen- 23 ce between engraving and copper engraving is However, aquatint can always be differentia- the uniformity of the etched lines; they have ted from a drawing by the small, close together absolutely no “waists”, as appear in copper en- spots, which can be found in the dark areas. graving. However, in the mid 17th century, gre- Aquatint plates are very sensitive. Therefore it at efforts were made to make the engraving is hardly possible to produce 100 prints wi- look like a copper engraving, which is why thout clear loss of quality. Acierage is also an Abraham Bosse (1602-1676) invented the scor- option here however the delicateness of the per, a small instrument, which enabled the drawings’ lines suffers from this treatment. “waist” (tailored) lines to be imitated in the en- graving too. Engraved plates are much more Vernis mou sensitive than those engraved with pricking. In this method, a soft etching base is worked Therefore the number of copies (print run) for on instead of a hard etching base, and the dra- prints without visible quality losses is only wing is scratched into (as in the engraving). around 200 sheets. To enable larger print runs, This soft etching base is applied to the metal the acierage technique is used (with all its be- platen; for this reason, a rough and relatively nefits and disadvantages). grained drawing paper is used. The artist now draws their composition directly on this dra- Aquatint (Aquatinta) wing paper with a light pressure. They can use One could say that engraving is to copper en- a pencil or a piece of chalk, which allows a wi- graving as aquatint to mezzotint. While in de range of artistic freedom. There where the mezzotint the platen is given its granulation drawing implement presses on the paper, the by mechanical techniques (roulette), in aqua- soft etching base on the metal platen beneath tinting a chemical method is used. This is also it moves apart slightly and exposes the metal. indicated by the name: the dark tint of the pla- The chemical etching is carried out as before, ten is produced by the etching liquid (aqua for- after the etching base has hardened. The at- tis). As in mezzotint, the principle in aquatint tractive aspect of vernis mou is the spontanei- is that the white drawing is worked out of the ty and liveliness of the lines drawn. originally completely black platen tone; i.e. on- ce again white lights are set in the black bak- Crayon method, chalk method kground. However, it is not possible to simply In the crayon method (crayon method) the etch the whole area, because large recessed hard etching base on the metal platen is wor- areas do not result in a dark platen tone. The ked on using various small drawing instru- aquatint technique is therefore based on first ments, which are intended to imitate a chalk or covering the area with an acid resistant dust crayon drawing. These include the roulette (a layer, whereby each individual grain protects wide wheel with teeth), the scorper (a wide en- the metal beneath it during the etching pro- graving pen) and the matoir (a small rasp or cess and thus a minute metal column remains grater like toothed hammer). All these imple- under each tiny grain. A dust box is used in or- ments can be used to draw a line which looks der to cover the platen with the most uniform very much like a crayon line at first glance. acid resistant dust coat possible. In the dust More precise inspection under a magnifying box the finest resin dust is distributed over the glass shows however that even small areas are platen; gentle heating of the platen enables filled with a relatively uniform dot pattern, the dust to lightly melt onto the platen. The to- which are due to the use of the toothed instru- ne of the aquatint can be varied by the density ments. of the points, the size of the individual grain and the etching depth, i.e. the darkness of the The dot (stippled) method area. The platen can then be etched. To achieve People repeatedly confuse burin engraving “washed over” effects, certain parts of the dra- and the dot method. Everything which invol- wing can be covered and etched repeatedly. ves directly working on the metal platen (bu- This achieves fine tone gradations and can al- rin, granulation, etc.), comes under the term most perfectly imitate a washed drawing. burin engraving. In the dot method on the ot- 24 her hand, the etching base is pricked with fine uniform surface. However, nowadays very few needles to obtain certain colour shadows; the artists prepare their own stones; they are avai- closer the circular dots are to each other, the lable from artists’ suppliers in all possible sha- darker the tone; the further they are apart, the pes and sizes. After the grinding, the platen lighter the tone. After the picture has been (the stone) is first deacidified; this is done pricked (engraved) in this way, the platen is et- using alum or aluminium acetate. The platen ched, the etching base then completely remo- prepared in this way is now very absorbent, ved and the platen prepared for printing. and the artist can apply their drawing. Sheets produced using the dot (stippled) me- Depending on the drawing instrument used, a thod are particularly delicate; the objects de- differentiation is made between feather, picted can achieve a very high good three-di- brush, chalk/crayon drawing, cutting/engrk- mensional quality. ving methods or the spray method (reservage). After the drawing has been applied the stone Colour print (colour cast, colour engraving) platen is etched; this makes the surface of the In the history of print graphics there have been stone inaccessible for all further drawing. This many different approaches to making coloured etching is carried out using a solution made prints. Colour cast, where several mezzotint from gum Arabic in diluted nitric acid. All parts plates are printed in various colours, was the of the platen which are not drawn on are et- first real multi-coloured method. The fine sha- ched and so are made particularly hydrophilic dows of the mezzotint method in conjunction (high affinity for water), in addition, this pro- with various colours enables particularly fine cess covers them with a thin layer of gum colour nuances, which made colour cast the Arabic, which is especially swellable and can preferred medium for reproducing aquarelles easily absorb water. This nitric acid also chemi- oil paintings. cally changes the greasy constituents of the drawing and firmly bonds them with the pores of the limestone. To make the stone ready for a Flatbed print, plain print new drawing again at this stage, it first has to Different to the letterpress or rotogravure, flat- be deacidified (see above). After the etching bed printing deals with a phenomenon where and an additional rinsing off (with an asphalt the drawing (i.e. the parts of the area to be solution, which reinforces the greasy proper- printed) are neither higher nor lower than the ties and with turpentine, which washes off the parts of the platen which are to remain free. All ink) the plate is ready for printing. flatbed print variants are based on the same principle – the ejection of water and grease. In Transfer printing (autography) lithography, the commonest flatbed print me- The main difficulty artists have with lithogra- thod, the image is drawn on a stone, the ink phy (as in most other printing processes), is contains grease. The whole stone is then inked that they always have to design and think of with a printing ink containing grease. Then their drawing in a mirror image. A solution to the stone is cleaned with water, whereby the this problem has now been found with the printing ink remains on the drawing (the grea- transfer printing (autography) method: In the sy areas). Finally the drawing is transferred to transfer print the drawing is first drawn onto paper on a litho press. Here too the resulting paper using lithographic chalk, crayon or ink picture is a mirror image. and from there it is transferred to the actual li- tho platen (stone) (transfer printed). To do this, Lithography (“stone print”) the drawing paper is laid on the stone mirror- The lithographic method is based on two facts: inverted, softened with water, pressed on and 1. Stone can be etched and 2. Ink containing later washed off. As in a transfer picture the grease can be fixed on the stone with the aid of greasy colour or ink remains on the stone whi- a chemical process. First the litho stone le the paper fibres can be easily washed out. (Solnhofer slate) is ground and granulated. The transfer printing method brought many Care must be taken to produce an extremely advantages for artists, who no longer had to 25 work on a stone, but instead could pay all their Screen printing (serigraphy) attention to the composition of their work on Screen printing is based on the principle of ink paper; corrections were also no longer a pro- being pressed through a close meshed screen blem. The only disadvantage of the transfer with a colour doctor and is thus transferred to printing method is the quality of the drawing; the paper beneath it. A negative (reversed) dra- because the pressing and squeezing of the dra- wing is placed on the screen first, so that the wing often results in unforeseeable effects, ink can only pass through the places on the which were possibly not intended by the artist. screen where there is no drawing. The artist is Crushed paper grains are also still visible in free to choose how the negative template (dra- the subsequent lithography and impair the ge- wing) is applied to the screen: The templates neral impression. can be cut out and stuck on, or the drawing can be applied to the screen with glue or schellack. Metal platen print Furthermore, the template can also be applied Through appropriate preparation (granulation to the screen using photochemical methods, and photochemical coating), metal platens can by first covering the screen with a light sensiti- also be given the property of being able to take ve coat in a dark room, and then exposing it a greasy drawing and to reject water at those (e.g. with a negative of a photo) and then was- points. Fitted with appropriate register marks, hing out the unexposed emulsion. Of course multi-coloured prints can also be easily produ- people began to experiment with several ced on the copperplate printing and litho pres- screens and colours at an early stage. Adjusted ses. and printed on top of each other with precise register marks, very attractive multi-coloured Offset printing prints can be created in this way. Simplified, in the offset printing method the paper is not printed directly from the metal platen but is printed with the aid of a rotating Other methods rubber roll, onto which the ink is first transfer- Apart from the classic printing processes in the red. Offset presses usually consist of three cy- letterpress, rotogravure, and flatbed classes, linders arranged one above the other: The up- with all their various sub-forms, there are of permost cylinder is the printing cylinder with course numerous other techniques used by ar- the inking system, on which the metal platen tists or even developed by them. And new me- is fixed. The middle cylinder is the rubber cy- thods are still being found today, which make linder, on which the drawing is transferred. this sector of art a very interesting group. The paper is pressed through between this cy- linder and the last (counter pressure cylinder), whereby the ink is transferred to the paper. This printing process only plays a minor role in art printing. Reproduction of the “Art printing techniques“ section with the kind permission of Ralph Screen printing, Krueger – Kunst & Antiquitäten, Berlin. porous printing Further information available under Porous printing is really more of a stencilling http://www.druckgraphik.de technique than a printing process. Ink is pres- The content and layout of the “Art printing sed through a close meshed net with a colour techniques“ section follows that of ductor, whereby the shape of the template de- Walter Koschatzky “Die Kunst der Grafik. Texte termines, where the colour reaches the paper - Geschichte - Meisterwerke“ (©1972 Residenz and where not. The most important porous Verlag, Salzburg); available as a licensed copy printing method is screen printing. from dtv.

