references S9. Appendix cross-national and S8. Cross-sectoral S7. Opportunities procurement S6. Green rationale and background taxation S5. Resource S4. Inventory S3. End-of-Life standards and codes of building S2. Examples S1. Summary Table contents of China and countries G7 in materialaffecting efficiency Information – policiesB on MaterialSupplementary and China S1.9. United S1.8. Canada S1.7. United S1.6. Italy S1.5. Japan S1.4. France S1.3. Germany S1.2. Union European S1.1. policies climate of of Vehicles policies waste demolition and construction policies efficiency material to of Material potential energy-saving leverage States Kingdom policies legislation the in China Japan, EU, in Union European related reports the in related G7 China and to to and efficiency material efficiency material US as

energy EU in Efficiency of 2019

206 203 207 205 201 194 194 190 190 192 192 193 193 198 196 197 191 195 189

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 190

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future The EU has established a wide variety of policies of policies variety awide has established EU The S1.1. S1. management across EU-28 according to waste the according EU-28 across management for waste of set principles acommon providing into legislation national (2008/98/EC) Directive Waste the Framework have transposed States Member allEU byto Deloitte, a study According recovery. and recycling reuse, through efficiency resource increasing waste simultaneously while of impact environmental the aim to reduce all of which responsibility producer extended and hierarchy, waste the management pays principle, polluter the including principles general provides directive The handled. waste how be on should details with provides that policy of EU a keypart is (2008/98/EC) Waste Directive The Framework 2018. al., et Hernandez Source: al. et (Hernandez efficiency energy and material in measures technical various for Review Policy Key Union European 1. Figure implementation lastic strategy

mechanisms Eco-design supporting weighting tools Light- Main Main policies G7 in the China and of​Summary material efficiency European Union Wea, ineffective coverage , 2018), Improving yields EU ResourceEfficiencyPlatform Resource efficiencyscoreboard Circular economypacage Raw materialsscoreboard by-product Raw materialsinitiative recovery Material olicy cohesionfunds Digitizing EuropeanIndustry strategy Material efficiencyoptions Waste legislation ● LIFE rogramme LIFE DG Environment� Energy Union lastic strat Recycling IED, guidanceinBREFs Innovation deals lastic strategy Waste Re-use ● DGEnergy� Eco-design EU-ETS Extending being carried forward. The report presents the the presents report The forward. carried being action is work further while 54 completed haveplans been the report that to according and Plan Action Economy of Circular the implementation the Commission published a comprehensive on report 2019a).Commission, 2019, In March European the developing a resource economyefficient (European for investment and growth jobs, toaiming boost in 2015, adopted was plan action The efficiency. toward policy material inEU element important is asecond plan action Economy Circular EU The to addressed. be need that gaps identify and to robustness improve its amended 2017). In (Deloitte, 2018,hierarchy was directive the al (2018). et by Hernandez as analyzed policies efficiency energy and material specific for EU the within architecture development policy the efficiency 1summarizes Figure degrees. material to varying strategies mandate or encourage that lifespans ● DG Growth� Diverting scrap ● European Structural Funds(ESIF) andInvestment European FundforStrategicInvestments(EFSI) European EnergyrogrammeforRecovery DG Clima� Eco-design Articles 7,8Energy EfficiencyDirective efficiency The de-risking energy efficiency platform Digitizing EuropeanIndustry strategy rocess Clean EnergyforAllEuropeans IED, guidanceinBREFs Heat, coolingstrategy Energy efficiencyoptions ● Co-gen strategy Energy Union Commission-level CH switching Fuel 1 for districts urban and for buildings assessments certification provides building program This DGNB. the program, voluntary a has Germany S1.2. framework amonitoring includes Similarly, 2018 the package economy circular 2016). Communities, European the of Office (Statistical efficiency energy and energy renewable emissions, GHG on focussed indicators of headline aseries through is measured energy related to and strategy climate change 2020 EU the on economy. Progress acircular all promoting while environmentallytransportation, sound technologies clean building, green raw use, material reducing water energy, and conserving of agriculture, productivity the raising use, material alternative waste of including a set minimization, measures outlines 2010). It Commission, (European 2050 by resource-efficiency via economy low-carbon a and towards growth to sustainable shift countries EU for strategy growth is a collective initiative flagship a resource-efficient and The initiatives. flagship of targets series headline 5 around organized is It 2010). Commission, (European decade current the for jobs and forgrowth is agenda an strategy 2020 EU The efficiency. material includes that policy of The EU’s 2020 strategy is also a significant example Plan. Action the under indicators monitoring the by identified statistics and achievements main United States as well as China). States United the and Canada, Italy, Kingdom, Japan, United and intransportation G7 countries (Germany, France, construction building in efficiency material on focus below listings summarized The 2018).(European Commission, Efficiency were previously developed by the Commission Resource existing which Raw and Materials Scoreboard, Scoreboard the augments further etc.). innovation and framework jobs This (investments, aspects economic materials and rawconsumption, waste secondary management, & as production such economy circular ofthe of aspects arange encompass which indicators of ten consists key It levels. national and at EU https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/circular-economy/indicators/monitoring-framework Germany 1 to track progress progress to track adapting lightweight materials and electronics for electronics materials and lightweight adapting for on focuses initiative Industry for Automotive MaterialsLightweight New material recovery.The and production material on focuses strategy efficiency material Germany’s transportation, In 2016) Environment, for the Ministry Federal and Environment for the Ministry (Federal by 2030 board of manufacture gypsum in the material of recycled percentage inthe increase significant a and 2030 by materials construction mineral torelative total of the volume recycled aggregate concrete as used aggregate of recycled percentage the in increase significant a including targets of economy circular aseries includes 2017). Studies, II ProgRess Case II): (ProgRess ( efficiency material and energy on integratedan perspective (ProgRess Program II) followsEfficiency Resource 2013).al., et (Amecke regulations German The standard building to buildings for new surpass but EfficientConstruction Program also provides loans Energy The components. installing efficient energy and retrofits for grants and loans provides Group Bank kfW by the offered Program Renovation efficiency Efficient material Energy The projects. building in methods of implementation the for incentives economic also include They glass. and of as of use steel materials such the reduction and materials, of of use hazardous the limitation materials, of use recycled of increased materials, recovery and reuse address policies construction and building The of Vehicle Life Disposal. End and Materials Industry, for Automotive Lightweight New Raw Strategy, Material Government German the Construction Program, the Heating Cost Ordinance, Efficient Energy the Concept, Energy German the include related policies to materialOther efficiency report). ofpresent the text (discussed main inthe Environmental program Design (LEED) certification and inEnergy Leadership Council’s Building Green States to similar United the ranking platinum bronze, silver, earn and can gold Projects 2002). for Sustainability, Benchmark Global System: DGNB (The strategies prevention and reduction construction and consumption with waste promotes and responsible resource extraction and projects building renovation and new, existing, German Resource Efficiency programme Efficiency Resource German 191

