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GUIDELINES for NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: MOVING from CHALLENGES to OPPORTUNITIES Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies

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GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Moving from Challenges to Opportunities ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen co-operation and increase international co-ordination in the field of chemical safety. The Participating Organisations are FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR, WHO, World Bank and OECD. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote co-ordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organisations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2013 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its UNEP frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the promotes environ- stated policy of the United Nations Environment mentally sound practices Programme, nor does citing of trade names or globally and in its own activities. commercial processes constitute endorsement. This publication is printed on 100% ISBN: 978-92-807-3333-4 recycled paper, using petroleum-free inks and other eco-friendly practices. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: MOVING FROM CHALLENGES TO OPPORTUNITIES Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors and contributors: Natural Resources and Environment, Viet Nam), Veronica Author: Mark Hyman (Consultant, UNEP) Jurica (Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Contributors: Brandon Turner (UNITAR) Population and Communities, Australia), Vivek S. Agrawal and Ainhoa Carpintero (UNEP) (Centre for Development Communication, India), Yuyun Ismawati (International POPs Elimination Network, Indonesia) Supervision: and Xiaofei Sun (Basel Convention Coordination Centre) Matthew Gubb (UNEP), Jonathan Krueger (UNITAR) Europe: Dana Lapesova (Basel Convention Regional Centre), David and Brandon Turner (UNITAR) Wilson (Consultant, UK), Dusan Jurik (Ministry of Environ- ment, Slovak Republic), Faig Sadıgov (Ministry of Economic Project coordination: Development, Republic of Azerbaijan), Heinz Leuenberger Ainhoa Carpintero (UNEP) (UNIDO), Herman Huisman (Waste Implementation Agency, Netherlands), Ibrahim Shafii (UNEP), Kathryn M. Conway Editor: (UNEP), Ljiljana Rodic Wiersma (Wageningen University, Tess Cieux Netherlands), Margaret Bates (University Northampton, UK), Martina Otto (UNEP), Matthias Kern (UNEP), Michael Betts Reviewers and contributors: (Integrated Skills Limited, UK), Nancy Isarin (Ambiendura, Africa: Anis Ismail (SWEEP-Net GIZ), Casmir Ogueri (Environ- Portugal), Peter Wessman (European Commmission), Rob Visser Waste Nig. Ltd, Nigeria), Desta Mebratu (UNEP), Godfrey (Consultant, France), Ruth Zugman Do Coutto (UNEP), Simone Oluka (Directorate of Health and Environment, Kampala Leyers (IMO) and Vincenzo Gente (European Commission) Capital City Authority, Uganda), Issaria M Mangalili (Division Latin America and the Caribbean: Alberto Santos Capra (Environ- of Environment, Vice President’s Office, Tanzania), James mental and Sustainable Development Secretariat, Argentina), Mulolo (Waste Management Inspectorate, Zambia), Jean Chris Corbin (UNEP), Daniel A. Bonilla R (Ministry of Envi- Claude Salama (Ministry of Environment and Forests, Mada- ronment, Ecuador), David Simmons (Simmons & Associates, gascar), Joseph Masinde (National Environment Management Trinidad & Tobago), Edison Garraway (EGARR & Associates, Authority, Kenya), Joy Jadam (SWEEP-Net GIZ) and Olugbenga Trinidad & Tobago), Jordi Pon (UNEP), José Alejandro Adebola (Richbol Environmental Services, Nigeria) Martínez S. (EAN University, Colombia), Leila Devia (Basel Asia Pacific: Ali Abdullah Ahmed Al-Dobhani (Environment Convention Regional Centre), Marcos Alegre (National Cleaner Protection Authority, Yemen), Ally Adigue (Australian National Production Centre, Peru), Martin Medina (Mexico), Mauricio University, Australia), Amiya Kumar Sahu (National Solid E. Blanco Redondo (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Waste Association, India), Boon-Poh Phee (Penang State Development, Colombia), Roberto Azofeifa (Ministry of Ag- Government, Malaysia), Chin Sothun (Ministry of Environ- riculture and Livestock, Costa Rica) and Sergio Gasca Alvarez ment, Cambodia), Chrin Sokha (Ministry of Environment, (Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico) Cambodia), Cynthia Indriani (Basel Convention Regional North America: Farouk Banna (World Bank), Klaus Tyrkko Centre), David Haynes (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional (UNDP), Maria Nyholm (UNDP), Mark Reiter (Institute of Environment Programme, Samoa), D.G.J. Premakumara Scrap Recycling Industries, USA), Robert Höft (UNEP) and (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan), Haruki Stefanie Brackmann (IADB) Agustina (Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia), Joseph Jayavilal Fernando Mirisage (Environment Education Thanks to our IETC and DTIE colleagues, in particular to: and Awareness, Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka), Surya Chandak, Mushtaq Memon, Ryuichi Fukuhara, Carolin Kazunobu Onogawa (Institute for Global Environmental Sanz-Noriega, John Peter Oosterhoff, Utako Aoike, Michiko Strategies, Japan), Khanendra D. Bhardwaj (APO), Magnus Ota, Mayumi Morita, Tomoko Ishii, Moira O’Brien-Malone Bengtsson (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, and Solange Montillaud-Joyel Japan), Makoto Fujita (Global Environment Centre Founda- tion, Japan), Nguyen Trung Thang (Institute of Strategy and Thanks to UNITAR colleagues, in particular to: Policy on Natural Resources and Environment, Viet Nam), Peter J. Peterson and John A. Haines Piyush Ranjan Rout (Local Governance Network, India), Prasad Modak (Environmental Management Centre, India), Cover photo sources: Rosemary Rayfuse (University of New South Wales, Australia), archfreak/currentbun/photocase.com, Shalimar Vitan (Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, composed by Elmar Sander Philippines), Shunichi Honda (Ministry of Environment, Japan), Stefanos Fotiou (UNEP), Tanja Koch (UNEP), Thi Design and layout: Phuong Anh Duong (Institute of Strategy and Policy on Elmar Sander Kommunikationsdesign 2 Contents CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS 6 FOREWORD 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 PART I: INTRODUCTION – CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW 11 1.1 THE GUIDANCE DOCUMENT 12 TEXT BOX 1.1 SEVEN FACTS ABOUT WASTE 13 FIGURE 1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING AND UPDATING A NATIONAL STRATEGY 14 1.2 UNDERLYING CONCEPTS – WASTE STREAMS 15 TEXT BOX 1.2 EXAMPLES OF WASTE SOURCES AND WASTE STREAMS 17 1.3 UNDERLYING CONCEPTS – WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY 18 FIGURE 2 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY 18 FIGURE 3 TWO TRIANGLES ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 19 1.4 WHY SHOULD A WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY BE DEVELOPED AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL? 20 3 Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies PART II: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WASTE MANAGEMENT 22 TEXT BOX 2.1 SUCCESSFUL NATIONAL ACTION ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 23 2.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 24 FIGURE 4 WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 25 TEXT BOX 2.2 HEALTH-CARE WASTE 27 TEXT BOX 2.3 WASTE AND GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS 28 TEXT BOX 2.4 CONTRIBUTION OF RECYCLING TO ECONOMIC GROWTH 29 TEXT BOX 2.5 SAVINGS FROM PREVENTION AND BETTER MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS WASTE 31 TEXT BOX 2.6 PUNE WASTE PICKERS SEIZE THEIR OPPORTUNITY 33 FIGURE 5 SUMMARY OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOUND WASTE MANAGEMENT 34 2.2 WASTE STREAMS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 35 TEXT BOX 2.7 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE 37 TEXT BOX 2.8 WASTE PREVENTION AND MINIMISATION IN THE MINING AND MINERAL REFINING INDUSTRIES 38 TEXT BOX 2.9 MANAGEMENT OF END-OF-LIFE LAMPS 39 TEXT BOX 2.10 THE NEED FOR BETTER DATA 40 2.3 GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES 40 TEXT BOX 2.11 WASTE MANAGEMENT CRISIS IN NAPLES, ITALY, AND ITS SOLUTION 42 2.4 FUTURE CHALLENGES 44 TEXT BOX 2.12 WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES FOLLOWING A NATURAL DISASTER 45 PART III: CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING A NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 46 3.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT – CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES 47 FIGURE 6 GENERAL CONCEPTS RELATED TO SOUND WASTE MANAGEMENT 49 TEXT BOX 3.1 CHEMICAL LEASING 50 FIGURE 7 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY 50 TEXT BOX 3.2 INTERNATIONAL EFFORT ON REUSE OF AN MATERIALS RECOVERY FROM COMPUTING EQUIPMENT AND MOBILE PHONES 53 4 Contents TEXT BOX 3.3 VERMICULTURE AND COMPOSTING OF ORGANIC WASTE IN CHILE 55
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