26 A Short Encyclopaedia of B “Paper – Board – Bank paper, bond paper Cardboard“ Bank paper (bond paper) is high-quality, wood free writing and typewriter paper, often with a watermark. A Banknote paper Air mail paper High strength, durable, non-ageing paper sui- Lightweight, thing, primarily wood free wri- table for multi-coloured printing with a real ting paper for airmail. watermark and other “counterfeit prevention measures“ e.g. an integrated metal thread. In AP paper the Federal Republic of Germany banknote pa- Abbreviation for paper grades, which wholly or per is primarily made from combed cotton fi- mainly comprise waste (recycled) paper. bres (2-4 mm long fibre waste from the cotton Traditionally, these include many of the paper, processing). board and cardboard grades intended for pak- kaging purposes (above all corrugated base pa- Banknote paper, security paper pers) as well as part of the sanitary papers pro- Wood free, partially containing rags, always duced in the Federal Republic of Germany. In very high-quality material paper with a real, addition, printing and writing papers are also multi-stage watermark, to prevent counterfei- produced from waste papers. Newsprint paper ting. produced in the Federal Republic of Germany Deutschland is mainly made from waste pa- Bible paper per. Special printing paper, wood free, sometimes containing rags, mostly with a high filler con- Art paper tent, with a low mass per unit area. Bible paper High quality and relatively heavy printing pa- must have very good mechanical properties per coated on both sides with a smooth (clo- and a high permanence. sed) surface. The reproduction of finely raste- red single and multi-coloured images requires Board that the paper has an even, closed surface and Single layer board is so to say a thick paper. uniformly absorbs the printing ink. To this end, Multi-layered grades, which are often made the irregular fibre structure of the base paper from layers with different raw materials, are ( uncoated paper) used for art paper produc- pressed together on several wet paper webs tion is covered with a coating slip ( slip coa- (couched), so that they stick to each other wi- ted paper). thout adhesive. In the general, multi-layered folding boxboard the front side is coated or un- Auto panel board coated. In addition, there is also a multi-laye- Auto panel board is a bulky, bitumen coated red board, whose layers are glued together cardboard made from waste paper. It is used (pasted board). If the weight per unit area is for the inner panelling of vehicles, for dampe- considered (150 – 600 gsm), board extends ning sound, for covering and as hard board for both into the paper sector and into the cardbo- construction elements. ards. Apart from folding boxes, they are also used to make high quality packaging, fancy bo- xes, book covers, displays, record sleeves, paper cups as well as milk and juice packaging.

