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Atlas of Medieval Europe ATLAS OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE ATLAS of MEDIEVAL EUROPE EDITED BY ANGUS MACKAY WITH DAVID DITCHBURN London and New York First published 1997 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1997 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Introduction © 1997 Angus MacKay Selection and editorial matter, bibliography © 1997 Angus MacKay and David Ditchburn Individual maps and texts © 1997 The contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0-203-43170-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-73994-9 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-01923-0 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-12231-7 (pbk) CONTENTS Preface viii Northern European Monasticism 42 Contributors x Byzantine Missions among the Slavs 44 Tenth- and Eleventh-Century Centres of PHYSICAL EUROPE Reform 45 Western Europe: Physical Features 3 Episcopal Sees in Europe at the End of the Tenth Century 46 THE EARLY MIDDLEAGES (to c. 1100) The Influx of Relics into Saxony 50 Politics The Roman Empire in 395 AD 7 Government, Society and Economy Barbarian Migrations of the Fourth and Royal Carolingian Residential Villas 51 Fifth Centuries 8 Burhs and Mints in Late Anglo-Saxon Barbarian Kingdoms in the First Half of England 52 the Sixth Century 9 Royal Itineraries: Eleventh-Century Merovingian Gaul, c. 600 10 France and Germany 53 The Empire of Justinian, 527–65 12 England under William I 55 The Expansion of Islam in the Hamwic: Anglo-Saxon Southampton 57 Mediterranean Area (7th–9th Dorestad 57 centuries) 14 Constantinople 58 Italy in the Eighth Century 16 Early Medieval Rome 59 The Carolingian Empire under Ravenna 60 Charlemagne, 768–814 18 Trade Routes of the Carolingian Empire 61 Division of the Carolingian Empire, 843 21 The Economy of San Vincenzo al The Byzantine Empire under the Volturno 63 Macedonian Dynasty (9th–11th Centuries) 21 Culture Vikings 23 Irish and Anglo-Saxon Centres on the Magyars 25 Continent in the Early Middle Ages 65 The East European States, c. 1000 26 Bede’s World 66 France and its Principalities, c. 1000 28 England Before the Normans 30 THE CENTRAL MIDDLE AGES The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest (c. 1100–c. 1300) to c. 1140 33 Politics The Ottonian Empire, 962 35 Angevins and Capetians in the Late Twelfth Century 71 Religion Frederick Barbarossa and Germany, Christianity and Paganism in the West, 1152–90 72 c. 350–750 38 Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard Early Monasticism to 547 40 League 72 v The Empire of the Comneni, The Larger Towns of Europe 132 1081–1185 75 Families of Town Law 133 Anglo-Norman Penetration of Wales and The Contado of Lucca in the Twelfth Ireland 77 Century 135 Scotland in the Central Middle Ages 79 Communal Movements 137 The Normans in Southern Italy and Sicily 84 Settlement Patterns in Medieval Italy 138 Where Did the Crusaders Come From? 85 The Huerta of Valencia 141 The Routes of the First Crusade 86 The Thirteenth-Century Repopulation of The Second and Third Crusades 87 Andalusia 142 The Crusades of the Emperor Frederick Anti-Semitism, 1096–1306 145 II and St Louis 88 The Crusader States 89 Culture The Templar Network 91 The Twelfth-Century Renaissance: Crusader Jerusalem 92 Translation and Transmission 147 Crusader Acre 93 Romanesque Europe 148 Frederick II, the Papacy and Italy 93 Gothic Europe 149 Italy in the Second Half of the Thirteenth The Travels of Villard de Honnecourt 150 Century 96 The Spread of the Old French Epic 152 The Ostsiedlung 97 Troubadours: Centres of Creativity and Scandinavia, the Germans and the Baltic 99 Travels of the Poets 153 The Premyslide—Habsburg Conflict in Languages, c. 1200 154 Central Europe 102 The Mongol—Tatar Invasions of the THE LATE MIDDLE AGES (c. 1300– Thirteenth Century and Their Impact c. 1500) on the West 104 Politics France in the Reign of Philip the Fair 106 The Hundred Years War 159 The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest The Growth of the Burgundian State 162 During the Twelfth and Thirteenth The Scottish Wars of Independence 164 Centuries 107 Wales: The Principality and the Marches 164 Ireland: English and Gaelic Lordship, Religion c. 1350 168 Latin Episcopal Sees at the End of the The Emergence of Switzerland 170 Thirteenth Century 110 Late Medieval Scandanavia: Unity and Cistercians, Premonstratensians and Disunity 171 Others 114 Emperors and Princes: Germany in the Mendicants 117 Béguines and Beghards 117 Later Middle Ages 172 The Papacy and the Conciliar Fathers of Northern Italy from the Rise of the 1215 119 Signori to the Peace of Lodi 174 Shrines and Revivals: Popular The Expansion of the Crown of Aragon 176 Christianity, c. 1200–c. 1300 119 The Wars of the Roses 177 Heresy, the Albigensian Crusade and the Late Medieval Scotland: Crown and Inquisition, c. 1200–c. 1240 122 Magnates, c. 1400 and c. 1460 179 Late Medieval Iberia 182 Government, Society and Economy The Advance of the Turks and the Provisioning War in the Twelfth Century 125 Crusade in the Later Middle Ages 184 The Rise of Representative Assemblies 127 The Rise of Muscovy and the Union of European Fairs and Trade Routes 129 Lithuania and Poland 186 The Alpine Passes 131 vi Religion The Swabian Town League 216 The Avignon Papacy and Papal Fiscality 188 Late Medieval Seville 217 The Great Schism and the Councils 189 Deserted English Villages 218 The Papal States 191 Late Medieval Transhumance in Western Byzantine Cultural and Monastic Centres 192 Europe 219 The Bohemian Lands and the Hussite European Expansion at the End of the Wars, 1415–37 194 Middle Ages 222 The Jacquerie 226 Government, Society and Economy The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 226 The Growth of Royal Fiscality and Christians, Jews and Conversos in Late Administration in France 197 Medieval Iberia 229 Burgundian Administration 201 Consequences of the Black Death: Castilian Corregidores 201 Pogroms in Germany 230 Representation at the Castilian Cortes, 1445–74 204 Culture Parliamentary Representation in Later Knightly Journeys 232 Medieval England 205 Margery Kempe 232 The Government of Later Medieval The Spread of Printing 235 Germany 205 Journeys of Major Italian Artists Between The Spread of the Black Death 209 c. 1250 and c. 1400 237 The German Hanse 211 The Rediscovery of Classical Texts 239 Financial Centres in Western Europe 213 The Rise of Universities 241 Late Thirteenth-Century Brunswick 215 Istanbul 215 Further Reading 244 Novgorod in the Later Middle Ages 216 Index 255 vii PREFACE The preparation of an atlas of the history of but I believe that no adequate solution, specifically Europe during the Middle Ages presents designed for this purpose, exists. When I was a numerous and complex difficulties. In the first student, which was admittedly a long time ago, place the period to be covered stretches from the we were advised to use a German atlas which was late fourth century down to the late fifteenth (or incredibly detailed and well nigh even early sixteenth) century. In addition, incomprehensible. The present atlas does not aim however, an atlas of this kind evidently cannot at minute detail compressed into a few cluttered be confined to Western Europe: Byzantium and maps. On the contrary, the main objective has been Eastern Europe have to be included, as indeed clarity, and each map is accompanied by an do such important matters as the exploits of explanatory text. crusading Europeans overseas, the impact of Using nearly 140 maps, the atlas spans the Muslims or Mongols, travel abroad, and the early entire medieval period. The actual selection of voyages of discovery. In terms of social groupings maps to be included was primarily determined equally formidable problems present themselves. by the years of undergraduate teaching Obviously the main political events from the fall experienced by the editor and contributors. of the Roman Empire down to the battles and I am extremely grateful to all those colleagues treaties of the Hundred Years War have to be who have helped in preparing this volume. included, but so too do the activities of other Those who have contributed the maps, the protagonists; for example, popes and anti-popes, accompanying texts and suggestions for further those who attended and participated in the great reading (contained in the bibliography) have Church Councils or in parliamentary assemblies, suffered from my incessant demands, requests Italian and Hanseatic merchants, tax collectors, for clarification and advice, and all the delays women, colonists, peasants, shepherds (and their inevitable in bringing such a co-operative sheep), Jews and New Christians, heretics, enterprise to its conclusion. I owe a special debt writers and translators, troubadours, and to David Ditchburn whose efficiency and architects and artists. Despite the difficulties versatile talents have frequently made me inherent in such a task, however, the inclusion ashamed of my own shortcomings. of such varied facets offers some positive It was Richard Stoneman who originally advantages. For in addition to the emperors, conceived of the project, and his constant kings, princes and great nobles, the artisans and encouragement and exemplary patience have peasants who participated in the French been much appreciated.
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