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 192

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future S1.3. of Interior, the 2019). and, Building Ministry of (Federal buildings requirements and standards the to adhering while efficiency boost to is which Strategy Sustainable National German the with line 2019). (WBGC into policy is European in criteria This life of carbon integration whole the recommended 2019).have stakeholders environment built The of Interior, the and, Building Ministry (Federal levels to relative 2008 percent bybuildings in 80 demand energy primary and of emissions GHG reduction that is nearly climate-neutral by 2050. This will entail aims stock to abuilding achieve government The 2012). of Justice, Ministry Federal (German substances in the development of the vehicle. of hazardous reduction and in manufacturing, material recycled of use and increased 2015, (2006) by weight 95% by 85% by least at recovery and for reuse targets Vehicles outlines End-of-life Disposal, the of Disposal Sound Environmentally and Return on Regulation The 2014). Invest, friendly for mass production (Germany Trade and environmentally textiles) to more make vehicles R&D out carries (metals, plastics, production material in new LabFactory Hybrid Open The a lightweight for design, construction, and ergonomics. R&D on focuses Arena2036 2014). Invest, vehicleelectric production (Germany Trade and several laws including those which ban single-use single-use ban which laws those several including has enacted economy, France acircular achieve To 2015). France, Energies: (Planete obsolescence and outlaw and waste 2025 by 60% torates recycling increase household in reduction 7% projects a achieve ficiency to ef aims Act The 2015). France, material Energies: and (Planete energy improvement home conduct that for individuals credits tax and 500,000 bring by 2017 to into standards, compliance homes thermal efforts 2050; of by half waste 2050, landfill by 50% and levels 2030 2012 by to relative 30% consumption final cut to 75% 2050; and levels by 1990 to relative 2030 by 40% by of emissions GHG areduction with along by 2030 productivity material in increase 30% a 2015seeks Transition Act Energy Growth French for Green The targets. recycling and reuse, ofrecovery, setting and of banning products, incentives, economic through waste to reduce efforts has also made France France 2012 2013). al., et (Fritsche by use paper of reduction 201250% by and stored 2008-2012, 15% ofreduction waste inhabitant incinerated and per year per kg 5 to generation waste by 2012, solid ofrecycled municipal reduction waste industrial efficiency-related of increase 75% material include targets GHGs, and energy 3 August many2009). While of address targets the of 2009-967 No. Law law (de l’Environnement, Environment of focus the are particular a sectors transportation and construction building The 2019). al., et (Aoki-Suzuki Transition Growth. for Green Act Energy by the set target productivity resource to 2010.compared is to similar target the This 2030, by of 30% by (DMC/GDP) intensity economy French material the the reduce to and 2025 by plastics recycled 100% towards progress to aims Economy Circular for the Map Road the In addition, 2015). France, plates Energies: (Planete and glasses, cups, plastic ban and bags plastic and recycling of buildings as described in the main inthe of as buildings described recycling and of key demolition mandates on aseries requires Act Recycling Material Construction Japanese The manufacturing. and automobile building, and construction appliances, home small to related efficiency further enhance to measures 3R and SMCS its recently, has emphasized Japan More 2014). Environment, the of Ministry (Japan wastes dioxins and industrial from environment of laws basic the protection establish for the and methods, recycling and waste management proper introduce substances, to hazardous manage laws(1976). were various enacted 1980s-90s, In the Act of Waste the Revision the Management and (1963), (1970), Facilities Act Waste the Management Environment of Living Development the Concerning Measures Emergency on Act The SMCS: ofthe of foundations laws the establishing aseries enacted 1960s-70s, In the Japan ofSMCS. are afocus the productivity resource and –waste reduction recycle and reuse, –reduce, (SMCS). of Use strategies 3R society to material-cycle create a sound effort of its as part recycling automobile and material laws several for construction has established Japan S1.4. Japan into in2016 force inItaly. mandatory GPP making entered (PPC) Code Procurement Public Italian new the containing 50/2016 n. Decree Legislative (GPP),To procurement public green advance efficiency. resource and economy of circular of the Italy performance the on areport has published Network Economy Circular 2019b).2018 Commission, (European Italian The and a finalon report that was produced inDecember Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development for New Agency National (ENEA) the and Development of Economic Ministry the Environment, of Ministry by the prepared economy circular the and efficiency resource for framework monitoring a 2018 on In July was launched consultation apublic 2019b). Commission, (European economy alow-emission with interaction to regard their with also management, material sustainable efficiency, economy, resource circular on government Italian of the 2017 perspective ageneral in provides which Framework” Strategic and Overview - Italy for In dimension. “Towards published of Economy Circular aModel ‘prosperity’ also Italy of NSDS, adoption the with conjunction the within pillars fundamental as efficiency resource and economy 2019b). circular recognizes Commission, NSDS The (European and Partnership” Peace Prosperity, Planet, “People, Agenda: of 2030 the dimensions five the on (SDGs) goals development sustainable the on based activities concrete provides and was approved (NSDS) Strategy Development ‘Collegato called 2014 of In 2017,Ambientale’. Sustainable National Italy’s law financial the to bill annexed of environment an introduction the through economy inthe related issues environment integrate to taken was step significant a 2016, In S1.5. to (Togawa,70% 2015). recycling dust shredder and 85% to recycling aims to law air bag which increase Recycling End-of-life is the Act Recycling Automobile the Complementing report. of present the text main 6inthe inBox as described residue shredder vehicle that production are aslandfilled automobile materials in the Vehicles targets of End-of-Life Recycling for the Law The report. of present the text Italy mandatory (Article 19). (Article mandatory GPP makes Ambientale, Collegato so-called 2015, of law 221 December national n. The authorities. of use by GPP for contracting the point reference as a serve which criteria environmental minimum the established of Environment the Ministry The in2013. plan GPP action anational adopted Italy n 08 te K omte i is 5 Year 25 its in committed UK are to Plan resources ensure Environment the 2018, In procurement 2019b). Commission, (European contracts. in standards’ buying ‘government as are embedded targets GPP The practice. best voluntary and minimum -mandatory levels two at is set products, approximately 60 with groups GPP,moment, 12 encompassing products major At the commitments. administrative and political commitments on based rather but binding are not legally which government’ ‘greening through (GPP) is conducted UK Procurement inthe Public 2019b). Commission, (European Green transition economy circular of country’s the indication an providing scheme Ecolabel EU inthe registered 2018, 110 had UK the 2620 licenses and products of September As scheme. Ecolabel EU in the significant registered businesses and of products a number has also UK The 2011). (BREEAM, buildings of maintenance the and operation certification and in construction strategies waste reduction building German in program, BREEAM the United Kingdom identifies the to Similar (European Environment Agency, 2016). concerns to resource address businesses and government between to facilitate partnerships address resource risks, and establishes measures to action for business aframework provides and scarcity than rather materials of use efficient and 2012). security the on focuses Plan The (DEFRA, parts and of automobiles production inthe metals other and chromium, cobalt, lithium, metals, earth rare also examines Plan The cement. and glass, iron, as copper, timber, steel, such lead, materials construction waste incommon reduces and identifies materials, raw some of availability the in 2012 about to concerns inresponse developed Plan, Action Security Resource UK The S1.6. United Kingdom 193

