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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THE BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF IMMATURE ARIZONA TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Burger, John Frederick, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 04:01:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290262 71-16,511 BURGER, John Frederick, 1940- THE BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF IMMATURE ARIZONA TABANIDAE (DIPTERA). University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1971 Entomology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED THE BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF IMMATURE ARIZONA TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) by John Frederick Burger A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 7 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by John Frederick Burger entitled THE BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF IMMATURE ARIZONA TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy /iC Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance*." V,; . ^?0 (Jbfzrr /£t ? /(f /<77o J* "This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED IS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express thanks to a few of the many people who helped make this study possible. I am especially thankful to Drs. L. L. Pechuman, Department of Entomology, Cornell University; C. B. Philip, California Academy of Sciences? and G. B. Fairchild, Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, whose untiring advice, information and opinions, as well as generous gifts of specimens, were of inestimable value to the com­ pleteness and accuracy of this work. 1 am also under obligation to H. J. Teskey, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, for helpful suggestions; F. G. Werner, Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, whose suggestions and critical comments were greatly appreciated; W. L. Nutting, Department of Entomology, The Uni­ versity of Arizona, who helped with the initial respirometer studies and first discovered the immature stages of Leucotabanus ambiguus; Vincent D. Roth, Director, Southwestern Research Station, Portal, Arizona, for many favors while providing facilities for my use at the station; K. A. Christiansen, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, and L. A. Carruth, Department of Entomology, The University of Arizona, for constant encouragement and support. I also express my appreciation to the Department of Entomology for providing supporting funds during this study, and to Allison Hyde for the drawings of the larvae. Finally, my special thanks to Dr. J. C. Bequaert, whose constant moral support and many suggestions were a source of great encouragement to me. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii ABSTRACT - xi INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS 8 Field Methods 8 Laboratory Methods 10 LIFE CYCLE OF ARIZONA TABANIDAE 15 Generalized Life Cycle 15 The North Temperate Cycle 17 The Southern Cycle 18 THE HABITATS OF ARIZONA TABANID LARVAE 23 Arizona Topography, Climate and Vegatation 23 Summary of Larval Habitats 26 Lentic Habitats 28 Lotic Habitats 31 Terrestrial and Arboreal Habitats 33 Alteration of Tabanid Habitats by Man 33 FOOD HABITS 37 PREDATORS, PARASITES AND OTHER MORTALITY FACTORS 39 Predators 39 Parasites 39 Other Causes of Mortality 41 DIAPAUSE IN ARIZONA TABANIDAE 43 Diapause Period 43 Refrigeration Experiments 44 Respirometer Studies 47 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page SUMMARY OF MORPHOLOGY OF LARVAL AND PUPAL TABANIDAE 52 Larvae 52 Pupae 56 TAXONOMY OF THE LARVAE AND PUPAE OF ARIZONA TABANIDAE 62 Key to the Known Genera of Immature Arizona Tabanidae ... 62 Larvae 62 Pupae 63 Genus Esenbeckia Rondani 64 Esenbeckia delta (Hine) 65 Larva (Fig. 8, Appendix A) 65 Pupa 65 Genus Silvius Meigen 66 Silvius quadrivittatus (Say) 66 Mature Larva (Fig. 9, Appendix A) 66 Pupa (Fig. 32, Appendix B) 67 Genus Chrysops Meigen 69 Key to the Known Larvae and Pupae of Chrysops in Arizona . 