27 Book end paper Carbon paper White or coloured tinted paper, also ribbed or Carbon paper is a thin paper coated with way embossed, which is glued into the inside of the for producing duplicates on typewriters and front and back of the book cover, to cover the other office machines. The carbon base paper cover material of the book cover. is a tissue paper made from wood pulp.

Book paper Carbonless copy paper Book papers are printing papers which are wo- Paper, which can duplicate without requiring od free or contain wood, are mostly used accor- an interim paper which gives off ink. The paper ding to their volume, i.e. thickness and basis is prepared so that pressure causes an ink reac- weight. They are also called book printing pa- tion or the ink transfer takes place. Carbonless pers or jobbing paper. copy papers are used above all for the produc- tion of endless form sets, concealed wage and Book printing paper, jobbing paper salary slip, vouchers which can be sent by post Paper for producing books. There are wood free and for pre-printed payment transaction book printing papers and book printing papers forms. In the USA and several other countries, with wood. Depending on the volume, more or carbonless copy paper is called “NCR-paper“. less fillers are added to the papers. Frequently the volume plays an important role in jobbing Cardboard paper, the ratio of the thickness of the paper to Cardboard essentially differs from paper and its mass, which defines whether a paper is board due to its higher weight per unit area highly distributing or dense. The designations (>600 gsm), its greater thickness and thus its 1.5-; 1.75-; 2.0-; 2.2- and 2.5 fold volume exist. To higher physical properties. As it is technically produce distributing papers, spruce, eucalyp- difficult and uneconomical to make a single tus and esparto sulphate pulps are used. layered non-woven adequately thick for card- board in one work operation, several thing lay- ers are pressed together while still moist. C Cylinder board machines, in which the non- woven formed is wound wet around a so-cal- Cable paper led mould roll until the required thickness is Electrical insulating paper reached, are used to produce “wet machine bo- ard“. Cutting open the cardboard cylinder pro- Calendered paper duces a sheet, which used to be removed by Paper glazed, smoothed and compacted bet- hand (hand-made cardboard).“ Machine-made ween the rolls of a calender and thus with a cardboard” usually consists of layers with va- more or less glossy surface (sharp or matt gla- rying compositions, whereby the liners are zed) paper, e.g. illustration print paper. The usually made from the higher quality material. glazed effect produced in the calenders is ba- Machine-made cardboard is produced by pres- sed on the interaction of friction, temperature sing several simultaneously produced non-wo- and pressure. vens together on cylinder and/or Fourdrinier board machines. The cardboards are frequently Capacitor paper named according to the raw material used: e.g. Electrically insulating paper wood board (made from wood pulp), grey bo- ard (made from waste paper). Or according to Carbon paper their use: (e.g. box board, roofing board, Mostly wood free paper in the weight range book grey board, auto panel board, deco board). from 30-40 gsm for producing duplicates of let- The term “millboard” differentiates “solid“ bo- ters. ards from corrugated board (multi-layered

28 cardboard, consisting of one or several layers of Coated paper smooth and corrugated paper webs sized to- Uniform application of coating slip achieves an gether). improved, levelled, closed surface in printing papers – suitable for reproducing finely raste- Cast coated paper red image copy. The coating slip is mostly app- Cast coated papers are coated papers, which lied in separate slip coating machines; in some have a high gloss, not from calendering, but cases a pre-coat is applied in the paper machi- from moulding the still or re-moistened coat ne. The market differentiates between coated surface on the jacket of a highly polished, chro- papers containing wood, low wood content med drying cylinder. and wood free qualities with one and two-si- ded coating ( Label paper, rotogravure pa- Chlorine free paper per, illustration printing paper, art print Abbreviated and insofar misleading name for paper offset paper). papers made from celluloses/pulps, which are not bleached with chlorine compounds. The Coloured paper paper itself is not bleached. The worldwide of- Collective term for paper, which is colour coa- fer of chlorine free bleached sulphate cellulo- ted, printed, lacquered, marbled, or has another ses is still currently limited for process engi- type of pattern on it. Very different techniques neering reasons, however will rise during the are used to produce coloured papers. Glossy pa- next few years. per: with wax additive, colour coated and ca- lendered when dry using agate stone or fric- Chromo board tion glazing calenders. Chintz paper: produced Chromo board is a multi-layered board, whose using a print coating method, similar to wall- liner is made from wood pulp or wood free wa- papers. Pasted paper: mixed with ink and coa- ste paper and is coated. Chromo board is used ted with bookbinding paste by hand; combs, for folding boxes, display boxes, decorations, hairs feet, brushes, sponges, etc. are used to gi- record sleeves or book and brochure bindings. ve the paper its pattern. Other speciality colou- red papers: leather, marble, batik, wrinkled, Chromo imitation board brocaded, and velour papers. Chromo imitation board is a multi-layered bo- ard, which is lined, wood free, on one or both si- Continuous printing paper des and is smooth on one side. Between the Paper suitable for continuous printing (form two liners, of which at least one is made from printing) with edge perforations for precise pa- bleached wood pulp, there are interleaves and per transport. It is used for text and data pro- inserts (middle of board) made of wood pulp or cessing. waste paper (light-coloured cardboard box wa- stes). Copy paper Copy paper is uncoated paper, in wood free or Chromo paper wood qualities, white and coloured in formats Label paper DIN A 4 and DIN A 3.