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 194

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Conference et al., 2017). al., et ofConference improvement For Ministers’ Mines and (Energy inCanada projects greater inconstruction of use wood to encourage aims which Program Wood through Construction Green the is efficiency resource promote to effort 2017). al., et Conference Ministers’ Mines Another and (Energy for renovations requirements outline will which 2022, by code) retrofit a (i.e., buildings for existing acode to developing also committed has of Canada Government the buildings, for new Change Climate 2016).Canada, and acode to developing In addition Environment 2017; al., et Conference Ministers’ Mines and (Energy 2030 by code building model a “net-zero ready” energy adopt territories and provinces that goal the with 2020, in starting codes, energy building model stringent increasingly implement and develop territorial governments are working together to and provincial, of Canada, Government The LEED V4 registrations. and 700 projects LEED certified 4025 are there 2019 January of as 2019), (CCME), of Ministers of Environment the Council (Canadian Council Building Green Canada by the published to a report According certification. LEED uptake of significant the is this of example notable A initiatives. industry-driven voluntary, several 2019). also Canada States, to United Similar the (Canadian 2014 (CCME), of Ministers of Environment the Council in Kg 706 of baseline respectively the reduction from 50% and 30% a is which 2040, per by person Kg per Kg 350 490 and 2030 to by person waste disposed reduce to goal Canada endorsed a nationwide waste reduction In November, 2018 Act. Economy in ministers Circular Ontario the example, for with, as 3Rs the broadly, more and, waste on reduction has been focus the where level atinitiated asubnational are Canada in policies efficiency resource Many S1.7. 2019b). Commission, towards all waste avoidable eliminating (European work and productivity resource double to 2050, by aims, UK recycling, and of remanufacturing reuse, lifetime’s promotion the Through impacts. environmental product and to waste minimise inorder and are increased efficiently more used Canada by 2030 (Lukiwski, 2019). (Lukiwski, by 2030 federal of 75% waste construction of 90% of and waste, operational diversion 2030, by vehicles 100% using emission zero 80% ensuring 2025, by include energy clean aims government’s the of economy. Some for alow buildings carbon in green measurement to climate and performance change, property, mobility, green procurement, adaptation real include issues various on Commitments to adapt to inorder climate change. operations and services of assets, resilience the increase and emissions GHG intends to reduce government the Strategy, Government Greening the Through standards. protection environmental with comply will they how demonstrate that plans management environmental to develop associations industry or operators individual requires initiative The (VDRIEP). Regulation Planning Environmental Industry Recycling and as Vehicle Dismantling such initiatives has industry-driven Columbia ofBritish Touchie,(Ismailos and 2017). Similarly, Province the rates reusing and of recycling satisfactory achieve Canada have waste guide helped vehicle disposal initiatives such as the sector, Ontario ELV recycling law transportation and the in efficiency resource sustainable materials management. in for engaging to government recommendations provided It of actions. consequences unintended materials, and impacts environmental minimize negative use efficiently and effectively to order in tomaterials management lifeapproach cycle for a case the out laid that Ahead,” Road The Materials Management: EPA “Sustainable published tomanagement In materials 2009, management. waste from to shift for society need the recognized initiative policy This 2020) in2002. Vision RCRA (The 2020” Year the in Management Materials and Waste RCRA: (EPA) “Beyond published Agency Protection waste Environmental policy, U.S. the to rethink In effort an resources. energy and materials valuable to and conserve environment the and are to health human protect of RCRA objectives The amendments. its and (RCRA) Act Recovery States United the and Conservation Resource by the is shaped in policy efficiency Material S1.8. United States impacts by managing materials on a lifecycle basis. alifecycle materials by on managing impacts 2 Plan. Waste state’s the Solid Management strengthening Management for further Materials Management for Sustainable Materials for Vision 2050 Oregon 2013).of Protection, State is the example Another of Environmental Department (Massachusetts existing facilities, and funding campaigns local improving greater reuse, stimulating development, and material and market diversion construction, waste municipal combustors, markets, recycling local and regional diversion, organics composting, for recycling, of strategies avariety implementing is To Massachusetts goals, two these reach ofDepartment Environmental Protection, 2013). in reduction 80% wastebusiness and (Massachusetts residential an require would This waste”. disposal waste solid is to “zero goal reach long-term in The by 2020. reduction annual 20% of 2013) goal Protection, ashort-term includes of Environmental Department (Massachusetts Its 2010-2020targets. Waste Solid Master Plan recycling and waste waste with plan reduction has asolid Massachusetts states, Like many US 2017). California, Clean (Buy for bid application an with to submitted be need and to compliance ensure (EPDs) are used declarations product Environmental steel. and concrete including state infrastructure on projects will for proposed use materials they the Law Clean Buy of emissions GHG to disclose contractors requires California’s 2014). California, in Residue of Auto Shredder (Regulation in recycling efficiency increasing and material more salvaging for creates incentives This fees. disposal higher has classification waste hazardous since vehicles recycled of from material for shredding disincentives creates law The dividends. GHG efficiency material waste as have potential ahazardous for (ASR) the residue of auto shredder classifying in California proposed those as such regulations state Specific https://www.oregon.gov/deq/mm/Pages/Waste-Prevention-Strategy.aspx 2 This effort seeks to reduce environmental environmental to reduce seeks effort This − − − − − − processes: into of3Rs industrial arange and more defined targetscentered on incorporating Targets for 2015–2020 are a mixture of aspirational − − − − with targets for 2010–2015 in the 12th plan: five-year and Strategy (2013) ‘Development of Economy’ Plan Circular Action Immediate is recent most The (FYPs). plans year five subsequent in and 2005 in time first the for economy circular a and efficiency government made an explicit mention of material tolate the 1970s 2019), al., et (Zhu Chinese the date China back in policies efficiency material While S1.9.

reaching 30% by 2020. by 2020. 30% reaching cities medium-sized and motorized inbig travel in of share transport Promote public the by 2020 50% reaching towns and cities of buildings built innewly buildings of share Promote green the to billion. at US$450 Value industry of recycling parks industrial provincial policies (CE) econony circular implement of to 50% parks Over industrial national implement CE policies of 75% Over 2015 level from 15% by increase to productivity Resource other of70% are recovered waste products in reused wastes processes industrial of >72% 1.8 Yuan. trillion to reach industry total of recycling value The the 15% 11th than higher productivity Resource FYP China 195

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 196

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future S2. Materials Building Construction Design and Building Wood Concrete MATERIAL

