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Xerox University Microfiims 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-3104 HOUGH, Sandra Jean Wurth, 1938- A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOR: A PERSON-CENTERED PRETHEORY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP— CHARLES DE GAULLE. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1975 Political Science, International law and relations Xerox University Microfiims, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. PLEASE NOTE; Page 272 is not available for photography. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOR; A PERSON-CENTERED PRETHEORY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP-- CHARLES DE GAULLE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY SANDRA JEAN WURTH HOUGH Norman, Oklahoma 1 9 7 5 A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOR: A PERSON-CENTERED PRETHEORY OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP-- CHARLES DE GAULLE APPROVED BY DIS^RTATION COMMITTEE PREFACE I doubt. .that the Impetus for writing anything but a textbook can ever be rationalized. Eric Erikson Ideally, a dissertation is written primarily for the benefit of the researcher, for the experience gained in the exercise of research, and the knowledge which may be acquired not only in the subject matter but the writing process itself. In contrast to a thesis, which is a hy­ pothesis to be defended, the dissertation is expected to be a contribution to knowledge. The topics for such intellectual exercises vary considerably from university to university as well as from discipline to discipline within the university structure and range from the most obscure to topics which reach the zenith of intellectual activity. Due to the stage and state of our profession, most political science dis­ sertations are very specialized. This one is not. This particular study includes a survey of political leadership - a conceptual focus and distinct field of po­ litical inquiry theoretically immature, albeit slowly evolving, Beliefs, attitudes, and political styles of individual po­ litical leaders have received less research attention then they deserve, primarily due to inadequate methodologies for acquiring the raw data necessary for scientific analysis. The objective herein, however, is to consider the influence upon Charles de Gaulle of such political leadership "inputs" as his culture, acculturation and motivations, and political iii beliefs and style. Basically this has necessitated an eclectic analysis not unlike, in some aspects, the popular approach used in the field of International Relations, the decision-making study. The ultimate aim here is to explore a framework within which a researcher can generalize for predictability - a long suffering neglect of our "science" - rather than merely permit a reconstruction of any particular political action or decision. General de Gaulle has interested, indeed fascinated, this writer since the heyday of "Gaullism" in the 1960’s when the doctoral general examinations were completed. It was during that study period that most information on France, indeed much of what was written on Europe, inevitably focused critically on President de Gaulle. Most of the American literature on the subject presented predominately vehement opinions of this particular political leader. Because of this lack of objectivity by social scientists and laymen alike, the first of many attempts to explain, generalize, and understand de Gaulle’s international behavior and hence the American reaction to him began. Various "methodologies" were selected, partially implemented and then rejected when essential data was either unavailable or research findings invariably inconclusive. Often the use of one methodology resulted in more problems being "found" than questions answered. It was only since I968 and the information iv explosion of diverse political leadership studies and my students' constant clamoring for essentially "personality" explanations of Presidential leadership behavior that the "problems" of previous attempts at analysis were diminished. Perhaps this is the most important "finding." Political leaders can not be adequately "understood" or predictive analysis undertaken by "a" methodology or "a" discipline, but only by open-ended or eclectic approaches involving interdisciplinary talents and resources. By incorporating the major features of a leader's cultural background, his personality and life experiences to adulthood, his personal philosophy and political style (as herein applied to Charles de Gaulle), we may better understand the complexities of the political leader who controls so much of our international life. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In dedication and thanksgiving: to A DA NV DO for all beginnings and beauty; to the extended family, whether Reaves, Wurth, Brown or Cost, for all that is love; to Rufus and Joline Hall, John Paul Duncan, and Joseph Crim Pray for physical and spiritual con­ tributions in very special relationships; to Lawrence, Laurie, and Neosha for unending support, patience, and love during the process and completion of yet another "monster." vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW..........................1 II. THE FRENCH CULTURAL MILIEU: BOUNDARIES OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR...............................38 III. DE GAULLE: THE IDIOSYNCRATIC VARIABLE .... 110 IV. INTERNATIONAL IMAGES: DE GAULLE’S PERSONAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY........................ 196 V. DE GAULLISM: A POLITICAL STYLE.................. 26l VI. CONCLUSIONS...................................... 301 APPENDIX: MAJOR EVENTS IN DE GAULLE'S LIFE ......... 310 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 312 vli A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOR: A PERSON-CENTERED PRETHEORY OP POLITICAL LEADERSHIP— CHARLES DE GAULLE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW Political Leadership Models George Sabine writes that a political theory, and thus a pretheory or a core concept such as political leader­ ship, "contains among Its elements certain judgments of fact, or estimates of probability which time proves perhaps to be objectively right or wrong.This Is particularly true In doctoral studies, which are essentially experimental regard­ less of subject matter. Insofar as this research analyzes one political leader, Charles de Gaulle, with little compar­ ative analysis, the result Is a "pretheory" of political leadership. The conclusions of one study do not permit the drawing of needed prescriptions, which Is a recognized limitation. Practically and theoretically, political leadership Is a complex, multl-dlmenslonal subject, with few concurring ^George Sabine, Preface to the First Edition, A History of Political Theory (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1937), p. V. theses.^ Still, it is a subject studied and written upon by more and more social scientists; for political leadership— whether viewed as leaders collectively or a leader alone, the 2 great men studies, is a phenomenon of all governments, whether democracies or dictatorships. That is, in all instances the masses, the many, are governed by political elites, the few, regardless of the nomenclature applied to the power distributions According to Murray Edelman, political leadership has three major attributes: 1) reciprocity or a mutual dependence relationship between the demands of followers and a leader's actions (stressed by most contemporary social scientists), 2) environmental setting, a specific situation and 3) influence or the shaping of opinions. He does not believe leadership is found