An Historiographical Reading of the Founding of Canada's National Theatre School
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An Historiographical Reading of the Founding of Canada’s National Theatre School Pola Tumarkin A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Theatre and Performance Studies York University Toronto, Ontario March 2016 © Pola Tumarkin, 2016 Abstract On November 2, 1960, French director and teacher Michel Saint-Denis declared the National Theatre School of Canada (NTS)—the nation’s first professional theatre training institution—open, and the Canadian theatre—its English and French traditions—entered a new stage of professional development. But how did it get there? This historiographical study of the NTS’ founding is the first thorough examination of the complex process through which the only bi-cultural, co-lingual school in Canada was established, from first inklings in the nineteenth century to its official opening in 1960. This dissertation utilizes Thomas Postlewait’s four-part model of historiographical theory to explore and document the various contexts which helped to shape the ways in which the School was structured, operated, and received by the public at the time it opened. While the National Theatre School of Canada is clearly recognized as an important part of the professional Canadian theatre, it is argued here that the details of the School’s founding— even now—remain contradictory, forcing the discussion to focus more on the results of the school after it officially opened rather than on the ideas which created it. After half a century, it seems time to articulate, at the very least, those founding debates, adding them to Canada’s theatre history and giving them relevance in today’s increasingly diverse Canada. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank and acknowledge here some of those who have been most helpful along the way. First, thanks to members of my Supervising Committee, Marlis Schweitzer and Paul Lampert for their interest, involvement, and encouragement in this project; and to my Supervisor (and mentor for the last decade or so), Don Rubin, whose patience, rigour, and faith made an impact that instilled great belief in me, of myself and the work I strive to do in the theatre; his father-like sensibilities eased the journey for me, his reassurance the raft which helped to carry me through (I am so proud to be your student). Thanks to York University’s Graduate Program in Theatre and Performance Studies for allowing me to pursue this work, and Mary Pecchia and the Graduate Program Assistants for their assistance. Thanks to Simon Barry and the National Theatre School of Canada, Library and Archives Canada, the Clara Thomas Archives at York University, the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library at the University of Toronto, the Archives of Ontario, the Toronto Reference Library, the British Library, and the CBC Archives, for the excellent services and most patient staffs. Thanks as well to Joel Miller, Perry Schneiderman, Peter Wylde, Paul Thompson, and Diana Leblanc for sharing their honest memories and perspectives of the NTS, and to Dr. Jane Baldwin for shedding valuable light on the world of Michel Saint-Denis. Thanks to Patricia Keeney, Anton Wagner, Peter McKinnon, Sholem Dolgoy, Ross Stuart, Michael Coghlan, and Peter Szaffko for their commentary on and care for the project. Thank you as well to the now silent founders of the National Theatre School of Canada for lending their voices and visions once again to future generations. On a more personal note, thanks to all of my dear friends and colleagues for their ardent support and belief; Thanks to Samfiru Tumarkin LLP for their understanding and patience, and iii to Byron Laviolette and Marlene Mendonça for the inspiration of their own work and perseverance, as well as their empathetic ears and words of encouragement. Thanks to Tim Kachurov and the Toronto Theatre Academy, without whom I would not have understood my place in the theatre and the theatre’s place in the world. Thank you to my life partner, Srđan, who spent his free time and energy helping me translate and organize my research while dealing with my distress, impatience, and moments of great self-doubt; anything and everything is possible with you. To his family: the timing of your presence was no coincidence, and for that I am grateful. To my family: it wasn’t easy, and without you, it wouldn’t have happened. I look up to you as examples of hard work, determination, and success. To my parents: No words will ever be able to express what you’ve given me. This achievement is for you. I love you. iv Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………ii Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………...iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….v Introduction......................................................................................................................1 Dramatis Personae……………………………………………………………………..15 Chapter One: Historiography and the National Theatre School’s Beginnings...