Examples of building codes and standards related to material efficiency materials recycled or reused of level Optimise markets secondary to waste construction Diverting design efficiency through material Maximise in buildings supports structural as steel for wood Substitute content in concrete. intense cement Reduce carbon (SCM); materials’ cementitious Use ‘Supplementary EFFICIENCY STRATEGY MATERIAL MATERIAL provisions of model code Performance-based and Prescriptive 901) (IGCC Code International Green Construction 189.1-2014)ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI/ Except Buildings Green Performance Standard for the Design of High- mandatory provision of model code 901) (IGCC Code International Green Construction 189.1-2014)ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI/ Except Buildings Green Performance Standard for the Design of High- and Brief (BS 8895-1:2013) Preparation and Definition Strategic for practice of Code projects. building in efficiency material for Designing (2018) Codes Building (2009) Act First Wood 329.1T-18 (ACI Content Tech Note) Minimum Materials Cementitious POLICY/STANDARD -DIS/ENABLER Code Council International Green Society, Engineering Council, Illuminating Building Green US Engineers, and Air-Conditioning Heating, Refrigerating of Society American Institute, Standards American National Code Council International Green Society, Engineering Council, Illuminating Building Green US Engineers, and Air-Conditioning Heating, Refrigerating of Society American Institute, Standards American National Institute British Standards Columbia, Canada British of Government Institute American Concrete SOURCE metrics, procedures and reporting” and procedures metrics, assessment that address performance code include provisions for “life-cycle model of provisions Performance-based attribute product declaration/certification” materials, biobased products and multiple- salvaged material regional content, and “recycled for provisions include code model of provisions Prescriptive calculations. compliance approach that involves minimal asimple offer and provisions mandatory the to addition in met be must provisions performance-based provisions. The latter the prescriptive provisions or the the mandatory provisions and either Requires that buildings comply with lamps of levels content mercury recyclables and discarded goods, and the refrigerants; the storage and collection of materials; of manufacturing and harvesting themanagement; extracting, waste construction for requirements includes It materials. of impacts to the human health and environmental Includes mandatory provisions related recycling, repurposing, and/or composting. reuse, by incinerators and landfills in disposal from diverted be will occupancy of certificate final the of issuance the to prior generated material waste demolition of nonhazardous and construction 50% of aminimum that Stipulates Plan of Work of Plan of stages various through implemented through design and how the process is efficiency material maximum achieve which both design and project team can by recommendations provides code The 2020) in stories twelve to increase to (Expected buildings. residential framed wood storied six of construction the for allow codes Building new provincially buildings funded all in material building primary the as wood of use the stipulates (2009) Act First Wood utilisation in residential buildings wood maximise (2018) to aim Codes Building and (2009) Act First Wood Both lower environmental impacts Enables the use of innovative products with durability. term long ensure to materials supplementary of use adequate through Aims to minimise utilisation cement DESCRIPTION S3. Source: Updated from Sakai et al. (2013) al. et Sakai from Updated Source: more or 12,000 kg under 3,500 kg; N2, maximum load of capacity 3,500 capacity kg or load more, freight vehicle weight under 12,000 maximum kg; with N3, freight vehicle with maximumvehicle load of capacity N1, kg; freight 5,000 over weight vehicle more, or nine of capacity seating with weight vehicle vehicle M3, kg; more, 5,000 or nine under of capacity seating M2, vehicles; passenger including less, or nine of capacity seating with vehicles M1, 4-wheeled regulation or ELV law background system Management recycling costs recycling responsible for Parties automobile Target target Recycling management Information provisions Regulatory

End-of-Life Vehicles legislation in EU, Japan, China and US as of 2019 2007) 2007) in 2000) (European Commission, (enforced vehicles life end-of on 2000 18 of September Council the Of and Parliament European the of 2000/53/EC Directive dismantling sites Environmental measures for automobiles Measures for abandoned 2007) (Smink, Measures for ASR increasing cost), users incurs recycling the (if importers Automobile manufacturers and M1, N1 (European Commission, 2010) % 85 +Recycle: Reuse % 95 +Recovery: Reuse 1, 2015: January By % 80 +Recycle: Reuse % 85 +Recovery: Reuse 1, 2006: January By target values by the government the by values target Destruction (CoD), monitoring of of Certificate of Issuance varies with country. operation of manner the but enforced being are laws Domestic hexavalent lead) chromium, cadmium, (mercury, metals heavy of inclusion prohibit to Regulation 2007) (Smink, extended producer responsibility of principle the and principle subsidiarity the on Based EU 2006) Japan, of (Government 2005) in (enforced of End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling the for Law (Sakai et al., 2007) al., et (Sakai resources of use Effective 2007) al., et (Sakai ASR of dumping Illegal 2002) Industry, and Trade Economy, of Ministry (Japan sites disposal final of Lack Users wheeled vehicleswheeled two- of exception the with etc.), trucks, buses, All vehicles (including 2006) Japan, of (Government %(2005–2009) 30 %(2010 2014)50 to onwards) 2015 %(from 70 ASR: % 85 Airbag: Electronic manifest system recycling. ASR in recognized is recovery Thermal automobile weight. total the regarding rate recycle rate/recovery the for target No recycling for the responsibility take importers and Automobile manufacturers Japan Information Technology) and Industry of 2015 Ministry May by in (declared Automobiles of Rate Substances and Recoverable Utilization Harmful for Requirements Management 715) No. Order Council (State law) 2001 replacing 2019 in (enforced recycling vehicle Management measures for end-of-life et al. 2013) al. et (Sakai economy recycling for Measures 2013) al. et (Sakai resources of use Effective 2011) Chen, and (Zhao assembly illegal for Measures 2019) al. et (Yang resources of efficiency Low comprehensive utilization secondary resource)secondary avaluable as (traded regulation No M1, M2, M3, N1, N2, N3 N1, M3, M1, N2, M2, (Azmi et al 2013) al et (Azmi 90%) rate: recovery the of (Effectiveness goals specific No Republic of China, 2012) China, of Republic People’s the of Council State (The certificate ELV of collection Issuance ether). biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyl lead, polybrominated chromium, metals (mercury, hexavalent cadmium, heavy of inclusion prohibit to Regulation penalties for non-compliance. recycling with severe administrative ELV of operation daily on supervision thresholdentry but strengthened market Relaxed requirements protection environmental especially standards, dismantling as well as facilities and dismantling site, dismantling equipment Stringent requirements on storage, 13).12 and (Article enterprises remanufacturing capable to sold be may remanufacture for qualified ELVs and from dismantled steering, transmission, axle, and frame) ((engine, Assemblies” “Five The 1). (Article traffic road of safety the ensure and economy, circular of development the promote environment, the protect vehicles, motor scrapped of activities recycling the regulate to aim the with Established China USC Sec. 1251 seq. et Sec. USC –33 (NPDES) System Elimination Discharge National Pollution - Act Water Clean &609 608 –Sec. Act Air Clean with ELV recycling with measures associated conservation Environmental al., 2007) et (Jody regulations of implementationStrict secondary resource)secondary avaluable as (traded No regulation No regulation Sutherland, 2009) (Kumar and arematerials recycled) the %of 80 which of route, recycling the ELVs %of (95 enter goals specific No groups recycling industry by management collection Information (Favier et al., 2018) al., et (Favier [37] compliance. stricter attain to for regulations related information website an operates Recycling Association Automotive The Information System. Motor Vehicle Titling National the by managed is recyclers by collected vehicles information on (1992), Act Theft Anti-Car the Under [5] level national the ELV on manages directly that system regulatory no is There US 197

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 198

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future waste found in the literature review conducted for the policy chapter of the present report. chapter of present the policy for the waste conducted literature review inthe found demolition and of construction related to of management all policies acompilation presents table This S4. 3 Landfill bans fee/ tax fee/ tipping Landfill targets/goals recovery Waste targets/goals reduction material Raw targets/goals minimization avoidance/ prevention/ reduction/ Waste INSTRUMENT Unless otherwise noted,challengesdescribedinthiscolumnreferUnless otherwise to thepolicyinstrumentgenerically, notthe examplesprovided insecond andthird columns. POLICY