Cigarette paper Corrosion proof paper The lightweight, unsized paper (18-24 gsm) Wrapping paper, impregnated or coated consists of linen and hemp fibres, which are to- with corrosion inhibiting additives, which in- day being increasingly replaced by special ty- hibits or prevents rusting of iron parts, tarnis- pes of pulp. The paper has a special finish to in- hing of silverware, etc. The effect of the papers, crease the smouldering capacity, most also called vapour phase inhibitors (VPI) is ba- cigarette papers have a filler content of ap- sed on the gaseous compounds given off by the prox.30 %. additives, which block oxidation reactions on the surface of the metal.

29 Corrugated board D Corrugated board is a paper-processing pro- duct. It was invented in the USA in 1871. Due to Décor paper its good packaging properties the new materi- Wood free, white or plain coloured paper, al quickly became used worldwide. Corrugated which is further processed in several stages. board is produced by passing a paper web, the Before being impregnated with synthetic re- so-called corrugated paper, between two corru- sin, it is often printed with various décors, e.g. gated rolls and at the same time applying pres- wood grain. The end products are then lamina- sure and heat to press it into a corrugated ted panels or directly coated chipboards, which form. This corrugated paper is then glued on are used in furniture manufacturing and inte- one or both sides with a smooth paper web rior fitouts. (top coat paper) in the same machine. In Germany corrugated board is primarily made Drawing paper from recycled papers ( Schrenz, Test liner, The range includes wood free qualities as well corrugated paper). as those containing wood, whose properties are designed to satisfy certain drawing and Corrugated paper painting techniques, e.g. aquarelle paper Generic name for papers, which are primarily and papers for technical drawings. Drawing used as a corrugated web in the production of papers are sized in the pulp and mostly on the corrugated board. surface too; they are not very show-through (opaque), eraser proof and frequently also wipe Crepe paper proof. Crepe paper is paper which is creped. Creping shortens the paper web and thus increases the Duplex board extensibility of the paper in the grain. The pa- Duplex board consists of two layers of materi- per thus becomes more flexible and insensitive al, mostly made from waste paper. to mechanical impacts. In wet crepe paper the crepe folds are made on a cylinder with a crepe ductor, which bunches the still moist paper E web (with a dry content of 40 to 80 %), before it is removed and dried. Man Crepe is used for Electrical insulating paper decorative purposes (crepe tissues, gardening Strong, mostly impregnated with synthetic re- crepe); for packaging purposes (wrapping cre- sins, pore-free paper made from wood pulp – pe); for filtering purposes (coffee filters); for co- sometimes with rags added too. Electrical insu- vering while painting and decorating, as well lating paper must not contain fillers or conduc- as for hygiene ( crepe sanitary paper). ting contaminations (metal, carbon, etc.), salts or acids. The paper is made pore-free by finely Crepe sanitary paper grinding (finishing) the cellulose fibres. For use Crepe sanitary papers, mostly single-ply, con- as so-called cable paper, which is wound in a taining wood and/or with recovered fibres, spiral around conducting wires, electrical insu- and contrary to tissue sanitary papers, they lating papers are produced with high longitu- are creped while moist at approx.80/85 % dry dinal strength. Electrical insulating papers also content. The crepe factor is max.20 %. The fibre include electrolyte papers, which are charact- bonding remains workable and the paper si- erised by their high absorption and high de- multaneously gains its strength. Subsequent gree of purity. Extremely thin capacitor paper drying fixes the creping. The most important with a thickness of 0.006 to 0.0012 mm (mass areas of use: Toilet paper, paper hand towels. per unit area 6-7 gsm) must be uniformly thick and pore-free. It is one of the most expensive papers available.

