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Interior Freedom in the French-Language Poetry Written in the Concentration Camps (1943-45)

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Interior Freedom in the French-Language Poetry Written in the Concentration Camps (1943-45) Interior Freedom in the French-language Poetry Written in the Concentration Camps (1943-45) Belle Marie Joseph A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Australian National University January 2017 © Copyright by Belle Marie Joseph 2017 All Rights Reserved This thesis presents my own original research. All sources have been duly acknowledged. Except where acknowledged in the customary manner, the material presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge, original and has not been submitted in whole or part for a degree in any university. Belle Joseph 27 January 2017 ii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my thanks, first of all, to my supervisors. I am deeply grateful to Peter Brown, who supervised this project from its beginnings and whose expertise and encouragement throughout the project were invaluable. Gillian Russell provided helpful input at the beginning of my research. Ned Curthoys gave invaluable feedback at each stage of my project; I am grateful for his insightful and constructive comments. Sincere thanks to Ash Collins, who provided thoughtful commentary on the completed thesis draft. I would also like to thank my many wonderful colleagues in the School of Literature, Language and Linguistics (SLLL) at ANU, who often provided useful suggestions in informal discussions about my research, and in particular Kate Flaherty, who kindly read drafts of the thesis introduction and the first chapter and gave me helpful comments on them. I would also like to acknowledge that this research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship. My warmest thanks go to the directors and staff of the various associations for former déportés , who gave me invaluable assistance with my research. Thank you to the staff at the Fédération nationale de déportés internés résistants patriotes (FNDIRP), especially Dominique, who helped me with my search for poems in the archives and generously took the time to photocopy every document I needed. Cyrille le Quellec at the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation (FMD) very kindly answered my questions and provided me with information on a number of occasions. Staff at the Association Buchenwald were incredibly helpful; Véronique de Demandolx and Cathy Guérin gave me generous assistance with my research in the archives of the Association. I sincerely thank the director of the Association Buchenwald, Dominique Durand, for his support of my research and for a fascinating conversation with him and his wife over lunch, including memories shared of his father, Pierre Durand, deported to Buchenwald. Marie-France Cabéza-Marnet from the Amicale de Ravensbrück generously shared with me numerous archival documents, including the beautiful poem that Claudine Fourel wrote in Zwodau (Ravensbrück), ‘Bouquet de roses’. I would also like to sincerely thank Stéphanie Berson at the Amicale du Camp de Concentration de Dachau, who put me in contact with Dr André Fournier. The director of the Amicale de Mauthausen, Daniel Simon, and Caroline Ulmann took the time to meet with me. Daniel’s thorough knowledge about all aspects of Mauthausen was very helpful. Caroline shared with me many precious memories of her father, André Ulmann, and was warmly encouraging of my research. I am immensely grateful to them both. iii Special thanks to Patricia Gillet at the Archives nationales, who helped me to locate poems and other documents of interest. Jacques Longuet provided me with his friend Odile Arrighi- Roger’s address and very kindly sent me additional biographical material on her Resistance activities and deportation. Although, sadly, Mme Arrighi-Roger was too frail at the time to respond to my letter, her daughter Nicole kindly answered my questions about her writings. My sincerest thanks go to her. Thank you to Michael Fitzgerald for the invaluable help he gave me in my research on Emmanuel Mounier and his association with André Ulmann. My grateful thanks, too, to Dr Daniel Lerner for suggesting reference works on the Jewish Resistance in France and for allowing me to read his very informative unpublished paper on the topic. Deepest thanks to the family members of deported poets who agreed to speak to me about their relatives. Micheline Maurel’s sister Geneviève Gil (née Maurel) and her husband showed extraordinary generosity in hosting me at their home in Toulon. Together with their daughter Guylaine, Micheline’s other siblings, Charles Maurel and Olivier Maurel and Olivier’s wife Françoise, they shared their memories of