Inventory of construction and demolition and wasteInventory policies of construction 19.017) (310 CMR Regulations Management Waste SolidMassachusetts Substances Decree Netherlands Waste Tax Waste Denmark 2008) Mooney, and (Brewer Environmental Taxes Act Netherlands California Recycling Goal Recycling California Goal Recycling WasteMassachusetts (2008/98/EC) Directive Framework Waste EU 73/2011 (Deloitte, 2017) Decree-Law Portugal 2017) (Deloitte, 2/2006) RS (OJ Protection Programme National Environment Slovenia Resolution on plan (Deloitte, 2017) Wales construction sector 2017) (Deloitte, Plan Prevention Waste Sweden STANDARDS/ POLICY/ PLANS 2016) 2016) Consulting, (Brantwood landfills from board gypsum wood, metal, concrete, brick, pavement, asphalt Management Regulations banning SolidMassachusetts Waste 2008) Mooney, & (Brewer landfills from waste recyclable all bans Decree Netherlands Waste Substances incineration, incineration, landfilling (none), recycling for rates different Tax imposes Waste Denmark 2008) alternatives (Brewer and Mooney, recovery than expensive more landfilling made Act Taxes Environmental Netherlands Recycling ( 75% Goal California Recycling Goal Recycling Waste C&D 50% Massachusetts 2020 by waste of and construction demolition recovery other and recycling reuse, for preparing -70% (2008/98/EC) Directive Framework Waste EU materials in public construction atincorporating least 5% recycled of -target 2017) (Deloitte, 73/2011 Decree-Law Portugal (Deloitte, 2017) tons/capita to 5.5 tons/capita construction purposes from 8 for materials raw mineral of excavation reducing of goal sets 2/2006) RS (OJ Programme Environment Protection Slovenia on Resolution National annually (Deloitte, 2017) 1.4% by site off managed waste C&D reducing of target includes Wales sector construction plan 2017) 2014 to (Deloitte, compared 2020 by meter square built per generation waste decrease to aims Plan Prevention Waste Sweden California’s New Goal: 75% Goal: New California’s , 2012) , DESCRIPTION loop virgin materials; closed material of production from emissions prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction primary use reduce Indirectly of virgin/ waste. C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D waste; encourage sorting of C&D of value recover waste; C&D of landfilling Prevent loop virgin materials; closed material of production from emissions prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction primary use reduce Indirectly of virgin/ waste. C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D of recovery and sorting incentivize waste; C&D landfill to disincentive financial Provide loop virgin materials; closed material of production from emissions prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction virgin/primary of use reduce Indirectly waste. C&D of value recover waste; C&D landfilling from emissions Prevent material loop closed materials; construction demand for recycled/reused market drive materials; virgin of production from emissions prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction virgin/primary of use Reduced (Deloitte, 2017) waste out designing modularity, encourage use of prefabrication, transportation emissions; avoid to recycling/reuse on-site encourage &waste; materials disposal of construction production, recycling, transport, emissions from unnecessary Prevent materials; construction of use efficient more Promote waste; of generation Reduce MATERIAL EFFICIENCY GOAL for recycling/reuse markets end-use and facilities alternative processing jurisdictions; need for transportation to neighboring adequate or enforcement without dumping illegal of Unintended consequence for recycling/reuse markets end-use and facilities alternative processing jurisdictions; need for transportation to neighboring or dumping Illegal 2019) Environmental Protection, of Department (Florida –CA targets/goals waste solid general of part is often targeted separately but more sometimes only is waste C&D incineration); to backfilling to reuse (from materials of uses value low and high both include typically landfills from diversion or Recovery recycled/reclaimed materials recycled/reclaimed of standard or certification for need efficiency; energy w/qualitytradeoffs & face may trade; global by complicated requirements; Rare policy choice; data reduction (Hobbs, 2011) than rather recovery on focus to tend policies calculated; or used widely not rates wastage data; benchmark of Lack CHALLENGES 3

materials reused recycled/ for certification Standard/ requirements separation Source waste audits Mandatory planning management waste Mandatory landfill ban) a considered effectively be this policy can “recycling,” of definition the on (depending recycling Mandatory INSTRUMENT POLICY Materials Decree Materials Netherlands Building Separation Circular Waste Denmark Building Act and Planning Norway Ontario Regulation 102/94 Vermont Act 250 Act Vermont Building Act and Planning Norway Ontario Regulation 102/94 Ordinance Recycling Wisconsin Madison, of City 175 Act Vermont Law Recycling Material Japan Construction STANDARDS/ POLICY/ PLANS materials as primary materials reused/recycled to standards quality same applied Decree Materials Building Netherlands Mooney, 2008) for demolition projects (Brewer and Circular requires source separation Separation Waste Denmark separation source 60% least at requires Act Building and Planning Norway waste audit requires 102/94 Regulation Ontario management plan waste C&D of submission requires 250 Act Vermont quantities documentation of disposal including report final and start can building before plan management waste construction of submission requires Act Building and Planning Norway plan work reduction waste C&D of submission requires 102/94 Regulation Ontario Protection Agency, 2017) 2017) Agency, Protection Ordinance (US Environmental Recycling C&D Madison of City to attributed partially waste overall of renovations. Increase in diversion and buildings frame wood for shingles, cardboard,drywall, metal clean wood, clean of recycling requires buildings, support steel concrete/ for rate recycling 70% Recycling Ordinance requires Wisconsin Madison, of City Natural Resources, 2017) of Agency 175 (Vermont Act VT to 2014 2016 to attributed from waste C&D of diversion in Increase Conservation, 2019) of Environmental Department (Vermont materials these of recycling required and board strand oriented plywood, metal, shingles, asphalt wood, clean drywall, landfilling from projects certain 175 banned Act Vermont 2012) Tourism, and Transport Infrastructure, of Land, Ministry Japan of (Government enacted was Law Recycling Material Construction after 10 years wood for 94.4% concrete, for 99.3% concrete, asphalt for 99.5% of rates recycling C&D achieved Japan DESCRIPTION virgin materials of production from emissions prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction primary use reduce Indirectly of virgin/ reused construction materials. recycled/ for demand market drive and in confidence Ensure contamination stream recovery reduce waste; C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D of landfilling minimize waste; C&D of Encourage sorting and recovery contamination stream recovery reduce waste; C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D of landfilling minimize waste; C&D of Encourage sorting and recovery from landfilling C&D waste C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D of landfilling minimize waste; C&D of recovery and sorting encourage planning; waste C&D for thinking design Encourage materials; closed material loop virgin of production from emissions prevent materials; recycled/reused construction of use increase materials; construction of virgin/primary use reduce Indirectly waste. C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D of sorting encourage waste; C&D of value higher recover waste; C&D of landfilling Prevent MATERIAL EFFICIENCY GOAL traceability Testing for performance, reuse recycling/ for markets end-use facilitiesprocessing and for matching alternative need constraints, Space 12 years after passage after 12 years revealed 90% noncompliance Ontario example-inspections 2011) (Hobbs, verified submitted and independently than rather prepared be must simply audits if impact especially Uncertain 2017) of ineffectiveness (Deloitte, repealed due to perceptions was plan 2012) requiring (2008- Regulations Plan Management Waste Site UK passage after 12 years revealed 90% noncompliance Ontario example-inspections 2011)Construction, Innovation in Building and Council for Research and (Internationaldocumentation or verification, follow-up, and submitted without prepared be must simply plans if especially impact Uncertain for recycling/reuse markets end-use and facilities alternative processing jurisdictions; need for transportation to neighboring or dumping Illegal CHALLENGES 3