30 Envelope paper protective gas in the heat, which expels the air. Envelope paper is made wood free and contai- Other chemicals, e.g. water glass, increase the ning wood, smooth or glazed (super-calende- ignition temperature. red) on one-side, white and coloured for enve- lopes. It must be opaque, be able to be written Folding box board on, printable and fold resistant. Waste paper A single or multi-layered board made from pri- material is used to a large extent for the manu- mary and/ or secondary fibres, partially with a facture of envelope paper. coated front side, which can be fluted and grooved and which has the stiffness required for packaging purposes. F Facsimile paper G Coated, thermo-sensitive papers, which are su- itable for printing out text and drawings via Glassine paper telephone services ( Thermo papers). To a large extent a greaseproof paper made from finely beaten wood pulp. Its high toleran- Fine board ce comes from very sharp calendering between Fine board (hard board) is characterised by its rolls. As a chocolate wrapping paper the paper high bending strength, plybond (interlaminar) must be able to be frequently embossed and strength and surface hardness. It is produced printed. Areas of use: Cover sheets in photo al- as hand made board and press-rolled board bums, wrapping paper for tinned fished cans, from better grades of waste paper, protective sleeves for books, envelope win- celluloses/pulps, textile wastes, and more sel- dows, etc. dom from mechanical wood pulp without or with only a little filler. Plastic emulsions are Glossy paper added to increase the strengths and water- Coloured paper tightness. Often they are then post-treated with glazing/calendering, lacquering and em- Graphic recycled paper bossing. The fine boards also include bookbin- Recycled paper ding board, fire resistant board, jacquard bo- ard, sealing board, trunk board, and shoe board, Greaseproof paper glazed insulating pressboard and stamping bo- The greaseproof property is achieved either by ard. finely grinding the cellulose/pulp for a longer time and pore-free sheet formation on the Fine paper Fourdrinier paper machine ( imitation Quality designation for a large number of high parchment, glassine paper) or by “parchmen- quality, wood free quality papers, also produ- ting“ an absorbent cellulose paper ( real ced with rag added or completely from rags. parchment). In addition, the greaseproof pro- The highest standards are set for fine paper perty of the paper can be achieved by adding with respect to uniform look-through, surface special additives/auxiliary agents. properties as well as non-aging and lightfast- ness properties. Grey board, chipboard Board made from waste paper, rough or Flameproof paper smooth on one-side, also lined on one or both Flameproof paper can catch fire, but must im- sides, or unlined. Grey board is used for cardbo- mediately extinguish again, whereby it carbo- ard blanks, calendar backing sheets, Backing nises. The paper is given this property by im- paper for letter and drawing blocks, etc. pregnation with additives, which develop a

31 Grey cardboard, chip cardboard I/J Grey cardboard is made from waste paper. It is used as book board, as moulded board for bo- Illustration print paper xes, tins and other containers as well as a ge- Uncoated paper, mostly containing wood with neral packaging material. fillers, which is suitable for reproducing image copy (including finely rastered images). The surface smoothness required for this is achie- H ved by high calendering ( calendered paper). Illustration print paper is used above all in ma- Hand-made paper, Mould-made paper gazines made by rotary machine printing ( Until the paper machine was introduced in the magazine papers). 1st quarter of the 19th century, paper was “scooped” sheet for sheet by hand from the Imitation parchment paper mould. Today this process is now only used for Wood free paper, which is produced by fine a few special papers. In hand made paper the and lengthy beating of certain types of pulp so-called mould (frame, over which a wire is and/or adding special additives; “wet” beating stretched) is dipped into the fibre suspension causes the fibre structures to homogeneously and shaken a little when removed so that the close. Imitation parchment paper is similar in fibres are evenly distributed, while the water appearance and its properties (above all with runs through the mesh of the wire back into respect to its greaseproof properties) to real the mould. A removable rabetted frame (“co- parchment, however it is not waterproof and ver“) prevents the suspension from escaping boilable. Areas of use for imitation parchment from the sides. The wet sheets, laid between paper are e.g. wrapping material for meat and felts are stacked and dewatered in the press sausage products as well as corrugated paper and then dried. Hand made paper always has for cake and biscuit packets. the characteristic “real“ deckle edge, which form on the inner edges of the frame cover. Impregnated paper Depending on the structure of the wire used By impregnating paper with impregnating the paper can be ribbed or appear uniform (ve- agents – which can be upgrading products lum) when looked through. If they are held up such as solutions, dispersions or melts – water- against the light, moist mould-made papers repellent, sealing, corrosion proofing, hardly have a so-called watermark. Wire is bent and flammable and other special papers can be fixed to the screen wire to make the water- produced. mark. As the fibres deposit on the wire water- mark shape in a thinner layer than in the sur- Index board rounding area, the watermark appears lighter Wood free board and board containing wood when looked through. Watermarks can also be for office and administrative purposes. made by indentations in the screen wire (banknote paper). K Hard post paper Hard post papers are high quality wood free Kitchen towels typewriter papers, processed with a hard tone, Kitchen towels are made from creped paper, with uniform look-through, often with a wa- produced on the basis of wood pulp or waste termark. Best qualities also have rags added to paper. They are used in private households and the wood pulp. as wiper cloths in industry.

32 Kraft liner M Kraftliner is a paper with basis weights from 120 gsm, primarily made from bleached or un- Machine coated paper bleached sulphate pulp, for the top liners of Illustration printing paper, label papers corrugated board. Machine-made board Kraft paper Machine-made boards are produced as conti- Packaging paper made from bleached or unble- nuous webs on a board machine from waste ached, long fibre coniferous sulphate pulp paper. On the other hand, wet machine bo- (kraft pulp) or equivalent fibres with a high ards, are made on special machines. mechanical strength and suppleness. Kraft pa- per is suitable e.g. for the manufacture of pa- Machine-made cardboard per sacks, as it withstands the batch wise loa- Group of cardboard grades, primarily used to ding in filled sacks. Crêped kraft papers are produce boxes. characterised by their high extensibility. The term “kraft tissues“ is used to denote thin kraft Magazine paper papers, smooth on one side, with multiple ribs The selection of printing papers suitable for with a weight of less than 30 gsm; they are magazines essentially depend on the circula- used e.g. to wrap sensitive objects such as sil- tion and the quality standards (reproduction of ver cutlery, metal goods and above all glass. In photos, external appearance, advertising capa- additional work process, kraft papers can be bi- city).High circulation magazines are mostly tumen coated or plastic coated depending on produced using rotogravure, offset printing or their intended use. letterpress printing on uncoated or coated web printing papers (above all LWC). Magazines with medium and smaller circulations are ge- L nerally produced in sheets – offset print or – letterpress printing; All kings of different pa- Label papers pers containing wood and wood free, uncoated Papers mostly coated on one side, which have and coated. to be multi-colour printable in offset and part- ly in rotogravure too. The paper can generally Marbled paper be lacquered, bronzed and punched – someti- Effect paper with different surface colours and mes too moisture resistant and lye resistant, dyed with irregular patterns. This kind of co- to ensure that the labels are removed in the loured papers are used as book end paper for washers e.g. of the breweries. Depending on books. the coating technique and recipe, a differentia- tion is made between machine coated and Metal paper chromo papers as well as the high gloss, cast Paper upgraded on one or both sides with a top coated papers. layer made of metal foils.

