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Hybomitra Arpadi •.•.•.....•.•.••.....••• 115 3.2 National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions ct Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wetlt0Ç11on StrCCl 395. ru~ Wcll1nqlon Otlawa. Ontario Ottawa (OnlalMJ) K1AQN4 K1AON4 '.\.1 '.~. \ , ....,. ",~""",,'., ,',' loi" ......~' •• ".r,.".....,. NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Sorne pages may have indistinct La qu~;ité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us. an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Canada • ASPEcrs OF THE BIOLOGY OF HORSE FLIFS AND DEER FLIFS (Diptera: Tabanidae) IN SUBARcnC LABR>_'nR: LARVAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT, BIOLOGY OF HOST-SEEKING FEMALES, AND EFFECT OF CLIMATIC FACTORS ON DAlLY ACTIVITY. By Paul Edward Kaye McElligott, B.Sc., M.Sc. Department ofEntomology, McGill UniveISÏty • Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec AThesis Presented to the FacilJ.ty ofGraduate Studies and Research -'" in Partial Fnlfillment ofthe Requirements ofthe Degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy C P. McElligon August, 1992 • Nationallibrary Bibliothèque nationale ..... of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions el Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Welh~ton Street 3SS. rue Wt:illnglon Ottawa.Ontano Onawa (OnI~HtO) K1AON4 K1AON4 The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou hisjher thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in hisjher thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels cie celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou hisjher permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-315-87947-5 Canada • Suggested Short Title: Aspects of the Biology of Horse Flies and Decr Flies in • Subarctic Labrador. • Il Abstract • Ph.D. Paul McElligott Entomology Aspects of the Biology of Horse Flies and Deer Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Subarctic Labrador: Larval Distribution and Development, Biology of Host­ Seeking Females, and Effect of Climatic Factors on Activity. Larval tabanids were colleeted twice weekly from eight locations in Iron Ann fen, a peatland in subarctic Labrador near Schefferville, Quebec, June through August, 1990 and 1991. Ofthe 476 tabanid larvae colleeted, 827% were Chrysops (5 spp.), 17.0% were Hybomitra (5 spp.), and 03% were Atylotus • sphagnicola Teskey; the mest abondant species in the fen were C. zinzalus Philip (31%), and C. nigripes ZetteIStedt (24%). Species- and genera-specific microhabitat preferences were apparent; in general Chrysops spp. preferred drier regions of the fen than did Hybomitra spp.. Larvae of C. zinzalus and C. nigripes appear to require 3-4 yeaxs to complete thëir larval development in subarctic regions, based upon their patterns ofseasonal growth. Annual variation in larval year-class sizes suggests that populations vaI} dramatically within individual peatlands from year 10 year. Adult hOISe flies and deer flies were colleeted using canopy and Malaise traps at two locations in the Schefferville area, Iron Ann fen and Capricom fen, from late June until early August in 1990 and 1991. Seventeen tabanid species • were colleeted, six Chrysops spp., 10 Hybomitra spp., one Atylotus sp.; Hybomitra ili spp. comprised 96% of collections. Adult abundance of different species varied • markedly between the two study sites; in general Iron Arm fen had a more abundant and diverse tabanid fauna than Capricom. Of the Hybomitro spp. common in the Schefferville area, H. lurida (Fallen), H. aequetincta (Becker), H. arpadi (Szilady), and H. zonalis (Kirby) were most abundant in early to mid July, whereas H. heariei (Philip) and H.pecJuunani Teskey and Thomas were common from mid July until early August. Chrysops spp. were most active in late July and early August; Chrysops nigripes and C. zinzaIus were the most common specie::. For each of 10 tabanid species, samples of 10 fiies were taken from daily trap catches for dissection and determination ofparity, yolk deposition, and fat body deposition. In the Schefferville area, H. arpadi and H. aequetincta are obligately anautogenous (i.e., require a blood-meal in order to mature eggs), H. • lurida and H. zonalis are facultatively autogenous (i.e., capable of maturing eggs without in some cases), and H. pechumani. H. heariei. H.frontalis (Walker). H. astuta (Osten Sacken), C. zinzaIus and C. nigripes are obligately autogenous (i.e. always mature a fust batch of eggs without taking blood). Based upon gonotrophic age-grading of nulliparous individuaIs, the majority of H. aequetineta and H. arpadi females emerge either at the beginning of the flight season, midway through the season, or both, depending upon year and site. Most H. zonalis emergê midway through the fiight season. Nulliparous female tabanids of anautogenous or facultatively autogenous species usually carry considerable • amounts offat body within their abdomens. This fat is depleted as nutrients are iv tIansferred to the developing oocytes; recenùy parous females cany very lime fat • body. The eITeet of meterological variables on tabanid daily activity was investigated using a canopy tIap incorporating an eleetronic insect counter, a computerized data-Iogger, and sensors to measure air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, and relative humidity. Tabanid numbers and meteorological variables were recorded every halfhour between 0530 and 2130 EDT. Tabanid activity only occurred at temperatures exceeding 90 C and levels of 2 solar radiation exceeding approximately 10 W1m • The onset of tabanid activit'J in the morning was usually temperature dependant, whereas the cessation of activity in the evening was light dependent. Tabanid activity increased with increasing temperature between 10 and 190 C. Multiple regression analyses • determined that during the daylight hours temperature, relative humidity, and date offlight season most significanùy affect level oftabanid host-seeking activity. • v Résumé • Ph.D. Paul McElligott Entomology Aspects de la Biologie du Taon (Diptère: Tabanidae) au Labrador Sous-Arctique: Distribution et Développement Larvaire, Biologie et Activité de Recherche-Hôte de la Femelle, et Effets des Facteurs Climatiques sur l'Activité Journalière. Des larves de taon furent collectées deux jours par semaine, de juin à août 1990 et 1991, de huit sites d'Iron Arm, une tourbière du Labrador sous-arctique, près de Schefferville au Québec. Des 476 larves collectées, 82.7% appartenaient au genre Chrysops (5 espèces), 17.0% au genre Hybomitra (5 espèces) et 0.3% étaient des Atylotus sphagnicola Teskey. Les espèces les plus abondantes dans la • tourbière étaient C zinzalus Philip (31%) et C nigripes Zetterstedt (24%). Les préfèrences en microhabitates étaient apparentes entre les différents genres et espèces; comparées aux Hybomitra spp., C/zrysops spp. préfèraient, généralement, les régions les plus séches de la tourbière. Les larves de C zinzalus et C nigripes semblent mettrent 3 à 4 ans pour compléter leur développement larvaire dans les regions sous-arctiques et ceci sur base de leur mode de croissance saisonnière. Les variations annuelles de la taille des cohortes larvaires, suggérent que les populations varient fortement d'année en année dans les tourbières même. Des taons adultes furent attrapés à l'aide de pièges "Canopy" et de tentes "Malaise", à deux endroits dans les regions de Schefferville, au tourbières d'Iron • Arm et de Capricorn, entre fin juin et début août 1990 et 1991. Dix-sept espèces vi de taon furent collectées, dont: six Chrysops, 10 Hybomitra, et un Atylotus; • Hybomitra spp. constituaient 96% de la collecte. L'abondance des adultes des différentes espèces varaient entre les deux sites étudiés; en general, la tourbière d'Iron Arro avait une faune de taon plus abondante et plus diversifiée que Capricorn. De toutes les espèces d'Hybomitra fréquents dans la region de Schefferville, H.
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