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Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future requirement Deconstruction standards Green building codes Building/zoning permits refund Deposit- INSTRUMENT POLICY Ordinance Portland Deconstruction Boston zoning code Connecticut building code CalGreen Code Stewardship) and Waste (Resource Materials Scheme (GM) Mark Green Singapore section Waste BREEAM Deposit C&D Jose San of City Building Deposit Green Jose San of City Bylaw Demolition Green Vancouver of City category & Resources credit v4 Materials LEED or historic houses fordeconstruction older STANDARDS/ POLICY/ PLANS

requires requires (Beauregard et al., 2014) al., et (Beauregard certifiable LEED be to buildings large requires code zoning Boston 2016) al., et (Matisoff for major commercial buildings equivalent or Silver LEED least at Connecticut building code requires 2017) (CBSC), Commission Standards Building (California bldgs. of nonresidential construction new for rate diversion plan and 65% recycling/reuse management waste construction requires Code CalGreen cash incentives (GFA) & area floor 2016), gross al., et (Qian Regulations Sustainability) Building (Environmental Control under required certification minimum policies: certification GM management plan (BCA) waste carbon, embodied for construction, sustainable Stewardship)(Resource – points Waste and Materials Scheme (GM) Mark Green Singapore through credit system management waste effective promotes section Waste BREEAM 2019) Jose, San of (City Silver LEED large buildings requires at least for policy building green Jose San for certifications systems point certain 2016) have al., et Matisoff 2006; Government, buildings (60 cities) (Alberta commercial and 170 cities) counties, 30 24 states, agencies, US government buildings (federal policies certification LEED (USGBC) products) recycled reduction, building reuse, life cycle impact &reduction, streams diversion waste plan) and credits (multiple (C&D -prerequisite category credit &Resources Materials v4 LEED reuse/donation rate achieved (75%) on of documentation recycling/ Holders) - deposit refunded based Permit “Building Jose. San of (City Deposit C&D Jose San of City LEED certification refunded with documentation of -deposit Checklist”) Sector “Private Jose. San of (City Deposit Building Green Jose San of City requirements deconstruction and recycling with permit City of Vancouver. “Demolition or historic houses requires for deconstruction older Portland Deconstruction Ordinance DESCRIPTION :

and performance of buildings by minimum ensuring quality disasters natural to resilience longer lifespan and improved loop. encouraging Indirectly virgin materials; closed material andtransportation, disposal of emissions from production, prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction primary virgin/ of use the reduce waste; C&D of value recover and sort waste; C&D landfilling from emissions Prevent building of performance and quality disasters by minimum ensuring natural to resilience improved encouraging longer lifespan and of lifecycle analysis. Indirectly material loop; encourage use closed materials; construction demand for recycled/reused market drive materials; virgin andtransportation, disposal of emissions from production, prevent materials; construction recycled/reused of use increase materials; construction primary virgin/ of use the reduce waste; C&D of value recover and sort waste; C&D landfilling from emissions Prevent collection and outcomes through data policies; measure impact Ensure compliance with other materials; closed material loop virgin of production from emissions prevent materials; recycled/reused construction of use increase materials; construction of virgin/primary use reduce Indirectly waste. C&D landfilling from emissions prevent waste; C&D of value high recover and sort waste; C&D of landfilling Prevent MATERIAL EFFICIENCY GOAL verification documentation/ of lack to due code zoning Boston of impact Limited compliance. alternative offer health; energy performance, safety, on focus to tend standards; building green on rely often codes since efficiency material on impact Uncertain trade-offs. itself or incentives can involve 2016). Certification al., et (Matisoff evaluate to difficult outcomes make certifications standards and flexibility of building green across and both within Heterogeneity 2010). Menzies, and (Odeleye categories other sustainability for be could – points/credits ME reflect necessarily don’t GM BREEAM, LEED, for levels Certification aspects. social ecological, economic, and for awarded points on based systems Habitat) (UN Total Quality Assessment are GM BREEAM, LEED, since efficiency material on impact Uncertain for recycling/reuse markets end-use and facilities alternative processing matching for need resources; Requires more administrative labor, time, and money and time, labor, upfront more requires reuse; recycling/ for markets end-use facilitiesprocessing and for matching alternative need constraints; Space CHALLENGES 3 resource depletion and environmental impacts, for to compensate inpractice implemented of revenues for governments or motivated and sources are simply royalties of whether Regardless VMTs may ask ifVMTs are necessary. of opponents impacts, environmental and resource to address function actually royalties If indeed remediation. mine-site to undertake bankrupt, goes company ifthe even future, will available inthe be to funds that ensure operations mining on party, by athird held fee, of form areclamation some many impose countries resource. Furthermore, of anon-renewable extraction for the compensated been has already government as the royalties are not charged metals Recycled extraction. the with associated degradation environmental and for of the extraction resource a non-renewable government the compensate fully should theory, in compensation, This resource. non-renewable of a extraction for the of citizens a country) the (now government the to compensate created In view, this were royalties complicated. is more the between taxes material for virgin and for royalties rationale distinction the that argue Others tax.’ fiscal inefficient avery be may tax environmental efficient an and lot, a differ will respectively, typically taxes, environmental and fiscal of designs the criteria efficiency economic (2011) on ‘based Söderholm or,it, as different puts inherently therefore, are, They is attained. economy efficient material sustainable, a once revenue little very yield should taxes environmental (ideally) but necessary be always will taxes fiscal simply, Put to avoid them. change paying behavioral induce to especially and activity economic targeted the with associated externalities environmental of adverse mitigation to the intended cover are taxes environmental In contrast, services. and levied towards are societal for redistribution collected taxes fiscal are taxes corporate and royalties is, that environmentally-oriented: (VMTs),materials taxes explicitly are more which virgin and to governments by companies made taxes corporate and payments royalty traditional between difference is a conceptual There S5.