LWC Paper Mill board LWC = light weight coated, double sided coa- Generic term for all solid boards. ted, printing paper in reels containing wood with a weight per unit area of less than 72 gsm, which is used for magazines, mail order catalo- N gues, etc., and is mostly produced using roto- gravure or rotary offset methods ( coated pa- Newsprint paper per). Newsprint paper has a high wood content, is machine calendered or smoothed rotation pa- per (40-56 gsm). The raw materials used are

33 wood pulp, mechanical wood pulp and increa- P/Q singly waste paper. According to their use as a short-lived information carrier, the standards Paper containing wood set for newsprint paper – compared with This paper (abbreviated h’h) contains more others, e.g. coated print papers – are lower with than 5 % percentage weight ligneous fibres. respect to their optical properties and printabi- Apart from bleached or unbleached wood pulp, lity. It is accepted that in general only photo re- it also contains wood pulp (mechanically pul- production with a large raster are possible. ped wood in the form of mechanical wood Under the influence of light and oxygen, the pulp, also called ground wood pulp, TMP – ther- paper tends to yellow quickly. In the print ma- mo mechanical wood pulp or CTMP – Chemo- chine, newsprint papers have to have good thermo mechanical wood pulp).The fractions running properties: The present day modern of wood pulp/wood pulp are varied depending printing techniques demand a paper with on the intended use. Papers with a high pro- good tear strength, so that the production se- portion of wood, for example, newsprint pa- quence of the fast running rotary printing ma- pers, yellow faster than wood free papers un- chines is assured. Newsprint paper is used for der the influence of light and oxygen, so that daily newspapers, weekly newspapers and ad- they are primarily used for short-lived pro- vertising papers. They are processed using let- ducts. In printing papers the wood pulp has a terpress or offset printing methods. favourable effect on the opacity (reduces the amount by which the printed back of the page NCR paper shines through, e.g. in books). carbonless copy paper Paper mâché Ductile hobby compound, which is made by O dissolving paper fibres in water (paste or si- zing is usually added to increase the strength). Offset paper Shaped by hand or as a moulding material it is Generic term for printing papers, which have used to produce three-dimensional objects, properties especially matched to offset prin- which harden on drying. ting. The paper should e.g. not give off any dust when being processed, it must be pick resi- Parchment paper stant and dimensionally stable. Offset paper, Real parchment which can be wood free or contain wood, coa- ted (matt, glossy, embossed) or uncoated, is Photo paper produced and used both in sheets as well as on A mostly moisture resistant, dimensionally the roll. stable, chemically neutral cellulose paper, which must be free of contaminations, e.g. iron Oiled paper or copper traces is used as the base paper for Today oiled paper is usually used to describe photo paper manufacture; such foreign sub- papers impregnated with wax or paraffin ( stances would cause the metallic silver to pre- wax paper). Earlier the base paper was impreg- cipitate, which would be undesirable. Today, nated with dry oils such as linseed oil and cara- papers coated on both side with a thin poly- way seed oil. Oiled papers are watertight and ethylene foil have mostly taken the place of ba- water repellent. ryta paper. The coating prevents chemicals and water from penetrating the base paper during development of the photos; this has also redu- ced the washer and drying times.

34 Postcard board are used for bank notes, certificates, docu- Postcard board is either lightweight contai- ments, ledgers, maps and copper engravings as ning wood or wood free and glazed. The pres- well as valuable writing and aquarelle paper cribed minimum basis weight is 170 gsm, whe- and in special technical applications. reby the postcards issued by the post office have a basis weight of 190 gsm. Real parchment Real parchment, frequently also called parch- Poster paper ment paper, is a highly pure, wrapping materi- Poster paper has a high wood content, is highly al, greaseproof as well as having particularly filled, mostly coloured and made weatherproof dry and wet strengths, made from an absor- by sizing. The poster formats are based on 1/1 bent, pure, bleached wood pulp. It is produced sheets, which equates to DIN A 1. in a special process using concentrated sulphu- ric acid. The residual acid is then washed out, Printing paper and the real parchment is neutralised. Real The term printing paper covers all printable parchment – also in combination with alumi- papers, both containing wood and wood free, nium foil or plastic coated – is used for packa- which serve as the carrier of printed informa- ging butter, margarine and other fats as well tion. Apart from uniform, rapid ink acceptance as cheese and other food industry products. and drying (printability), dimensional stabili- Industrial real parchment is used, silicon coa- ty, adequate opacity (the rear side of the paper ted, in various industries as a separating layer does not show through) and smoothness, a cer- or interleaving paper. tain degree of strength and stiffness is also re- quired, so that the paper can quickly and fault- Recycled paper lessly pass through the machine (printability). Name for graphic papers and boards as well as Many printing papers are coated to improve for hygiene papers made from pulp produced their printability ( coated paper). Depending from 100 % waste paper. on the coating method used and the quantity of coating applied, the irregular surface struc- Roofing paper ture of the base paper can be partially or fully Cardboard, which is impregnated with tar, bi- levelled and smoothed. The lightweight prin- tumen and/or natural asphalt. To produce san- ting papers include, above all, telephone, cour- ded roofing papers, the so-called naked roofing se and address book papers (containing wood, paper is covered with an impregnating agent glazed, for web printing, with a weight range and covered with sand. Contrary to other paper less than 45 gsm), LWC and bible paper. products roofing paper usually has an additive of regenerated wool.