………16 Chapter Two: Gathering the Forces (1952-1959)……………………………………...63 Chapter Three: The Big Issues: Bilingualism, Location, and Funding (1958-1959).....94 Chapter Four: Toward a Final Blueprint (1959-1960)……………………………….132 Chapter Five: Opening the Doors: Problems and Perseverance (1960)……………...168 Chapter Six: Into the Future: Perspectives and Final Thoughts……………………...201 Bibliography ................................................................................................................212 v Introduction On November 2, 1960, French director and teacher Michel Saint-Denis declared the National Theatre School of Canada (NTS)—the nation’s first professional, bilingual theatre training institution—open, and the Canadian theatre—its English and French traditions—entered a new stage of professional development. But how did it get there? The idea of a professional theatre school in Canada was brought up as far back as the late 1800s1 and became a more concrete notion in 1922 when Vincent Massey asked in his article, “The Prospects of a Canadian Drama,” if a system of professional training could help develop indigenous2 drama in Canada. Massey’s question would not be answered until after World War II, when Saint-Denis—who had already established training schools in England and France—arrived at the Dominion Drama Festival Finals (DDF) in Halifax and spoke in a similar way. By 1957, with the support of leading individuals in the Canadian theatre, the planning for a national theatre school began in earnest. This dissertation studies the years leading up to the establishment of the NTS in 1960. It aims to document the process through which the School was created and to amplify what already exists in Jean-Louis Roux’s, Michel Garneau’s, and Tom Hendry’s book, l'École: Le Premier Quart de Siècle de l’École Nationale de Théâtre du Canada/ The School: The First Quarter of a Century of the National Theatre School of Canada. Only 42 pages in length—16 in English and 26 in French—this in-house celebratory volume looks at only some of the details surrounding the School’s actual founding. Philip Spensley’s contribution to the volume, “A Brief History of the National Theatre School of Canada,” comes from his other work, “A Description and Evaluation of the Training Methods of the National Theatre School of Canada, English Acting Course, 1 1960-1968,” which, as the title indicates, focuses on training methods, while Jean Pol Britte’s account in l'École/The School is simply historical impressionism. Together, however, they do reflect something of the bi-cultural dreams of the early NTS. Yet both essentially gloss-over the cultural politics of the time. Other scholars have studied the life and work of Saint-Denis, but also do not deal in any depth with the founding of the NTS. Among these scholars are George Berberich, Charles L. Railsback, and Jane Baldwin, who have included some brief backgrounds on the School in their dissertations only as examples of Saint-Denis’ pedagogy. Berberich’s “The Theatre Schools of Michel Saint-Denis: A Quest for Style,” Railsback’s “Michel Saint-Denis and the Organic Theatre,” and Baldwin’s “A Paradoxical Career: Michel Saint-Denis’ Life in the Theatre,” as well as her editing of Saint-Denis’ Theatre: The Rediscovery of Style and other Writings all mention Saint-Denis’ role as an advisor to the NTS, but generally focus more on his pedagogical work in Europe and the United States. Many questions are therefore left unanswered: whose idea was the NTS? How was the idea realized? Who was involved in the School’s creation? What were the major concerns of the founders and what were the key debates? Was there concern over the English-French issue and why was the NTS eventually created as a co-lingual school in Montreal? What kind of arguments arose from those same linguistic and cultural differences? Was this reflected in the selection of the faculty? Students? Location? Why was Saint-Denis—a French national—their artistic advisor? And how was the School to be funded and by whom? Given that the national conversation about the School’s role and functioning continues to this day, it seemed that finding answers to some of these questions might well provide insight into the emergence of professional training for the theatre in Canada. I refer here to articles in the 2 popular media such as Marianne Ackerman’s 1985 “Theatre School Dilemma; ‘Its Reputation Just Isn’t Justified” in the Montreal Gazette, and J. Kelly Nestruck’s 2013 “The National Theatre School Suffers from