and rationale and background taxation Resource

still a very rough instrument’ arguing that: arguing instrument’ rough still avery ‘is VMT (2016) that al. warn et Bigano Accordingly, chain. supply the across of impacts extent full the capture adequately can not it or whether and taxation for the mechanism calculation of VMTs of criticism the the stems from Some objectives. efficiency material direct have they Hence usage. product first in is material the once material ofvirgin the users at the rather but companies extraction at primary aimed to note VMTs that is important It material. are not given that with associated chain of supply end the to the through start the from are passed costs that generation or emission. The underlying logic is policy, of point waste at environmental the current in case the as is predominantly attempting, than rather lifecycle of product the beginning at the materials to tax VMTs opportunity an present other. the on reuse and recycling of levels and substitution, material hand, one on processing and extraction commodity inprimary changes monitoring entail might VMT a of efficacy the assessing Accordingly, materials. of uses existing for stimulate circular and markets order to both reduce overall environmental burden is in This materials. and of resources virgin supply for and demand the disincentives, economic associated the via halt, even or is to reduce tax materials virgin of aim overall the then, efficiency, 2011,(Söderholm, of In terms material 2006). innovation intechnological engaging materials or substitute of employing reuse and materials, of means recycling to seek pushed or encouraged will actors be and markets that is hoped it activities, of use materials ineconomic virgin the on taxation of level appropriate an placing By is needed. of VMTs magnitude and design a basis for the vary considerably, and taxing all units of all units the taxing and considerably, vary can material of same unit the single one with associated of externalities number the Thus, externalities. [And]… impacts… environmental different again means this and or re-used, disposed either be can production ingoods’ of employed material unit Moreover, every costs. external different entail which technologies, different using use” industrial “first its for processed and extracted be can natural resource same The 201

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 202

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future greener production processes, there is no knowledge and experimentation with different of quo status incomplete to current due the Indeed, materials. for different taxes of such applicability the about are also concerns there introduced, VMTs ifstrong are burden, environmental the of shifting the about to concerns In addition 2016). al., et (Ekvall chains’ value international of complex realities nor justice environmental global not address does world the of to parts other [for example] EU the from impacts shifts simply that policy environmental or use resource material [virgin] ‘a is, That economy. globalized inthe localities different between for VMTs disparities limitation from arises A second materials. of re-use the and technologies of greener adoption also fails the it both to incentivize as counterproductive, and inefficient be to rate out same turns the with material same ht s ivsbe asrc, ag-cl ad long- and term.’ large-scale abstract, ‘invisible, is that taxation, through especially efficiency, materialas such issues promoting on to traction gain in order are essential public the and policymakers between et al. (2006) suggest that and communication trust materials? incirculating Dresner ineffectiveness and inability and demand excessive is the or of issue discussion, the raw materials inherently of extraction is the producers: initial on of VMT of fairness issue the the raises (2006) Söderholm In fact, 2002). (Tiemstra, high is very until it ineffective may make a VMT of recycling, cost the along which, something inelastic, price largely tounique VMTs. Many raw/virgin materials are are not noted, be should it challenges, These to intended reduce. originally tax the that use whose one the than benign environmentally more be might to encourage are supposed VMT which process or material substitute the that guarantee

Credit: Victor Garcia/Unsplash Source: Source: Union European section. inthis are summarized which procurement government related to green policies and of set directives has extensive an Union European The S6. Directive 2008/98/EC on waste (Waste Framework Directive) Framework (Waste waste on 2008/98/EC Directive renewable sources from energy of use the of promotion the on 2009/28/EC Directive tion, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 Evalua- the Registration, concerning (RoHS) hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment certain of use the of restriction the on 2011/65/EU Directive (WEEE) Directive 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment market the on products timber and timber place who operators of obligations the down laying 995/2010 No Regulation (EMAS) isations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme organ- by participation voluntary the on 1221/2009 No Regulation ecodesign requirements for energy-related products (recast) of setting the for aframework establishing 2009/125/EC Directive Ecolabel EU the on 66/2010 No Regulation resources by energy-related products other and energy of consumption the of information product Directive 2010/30/EU on the indication by labelling and standard Buildings of Performance Energy the on 2010/31/EU Directive equipment office for programme labelling energy-efficiency aCommunity on 106/2008 No Regulation vehicles transport road efficient energy- and clean of promotion the on 2009/33/EC Directive efficiency energy on 2012/27/EU Directive 799 (2007) COM in Europe highsustainable quality public services ensure to innovation Driving Procurement: Pre-commercial COM/2015/0614 fi COM/2015/0614 Economy Circular the for plan action EU -An loop the Closing 2126 (2008) SEC 400 (2008) COM accompanying Document Working Staff 400 (2008) COM environment abetter for procurement Public (2010) COM growth 2020 inclusive and sustainable smart, for Astrategy 2020: Europe Directive 2014/23/EU on the award of concession contracts 2004/17/ECDirective repealing and sectors services postal and transport energy, water, Directive 2014/25/EU on by procurement in entities operating the 2004/18/EC Directive Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement and repealing Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Buying Green 3rd Handbook, Edition.pdf Green procurement policies in the European Union nal Policies and Directives Legislation/policy , n.d. Government to Green Related to support GPP implementation. GPP support to Commission the for and criteria, GPP in reparability and durability as such issues Identi "waste hierarchy." the and principle" pays "polluter the as such principles management waste down de and concepts basic the Sets bioliquids. sources, rules on guarantees of origin and sustainability criteria for biofuels and Sets mandatory national targets for share of from electricity re-newable database. acentral in information safety and substances chemical their of prop-erties the of details the register to required are Manufacturers mark-ing. CE the regarding rules and Directive, identi sub-stances hazardous regarding equipment electronic and Sets requirements for manufacturers, importers and distributors of electrical electrical and electronic equipment, and setting relevant waste design of requirements re-covery and treatment collection, separate the for providing Directive market EU the on available timber of legality ensuring for aframework provides Regulation Timber The account in public procurement into tak-en be may EMAS how to reference provides Regulation EMAS The environmental criteria for energy- related prod-ucts of development the for framework EC main the provides Directive Ecodesign The possible extent the to harmonised are criteria GPP EU and Ecolabel EU The Commission. the from aproposal un-der revision to subject currently are classes These class. energy astandard-ised with labelled be to lamps) dishwashers, conditioners, air (e.g. products certain requires Directive Labelling Energy The buildings zero nearly for requirements mandatory future including con-struction, efficient energy for thresholds and indicators provides EPBD The purchases equipment office for requirements GPP mandatory sets Regulation Star Energy The vehicles,transport relating to emissions and energy consumption road- for requirements GPP mandatory sets Directive Vehicles Clean The sector. product/service each to applies which approach the out sets Directive the of III Annex buildings. and services products, energy-efficient highly purchase only to authorities government central requires Directive Efficiency Energy The thatservices are exempt from the directives Sets out a methodology for the procurement of research and development of product groups. It also offers legal and operational guidance. operational and legal offers also It groups. product of anumber for examples and GPP stimulating for tools criteria, environmental of Provides useful guidelines for public authorities on the de environmental technologies, products and services. in innovation stimulate to GPP use to how and consumption sector public by caused impact environmental the reduce to how on guidance Provides Europe and Energy 2020 initiatives Resource-efficient Union, Innovation the in and growth sustainable achieve to measures the of one as mentioned speci sets which strategy EU Concessions directive (applies to both public and utilities sectors) directive Utilities procurement sector directive procurement sector Public principles fundamental out sets and regulation procurement EU for basis the Provides fi es GPP as a key component of the circular economy, the need to address address to need the economy, circular the of component akey as GPP es fi c targets to be achieved by 2020. GPP is is GPP 2020. by achieved be to c targets fi , Procurement nitions related to waste manage-ment and lays lays and manage-ment waste to related nitions Relevance 2016 fi nition and veri fi ed in the the in ed fi cation 203

Supplementary Material B – Information on policies affecting material efficiency in G7 countries and China 204

Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future significant component of EU energy and climate policies. climate and policies. energy EU of component significant more a efficiency to material make Union European the in (2018) al. ofactions et set a propose Hernandez S7. MS: Member state; EC, EU Comm: European Commission European Comm: EU EC, state; Member MS: Minor 2020 Before Minor Interm Interm Interm Minor 2030 Before Minor Interm Interm. Interm. Interm Interm.