R Rotogravure paper Paper mostly containing wood, highly calende- Rag paper red (glazed) with high ash content, which are Pure rag paper is exclusively made from rags produced coated and uncoated. It must gua- (previously from linen rags, today cotton wa- rantee uniform ink absorption at high printing stes from the textile industry). However, nowa- speeds: In order to be able to absorb or take up days plant fibres made of cellulose are mostly the ink from the deep etched or engraved pat- used for rag paper production, e.g. cotton, li- tern cups of the rotogravure rolls, the rotogra- nen, hemp and ramie (China grass). Rags are vure papers must have a certain softness and the finest raw material used in papermaking; suppleness. Areas of use: Illustrated magazi- paper produced in this way is frequently stron- nes, other magazines, mail order and travel ca- ger and has a higher permanence than papers talogues, brochures and high circulation sup- made from bleached wood pulp. Rag papers plements. and papers containing rags added wood pulp

35 S paper is also used for many other purposes (printing, coating, gluing, etc.), whereby the si- Sack paper zing agents must fulfil a range of tasks. E.g. Kraft paper they control the absorption of water and incre- ase the water and printing ink “withstand“ ca- Sanitary papers pacity (picking resistance). The sanitary papers group includes cellulose wadding, tissue and crepe paper, made from Soft boards waste paper and/or wood pulp – including Soft boards are soft, bulky cardboards with a with mechanical wood pulp added. The high felty character. They are used as cover boards, importance achieved by tissue paper in today’s roofing felts, beer mat boards, packaging bo- world has led to this name becoming a collecti- ards or matrix boards. ve term for sanitary papers in international language. They are used for making toilet pa- Special papers pers and numerous other sanitary products The group of special papers includes numerous such as paper handkerchiefs, kitchen towels, types and grades of paper, whose main charac- hand towels and cosmetic cloths. teristics are their special properties, which they have to provide. In order to achieve these, SC paper it is often necessary to use special raw materi- SC stands for super-calendered. It is a glazed als. uncoated paper, with fillers and containing wood (see also Illustration print paper). Surface sized paper Paper usually sized on the surface of the sheet Schrenz, grey chip paper usually with the aid of a size press in the paper Old name for papers mainly made from mixed machine. waste papers. Synthetic fibre papers Security papers Paper, which is made from synthetic fibres Papers secured against misuse and counterfeit. such as polyamide and polyester, from viscous The partly chemical security measures during staple fibre and partly with the use of fillers. the paper production are strictly secret. The fibres are mostly held together by binders. Durable synthetic fibre papers are used, Shoe boards among other things, in the production of maps Shoe boards are strong and supple hard boards and important documents, e.g. driving licences made from wood and filler free waste papers, and vehicle documents. which are used as insoles, for caps and shanks in cheap shoes. T/U Silicon paper Silicon paper is used to prevent sizing, paste or Tea bag paper other adhesive substances from sticking. The A differentiation is made between hot sealable silicon coats produce “ab-hesive“ papers, who- and non-hot sealable tea bag papers depen- se surface repels most substances. Areas of ding on the type of processing. They are made use: Cover material for self-adhesive papers e.g. from Abaca-(Manila-)fibres with high al- and foils, e.g. in label manufacture. pha pulp added, must be highly porous, moi- sture resistant and be neutral in taste and have Sized paper basis weights preferably between 12 and 15 Sizing reduces the absorbency of the paper and gsm. thus creates, among other things, the prerequi- site for the writing properties with ink. Sized

36 Test liners (Testliner) %. Contrary to crepe sanitary papers, dry cre- Strong papers or boards with a pulp composi- ping and the low weight per unit area of a tis- tion which is not stipulated but is primarily sue layer provide the high softness of tissue made from waste paper, which is used as a products. It is usually produced with two or smooth top coat for corrugated board or as a more layers for consumer goods. The supply top coat for millboard; often processed as du- and very absorbent product is primarily made plex paper (two layers). The weight per unit from wood pulp and/or de-inked waste paper – area lies above 125 gsm. partly with an addition of mechanical wood pulp –and depending on the intended use with Thermo papers a moisture resistant finish. Areas of use: Face Thermo-reactive papers, coated on one side, cloths, paper handkerchiefs, serviettes, kitchen used to printout text and graphics with facsi- towels, paper towels, toilet paper. mile machines, thermo plotters (e.g. for techni- cal drawings) and thermo printers (e.g. for la- Toilet papers bels, tickets, till receipts and other receipts). Tissue sanitary papers, Crepe sanitary pa- pers. Thinprint, thin printing paper Thin print paper or bible paper was first Transparent paper used for bible printing over 100 years ago. It is Long and as gentle as possible beating of high a paper with a low basis weight made of rags quality fibres (hard pulp types, rags) produces and bleached kraft pulp and is e.g. used for ad- a raw material, from which show-through pa- vertising printing (catalogues, brochures, mai- per can be produced. Additional surface sizing lings, etc.), job printing (newspapers, brochu- makes transparent drawing paper better to res, enclosures, forms, etc.). write on, less sensitive to finger prints, eraser proof and dimensionally stable. Transparent Tissue paper paper can also be made by subsequent impreg- Collective term for papers which differ depen- nation or “parchmenting “ ( real parchment). ding on their intended use and composition, however they are always thin and have a Triplex board weight per unit area of less than 30 gsm. They Board, one side smooth, consisting of the follo- are primarily used for packing sensitive ob- wing three layers: front liner made from wood jects: as bottle tissue for wrapping wine bott- pulp and/or waste paper, an intermediate layer les, as fruit tissues for packing oranges or moi- made from waste paper and an underlay made sture resistant as flower tissues. Furthermore, from wood pulp and/or wood pulp and/or wa- they are also used as base paper for carbon pa- ste paper.Typewriter paper per manufacture, as lining tissues for envelo- pes and as lining and laminating papers (e.g. Trunk board with aluminium foil for cigarette Sized, dense, elastically flexible and strong fine packaging).The extremely thin Japan tissue pa- board, which is generally water repellent on pers are partly produced with basis weights of both sides due to its surface treatment. It can 6 to 8 gsm. be pressed, folded, moulded, bent, riveted and sewn. Thickness: 1-3 mm. Tissue sanitary paper Tissue is a sanitary paper made from wood Typewriter paper pulp or waste paper, partly with wood pulp ad- Typewriter paper (bank post, hard post, fine ded, with a closed structure, which is only post) is frequently wood free, usually sized, er- slightly creped. It is so thin that it is seldom aser-fast, seldom coloured, with and without a used 1-ply. Depending on the requirements the watermark, also embossed. number of layers are therefore increased. The creping takes place at a dry content of over 90