69 Larvae 69 Pupae 70 Chrysops facialis Townsend 70 Mature Larva (Fig. 10, Appendix A) 70 Pupa (Fig. 33, Appendix B) 71 Chrysops pachyceras var. hungerfordi Brennan 73 Mature Larva (Fig. 11, Appendix A) 73 Pupa (Fig. 34, Appendix B) 74 Chrysops virgulatus Bellardi 7 5 Mature Larva (Fig. 12, Appendix A) 75 Pupa (Fig. 3 5, Appendix B) 76 Genus Stenotabanus Lutz 77 Stenotabanus flavidus (Hine) 77 Larva (Fig. 14, Appendix A) 77 Genus Bolbodimyia Bigot 78 Bolbodimyia atrata (Hine) 78 Mature Larva (Fig. 13, Appendix A) 78 Pupa (Fig. 36, Appendix B) 79 Genus Atylotus Osten Sacken 81 AtylouS incisuralis (Macquart) 82 Mature Larva (Fig. 15, Appendix A) 82 Pupa (Fig. 37, Appendix B) 83 Genus Leucotabanus Lutz 84 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Leucotabanus ambiguus Stone 85 Mature Larva (Fig. 16, Appendix A) 85 Pupa (Fig. 38, Appendix B) 85 Genus Tabanus Linnaeus ..... 87 Key to the Known Larvae and Pupae of Tabanus in Arizona . 88 Larvae 88 Pupae 89 Tabanus boharti Philip 91 Mature Larva (Fig. 17, Appendix A) 91 Pupa (Fig. 39, Appendix B) 92 Tabanus dietrichi Pechuman 93 Mature Larva (Fig. 18, Appendix A) 93 Pupa (Fig. 41, Appendix B) 94 Tabanus dorsifer Walker 96 Mature Larva (Fig. 19, Appendix A) 96 Pupa (Fig. 40, Appendix B) 98 Tabanus gilanus Townsend 99 Mature Larva (Fig. 20, Appendix A) 99 Pupa (Fig. 42, Appendix B) 101 Tabanus species A 102 Mature Larva (Fig. 21, Appendix A) 102 Pupa (Fig. 43, Appendix B) 103 Tabanus species B 105 Mature Larva (Fig. 22, Appendix A) 105 Pupa (Fig. 44, Appendix B) 107 Tabanus morbosus Stone 108 Mature Larva (Fig. 23, Appendix A) 108 Pupa (Fig. 45, Appendix B) 110 Tabanus pruinosus Bigot ...... Ill Mature Larva (Fig. 24, Appendix A) Ill Pupa (Fig. 46, Appendix B) 112 Tabanus punctifer Osten Sacken 114 Mature Larva (Fig. 25, Appendix A) 114 Pupa (Fig. 47, Appendix B) 116 Tabanus similis (Macquart) 117 Mature Larva (Fig. 26, Appendix A) 117 Pupa (Fig. 48, Appendix B) 118 Tabanus subsimilis subsimilis Bellardi 119 Mature Larva (Fig. 27, Appendix A) 119 Pupa (Fig. 49, Appendix B) 121 Genus Hybomitra Enderlein 122 Key to the Known Larvae and Pupae of Hybomitra in Arizona. 122 Larvae 122 Pupae 123 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued Page Hybomitra aatos Philip 124 Mature Larva (Fig. 28, Appendix A) 124 Pupa (Fig. 50, Appendix B) 125 Hybomitra fulvilateralis (Macguart) 126 Mature Larva (Fig. 29, Appendix A) 126 Pupa (Fig. 51, Appendix B) 127 Hybomitra sonomensis var. phaenops (Osten Sacken) 128 Mature Larva (Fig. 30, Appendix A) 128 Pupa (Fig. 52, Appendix B) 130 "Hybomitra" laticornis (Hine) 132 Mature Larva (Fig. 31, Appendix A) 132 Pupa (Fig. 53, Appendix B) 132 APPENDIX As LARVAE OF ARIZONA TABANIDAE 134 APPENDIX B: PUPAE OF ARIZONA TABANIDAE 141 APPENDIX C: SELECTED HABITATS OF ARIZONA TABANID LARVAE .... 151 LITERATURE CITED 155 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Section Boundaries and Topographical Features of Arizona (After Green and Sellers, 1964) 24 2. Mean Monthly Bare Soil Temperatures for Selected Localities in Arizona 46 3. Comparison of Oxygen Consumption of Tabanus Species A Larvae 48 4. Activity of Diapausing Tabanus Species A Larvae Based on Rate of Oxygen Consumption 50 5. Larva of Tabanus punctifer, lateral view 53 6. Pupa of Hybomitra epistates, lateral view; pupa of Atylotus ohioensis, ventral view of cephalothorax (after Teskey, 1969) 57 7. Pupa of Atylotus duplex, oblique view of two terminal abdominal segments (after Teskey, 1969) 58 8. Larva of Esenbeckia delta 135 9. Larva of Silvius quadrivittatus 135 10. Larva of Chrysops facialis 135 11. Larva of Chrysops pachyceras var. hungerfordi 135 12. Larva of Chrysops virgulatus 136 13. Larva of Bolbodimyia atrata 136 14. Larva of Stenotabahus flavidus 136 15. Larva of Atylotus incisuralis 136 16. Larva of Leucotabanus ambiguus 137 17. Larva of Tabanus boharti 137 viii ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS—Continued Figure Page 18. Larva of Tabanus dietrichi 137 19. Larva of Tabanus dorsifer 137 20. Larva of Tabanus gilanus 138 21. Larva of Tabanus species A 138 22. Larva of Tabanus species B 138 23. Larva of Tabanus morbosus 138 24. Larva of Tabanus pruinosus 139 25. Larva of Tabanus punctifer 139 26. Larva of Tabanus similis 139 27. Larva of Tabanus subsimilis subsimilis 139 28. Larva of Hybomitra aatos 140 29. Larva of Hybomitra fulvilateralis 140 30. Larva of Hybomitra sonomensis var. phaenops 140 31. Larva of "Hybomitra" laticornis 140 32. Pupa and frontal plate of Silvius quadrivittatus 142 33.
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