Degree energy and climate and energy policies Opportunities to leverage energy-saving potential of Material Efficiency in EU Informational informational / Technical Informational Technical/ informational Informational Informational Informational Informational Technical Informational/ technical Informational Type energy-saving potentialenergy-saving of ME providing information on the by ME of adoption the Incentivise metrics embodied-energy on trust Improve and material use material and energy between conflicts Clarify industry standardsindustry for ME Incentivise the development of Introduce ME into public agenda Provide standard de standard Provide potential of ME energy-saving the incentivise to Include appropriate indicators guidance documents EED’s the in energy embodied and initiatives industry-led Incentivise multi-stakeholder-level reducing material use by use energy reduce to options speci of examples more Develop platforms that encourage ME digital develop to stakeholders Collaborate with industry/multi- of production management efficiency resource theIncentivise training on the Description fi nition for for nition fi c MS, EU Comm EU MS, Experts Experts Comm, EU MS, MS, EU Comm EU MS, MS, Experts MS, EU Comm EU MS, Experts Comm, EU MS, MS, EU Comm EU MS, Experts MS, Experts MS, Experts Leader 2006/32/ec procedure. the of III Annex in portrayed as measures”, improvement EE eligible of examples of list Include ME actions within the “indicative and structure of data. scale of visibility improve could example, for speci to emissions or resources allocate to which Develop more transparent methods through industry andindustry other sectors for this on areport conduct to consultants external or academics with Engage Bureau. Standardisation and European Environmental by Environmental Citizens for Organisation These are currently being jointly developed material consumption and everyday life”. everyday and consumption material relationship between environmental change, “the re-frame help and EU, the governments/ on pressure increase would –which ME about professionals could raise public awareness and media researchers entrepreneurial between partnerships (Smith, 2017) suggested that creative and developed LCA-type indicators. previously- from guidance using frameworks, publication of the RE next and CE monitoring the in metrics producer-oriented Include Center for Resource Efficiency Resource for Center “sector-speci of development the encouraged has government German the example, For through projects like SPIRE (2017). SPIRE like projects through or programme 2020 Horizon the through e.g. potentialenergy-saving for ME in industry, Fund research projects that investigate [ systematisation tools to assist manufacturing process and checks RE as such information part of the Digital Single Market initiative (?). initiative Market Single Digital the of part as making” decision process for tools costing integration of life-cycle and assessment Making: Decision “Process titled: project a on working is SPIRE e.g. ME; investigate to projects large-scale in involved Get quali tailored as well as calculator), acost and base data abest-practice chains, process checks, developed information material (e.g. resource has ZRE VDI example: agood is Germany fi rms]” with RE projects – currently led by by led –currently projects RE with rms]” fi fi cation seminars on resource efficiency. resource on seminars cation c products/activities. Sankey diagrams, diagrams, Sankey c products/activities. fi c aids, methodologies and Example Amecke, H., Deason, J., Hobbs, A., Novikova, A., Xiu, Y., Shengyuan, Z., 2013. Buildings energy efficiency 2013. Y., Z., Xiu, efficiency energy Novikova, A., Buildings Shengyuan, A., J., Hobbs, Deason, H., Amecke, waste materials: Opportunities demolition and renovation Construction, 2006. Government, Alberta 2017. Ryu, Koide, Magnus, Development. of Sustainable Economy Bengtsson, the Lewis, Akenji, Shaping Towards 2018. I., J., T., Hamilton, Dulac, B., 2018Abergel, Report: Dean, azero-emission, Status Global S9. S8. Measuring material and resource productivity context global in a perspectives efficiency resource EU Europe efficient aresource to Roadmap use resource sustainable a for instruments and strategies Policy, X: Factor Resource efficiency in the building sector building the in efficiency Resource study carbon Total Local governments and the sharing economy More from less —material resource efficiency in Europe in efficiency resource —material less from More efficiency resource increasing of potential saving energy the on Study Policy guidance on resource efficiency economy Environmental and impacts potential of the sharing management of and construction demolition waste improving wastes: mixed of use efficient Resource for local government leadership Circular economy in the built environment: Opportunities and consumption production resource favoring policies national of overview An development: sustainable of economy the Shaping Final Report Environmental potential of the collaborative economy: Mission possible low-carbon industry mitigation: transformative innovation for prosperous and climate for force powerful economy–A circular The urbanisation future of requirements –Resource cities of weight The sector construction and buildings resilient and efficient azero-emission, Towards report: status 2018 global Material efficiency in clean energy transitions energy clean in efficiency Material

Appendix references ​Cross-sectoral and cross-national related reports to material efficiency States.pdf org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Buildings-Energy-Efficiency-in-China-Germany-and-the-United- https://climatepolicyinitiative. Climate Initiative. Policy States. United Germany, the and in China, wastereductiondiversion-apr27-2006.pdf 9f5e-3ec3810003d4/resource/02bd7aa7-1bc9-4b6f-b947-4d02b4f67c66/download/ https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/d0f1f951-dd68-435e- diversion. and for waste reduction sustainable-development/en https://www.iges.or.jp/en/pub/shaping-economy- Programme. Environment Nations United Global%20Status%20Report.pdf https://www.worldgbc.org/sites/default/files/2018%20GlobalABC%20 Paris. Construction, and Buildings sector.for Alliance Global construction and buildings and resilient efficient Title Cooperation and Development Organisation for Economic European Commission European Commission H. &Lehmann, A., Burger, M., Angrick, ECORYS Network Building Ecological One Earth European Environmental Agency European Commission Cooperation and Development Organisation for Economic of Ministers Council Nordic Environment DG Commission, European Foundation)MacArthur (Ellen ARUP and StopWaste Programme Environment UN Environment DG Commission, European TransitionsEnergy Commission Material Economics International Resource Panel Nations Environment Programme &United Agency Energy International International Energy Agency Energy International Author or Institution Year 2008 2014 2013 2016 2017 2017 2016 2019 2016 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2015 2015 2011 2011 Angrick, Angrick, 2014 OECD, 2008 Van der Berg et al, 2011 al, et Berg der Van European Commission, 2011 ECORYS, 2014 ECORYS, Ecological Building Network, 2015 Network, Building Ecological 2015 al., et Cooper European Environment Agency, 2016 Mehlhart et al, 2016 al, et Mehlhart OECD, 2016 Skjelvik et al., 2017 al., et Skjelvik Deloitte, 2017 2018 Arup, and StopWaste 2017 al., et Lewis Akenji, 2018 al., et Rademaekers TransitionsEnergy 2018 Commission, 2018 Klevnas, and Enkvist 2018 al., et Swilling 2018 al., et Abergel International Energy Agency, 2019 Agency, Energy International Reference 205

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