37 Uncoated paper W/X/Y/Z Uncoated paper Wall base paper Collective term for papers, suitable for making V wallpapers. These papers can be single or mul- ti-layered (simplex / duplex), wood free or con- Vellum paper tain wood, uncoated or coated, even lined, pre- Round about the middle of the 18th century fi- pasted and removable. nely woven wire sieves were produced, which were first used in England for the production Watermark paper of hand made mould papers ( mould papers, Hand-made paper mould paper. handmade papers).The paper sheets produ- ced were significantly more uniform in their Wax paper structure than those previously produced with Virtually wood free papers, which are impreg- the ribbed wire Vergé paper. Vellum paper nated with paraffin, wax or wax/paraffin/pla- (lat. vellum = fur, parchment) met the wish of stic mixes. Depending on the temperature du- printers for a uniformly thick, parchment like ring impregnation and cooling, papers can be paper, without the wire lines seen in the look- produced with are only coated on one surface through. All paper grades produced on or are fully impregnated. The former are above Fourdrinier machines have the characteristics all water repellent; moisture can be absorbed of vellum paper – due to the fine meshed wires to a certain extent. The latter only have a little commonly used today (if they are not delibera- way on the surface and are watertight. tely embossed with a ribbed structure with a Depending on the impregnation agent and dandy roll). method used, the product can be matched to a specific use: For example: for wrapping bread Vergé paper and sweets; wrappings for razor blades. Before fine wire fabrics appeared in the middle of the 18th century, the mould wires were ma- Wet machine board de of thicker support wires and – transverse Millboard, produced by winding one or several closely laid thin ribbed wires. When the paper wet pulp webs onto a deckle or mould roll. was scooped out these wires formed a pattern on the non-wovens, so that the finished sheets Wet strength and lye resistant paper showed the wire (screen) structure when held Adding alkali-resistant wet strength agents to against the light as light-coloured lines the fibre suspension produces papers, which (French. vergé = striped, ribbed). Today this rib- still have a considerable strength even when bed wire pattern is imitated for certain types wet. of paper, either by pressing it into the wet non- woven on the Fourdrinier machine with a dan- Wrapping paper, packaging paper dy roll or by producing it in the cylinder mould Generic name for papers with all kinds of diffe- machine with an appropriately designed wire rent pulp compositions and properties, whose cylinder ( hand-made paper, mould paper only common property is their intended use. Ingres paper). The selection and mix of the pulps depends on the requirements made of the paper. Important properties to be considered are, among other things, tensile, bursting, wrinkle, and abrasive resistance as well as elasticity and stiffness. In addition, good printability is also frequently required (packaging as adverti- sing carriers). For special purposes, packaging paper can also be made moisture resistant, wa-

38 ter repellent as well as aroma and water va- pour tight. To achieve this, either special addi- tive are added to the pulp or the paper is coa- ted, impregnated or combined with plastic and/or metal foil. Thin packaging papers with a weight range of less than 30 gsm are called wrapping tissue papers ( tissue papers). tissue papers).

Writing paper Uncoated paper suitable for writing with ink on both sides; the writing must neither run nor show through. The always fully sized and al- so suitable for printing writing paper can con- tain wood or be wood free depending on the intended use. Filler additives make it less show-through. In order to ensure that the pa- per does not prevent the movement of pen nibs, its surface is glazed (smoothed). Wood free writing papers have particularly diverse possible uses: typewriter paper, form paper for computer printers, photocopiers and duplica- ting paper, document reader papers, wood free writing papers ( fine papers).

Wood board Board with a light-coloured or grey “middle of board” or interleaving, primarily made from wood pulp.

Wood free paper Paper made from wood pulp fibres (abbrevia- ted to h’fr). Apart from a permitted percentage weight of 5% , it does not contain any ligneous fibres.

The Short Encyclopaedia of “Paper – Board – Cardboard“ reproduced with the kind permission of the “VDP – Verband deutscher Papierfabriken“, Bonn.

39 Germany Hahnemühle FineArt GmbH Hahnestraße 5 D-37586 Dassel Phone +49 55 61 791-235 Facsimile +49 55 61 791-340 e-mail [email protected] www.hahnemuehle.de

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