Micheline. I am especially grateful to the family for giving me electronic copies of much of Micheline’s written work, including a copy of her poem written in Ravensbrück, never published, ‘La danseuse’. I thank all the family for the warm welcome that they gave me and for their generosity in sharing so much material from Micheline’s private collection. Robert Créange was most generous in relating memories of his father, Pierre Créange. Dr Hubert Blanc kindly shared facsimiles of the poems and other writings in the precious notebook kept by his father Gabriel Blanc in Dora. In correspondence and phone conversations, he gave me invaluable information about Gabriel and shared the background behind the poem ‘Ces autres conquérants’ written in Dora. Sincere thanks also to Michel Pateau, Jean Cayrol’s nephew, who so kindly answered my questions about Cayrol. I thank the camp survivors who spoke to me about their deportation. Over a memorable evening at his home, Dr Bernard Py (deceased) recounted his memories of Dachau and also shared copies of related documents with me. Raymond Huard generously made time to see me at short notice and shared his memories of his imprisonment in Fresnes and deportation to Buchenwald. Bertrand Herz recounted to me the unforgettable and moving story of his deportation to Buchenwald as a 14-year-old in 1944. Dr André Fournier talked to me about his deportation to Buchenwald, Natzweiler-Struthof and Dachau and related how he came to write the poem ‘Moriturus’ in Buchenwald; in his letters to me following our initial conversation, he gave a very illuminating reflection on why poetry meant so much to him iv during his incarceration. The generosity, patience and thoughtfulness with which all these former camp prisoners answered my questions and related their experiences was humbling. My heartfelt thanks to each one. Thank you to all the friends who gave me great support during the writing of this thesis. Finally, thank you to my family for their love, prayers and encouragement. v Abstract Adorno’s controversial declaration that ‘to write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric’ kindled debates on the Holocaust and literature that persist to this day. A number of critics, including Alvin Rosenfeld and Antony Rowland, have argued that conventional poetics and aesthetics are deeply problematised, even incapacitated, by the horrific nature of the concentration camps. Holocaust poetry, these commentators suggest, seeks self-effacement and silence, constantly drawing attention to its own inability to assume the horrors of the camps. My thesis challenges this paradigm, examining the little-studied corpus of French-language poetry written by Resistant and Jewish camp prisoners during their captivity. I argue that this poetry consistently articulates interior freedom, a freedom rooted in the enduring intellectual, philosophical, political and religious convictions of these poets. Far from representing a self- defeating project, poetry for these prisoners, I contend, was a vital means of uncovering a saving ethos under conditions of extreme deprivation and oppression. In this thesis, I focus on the poetry of five French prisoners, André Ulmann (Mauthausen), Gustave Leroy (Dora), Maurice Honel (Auschwitz), André Verdet (Buchenwald) and Jean Cayrol (Mauthausen). I bring out from close textual readings the distinctive nature of each author’s understanding of freedom, discussing the poetic strategies, including metaphor and Surrealist imagery, that contribute to their elaboration of compelling visions of freedom and looking at the ways in which freedom becomes embodied in the aural dimension and formal structure of their poems. Notably, in my study of Jean Cayrol’s extravagantly imaginative and mystical poems, I introduce the concept of ‘imaginative translocation’ to describe the author’s unique narrative approach and particularly ambitious conception of interior freedom. Paying particular attention to the influence of key movements and belief-systems, most notably Communism, Catholicism and Personalism, I explore the nature of the beliefs that allowed these five prisoners to discover moral bearings, ethical purpose and interior freedom during their internment. vi Contents List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter 1 ‘Nous qui sommes toujours vivants derrière nos visages d’hommes’: Embracing Life and Love, Affirming Selfhood and Self-Determination— André Ulmann’s Poèmes du camp ............................................................................................ 51 Chapter 2 ‘Nous sommes ici des hommes pendant que la mort fume’: Death and Transcendence in the Poetry of Maurice Honel and Gustave Leroy ..................... 82 Chapter 3 ‘Des hommes au cœur pur aux mains nues’:
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